1
CHAPTER
Basic Mathematics
and Logarithm
NUMBER SYSTEM
(i) Natural numbers: The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
are called Natural Numbers. The set of natural numbers is
denoted by N.
Thus N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....}.
(ii) Whole numbers: Natural numbers including zero are called
whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted by W.
Thus W = {0, 1, 2, .........}
(iii) Integers: The numbers ... – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .... are
called integers and the set is denoted by Ι or Z. Thus Ι
(or Z) = {.. – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}
Note: (a) Positive integers Ι+ = {1, 2, 3 ....} = N
(b) Negative integers Ι– = {....., –3, –2, –1}.
(c) Non-negative integers (whole numbers) = {0, 1, 2, ...}.
(d) Non-positive integers = {......, –3, –2, –1, 0}.
(iv) Even integers: Integers which are divisible by 2 are called
even integers.
e.g. 0, ± 2, ± 4,.......
(v) Odd integers: Integers which are not divisible by 2 are
called odd integers.
e.g. ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 7......
(vi) Prime numbers: Natural numbers which are divisible by 1
and itself only are called prime numbers.
e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, ........
(vii) Composite number: Let ‘a’ be a natural number, ‘a’ is said
to be composite if, it has atleast three distinct factors.
e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 .........
Note: (a) 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
(b) Numbers which are not prime are composite numbers
(except 1).
(c) ‘4’ is the smallest composite number.
(d) ‘2’ is the only even prime number.
(viii) Co-prime numbers: Two natural numbers (not necessarily
prime) are called coprime, if their H.C.F (Highest common
factor) is one.
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8), (5, 6), (7, 8)
(15, 16) etc.
These numbers are also called as relatively prime numbers.
Note:
(a) Two prime numbers are always co-prime but converse
need not be true.
(b) Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime
numbers.
(ix) Twin prime numbers: If the difference between two
prime numbers is two, then the numbers are called twin
prime numbers.
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, {29, 31}
(x) Rational numbers: All the numbers that can be
represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers
and q ≠ 0, are called rational numbers and their set is
denoted by Q. Thus Q = {p/q : p, q ∈ Ι and q ≠ 0}. It
may be noted that every integer is a rational number
since it can be written as p/q. It may be noted that all
recurring decimals are rational numbers.
p
Note: Maximum number of different decimal digits in
q
11
is equal to q, i.e. will have maximum of 9 different
9
decimal digits.
(xi) Irrational numbers: The numbers which can not be
expressed in p/q form where p, q ∈ Ι and q ≠ 0 i.e. the
numbers which are not rational are called irrational numbers
and their set is denoted by Qc. (i.e. complementary set of Q)
e.g. 2 , 1 + 3 etc. Irrational numbers can not be
expressed as recurring decimals.
Note: e ≈ 2.71 (is called Napier’s constant) and
π ≈ 3.14 are irrational numbers.
(xii) Real numbers: Numbers which can be expressed on
number line are called real numbers. The complete set of
rational and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers
and is denoted by R. Thus R = Q ∪ QC.
Negative side Positive side
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 2 3 
Real line
 All real numbers follow the order property i.e. if there are two
distinct real numbers a and b then either a < b or a > b. Example 2: Prove that the difference 1025 – 7 is divisible
Note: by 3.
(a) Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not
Sol. Write the given difference in the form 1025 – 7
be true.
(b) Negative of an irrational number is an irrational = (1025 – 1) – 6. The number 1025 – 1 = 99..9
 is
number. 25 digits

(c) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is divisible by 3 (and 9). Since the numbers (1025 – 1) and
always an irrational number 6 are divisible by 3, the number 1025 – 7, being their
e.g. 2 + 3 difference, is also divisible by 3 without a remainder.
(d) The product of a non zero rational number and an
irrational number will always be an irrational number.
(e) If a ∈ Q and b ∉ Q, then ab = rational number, only if
a = 0. Concept Application
(f) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational
numbers need not be a irrational number or we can say,
result may be a rational number also. 1. The product of 1.142857 and 0.63 = _____.

