CENTER OF STUDIES FOR SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS

COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

DRONE SYSTEM FOR MAPPING (GSS686) & UAV FOR MAPPING (GLS696)
ASSIGNMENT 1: POTENTIAL UAV APPLICATIONS
PREPARED BY:

MUHD HAFIZ MUHAMMAD NUR NAZMI AHMAD WAIZ

(2023837672) (2022494624) (2022876422)
(CFAP2462E) (CFAP2207E) (CFAPP207E)

MUHD HARITH AIZAT ALIFAH ILYANA ‘ATIFAH

MAISURAH
(2023657076) (2023405998) (2023239568)
(CFAP2462E) (CFAP2462E) (CFAP2462E)

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 15 APRIL 2024

PREPARED FOR:
SR. ABDUL AZIZ BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
 ABSTRACT
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) or drones have gained significant attention in Malaysia due to
their wide range of applications. These applications include remote sensing, agriculture, weather
forecast, filmmaking, disaster management, shipping & delivery, search & rescue, aerial
photography, building inspections and drones for outer space. Among these, agriculture and
mapping are the main application areas for drones in Malaysia. This assignment is about
exploring more deeply about the various UAV applications in Malaysia and also focusing on 10
applications that have the potential to be applied. Additionally, the Assignment will highlight the
exponential growth of registered UAV in Malaysia from 2016 to 2021, reflecting the increased
use of drone technology in various sectors. Through an in-depth analysis of these ten potential
applications, this assignment provides valuable insight into the growing role of UAV in
Malaysia's technology landscape.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt appreciation to the following individuals and
organizations for their invaluable support and contributions to the completion of this group
assignment on the potential applications of UAVs. First and foremost, we extend our gratitude to
Sr. Abdul Aziz Bin Abd Rahman , whose guidance and expertise have been crucial in shaping
the direction and content of this assignment. We are thankful for their mentorship, feedback, and
encouragement throughout the research and writing process. We also want to acknowledge the
significant contributions of each member of our group. Their dedication, collaboration, and
diverse skills have been essential in conducting research, analyzing data, and presenting findings
effectively.

Lastly, we want to express our appreciation to our families, friends, and colleagues for their
unwavering support and understanding during this collaborative effort. Their encouragement and
belief in our abilities have been a driving force behind the successful completion of this
assignment.We are deeply thankful to all those who have contributed to the completion of this
group assignment on the potential applications of UAVs.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENT iv

LIST OF FIGURE vi

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of UAV 1

2 APPLICATIONS

2.1 Potential Applications Using UAV 3

2.1.1 Drone for Agriculture 3

2.1.2 Law Enforcement and Border Management 4

2.1.3 Weather Drone 5

2.1.4 Filmmaking 7

2.1.5 Disaster Management 9

2.1.6 Shipping & Delivery 10

2.1.7 Aerial Photography 11

2.1.8 Search & Rescue 13

2.1.9 Building Inspections 16

2.1.10 Drone for Outer Space 19

3 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

3.1 Conclusion 20

3.2 Recommendation 21

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REFERENCES 23

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Visual of BVLOS Concept 1

1.2 Example of Anka-S Model 2

2.1 Application of Drones in Agriculture 4

2.2 Diagram of Meteodrone 6

2.3 Example of Meteodrone Results 6

2.4 Diagram of Drone Piloting 7

2.5 Diagram of Filmmaking Using Drone 8

2.6 Diagram of Legal Requirement of Flying Drone 8

2.7 Diagram of disaster management system 9

2.8 Diagram of leveraging UAVs 12

2.9 Example of shipping and delivery 11

2.10 Evolution of spaces drone for planetary exploration 19

2.11 LiDAR drones 14

2.12 Delivery drones 15

2.13 3D Mapping by using UAV 15

2.14 Visual of Building Inspection Using UAV 16

2.15 Example of Building Inspection Using Skylift 17

2.16 Example of Building Inspection’s Result 17

2.17 Diagram of DJI Phantom 2 Drone 18

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of UAV

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), also known as drones, are aircraft without any human pilot,
crew, or passengers on board. They have been in use since the early 20th century, but their
popularity and capabilities have grown significantly in recent years due to advancements in
technology. UAVs can be classified into different categories based on their size, weight, and
range. They are used in various applications, including military, commercial, recreational
purposes and others.

