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Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 09
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
1. What structure will code for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and
prevent apoptosis?
A. tumor suppressor genes
B. oncogenes
C. caspases
D. proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis.
2. Viruses and chemical exposure can cause mutations in proto-oncogenes which can lead to
cancer.
TRUE
9-1
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
Essay Questions
3. Write an essay that explains how a geneticist could attempt to prevent cancer by
manipulating a persons proto-oncogenes.
Answers may vary but the essay should discuss that when mutations occur in proto-
oncogenes they can become oncogenes. It is the oncogene that is the cancer causing gene. So
if a geneticist was wishing to prevent cancer they could find a way to genetically manipulate
the proto-oncogenes to prevent them from mutating into oncogenes.
9-2
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Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
5. Cancer cells require many nutrients, which are supplied by blood vessels. The growth of
new blood vessels to cancerous tissue is called
A. angiogenesis.
B. metastasis.
C. carcinogenesis.
D. apotosis.
6. Apoptosis
A. is programmed cell death.
B. is a process that acts to decrease the number of somatic cells.
C. frees the fingers and toes of the human embryo from their ‘webbed' structure to
independent structures.
D. All of the choices are correct.
9-3
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Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
7. The region that contains the genetic information in a bacterial cell is called the
A. nucleus.
B. nucleoid.
C. nucleolus.
D. nucleosome.
E. nucleoprotein.
The region that contains the genetic information in a bacterial cell is called the nucleoid.
Virtually all specialized cells of multicellular organisms have the same amount of DNA and
the same number of chromosomes as all other cells of the organism and develop from the
same basic stem cells.
9-4
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Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
9. If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have
after mitosis and cytokinesis occurs?
A. 24 chromosomes
B. 48 chromosomes
C. 12 chromosomes
D. 96 chromosomes
If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, each daughter cell have 48 chromosomes after mitosis
and cytokinesis.
10. Interphase:
A. occupies the majority of the cell cycle
B. includes G1, S and G2 stages
C. results in an increase in cell size
D. All of the answer choices are correct.
E. None of the answer choices are correct.
All of the choices are true. Interphase occupies the majority of the cell cycle, includes G1, S
and G2 stages and results in an increase in cell size.
9-5
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of both DNA and protein, may occur as chromatin and
contain histones responsible for packaging DNA to fit into a small space. All choices are
correct.
9-6
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
It is true that the enzymes that bring about apoptosis are ordinarily held in check by inhibitors.
It is true that the enzymes that bring about apoptosis can be unleashed by internal or external
signals.
15. are only present in the cell immediately before apoptosis begins.
FALSE
The enzymes that bring about apoptosis are always present in the cell, but are controlled by
internal and external signals.
9-7
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
16. Generally, animals build an organism using the diploid number of chromosomes.
However, insects in the order of ants, wasps and bees can use a haploid-diploid system where
adults of one sex are formed with a haploid number of chromosomes. This would mean that
A. a single set of chromosomes is sufficient to code for a functional individual.
B. a female could determine the sex of the offspring by fertilizing or not fertilizing an egg.
C. the males and females are not equally "related" to their mothers considering the proportion
of genes held in common.
D. All of the choices are true.
E. this system in no way differs from regular diploid organisms.
17. What is the result of a cell not meeting the criteria to pass the G1 checkpoint?
A. The cell cycle halts.
B. The cell may enter the G0 stage.
C. The cell may undergo apoptosis.
D. All of these.
E. None of these.
The result of a cell not meeting the criteria to pass the G1 checkpoint is the cell cycle halting,
and the cell may enter the G0 stage or undergo apoptosis.
9-8
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
The function of mitosis includes all of the choices: growth and repair, to ensure that each new
cell receives a complete set of genetic material and asexual reproduction in some species.
It is not true that there is only one chromosome of each type in each body cell. There are two
chromosomes of each kind, one maternal and one paternal chromosome.