ADVANCED LEARNING 8 7
(a) (b)
11 11
(xiii) Complex number: A number of the form a + ib is called
11 8
a complex number, where a, b ∈ R and i = −1 . Complex (c) (d)
7 7
number is usually denoted by Z and the set of complex
number is represented by C. Thus C = {a + ib : a, b ∈ R 2. If x = 12 − 9, y = 13 − 10, and= z 11 − 8,
then which of the following is true?
and i = −1 }
(a) z > x > y
Note: It may be noted that N ⊂ W ⊂ Ι ⊂ Q ⊂ R ⊂ C.
(b) z > y > x
(c) y > x > z
(d) y > z > x

Example 1: The value of 1.285714 ÷ 1.714285 =

______.
3 7
SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES
(a) (b)
4 8 1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
7 3
(c) (d) 2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
12 7
Sol. 3. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
1.285714 4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
= 1 + 0.285714 5. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
2 9
=1 + = 6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
7 7
7. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)
1.714285
5 12 8. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2
=1 + = 1 1 1
7 7 + 2abc  + + 
∴1.285714 ÷ 1.714285 a b c
1
9. a + b + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2 2
9 12 2
= ÷ 10. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
7 7
9 7 1
= × = (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
7 12 2
3 If a + b + c = 0 , then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
=
4 11. a4 – b4 = (a + b) (a – b) (a2 + b2)
12. a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2)

P
2 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Concept Application

Example 3: Show that the expression, (x2 – y z)3 + (y2 – z x)3 + 3. If x1/3 + y1/3 + z1/3 = 0, then what is (x + y + z)3 equal to?
(z2 – x y)3 – 3 (x2 – y z) . (y2 – z x).(z2 – x y) is a perfect square (a) 1 (b) 3
and find its square root. (c) 3xy (d) 27xyz
Sol. (x2 – yz)3 + (y2 – zx)3 + (z2 – xy)3 – 3(x2 – yz) 4. If a + b + c = 0, then what is the value of
(y2 – zx) (z2 – xy) = a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
a 2 + b2 + c2
where a = x2 – yz, b = y2 – zx, c = z2 – xy ( a − b ) + (b − c ) + (c − a )

2 2 2

= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) 1
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) (d) 0
1 3
= (a + b + c) ((a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2) 1 1
2 5. If x + p
=then x 6 + 6 equals to :
x x
1 2 2 2 (a) p6 + 6p (b) p6 – 6p
= (x + y + z – xy – yz – zx) [(x2 – yz – y2 + zx)2
2 6 4 2
(c) p + 6p + 9p + 2 (d) p6 – 6p4 + 9p2 – 2
 + (y2 – zx – z2 + xy)2 + (z2 – xy – x2 + yz)2] 1
6. If x + 4, then find values of
=
1 x
= (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx) [{x2 – y2 + z(x – y)}2
2 1 1
2 3
+{y2 – z2 + x (y – z)}2 + {z2 – x2 + y (z – x)}2] (i) x + (ii) x +
x2 x3
1 2 2 2 1
= (x + y + z – xy – yz – zx) (x + y + z)2 4
(iii) x +
2 x4
 [(x – y)2 + (y – z)2 + (z – x)2] 7. Prove that (1 + x)(1 + x2)(1 + x4)(1 + x8)(1 + x16)
= (x + y + z)2 (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)2 (1 − x 32 )
=
= (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz)2 (1 − x)
(which is a perfect square) its square roots are 8. If x, y, z are all different real numbers, then prove that
3 3 3 2
± ( x + y + z − 3 xyz ) 1 1 1  1 1 1 
2
+ 2
+ 2
=  + +  .
( x − y ) ( y − z ) ( z − x)  x− y y−z z−x
1
Example 4: If x2 – 4x + 1 = 0, then what is the value of x 3 + ?
x3 a b
9. If + = −1, then find value of a3 – b3.
1 b a
Sol. x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x + = 4
x 10. If a – b = –8, ab = –12 then a3 – b3 will be
3
1  1  1 11. The product (x + y)(x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)(x2 – xy + y2)
x 3 + 3 =  x +  − 3  x +  = 43 − 3 × 4 = 52
x  x   x simplifies to
1 12. Find the real values of p, q, r satisfying (2p – 3)8
Example 5: If x + = a , then what is the value of
x + (1 – q)6 + (4 – 3r)4 = 0.
1 1
x3 + x 2 + 3 + 2 ?
x x
ADVANCED LEARNING
(a) a3 + a2 (b) a3 + a2 – 5a
(c) a3 + a2 – 3a –2 (d) a3 + a2 – 4a –2 INDICES
Sol. If ‘a’ is any non zero real or imaginary number and ‘m’ is the
1 positive integer, then am = a · a · a. ... a (m times). Here a is
Given, x + = a called the base and m is called the index, power or exponent.
x
Law of indices:
Now, x 3 + x 2 + 1 + 1 =  x 3 + 1  +  x 2 + 1 
    1. a0 = 1, (a ≠ 0)
x3 x 2  x3   x2 
3 2
 1  1  1 1
=  x +  − 3 x +  +  x +  − 2 2. a–m = , (a ≠ 0)
 x  x  x am
= a3 – 3a + a2 – 2 = a3 + a2 – 3a –2. 3. am + n = am · an, where m and n are rational numbers