Malaysia has been actively developing in the drone industry, with the government taking actions
to establish a dedicated DroneTech Centre of Excellence and sandbox to support unmanned
aircraft systems (UAS) innovators, developers, and manufacturers. The country also carried out
its first official beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) drone flight, proving its commitment to
keeping pace with global UAS advancement.

Figure 1.1 shows Visual of BVLOS Concept

In terms of military applications, Malaysia has selected Turkish Aerospace Industries to provide
three unmanned aircraft, specifically the Anka-S model, for intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance (ISR) missions. The Anka-S offers reconnaissance, target acquisition,

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intelligence gathering, and potential armed capabilities, with an endurance of 30 hours and a data
link range of 250 kilometers.

Figure 1.2 shows Example of Anka-S Model

Malaysia's drone laws need permission from the CAAM for commercial drone use, with aerial
work defined as an aircraft operation that provides specialized services in agriculture,
construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial
advertisement, and other similar operations.

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 CHAPTER TWO

APPLICATIONS

2.1 Potential Applications Using Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle (UAV)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) or drones have gained significant attention in Malaysia due to
their wide range of applications. These applications include remote sensing, agriculture, weather
forecast, filmmaking, disaster management, shipping & delivery, search & rescue, aerial
photography, building inspections and drones for outer space.

2.1.1 Drone for Agriculture

Drone has also shown to be beneficial to the agriculture business, by providing farmers with a
variety of options for optimizing their crops to maximize efficiency and minimize physical
strain. Drone also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) make field surveys, sowing
across fields, tracking livestock, and predicting crop yields easier while saving agriculture
workers important time. It also can help to increasingly become a valuable tool in modern
agriculture. These aerial devices equipped with various sensors and cameras offer farmers and
agronomists a bird’s-eye view of their fields, enabling them to gather data, monitor crops, and
make informed decisions. Here’s an overview of how drones are revolutionizing in agriculture:

Crop monitoring refers to the process of systematically observing, assessing, and collecting data
about crops throughout their growth cycle. It involves regular and systematic observation of
crops to gather information about their health, growth, and development. Its goal is to make
informed decisions regarding the observation using drones, optimize resource utilization, and
maximize yields. It typically involves the following activities such as, visual inspection,
phenological observations, soil monitoring, weather monitoring, sensor-based monitoring and
data analysis. It is proactively to solve the problems by optimizing resource allocation and make
informed decisions to improve overall crop health, yield, and profitability. It is an essential
component of precision agriculture, enabling farmers to practice targeted and sustainable crop
management.

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 Figure 2.1 shows Application of Drones in Agriculture

2.1.2 Law Enforcement and Border Management

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), commonly known as drones, have revolutionized various
sectors, including law enforcement and border management. These aerial devices provide a
unique perspective, enhanced surveillance capabilities, and improved efficiency in operations.
However, their application in these fields has raised concerns regarding privacy, ethics, and the
potential for misuse. This essay explores the benefits and challenges of UAV in law enforcement
and border management, drawing on recent research and case studies.

UAV offers numerous benefits to law enforcement agencies. Firstly, they can provide real-time
aerial views of crime scenes, enhancing situational awareness and enabling more informed
decision-making (Kim & Lee, 2020). Secondly, drones can be used for surveillance and tracking
suspects, increasing officer safety and reducing the risk of confrontations (Atherton, 2018).
Thirdly, UAV can assist in search and rescue missions, particularly in hard-to-reach areas,
thereby saving lives and resources (Kim & Lee, 2020). Lastly, drones can be used for crowd
monitoring and management during large events, ensuring public safety and maintaining order
(Atherton, 2018).

In the context of border management, UAV can significantly enhance surveillance capabilities.
They can cover vast areas more efficiently than traditional ground patrols, detecting irregular
migration, smuggling, and other illegal activities (Dempsey, 2019). Drones can also operate in

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challenging environments, such as deserts and mountains, where ground patrols may be limited
(Dempsey, 2019). Furthermore, UAV can provide early warning systems, enabling border
control agencies to respond more quickly and effectively to threats (Dempsey, 2019).