9-9
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Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
9-10
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
It is not true that mitosis uses a 2n parent cell to form daughter cells containing n
chromosomes. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that contain the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.
24. Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?
A. G1, G2, S, M
B. G1, G2, M, S
C. G1, M, G2, S
D. G1, S, G2, M
The correct sequences of stages in the cell cycle is: G1, S, G2, M.
9-11
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
25. Below the skin are "stem cells" that divide, with some cells continuing the stem cell line
and others being pushed toward the surface to flatten and die and be sloughed off. In the bone
marrow other stem cells produce erythrocytes that lose their nucleus and function for a few
months in the bloodstream before they too die. Such "dead end" cells that reproduce no
further
A. leave the cell cycle in a G0 phase, which immediately follows telophase.
B. leave the cell cycle in a G3 phase, which immediately follows G2.
C. halt in the midst of the S phase.
D. continually cycle but simply fail to go through cytokinesis.
E. reverse from G2 to G1.
Such "dead end" cells that reproduce no further leave the cell cycle in a G0 phase, which
immediately follows telophase.
26. What factors are evaluated before a cell is allowed to proceed through the G1 checkpoint?
A. growth signals
B. availability of nutrients
C. the integrity of cellular DNA
D. all of these
E. none of these
Growth signals, availability of nutrients and the integrity of DNA are evaluated before a cell
is allowed to proceed through the G1 checkpoint.
9-12
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
27. The critical checkpoints that control the cell cycle are the
A. M to G1 stage and G2 to M stage.
B. S to G2 stage and G2 to M stage.
C. G1 to S stage and G2 to M stage.
D. M to G1 stage and S to G2 stage.
The critical checkpoints that control the cell cycle are at the G1 to S stage and G2 to M stage.
28. During which stage of the cell cycle is cell growth and replication of organelles most
significant?
A. M phase
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. S phase
E. G0 phase
During the G1 stage of the cell cycle, cell growth and replication of organelles is significant.
9-13
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
29. Which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle
or nerve cell?
A. M phase
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. S phase
E. G0 phase
Nerve and muscle cells typically do not complete the cell cycle, have entered the G0 stage
and are permanently arrested.
9-14
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
9-15
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
34. Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from this process in animal cells because
A. the plant endoplasmic reticulum forms a cell plate.
B. microtubules are laid down in a plywood-like cell plate pattern.
C. the Golgi apparatus produces vesicles that migrate along microtubules and fuse to become
a cell plate.
D. the inner plasma membrane divides by cytokinesis as in animal cells and then secretes a
cellulose cell wall.
E. asters coalesce to form a fibrous plate that reinforces with cellulose.
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from this process in animal cells because the Golgi
apparatus produces vesicles that migrate along microtubules and fuse to become a cell plate.
9-16
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes, cause cancer and stimulate uncontrolled cell
divisions. They are not tumor suppressor genes.
9-17
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
39. Angiogenesis
A. is the growth of blood vessels into the tumor.
B. is directed by additional mutations in tumor cells.
C. brings nutrients and oxygen to a tumor.
D. all of these.
E. none of these.
All of the choices are correct. Angiogenesis, which is directed by additional mutations, is the
growth of blood vessels into the tumor. It brings nutrients and oxygen to a tumor.
40. Although cancer may originate in many regions of the body, many patients die from
cancerous growth in the lungs, lymph glands, or liver. This is most readily explained as
A. spreading of cancer by angiogenesis.
B. metastasis occurring more commonly in organs that have a filter effect.
C. proteinase enzymes making cancer particularly damaging to these tissues.
D. growth anywhere but in these organs is called benign.
E. due to these organs simply being more susceptible to cancer.
This is most readily explained as metastasis occurring more commonly in organs that have a
filter effect.
9-18
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
Apoptosis refers to cell death, can be programmed and is essential to normal development.