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 3

 am
4. am – n = , where m and n are rational numbers, a ≠ 0 Now,
= 4
6 216, 3 7
12
= 12
2401, 5
= 12
15625
an
5. (am)n = amn Hence, their ascending order is

6. ap/q =
q
ap 216, 12 2401, 12 15625, i.e., 4 6, 3 7, 5
12


\ The descending order of magnitude of the given
7. = am n mn
= a n m
a , where m, n ∈ N and
radical is 5, 3 7, 4 6 .
(m, n ≥ 2) and a is positive rational number
8. a× b = ab , a, b ∈ R and atleast one of a and b should Example 8: Find the square root of 10 + 24 + 60 + 40
be positive
Sol. = 10 + 24 + 60 + 40

SURDS = 10 + 2 6 + 2 15 + 2 10

If a is a positive rational number, which is not the nth power (n is any = ( 2 + 3 + 5 ) + 2 2 ( 3) + 2 3 ( 5 ) + 2 2 ( 5 )

natural number) of any rational number, then the irrational number
( )
2

± n a are called simple surds or monomial surds. = 2+ 3+ 5

Every surd is an irrational number (but every irrational number is = 2 + 3 + 5.
not a surd). So, the representation of monomial surd on a number
line is same as that of irrational numbers.
Examples:

1. 3 is a surd and 3 is an irrational number. Concept Application

2. 3
5 is a surd and 3
5 is an irrational number.
13. If the surds 4 4, 6 5, 8 6 and 12 8 are arranged in
3. p is an irrational number, but it is not a surd. ascending order from left to right, then the third surd
3
from the left is
4. 3 + 2 is an irrational number. It is not a surd, because
(a) 12
8 (b) 4
4 (c) 8
6 (d) 6
5
3 + 2 is not a rational number.
14. 6
15 − 2 56 3 7 + 2 2 = ______.
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 6
2
15. If x = 21/3 – 2, then x3 + 6x2 + 12x = _________.
(a)6 (b) –6 (c) 8 (d) –8
4 4
Example 6: Simplify  3 6 a 9   6 3 a 9  1 1 1
−3 −2 −3
16. If a = 4 2 , b = (125) 3 , c = 81 4 then + + =
a b c
Sol. a9(1/6)(1/3)4 · a9(1/3)(1/6)4 = a2 · a2 = a4. 2 3 5
1
Example 7: Arrange the following in ascending or 17. If p = 8 3 , q = 9 2 , r = 16 4 , s = then
descending order of magnitude: 6−2

p+q+r+s=
4
6, 3 7, 5 −4 −2
 1 3  1 3 5/3 –5/2
Sol.
= 6 6=
4
, 7 7= 1/ 4 3
, 5 5 1/3 1/ 2 18. If u =   , v =   , w = (8) . (4) , t =
 27   216 
LCM of the denominators of the exponents of these
vwt
three terms, 4, 3 and 2 is12. (9)3/2 . (81)–3/4 then =
u
Now express the exponent of each term, as a fraction in
19. Which of the following number is greater than 1
which then denominator is 12.
−2/3
 1   1 
1 3 1 (a)   ⋅ 2  (b) (125)–2/3 . (625)1/2
6= 6=4 12
( 6 )=
3 12 12
216  216  6 
1 4 1
(c) log(1/2) 16 (d) log16 32
7=
3
7=
12
( 7 )=
4 12 12
2401 −1 −1
1 6 1  a+ b  a+ b
20. Simplify a   + b 
5= 5=2 12
( 5 )=
6 12 12
15625
 2b a 