Despite the benefits, the use of UAV in law enforcement and border management also presents
challenges and concerns. Privacy is a significant concern, as drones can potentially monitor
individuals without their consent, leading to potential violations of civil liberties (Atherton,
2018). Additionally, there is a risk of misuse, such as using drones for mass surveillance or
targeting specific communities (Kim & Lee, 2020). Ethical considerations also arise, such as the
use of lethal force from drones, which has been a contentious issue in international relations
(Atherton, 2018).

To address these challenges, it is crucial to establish robust regulatory frameworks and oversight
mechanisms. This includes setting clear guidelines on the use of UAV, ensuring transparency
and accountability, and providing training for law enforcement and border control personnel
(Dempsey, 2019). Furthermore, public engagement and education are essential to build trust and
address concerns regarding privacy and ethics (Kim & Lee, 2020).

In conclusion, UAV offers significant benefits to law enforcement and border management,
including enhanced surveillance capabilities, improved situational awareness, and increased
efficiency in operations. However, their application also raises challenges and concerns,
particularly regarding privacy, ethics, and the potential for misuse. To address these issues, it is
crucial to establish robust regulatory frameworks and oversight mechanisms, while also engaging
in public education and dialogue to build trust and address concerns.

2.1.3 Weather Drone

Weather drone or Meteodrone are unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) that record weather
conditions. This drone can travel throughout the entire boundary layer of the earth’s atmosphere
also they are equipped with sensors for weather data collection and gathering key atmospheric
data such as temperature, humidity and wind conditions. Before the existence of the
sophistication of this drone, traditional methods are a way to get meteorological data collection

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such as weather balloons but meteodrone or weather drone can be more efficient and more
accurate. Other than that, meteodrones have more powerful sensors and video cameras attached
clearer. Next, meteodrones can access hard to reach or hazardous areas, fly at various altitudes
and cover larger geographical areas more efficiently. Meteodrones can provide data with higher
temporal and spatial resolution, enabling more accurate and detailed weather predictions.

Figure 2.2 shows Diagram of Meteodrone

The result of drone capture, meteodrones can collect more weather patterns, atmospheric
conditions, temperature, humidity, wind speed and other relevant parameters. So, this will make
the job of weather forecasting easier. Meteodrone can capture high-resolution data at different
altitudes and locations, filling the gaps that conventional methods cannot reach. For example,
drones can fly below the clouds and collect data that satellites cannot see or fly above the ground
and collect data that radars cannot detect.

Figure 2.3 shows Example of Meteodrone Results

During moderate storms, drones are safer than manually piloting aircraft to get information and
drones can allow meteorologists to reuse expensive tools rather than deliver accurate results.
Also drones are extremely beneficial when studying the effects of weather forecasting. For

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example, hurricanes and tornadoes are often difficult to predict. This can make the population
with little warning of life-threatening disasters but with meteodrones, remote communication can
impact storm prepared dress plans. In addition to weather forecasting, meteodrones are also used
for environmental monitoring, disaster response and climate research. They play a crucial role
advancing our standing of weather patterns, climate changes and their impact on ecosystems and
human society.

Figure 2.4 shows Diagram of Drone Piloting

2.1.4 Filmmaking

In drone cinematography, only unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with cameras are used
to capture aerial footage from an aerial vintage point. Drones enable filmmakers to record unique
and sweeping views from above, adding depth and visual impact to their projects such as movies,
documentaries, commercials and various forms of visuals. So, UAV has become an essential and
authentic asset in modern filmmaking. Benefit of drone filming is reduced cost for aerial footage
compared to helicopter, filming in small or confined space helicopters cannot access, capture
new perspectives outside the usual vision from the ground and capture many different things,
from the air such as landscape, sporting matches and buildings.

