GLS 554

ADJUSTMENT COMPUTATIONS

LECTURE 10:
LEAST SQUARE ADJUSTMENT-NON LINEAR FUNCTION
(BEARING AND ANGLE OBSERVATION)

Nurhanisah Hashim
Room: B612
H/p: 019-6684587
Centre of Studies for Surveying Science and Geomatics,
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA.
 ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS :
BEARING OBSERVATION EQUATION
Prior to the development of electronic distance measuring equipment and the Global Positioning System,
triangulation was the preferred method for extending horizontal control over long distances.

The position of widely spaced stations were computed from measured angles and a minimal number of measured
distances called baselines.

In establishing horizontal control, combination of trilateration survey (distance observations) with triangulation
survey (angle observations) are more common for horizontal control over long distance.

In this lecture, the specific types of triangulations known as intersections and resections are adjusted.
 BEARING OBSERVATION EQUATION
The bearing equation in parametric form is

Bearing = α + C (Eq 1)

Where,

𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖
𝛼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 Where, 𝑥𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑗
𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐽 , and C is the constant
depends on quadrant which point J lies as shown in figure 1.

Figure 1 Relationship between the bearing and the computed angle, α

 From the Figure 1, Table 1 can be constructed which relates the algebraic sign of the computed angle α
in Eq 1 to the value of C and the value of bearing.
Table 1 Relationship between the Quadrant, C and the bearing of the line.

𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖
𝛼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖
 LINEARIZATION OF THE BEARING OBSERVATION EQUATION
Referring to Eq 1, the complete observation equation for an observed bearing of line IJ is as below.
Bearing = α + C (Eq 1)

𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝐶 = 𝐵𝑖𝑗 + 𝑣𝐵𝑖𝑗 (Eq 2)
𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖

Equation 2 is a nonlinear function involving variables of x and y of point I and J, that can be rewritten as in Eq 3:

F 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑗 , 𝑦𝑗 = 𝐵𝑖𝑗 + 𝑣𝐵𝑖𝑗 (Eq 3)

Where,
𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖
𝐹 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑗 , 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶 (Eq 4)
𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖

Equation 4 is non linear equation and can be linearized and solve using a first-order Taylor series approximation, by
determined the partial derivative of the function with respect to each variables.
The linearized form of Equation 4 is

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝐹 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑗 , 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑖 + 𝑑𝑥𝑗 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑦𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑦𝑗

To determine the partial derivatives of Eq 4, requires the prototype equation for the derivative of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 u with
respect to x.
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 = (Eq 5)
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Using the Eq 5, partial derivation of the function with respect to Xi is as follows.

𝜕𝐹 1 −1
= 2𝑦 −𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑗 𝑖
1+
𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖

−1 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗
= 2 2 = (Eq 6)
𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 𝐼𝐽2
By employing the same procedure, the remaining partial derivatives are:
𝜕𝐹 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝐹 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 𝜕𝐹 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗
= = = (Eq 7)
𝜕𝑦𝑖 𝐼𝐽2 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝐼𝐽2 𝜕𝑦𝑗 𝐼𝐽2

2 2
Where, 𝐼𝐽2 = 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖

Combine Eq 6 and Eq 7, the following bearing observation equation is obtained:

𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗
𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦𝑖 + 𝑑𝑥𝑗 + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 = 𝑘𝐵𝑖𝑗 + 𝑣𝐵𝑖𝑗
𝐼𝐽2 𝐼𝐽2 𝐼𝐽2 𝐼𝐽2

Where, 𝑘𝐵𝑖𝑗 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

and,
2 2
𝐼𝐽2 = 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖
 ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS : ANGLE
OBSERVATION EQUATION
Figure 2 below illustrates the geometry for an angle observation. In the figure, B is backsight station, F the foresight
station, and I the instrument station.
Bearing IB (Backsight bearing)

Bearing IF (Foresight bearing)

Figure 2
An angle observation equation can be written as the difference between two bearing observations ( Bearing IF –
Bearing IB = Angle BIF) , for the clockwise angles.