 2a b 

P
4 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 ADVANCED LEARNING a c e a + c + e + .....
(viii) If = = = ..... , then each
RATIO b d f b + d + f + ......
(i) If A and B be two quantities of the same kind, then their Sum of the numerators
A =
ratio is A : B; which may be denoted by the fraction Sum of the denominators
B
(This may be an integer or fraction) a c e xa + yc + ze + ......
(ix) If = = = ..... , then each =
a b d f xb + yd + zf + ......
(ii) A ratio may represented in a number of ways e.g. =
b 1/ n
ma na a c e  xa n + yc n + ze n 
= =...... where m, n,...... are non-zero numbers. (x) If = = = ..... , then each =  n n 
mb nb b d f n
 xb + yd + zf 
(iii) To compare two or more ratio, reduce them to common
denominator.

(iv) Ratio between two ratios may be represented as the ratio

of two integers

e.g. a : c : a b = ad or ad : bc x+ y y+z z+x

b d c d bc Example 9: If = = , then find x : y : z.
2 3 4
(v) Ratios are compounded by multiplying them together i.e.
a c e ace Sum of the numerators
⋅ ⋅ ..... = ..... Sol. Each =
b d f bdf Sum of the denominators

(vi) If a : b is any ratio then its duplicate ratio is a2 : b2; 2( x + y + z ) x + y + z

= = and therefore each
triplicate ratio is a3 : b3..... etc. 9 9/2

(vii) If a : b is any ratio, then its sub-duplicate ratio is a1/2 : ( x + y + z) − ( y + z) ( x + y + z) − ( x + z)

= =
1/2 1/3 1/3
b ; sub-triplicate ratio is a : b etc. 9 9
−3 −4
2 2
PROPORTION ( x + y + z) − ( x + y)
=
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing 9
−2
a c 2
them are said to be proportional. If = , then it is written as
a : b = c : d or a : b : : c : d b d
x y z
= = = ⇒x:y:z=3:1:5
3 / 2 1/ 2 5 / 2
(i) ‘a’ and ‘d’ are known as extremes and ‘b and c’ are known
as means. a  3b  2c  6d 3a  b  6c  2d
Example 10: If  , then
(ii) An important property of proportion Product of extremes a  3b  2c  6d 3a  b  6c  2d
= product of means. the correct statement is
(iii) If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (Invertando)
(a) ad = bc (b) ac = bd
(iv) If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (Alternando)
ab
(c) c = (d) a + d = b + c
a+b c+d d
(v) If a : b = c : d, then = (Componendo)
b d Sol. Apply C and D the the given equation
a −b c−d
(vi) If a : b = c : d, then = (Dividendo) 4c  12d 4d  12c c  3d d  3c
b d ⇒  ⇒ 
2a  6d 2b  6a a  3b b  3a
a+b c+d ⇒ bc + 3ac + 3bd + 9ad = ad + 3ac + 3bd + 9bc
(vii) If a : b = c : d, then = (Componendo and
a −b c−d
dividendo)
⇒ 8ad = 8bc

⇒ ad = bc

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 5

 Steps: Points where numerator becomes zero are called zeros or
roots of the function and where denominator becomes zero are
Concept Application
called poles of the function.
(i) First we find the zeros and poles of the function.
x2  1  x2  1 2x2  1 (ii) Then we mark all the zeros and poles on the real line and
21. Solve the equations  form a curve to divide the real line in many intervals.
x2  1  x2  1 2
(iii) Determine sign of the function in any of the interval and
1  x2  1  x2 then alternates the sign in the neghbouring interval if the
22. Solve: 3 poles or zeros dividing the two interval has appeared odd
1  x2  1  x2 number of times otherwise retain the sign.
23. If (4x – 3y) : (2x + 5y) = 12 : 19 then x : y is ...... (iv) Thus we consider all the intervals. The solution of the
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 g(x) > 0 is the union of the intervals in which we have put
the plus sign and the solution of g(x) < 0 is the union of all
(c) 9 : 4 (d) 2 : 1
intervals in which we have put the minus sign.

