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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
Chapter 08
Photosynthesis
Through the process of photosynthesis, the carbons in carbon dioxide are fixed and ultimately
utilized to generate glucose. Review the equation of photosynthesis in section 8.1.
2. Carbon dioxide and water can combine to form glucose, water and oxygen. What is
required for that process to occur?
A. Nothing, this is a spontaneous reaction
B. Energy from the process of cellular respiration
C. Light energy from the sun
D. Mitochondria
This describes the process of photosynthesis, which is an endergonic reaction requiring light
energy.
8-1
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
There are two types of membranes inside the outer membrane of the chloroplast: the inner
membrane, and the thylakoid membrane.
Organic molecules are made in the stroma, which contains the necessary enzymes to make
these compounds.
8-2
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
6. In order to generate one glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle has to turn how many times?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 6
E. 12
8-3
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
The Calvin cycle includes the light-independent reactions. Review section 8.6
8-4
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
11. Which plants utilize a specialized carbon fixation enzyme and a unique cell structure to
reduce the problems of photorespiration?
A. C3
B. C4
C. Desert
D. Arctic
8-5
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
12. Plants that show a pattern of stomatal opening and closing that is the reverse of C3 plants
are called:
A. C4
B. Temperate
C. CAM
D. Calvin cycle
13. As electrons travel from the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II, down the
electron transport chain to photosystem I, they drive the movement of protons from the stroma
into the thylakoid compartment. Why is the development of this chemical gradient useful to
photosynthesis?
A. protons are directly used in the thylakoid to make glucose
B. protons provide the energy needed to drive the light-dependent reactions
C. the proton gradient can drive the production of ATP, which is needed for the light-
independent reactions
D. this proton gradient is used to make NADPH, which is needed for the Calvin cycle
See section 8.5. The proton gradient is used to drive the production of ATP through a
process called chemiosmosis
8-6
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
15. If the gene encoding the enzyme rubisco is mutated such that it is non-functional, the
process that would be affected is
A. the ability to make ATP.
B. the ability to harvest photons.
C. the ability to fix carbon.
D. the ability to make O2.
E. The ability to make NADPH.
8-7
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
16. Most plants incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars by means of a cycle of reactions
called the:
A. CAM cycle.
B. carbon cycle.
C. Calvin cycle.
D. Krebs cycle.
17. Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called:
A. chloroplasts.
B. photosystems.
C. the stroma.
D. thylakoids.
E. cristae.
18. For photosynthesis in green plants, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is:
A. carbon dioxide.
B. oxygen.
C. RuBP.
D. chlorophyll II.
E. water.
8-8
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
20. Jan Baptista van Helmont did an important experiment related to photosynthesis. He
weighed a small willow tree and a pot of soil. Jan then planted the tree in the pot. Over the
course of five years, he added only water to the pot. At the end of five years, he weighed the
tree and found that it had gained 74.4 kg. He weighed the soil, and it was only 57 g less.
What do the results of this specific experiment demonstrate about what is needed for a plant
to grow and increase its mass?
A. All of the food a plant needs to grow comes from the soil
B. Plants do not need soil to grow
C. Plants must be able to increase their mass using substances in addition to what is found in
soil
D. All of the food a plant needs to grow comes from the water
E. Plants need oxygen to grow
Because the plant increased its mass to a greater extent than the soil mass was depleted, this
suggests that the plant can increase its mass using substances other than what is found in the
soil. Review section 8.2.
8-9
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
8-10
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
See section 8.3. In no case can vertebrates perform the reactions of photosynthesis within
their own cells.
25. Chlorophyll b absorbs green wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb. In this
respect, chlorophyll b acts as:
A. an accessory pigment.
B. an energizer for photosynthetic bacteria.
C. a light absorber in the green light.
D. a more efficient pigment.
8-11
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
26. The photosystem channels the excitation energy gathered by absorption of light by any
one of the pigment molecules to a specific reaction center chlorophyll, which in turn passes
the energy to:
A. photosystem I.
B. photosystem II.
C. the primary electron acceptor.
D. the secondary electron center.
E. cytochrome.
Only photosystem II involves the splitting of water, the generation of oxygen and the
synthesis of ATP
8-12
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
28. In the photosystem I reaction center, light energy captured by pigment molecules is
passed to a special reaction center chlorophyll a called:
A. P680.
B. P700.
C. chlorophyll I.
D. chlorophyll II.
E. retinal.
Review Section 8.5. The electron transport chain that follows photosystem I is directly
responsible for generating NADPH.
8-13
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
30. In green plants, which photosystem absorbs photons to excite electrons in the reaction
center?