−1
𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 −1
𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖
∠𝐵𝐼𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐹 − 𝐵𝐼𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 (Eq 8)
𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑖
Equation Eq 8, is a nonlinear function of , 𝑥𝑏 , 𝑦𝑏 , 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑓 ,𝑦𝑓 that can be rewritten as :

𝐹 𝑥𝑏 , 𝑦𝑏 , 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓 = 𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓

𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖
Where, 𝐹 𝑥𝑏 , 𝑦𝑏 , 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓
𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑖 (Eq 9)

Equation Eq 9, is a nonlinear function and can be linearized by partial derivatives of Function F with respect to
𝑥𝑏 , 𝑦𝑏 , 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓 . Thus, the linearized observation equation for angle observation is as follows:

𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑏 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑓
𝑑𝑥𝑏 + 𝑑𝑦𝑏 + − 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + − 𝑑𝑦𝑖
𝐼𝐵 2 𝐼𝐵2 𝐼𝐵 2 𝐼𝐹 2 𝐼𝐵2 𝐼𝐹 2
𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑓
+ + 𝑑𝑦𝑓 = 𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑏𝑖𝑓 (Eq 10)
𝐼𝐹 2 𝐼𝐹 2

Where,

𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

2 2
𝐼𝐵 2 = 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖 2
+ 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑖 2
𝐼𝐹 2 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
In formulating the angle observation equation, remember that I is always assigned to the instrument station, B to the
backsight station, and F to the foresight station.
 APPLICATION: ADJUSTMENT OF INTERSECTIONS (ANGLE
OBSERVATION EQUATION)
When an unknown station is visible from two or more existing control stations, the angle intersection method is one
of the simplest and sometimes most practical ways for determining the horizontal position of a station.
For a unique computation, the method requires observation of at least two horizontal angles from two control points.
For example, angles 𝜃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃2 observed from control stations R and S in Figure 3, will enable a unique computation
for the position of station U.
If additional control is available, computations for the unknown stations’s position can be strengthened by observing
redundant angles such as angles 𝜃3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃4 in Figure 3 and applying the method of least squares
In that case, for each of the four independent angles, a linearized observation equation can be written in terms of the
two unknown coordinates, 𝑥𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑢

Figure 3
Example 1
The horizontal position of station x is unknown, while A, B and C is control station. Using
the method of Least Squares, compute the most probable value of coordinates of station x
in Figure 4. The unweighted horizontal angles were observed from control station A, B and
C. The approximate value of x is also given in the Figure 4.
Table 1
Point E (m) N (m)
A 1690.440 5415.545
B 1885.525 5121.210
C 1746.180 4850.738
X 2295.600 5248.450

BIF Angle Observed angle

XAB 41°01’50”
ABX 106°17’40”
XBC 134°30’10”
BCX 26°50’20”
Figure 4
Arrange the geometry of the data in the format BIF. Make sure the direction of the angle
is in clockwise.

B = Backsight station

I = Instrument station

F = Foresight station
θ1
θ2

θ3 Θ BIF B I F IB IF
Θ XAB (θ1) X A B AX AB
Θ ABX (θ2) A B X BX BX
θ4 Θ XBC (θ3) X B C BX BC
Θ BCX (θ4) B C X CB CX
 Step 1: Create the linearized observation equation for each angle

𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑏 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑓
For any BIF angle, 𝑑𝑥𝑏 + 𝑑𝑦𝑏 + − 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + − 𝑑𝑦𝑖
𝐼𝐵 2 𝐼𝐵2 𝐼𝐵 2 𝐼𝐹 2 𝐼𝐵2 𝐼𝐹 2
𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑓
+ 𝑑𝑥𝑓 + 𝑑𝑦𝑓 = 𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑏𝑖𝑓
𝐼𝐹 2 𝐼𝐹 2

The points A, B and C are control station or fixed station, hence no error in dx = dy = 0. this will reduce the
observation equation to be created.
The observation equation will be created only for the unknown station which is station X, where, the correction will
be given to the approximate coordinate of station X to get the MPV for station X. Lets take a look at the table.

Θ BIF B I F IB IF
Θ XAB (θ1) X A B AX AB
Θ ABX (θ2) A B X BX BX
Θ XBC (θ3) X B C BX BC
Θ BCX (θ4) B C X CB CX
Thus, the observation equation for angle XAB, ABX, XBC and BCX

𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑏 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝑋 𝑥𝑋 − 𝑥𝐴
θXAB, 𝑑𝑥𝑏 + 𝑑𝑦𝑏 = 𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑏𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝜃𝑋𝐴𝐵 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑋𝐴𝐵
𝐼𝐵 2 𝐼𝐵2 𝐴𝑋 2 𝑋
𝐴𝑋 2

𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑓 𝑦𝑋 − 𝑦𝐵 𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝑋
θABX, 𝑑𝑥𝑓 + 𝑑𝑦𝑓 = 𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑏𝑖𝑓
𝐼𝐹 2 𝐼𝐹 2 𝑑𝑥𝑋 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝐴𝐵𝑋 + 𝑣𝜃 𝐴𝐵𝑋
𝐵𝑋 2 𝐵𝑋 2

𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑏 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝑋 𝑥𝑋 − 𝑥𝐵
θXBC, 𝑑𝑥𝑏 + 𝑑𝑦𝑏 = 𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑏𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑥𝑋 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝜃𝑋𝐵𝐶 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑋𝐵𝐶
𝐼𝐵2 𝐼𝐵2 𝐵𝑋 2 𝐵𝑋 2

𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑓 𝑦𝑋 − 𝑦𝐶 𝑥𝐶 − 𝑥𝑋
θBCX, 𝑑𝑥𝑓 + 𝑑𝑦𝑓 = 𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑏𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑥𝑋 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝜃𝐵𝐶𝑋 + 𝑣𝜃 𝐵𝐶𝑋
𝐼𝐹 2 𝐼𝐹 2 𝐶𝑋 2 𝐶𝑋 2

Θ BIF B I F IB IF
Θ XAB (θ1) X A B AX AB [J] [K]
Θ ABX (θ2) A B X BX BX In order to compute matrix J and K, following items need to
be computed earlier:
Θ XBC (θ3) X B C BX BC
Θ BCX (θ4) B C X CB CX 1. Compute the 𝐼𝐵2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐹 2 for each equation using known
and approximate coordinates given in the Table 1.
 Step 2: Compute the 𝐼𝐵2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐹 2 using known and approximate coordinate

By referring the observation equation that already created in the previous slide, the 𝐼𝐵2 and 𝐼𝐹 2 that need to be
computed are 𝐴𝑋 2 𝐵𝑋 2 𝐶𝑋 2 , using the equation below,
2 2
𝐼𝐵 2 = 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖 2
+ 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑖 2
𝐼𝐹 2 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖

Inserting the appropriate value, thus the computed result are as follows,

𝐴𝑋 2 = 𝑥𝑋 − 𝑥𝐴 2
+ 𝑦𝑋 − 𝑦𝐴 2
𝐴𝑋 2 = 2295.600 − 1690.440 2
+ 5248.450 − 5415.545 2
= 394139.3646

𝐵𝑋 2 = 𝑥𝑋 − 𝑥𝐵 2
+ 𝑦𝑋 − 𝑦𝐵 2 𝐵𝑋 2 = 2295.600 − 1885.525 2
+ 5248.450 − 5121.210 2
= 184351.5232

𝐶𝑋 2 = 𝑥𝑋 − 𝑥𝐶 2
+ 𝑦𝑋 − 𝑦𝐶 2
𝐶𝑋 2 = 2295.600 − 1746.180 2
+ 5248.450 − 4850.738 2
= 460037.1713
 Step 3: Compute the J matrix (or A matrix)

The J matrix can be formed using the following steps.

1. Head each column with an unknown value

2. Create a row for every observation

3. Substitute in the appropriate coefficient corresponding to the column into each row

𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝑋 𝑥𝑋 − 𝑥𝐴
𝑑𝑥𝑋 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝜃𝑋𝐴𝐵 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑋𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑋 2 𝐴𝑋 2
𝑦𝑋 − 𝑦𝐵 𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝑋
𝑑𝑥𝑋 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝐴𝐵𝑋 + 𝑣𝜃 𝐴𝐵𝑋
𝐵𝑋 2 𝐵𝑋 2
𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝑋 𝑥𝑋 − 𝑥𝐵
𝑑𝑥𝑋 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝜃𝑋𝐵𝐶 + 𝑣𝜃 𝑋𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑋 2 𝐵𝑋 2
𝑦𝑋 − 𝑦𝐶 𝑥𝐶 − 𝑥𝑋
𝑑𝑥𝑋 + 𝑑𝑦𝑋 = 𝑘𝜃𝐵𝐶𝑋 + 𝑣𝜃 𝐵𝐶𝑋
𝐶𝑋 2 𝐶𝑋 2

[J]
Inserting all the appropriate value, and multiply each matrix vector with 206265 to convert the unit from radian to
second. This is to standardize the unit of J and K matrix, which will be computed in the next step.