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 Figure 2.5 shows Diagram of Filmmaking Using Drone

As drone technology improved and became more affordable, filmmakers began to see the
potential of using drones in film production. The technology used in drone photography keeps
improving all the time from the size and payload of a drone to the camera’s abilities, there are so
many ways to incorporate advanced drone technology in movies. Drones are highly
maneuverable and can be deployed quickly, allowing filmmakers to capture shots efficiently. For
example, we can see the James Bond film “Skyfall”. The breathtaking aerial shots of Istanbul’s
rooftops and the ensuing motorcycle chase through the Grand Bazaar showcased the stunning
visuals that drones can deliver, setting the tone for the film’s action-packed story. As we know,
before filming begins, there are regulations and guidelines on the use of drones for filming and
other recreational purposes. Firstly, know how to operate the drone safely, understand the legal
requirements, don't fly the drone close to people and never fly more than 120m (400ft) above the
earth’s surface.

Figure 2.6 shows Diagram of Legal Requirement of Flying Drone

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Drones have changed how movies are made and we can see their progress when we watch
movies. The sophistication of using drones will increase the quality of production even though
their use in film production comes with regulatory and safety considerations, the benefits of
using drones are clear. With the continued advancement of drone technology, it’s clear that their
use in film production will only become more prevalent for producing a storyline innovatively
and compellingly.

2.1.5 Disaster Management

2.7.1 Figure of Disaster management system

Drone technology has been used in various fields including personal hobby, pesticide application
and shipping etc. However, only few drone technologies are used in restricted fields such as
transportation of alimony goods and utilization of video because of the limited utilization aspect
of the disaster management field. Especially, disaster specialists' lack of understanding of drones
seems to increase the difficulty of activating drone technology in disaster management. The
theme of the thesis aims to share an outline of drones' control method and education plan. This
project also analysis the reasons why drones have not been used in disaster management with the
fact that drones can be a vital part of emergency management. We propose an improved

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application plan to use drone technology and future development direction in disaster
management by deriving problems in terms of institutional aspects(regulation and education) and
sensor-based application problems camera, thermal camera, infrared sensor, RFID.

Due to their ability to effectively support the growth of sizable industries and sectors, drones
have become widely used. Their use in these dispersed fields has contributed to their superiority
over other forms of automation. Due to a number of built-in features, including speed, quick
maneuverability, time sensitivity, GPS tracking, mapping, and cost-effectiveness, drones are
inherently very skilled and qualified to provide their support and expertise. Importantly, the
capacity of UAV to capture real-time aerial imagery and surveillance expands the potential for
live tracking to understand conditions on the ground.

Drones are unquestionably effective at supporting emergency management, aside from their use
in the military and in the private sector. This paper describes some initiatives and assesses some
experiences with drones supporting disaster management. Method: This paper primarily
examines the use of tactical and operational drones in disaster management. It does this by
separating the applications into time-scaled segments, such as pre-disaster, immediate post-
disaster, and post-primary disaster elimination activities. Five disasters, including nuclear
mishaps, leaks of hazardous materials, floods, earthquakes, and forest fires, are faced by paper.

2.8.1 Figure of leveraging UAVs

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2.1.6 Shipping and Deliver

2.9.1 Figure of shipping and delivery

New technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are transforming facilities and
vehicles into intelligent systems that will significantly modify logistic deliveries in any
organization. With the appearance of automated vehicles, drones offer multiple new
technological solutions that might trigger different delivery networks or boost new delivery
services. Differently from the related works, where a single specific delivery system model is
typically addressed, this paper deals with the use of UAVs for logistic deliveries focusing on a
multi-criteria analysis of trendy drone-based system architectures. In particular, using the cross-
efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis approach, a comparative analysis among three different
delivery systems is performed: the classic system based on trucks only, the drone-only system
using a fleet of drones, and the hybrid truck and drone system combining trucks and drones. The
proposed technique constitutes an effective decision-making tool aimed at helping delivery
companies in selecting the optimal delivery system architecture according to their specific needs.
The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is shown by a simulation analysis based on a
realistic data case study that pertains to the main logistic service providers.

Drone delivery involves using flying drones as a means of delivering packages from retailers to
customers, much like traditional mail trucks or courier services. Drones are small or medium-
sized unmanned aerial vehicles that can drive remotely and autonomously, and maintain a
consistent level of flight. However, drone delivery offers the potential for significantly faster
delivery times compared with traditional ground or air methods. For retailers, that could help

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meet the growing consumer demand for faster order fulfillment, which has become a key
expectation of customers in the digital age.