A. Photosystem I
B. Photosystem II
C. Photosystem III
D. Photosystem I and II
E. Photosystem I, II and III
8-14
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
32. In the light-independent reactions, when CO2 is added to a molecule of Ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate (RuBP) the product is:
A. citric acid.
B. glucose.
C. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
D. 3-phosphoglycerate.
E. pyruvate.
33. The cyclic carbon fixation reactions are also known as the:
A. Krebs cycle.
B. Calvin cycle.
C. citric acid cycle.
D. tri carboxylic acid cycle.
8-15
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
34. How many molecules of CO2 are needed to generate one molecule of glucose?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
Glucose is C6H12O6. Since there are 6 carbons in this molecule, 6 CO2 molecules are needed
to make one molecule of glucose.
35. A plant researcher wants to construct a synthetic cellulose fiber from 20 glucose
molecules. How many molecules of CO2 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are needed to
construct the fiber?
A. 20, 40
B. 120, 60
C. 120, 40
D. 20, 60
E. 120, 120
Glucose is C6H12O6. Since there are 6 carbons in this molecule, 6 CO2 molecules are needed
to make one molecule of glucose. Glucose is made from 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
molecules.
8-16
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
36. In which part of the chloroplasts are the Calvin cycle enzymes located?
A. stroma
B. thylakoids
C. grana
D. envelope
E. cristae
37. The photosynthetic electron transport causes the accumulation of protons in which part of
the chloroplast?
A. matrix
B. stroma
C. outer membrane
D. internal thylakoid space
8-17
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
38. A tomato plant is mutated with gamma radiation. A cellular analysis reveals that ATP
synthase complexes found in the thylakoid membrane are inserted backwards into the
membrane. What is the most likely outcome of this error?
A. A proton gradient will not be established in the thylakoid space in response to the
activation of photosystem II
B. The proton gradient in the thylakoid space will not be able to be used to generate ATP
C. The thylakoid membrane will become permeable to protons as a result of this change
D. The ATP synthase will pump protons into the stroma in this orientation
E. This change is not likely to have any effect on the function of the ATP synthase enzyme
with respect to its role in photosynthesis
The movement of protons down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase provides
the ATP needed for the light-independent reactions that take place in the stroma. If ATP
synthase were inserted backwards into the membrane, that would mean that the portion of the
enzyme through which protons enter to flow down their concentration gradient would be
facing towards the stroma, while the portion of the enzyme that synthesizes ATP would be
facing into the thylakoid space. As a result, the build up of protons in the thylakoid space, in
response to photosystem II, could not enter the ATP synthase enzyme and be used to generate
ATP. This proton gradient would still be generated, as photosystem II and its downstream
electron transport chain are still intact. The permeability of the thylakoid membrane is not
likely to be changed by the insertion of the ATP synthase in the wrong orientation. While
ATP synthase can be used to pump protons across a membrane, as an active transport process,
in the new orientation, ATP synthase would only be able to pump protons into the thylakoid
space.
8-18
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
39. What products of light reactions of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle?
A. oxygen and protons
B. carbon dioxide and water
C. ATP and NADPH
D. ADP and NADP
E. glucose and oxygen
40. If a plant's stomata were always closed, how would this affect the plant's ability to make
glucose?
A. There would be no effect on the ability of the plant to make glucose
B. Plants would be able to make more sugar than normal
C. Plants would make less sugar than normal
If a plant's stomata were always closed, it would not be able to take in carbon dioxide from
the environment. As a result, the ability of that plant to make glucose would be significantly
decreased.
8-19
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
41. Since rubisco can either fix carbon or oxidize RuBP, what condition will be most
favorable for glucose production?
A. moderate temperatures
B. high temperatures
C. dry climate
D. high oxygen environment
Anything that increases the relative level of oxygen will not be favorable for glucose
production, as rubisco will favor oxidizing RuBP. As a result, anything that leads to the
closing of stomata, or changes the overall level of oxygen will be unfavorable. Moderate
temperatures allow stomata to remain open, and thus allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaves.
8-20
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
All of these plants can do the Calvin cycle. The difference between them is how they fix
carbon.
44. Most atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthesis. From which of the following
molecules is the oxygen derived?
A. water
B. carbon dioxide
C. glucose
D. chlorophyll a
E. chlorophyll b
8-21
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
Review section 8.2. While the other choices might be correct, the data from this specific
experiment indicates that light is important for photosynthesis.
46. If chlorophyll a is blocked from absorbing light, what would be the effect on the ability
of the plant to do photosynthesis?