5415.545 − 5248.450 2295.600 − 1690.440

206265 + 206265
394139.3646 394139.3646
5248.450 − 5121.210 1885.525 − 2295.600 87.4458 316.6985
206265 + 206265 142.3648 −458.82
184351.5232 184351.5232 𝐽=
−142.365 458.8198
5121.210 − 5248.450 2295.600 − 1885.525 178.3205 −246.341
206265 + 206265
184351.5232 184351.5232
5248.450 − 4850.738 1746.180 − 2295.600
206265 + 206265
460037.1713 460037.1713
 Step 4: Compute the K matrix (or L matrix)

𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 , thus, we need to determine the computed angle, to compute the K matrix

𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥𝑖
Tℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝐼𝐹 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑖
= Bearing IF – Bearing IB

𝑋𝐵 −𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝑋 −𝑋𝐴
Computed 𝜃𝑋𝐴𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑌𝐵 −𝑌𝐴 𝑌𝑋 −𝑌𝐴

1885.525 − 1690.440 2295.600 − 1690.440

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
5121.210 − 5415.545 5248.450 − 5415.545

195.085 605.16
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
−294.335 −167.095
= (−33°32′ 10.99" + 180°) − −74°33′ 51.35" + 180°

= 41°01′ 40.36"
Compute another 3 angle ABX, XBC and BCX

𝑋𝑋 −𝑋𝐵 𝑋𝐴 −𝑋𝐵
Computed 𝜃𝐴𝐵𝑋 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑌𝑋 −𝑌𝐵 𝑌𝐴 −𝑌𝐵

2295.600−1885.525 1690.440−1885.525
Computed 𝜃𝐴𝐵𝑋 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 106°17′ 53.1"
5248.450−5121.210 5415.545−5121.210

𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐵 𝑋𝑋 −𝑋𝐵
Computed 𝜃𝑋𝐵𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑌𝐶 −𝑌𝐵 𝑌𝑋 −𝑌𝐵

1746.180−1885.525 2295.600−1885.525
Computed 𝜃𝑋𝐵𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 134°29′ 43.8"
4850.738−5121.210 5248.450−5121.210

𝑋𝑋 −𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐵 −𝑋𝐶
Computed 𝜃𝐵𝐶𝑋 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑌𝑋 −𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐵 −𝑌𝐶

2295.600−1746.180 1885.525−1746.180
Computed 𝜃𝐵𝐶𝑋 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 5248.450−4850.738
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 5121.210−4850.738
= 26°50′ 34.66"
Thus, matrix K result as follows,
𝑘𝜃𝑏𝑖𝑓 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

41°01′ 50" − 41°01′ 40.36" 9.64"

106°17′ 40−106°17′ 53.1" −13.1"
𝐾= 𝐾=
134°30′ 10" − 134°29′43.8" 26.2"
26°50′ 20" − 26°50′ 34.66" −14.66"

Step 5: Compute the X matrix (Unknown/ correction value to the unknown)

𝜕𝑥𝑋 Where, 𝑋 = 𝐽𝑇 𝐽 −1
(𝐽𝑇 𝐾)
𝑋 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 =
𝜕𝑦𝑋
−1
87.4458 316.6985
87.4458 142.3648 −142.365 178.3205 142.3648 −458.82
𝑋= ×
316.6985 −458.82 458.8198 −246.341 −142.365 458.8198
178.3205 −246.341
9.64"
87.4458 142.3648 −142.365 178.3205 −13.1" −0.026
=
316.6985 −458.82 458.8198 −246.341 26.2" 0.036
−14.66"
Thus, the adjusted coordinate of point X:

𝑥𝑋 = 2295.600 + −0.026 = 2295.574𝑚

𝑦𝑋 = 5248.450 + 0.036 = 5248.486𝑚

Step 6: Iteration process

𝜕𝑥𝑋 −0.026 Considered too large, thus, adjustment have to undergo the iteration process, until
𝑋 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = =
𝜕𝑦𝑋 0.036 the X value reached < 0.001 meter.
 1st Iteration

Repeat Step 2 until Step 5, using the same observed data for angle XAB, ABX, XBC and BCX, known coordinate
A, B and C. For coordinate of Point X, use the adjusted coordinate already computed in Step 5. Continue
iteration process until dx and dy value (correction value) reached < 0.001.
Table 1

Point E (m) N (m)

A 1690.440 5415.545
B 1885.525 5121.210
C 1746.180 4850.738
X 2295.574 5248.486

BIF Angle Observed angle

XAB 41°01’50”
ABX 106°17’40”
XBC 134°30’10”
BCX 26°50’20”
Thank you