Besides that, drones can operate autonomously and are not subject to traffic congestion or other
logistical challenges that traditional delivery vehicles may face. This can lead to more efficient
delivery routes, reducing the time it takes to deliver packages. While there may be initial
investments in drone technology, over time, retailers can potentially save on costs by reducing
the need for human delivery drivers and associated labor costs. Drones can operate around the
clock without the need for breaks. Drone delivery can be more environmentally friendly
compared with traditional delivery methods that rely on fossil fuels. Electric drones produce
fewer emissions, making them a greener option for last-mile deliveries.

2.1.7 Aerial Photography

Drones have completely changed aerial photography by providing an affordable, adaptable, and
successful means of taking high-quality pictures and videos from a variety of angles. Drones can
be used for the following types of aerial photography.

First, Real Estate. In the real estate industry, drones are widely used to take beautiful aerial
pictures of properties. These photos give prospective purchasers a thorough overview of the
house and its surrounds, assisting them in making wise choices.Other than that, Construction and
Surveying. Construction sites are surveyed using drones fitted with high-definition cameras.
They can take precise pictures that help with planning a site, keeping track of progress, and
evaluating the topography. After that, Filmmaking and Videography. In the film and media
industries, drones have become essential tools for obtaining amazing aerial shots for feature
films, documentaries, commercials, and promotional

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 Figure 2.7 shows drone use for real estate

Fourth, Environmental Monitoring. Drones are employed in environmental monitoring and

research. They can take pictures of dangerous or inaccessible locations, like wetlands, forests, or
disaster areas, which is useful information for ecological research and conservation initiatives.
Next, Infrastructure Inspection. Drones with specialized cameras and sensors are used to inspect
pipelines, power lines, and bridges, among other infrastructure items. By taking detailed pictures,
they can lessen the need for expensive manual inspections by identifying structural problems or
maintenance needs. Beside that, Search and Rescue Operations. Drones with thermal cameras
and other sensors are used in search and rescue operations to find people who have gone missing
or to offer aerial assistance in areas affected by disasters. They help with the search efforts
because they can cover large areas quickly and effectively.

Figure 2.8 shows drone with thermal cameras

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Other than that, Event Photography.The use of drones to take aerial photos at events like
concerts, weddings, sporting events, and festivals is growing. They give attendees fresh
viewpoints and improve their overall visual experience. Lastly, Tourism and Travel. In order to
get breathtaking aerial footage of well-known landmarks, picturesque landscapes, and tourist
attractions, the tourism industry uses drones. For marketing purposes, these pictures and videos
are used to draw tourists to different locations.

Figure 2.9 shows drone use for the tourism activity

In general, drones have expanded the uses of aerial photography, increasing its affordability,
accessibility, and adaptability across a range of markets and fields.

2.1.8 Search and Rescue

Drones are essential to search and rescue (SAR) operations because of their speed, agility, and
adaptability in covering vast areas. The following are some particular uses of drones in search
and rescue operations.

First, Hazmat and Disaster Assessment. Drones that are fitted with gas sensors or environmental
monitoring gear allow them to safely observe and evaluate chemical spills, hazardous material
spills, and environmental calamities. They give emergency responders useful information that
aids in their assessment of the disaster's scope and the planning of suitable mitigation strategies.

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 Figure 2.10 shows drone hazmat and disaster assessment

Next, Night Operations. Drones that are fitted with thermal imaging sensors or night vision
cameras can perform search and rescue missions in low light or at night. When visibility is poor,
they can identify heat signatures or body heat, which facilitates the location of people in distress.
After that, Drones possessing sensors like infrared, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), or
multispectral cameras are able to map the terrain precisely, identify survivors using thermal
imaging, and detect heat signatures. Search teams can use this information to determine where
people are in need of assistance or to evaluate the structural soundness of infrastructure and
buildings in disaster areas.

Figure 2.11 shows LiDAR drones

Beside that, Delivery Supplies. Drones can transport people in inaccessible or remote areas with
basic necessities like food, water, medical supplies, or communication devices. This feature
ensures that survivors receive assistance in a timely manner, especially in scenarios where
traditional transportation methods are impractical or delayed.