A. The plant will have an enhanced ability to carry out light-dependent reactions
B. The plant will have an enhanced ability to carry out light-independent reactions
C. The plant will have a decreased ability to carry out light-dependent reactions
D. The plant's ability to carry out photosynthesis will be unchanged, as one of the accessory
pigments can fill in for chlorophyll a
8-22
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
47. Carotenoids are important to many plants because these pigments are able to:
A. remove carbon dioxide from the air.
B. absorb wavelengths of light that neither chlorophyll a nor b can absorb.
C. absorb water so that hydrolysis can be carried out in the chloroplasts.
D. capture UV radiation that is harmful to the DNA in the nucleus of plant cells.
E. store electrons for use during the "dark" reaction of photosynthesis.
8-23
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
The light-dependent reactions generate ATP and oxygen. Calvin cycle enzymes are required
for the light-independent reactions. Glucose is the ultimate product of photosynthesis
51. If the Calvin cycle were to be temporarily restricted, the highest concentration of NADPH
would likely be in the
A. thylakoid membrane.
B. thylakoid space.
C. stroma.
D. chloroplast outer membrane.
The light-dependent reactions generate NADPH at the end of the light reactions, to be used
by the Calvin cycle in the stroma.
8-24
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
53. What is the color of light that chlorophylls absorb that has the highest energy?
A. green
B. violet-blue
C. red
D. yellow-orange
Chlorophylls absorb violet-blue, blue, orange-red, and red light. Of these, violet-blue light
has the shortest wavelength and thus the highest energy.
8-25
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
55. What are the characteristics of red light, which is absorbed by chlorophylls?
A. Its photons have the shortest wavelength in the visual spectrum
B. Its photons have the highest energy in the visual spectrum
C. Its photons have the longest wavelength in the visual spectrum
D. It is not considered a part of the visual spectrum
8-26
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
56.
Based on a variety of experiments, it is known that the rate of photosynthesis is highest when
wavelengths of light between 400 and 500 nm are used, and when wavelengths around 700
nm are used. What does this indicate about the relative importance of chlorophyll a and b in
photosynthesis?
A. Reflection of light by chlorophyll a and b is essential for the process of photosynthesis
B. Absorption of light by chlorophyll a and b is essential for the process of photosynthesis
C. Transmission of light by chlorophyll a and b is essential for the process of photosynthesis
D. Chlorophyll a and b are much less important than other pigments in the reflection,
absorption and transmission of light relevant to photosynthesis
8-27
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
57. You are working on a research project that involves a mutational analysis of the light
harvesting complex Lhca1, which is an important light harvesting complex found in plants.
Your labmate asks where this complex is located. You say:
A. It is in the outer chloroplast membrane
B. It is in the inner chloroplast membrane
C. It is in the thylakoid membrane
D. It is in the stroma
E. It is in the matrix
8-28
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
59. Which of the following experimental modifications would most effectively help to
determine the sequence of reactions and the reaction intermediates in the Calvin cycle?
A. exposing the cells to 14CO2 for various time intervals
B. exposing the cells to alternating periods of light and darkness
C. exposing the cells to radiolabeled O2 instead of 14CO2
D. varying the amount of water the cells are exposed to
60. As a result of the transition from daytime to nighttime, how will the relative
concentrations of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)
change in C3 plants?
A. The concentrations of G3P and RuBP would remain the same.
B. The concentrations of G3P and RuBP would both decrease.
C. G3P would increase and RuBP would decrease.
D. G3P would decrease and RuBP would increase.
8-29
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
61. During the light-dependent reactions, due to electron transport, the thylakoid space
becomes:
A. the site of ATP synthesis.
B. the site of NADPH production.
C. the site where the Calvin cycle occurs
D. more acidic than the stroma.
62. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in the regulation of photorespiration.
Based on this information, ABA likely plays a role in:
A. the opening and closing of stomata.
B. the photoelectric effect.
C. cyclic photophosphorylation.
D. noncyclic photophosphorylation.
63. If you exposed a C4 plant to 14CO2 in the light, which of the following would be the first
organic molecule labeled with 14C?
A. oxaloacetate
B. malate
C. pyruvate
D. phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
8-30
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
Both of these types of plants have adaptations that allow them to minimize photorespiration.
As a result, they likely grow in hot, arid environments where stomata close to minimize water
loss.
8-31
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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
66. The ATP generated from cellular respiration is not sufficient to drive the Calvin cycle in
plants, even if appropriate levels of NADPH and CO2 are present. Why not?
If you use the energy from breaking down sugar to reform a sugar molecule, what is the
point? This is why plants need a way of harvesting light energy to generate ATP.
67. If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, what effect
would that have on photosynthesis?
A. There would be no expected effect on photosynthesis
B. These cells would be unable to absorb any light energy
C. These cells would have a reduced capacity to generate glucose
D. These cells would be able to fix more carbon dioxide
The antenna complex typically consists of hundreds of pigment molecules, and thus vastly
increases the amount of light energy that can be harvested. However, without the antenna
complex, light energy can still be harvested by the reaction center complex. The overall
amount of light energy harvested would be less in the absence of the antenna complex. As a
result, less ATP and NADPH would be generated, and thus these cells would have a reduced
capacity to make glucose.
8-32
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*****
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