9-19
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
A. prophase
B. prometaphase
C. metaphase
D. anaphase
E. telophase
9-20
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Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
A. spindle fibers
B. centrioles
C. chromosomes
D. kinetochore microtubules
9-21
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
A. prophase
B. prometaphase
C. metaphase
D. anaphase
E. telophase
9-22
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
46. Name the labeled structures in the figure and answer the following questions.
A. _______________
B. _______________
C. _______________
D. When the structures labeled A separate, what are they called?
E. What is the function of the structure labeled C?
A. Sister chromatids
B. Centromeres
C. Kinetochore
D. As the sister chromatids separate, they are called daughter chromosomes.
E. The kinetochores link each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
9-23
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
47. Generally, complex organisms do require more genes to control their synthesis and
organization than do primitive organisms. However, the numbers of chromosomes vary from
ants with 2, molds with 8-14, humans with 46, potatoes with 100 and the crayfish with 200!
Some birds and insects have chromosomes that dwindle in size into obscurity, so it is not
possible to establish a diploid number. How do you explain this situation?
A. There must be no relationship between amount of genetic information and complexity of
the organism.
B. The number of genes per chromosome may vary among organisms, preventing a simple
relationship between chromosome number and complexity.
C. Birds and insects probably cannot follow the same mitotic laws as other organisms.
D. All of the choices are correct.
Given this information, then the number of genes per chromosome may vary among
organisms, preventing a simple relationship between chromosome number and complexity.
9-24
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Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
9-25
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
The event that signals the start of anaphase is division of the centromeres to separate sister
chromatids, giving rise to two daughter chromosomes.
50. Cloning can only be carried out using adult stem cells.
FALSE
It is not true that cloning can only be carried out using adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells
can be used as well.
9-26
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
51. Contact inhibition stops normal cells from dividing when they come in contact with
neighboring cells, but this is not functional in cancer cells.
TRUE
It is true that normal cells exhibit contact inhibition, but cancer cells do not.
52. Generally, brain and nerve cells are not able to regenerate after injury because they have
left the cell cycle and are unable to return.
TRUE
It is true that, generally, brain and nerve cells are not able to regenerate after injury because
they have left the cell cycle and are unable to return.
53. Organisms produced as a result of mitosis exhibit a great deal of genetic variation.
FALSE
It is not true that organisms produced as a result of mitosis exhibit a great deal of genetic
variation.
9-27
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
54. Which statement below best describes the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
A. Mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that divides the nuclear material while cytokinesis
divides the cytoplasm.
B. Mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that divides the cytoplasm while cytokinesis divides
the nuclear material.
C. Mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that uses a contractile ring to divide the nuclear
material while cytokinesis uses the contractile ring to divide the cell membrane.
D. Mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that uses a cell plate to divide the cell membrane in
plant cells while cytokinesis uses a contractile ring to divide the cell membrane in animal
cells.
55. Which statement below lists the correct steps for binary fission?
A. 1. attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane, 2. enlargement of cell volume, 3.
DNA replication occurs, 4. cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart, 5. a new cell
wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half
B. 1. attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane, 2. enlargement of cell volume, 3.
DNA replication occurs, 4. a new cell wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half, 5.
cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart
C. 1. a new cell wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half, 2. attachment of
chromosome to the plasma membrane, 3. enlargement of cell volume, 4. DNA replication
occurs, 5. cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart
D. 1. enlargement of cell volume, 2. attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane, 3.
DNA replication occurs, 4. cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart, 5. a new cell
wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half
The correct steps are: 1. attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane, 2. enlargement
of cell volume, 3. DNA replication occurs, 4. cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled
apart, 5. a new cell wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half.
9-28
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 09 - The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
56. Which of the following statements applies to mitosis but not to cytokinesis?
A. it contains a checkpoint that will evaluate the quality of the cell
B. requires a large amount of ATP in order for the cellular mechanisms to function
C. if it is disrupted it can lead to an abnormal cell
D. it results in two daughter cells that are half the size of the original cell
9-29
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