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 Figure 2.12 shows delivery drones

Next, Aerial Mapping and Navigation. Drones with GPS and mapping software can produce
intricate three-dimensional (3D) maps of search areas, complete with terrain characteristics,
obstructions, and possible dangers. During SAR operations, these maps help search teams plan
search routes, avoid obstacles, and allocate resources as efficiently as possible.

Figure 2.13 shows 3D mapping by using UAV

Lastly, Communication Relay. In places where communication networks are scarce or unstable,
drones can act as communication relays. To help with coordination and rescue operations, they
can be equipped with radio repeaters or cellular network extenders that allow search teams,
command centers, and survivors to have a temporary communication link.

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In general, drones improve search and rescue operations' efficacy, efficiency, and safety by
offering remote sensing capabilities, communication support, logistical support, and aerial
reconnaissance in a range of emergency situations.

2.1.9 Building Inspections

Building inspection is the first step before building maintenance. Without building inspections,
maintenance work will be overwhelming and will result in losses in terms of time and money
incurred. To determine the defect, visual inspection will be conducted as an early phase of
building inspection. In Malaysia, inspection on exterior enclosure of structures does not usually
apply because of the high cost of doing inspection and it takes a long time too. Furthermore,
visual inspection is usually carried out with the aid of binoculars or cameras for examining eyes.

Figure 2.14 shows Visual of Building Inspection Using UAV

Building inspections using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have become increasingly
common in Malaysia due to their efficiency and effectiveness in visual inspections. UAV are
used for high-rise building inspections, offering real-time data and visual documentation for
analysis. By using drones, people are able to reach difficult or high points of structures without
requiring specific equipment like sky lifts, enhancing safety and efficiency in the inspection
process.

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 Figure 2.15 shows Example of Building Inspection Using Skylift

Furthermore, Sky lifts have a limited height, are sensitive to weather conditions, have a limited
operational time, and have payload limitations, which could affect the equipment and tools used
during inspections. UAVs can operate in various weather conditions, cover a larger area, and
provide more comprehensive inspections, making them a more cost-effective solution for
building inspections. However, the choice between the two depends on the specific requirements
and constraints of the inspection task.

In Malaysia, building inspections using drones are regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority of
Malaysia (CAAM), which sets guidelines for the use of UAV in various applications, including
building inspections. The CAAM requires operators to obtain a permit and follow strict safety
protocols to ensure security and efficient inspections.

Figure 2.16 shows Example of Building Inspection’s Result

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The use of drones for building inspections offers many benefits, including improved quality,
efficiency, and safety compared to traditional methods. Drones provide a cost-effective solution
for visual inspections, allowing for better project planning, coordination, and safety observations.
However, there are limitations to consider, such as the need for skilled operators and potential
restrictions on drone usage in certain areas. One common drone used for building inspections in
Malaysia is the DJI Phantom 2.

Figure 2.17 shows Diagram of DJI Phantom 2 Drone

Building inspections using drones involve risk and hazard evaluations to ensure safe operations.
Control measures are taken to reduce potential hazards related to drone flights, including the
detection of risks related to drone operations and the implementation of safety protocols to
ensure safe and effective inspections.

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2.1.10 Drone for Outer Space

Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are being utilized across the globe for commercial uses
to observe such as agriculture, weather, filmmaking and many more. It is shows that drones also
can be uses in or outer space. However the drones need to modified because the drone cannot fly
all over the space without remote control effectively in a long distance between in the space and
the outer space. As usual the drones can fly in space but the drones have to customize to
withstand low atmospheric pressure and weak gravity. For example, NASA and the United
States Air Force have been testing unmanned aircraft designed for space flight. The Air Force’s
ultra-secretive X-37B UAV looks like a small space shuttle. It has been quietly circling the Earth
for the past two years, setting a record for the longest unmanned aircraft flight (781 days and
counting). Although the Air Force has been ambiguous, it has stated that “the primary objectives
of the X-37B are twofold: reusable space craft technologies for America’s future in space and
operating experiments that can be returned to, and examined on Earth.” But when it comes to the
future of space exploration and innovation, it appears that drones have been prioritized.

Figure shows that evolution of space drones for planetary exploration

However, the drones also be uses for planetary exploration, asteroid and comet exploration. The
drone (UAV) are completely set with cameras, sensors, geological features and collect samples
for analysis in the lab. These project mission that will be land on the surface of these objects,,
collect the samples, and all the data that have observe will transmit data for analysis.

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 CHAPTER THREE

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

3.1 Conclusion

To summarize, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have shown remarkable potential in various
fields, leading to significant advancements and improvements. Remote sensing and agriculture
are two such domains where UAV have made substantial contributions. Drones have facilitated
remote sensing by capturing high-resolution images and data, aiding in precise and timely
analysis of environmental and geographical alterations. In agriculture, UAV have boosted crop
management, yield estimation, and irrigation management, leading to enhanced productivity and
sustainability.

Weather forecasting, filmmaking, disaster management, delivery services, search and rescue,
aerial photography, law enforcement and border control, and building inspections are other areas
where UAVs have exhibited their transformative capabilities. Drones have improved weather
forecasting by gathering atmospheric data, contributing to more precise and prompt weather
predictions. In filmmaking, UAV have revolutionized aerial shots and cinematography, offering
unique perspectives and elevating visual storytelling. Disaster management has also gained from
UAV, with drones enabling swift damage assessment, search and rescue operations, and resource
allocation.

Delivery services have been transformed by UAV, allowing faster and more efficient delivery of
goods, especially in remote or challenging-to-reach areas. In search and rescue operations, UAV
have enhanced response times and success rates, particularly in challenging environments. Aerial
photography has also been revolutionized by UAV, providing high-quality images and data for
various applications, such as urban planning, environmental monitoring, and archaeological
surveys. Law enforcement and border control have also benefited from UAV, enhancing
surveillance capabilities, improving situational awareness, and increasing operational efficiency.
Lastly, building inspections have become safer and more efficient through UAV, enabling
inspectors to evaluate structures without the need for scaffolding or other safety equipment.

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In essence, UAV have showcased their transformative potential across various sectors, offering
substantial benefits and opportunities for innovation. However, their application also raises
challenges and concerns, particularly regarding privacy, ethics, and the potential for misuse. To
address these issues, it is vital to establish robust regulatory frameworks and oversight
mechanisms while fostering public education and dialogue to build trust and address concerns.

3.2 Recommendation

Providing Specialized Training: Offering specialized training programs for UAV operators, law
enforcement personnel, and other relevant parties is crucial to enhance their proficiency in
operating drones effectively and ethically. Educating individuals on privacy laws, ethical
considerations, and best practices is paramount.

Raising Public Awareness: Conducting public awareness initiatives to educate the general
populace about the advantages and risks associated with UAV technology is vital. Transparency
regarding drone operations and data handling practices can help foster trust and address any
apprehensions.

Encouraging Collaboration: Promoting collaboration among government entities, industry

players, and research institutions to establish standards and best practices for UAV applications
is key. Sharing knowledge and expertise can lead to more efficient and responsible drone
utilization.

Developing Ethical Standards: Formulating clear ethical guidelines for the use of UAVs in
sensitive domains such as law enforcement, border security, and disaster response is essential.
These guidelines should prioritize human rights, privacy safeguards, and accountability.

Implementing Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms: Putting in place systems for monitoring
and evaluating the impact of UAV applications across various sectors is crucial. Regular
assessments can help identify potential risks, address challenges, and optimize the benefits of
drone technology.

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Promoting International Cooperation:Encouraging international cooperation and knowledge
exchange on UAV regulations and best practices is important to ensure consistency and
alignment globally. Collaborative efforts can help tackle global issues and promote responsible
UAV utilization on a worldwide scale.

By following these recommendations, stakeholders can harness the full potential of UAV
technology while mitigating risks and ensuring ethical and responsible deployment in diverse
sectors.

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 REFERENCES

● GeoPard Agriculture (2019). Remote crop monitoring system: How does it work?.
<https://geopard.tech/blog/smart-crop-monitoring-system-how-does-it-work/

● Atherton, K. (2018). The rise of the police drone: How UAVs are changing law enforcement.
Forbes. <https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateatherton/2018/08/16/the-rise-of-the-police-drone-
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