INTERVALS
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in
solving inequalities or in finding domains. If there are two ( x –1) 2 ( x + 4)
numbers a, b ∈ R such that a < b, we can define four types of Example 11: Solution < 0 is
(2 – x)
intervals as follows :
Open Interval (a, b) ( x –1) 2 ( x + 4) ( x + 4)
Sol. <0⇒ >0
{x : a < x < b} i.e. extreme points are not included (2 – x) ( x – 2)
Closed Interval [a, b]
{x : a ≤ x ≤ b} i.e. extreme points are included + +
It can possible when a and b are finite –4 – 2
Semi-Open Interval (a, b]
{x : a < x ≤ b} i.e. a is not included and b is included ⇒ (– ∞, – 4) ∪ (2, ∞).
Semi-Closed Interval [a, b) 3
( x + 4) 4 ( x –1)3
{x : a ≤ x < b} i.e. a is included and b is not included Example 12: The solution of > 0 is
( x – 2)
Note: ( x + 4) 4/3 ( x –1)3 x –1
Sol. >0⇒ >0
1. The infinite intervals are defined as follows : ( x – 2) x–2
(i) (a, ∞) = {x : x > a}
(ii) [a, ∞) = {x : x ≥ a} + +
(iii) (– ∞, b) = {x : x < b} 1 – 2
(iv) (∞, b] = {x : x ≤ b}
⇒ (– ∞, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) Excluding – 4.
(v) (– ∞, ∞) = {x : x ∈ R}
Example 13: Find the range of x, so that following
2. x ∈ {1, 2} denotes some particular values of x, i.e. x = 1, 2 expressions are defined.
3. If there is no value of x, then we say x ∈ φ (null set) (a) (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)2 (x – 4)5 (x – 5) > 0
( x − 1)( x − 2)
(b) ≥0
GENERAL METHOD TO ( x − 3)

SOLVE INEQUALITIES Sol. (a)  x  (,1)  (2, 3)  (3, 4)  (5, )

+ + + +
Method of Intervals (Wavy Curve Method) – –
1 2 3 4 5
 ( x – b1 ) k1 ( x – b2 ) k2 − − − ( x – bn ) kn 
Let g(x) =  r1 r rn 
...(i) (b)  x  [1, 2]  (3, )

 ( x – a1 ) ( x – a2 ) 2 − − − ( x – an ) 
– + – +
Where k1, k2 ..... kn and r1, r2 ........ rn ∈ N and b1, b2..... bn and a1,
1 2 3
a2 ... an are real numbers.
Then to solve the inequality following steps are taken.

P
6 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Remember
Concept Application log102 ≈ 0.3010; log103 ≈ 0.4771
ln 2 ≈ 0.693; ln 10 ≈ 2.303

x 3  4 x 2  12 x
24. Solve the inequality 0
x3 FUNDAMENTAL
LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY
( x  1) 4 ( x  2)( x  3)3 ( x  4) 2
25. Solve the inequality 0
x 3  36 x loga N = N, a > 0, a ≠ 1 & N > 0
a
26. Find the number of integer values of variable x Proof :
satisfying the following pair of inequalities. logaN = x ... (i)
( x  1)( x  4)
N= (a)x ... (ii)
 0 & x 2  6 x  27  0
x3 by equation (i) & (ii)
27. The solution of the inequality 2x − 1 ≤ x2 + 3 ≤ x − 1 is N = (a)logaN
(a) x ∈ R (b) (−2, 2]
(c) (−2, 2) (d) x ∈ f PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES
1+ x 2

28. Solve for x: −1 ≤ ≤1 Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a ≠ 1,
2x and x, y are any real numbers, then:
( x − sin1)( x − sin 2)
29. Solve for x: ≤0 (i) loga (M · N) = loga M + loga N;
( x − sin 3)( x − sin 4)
Proof:
30. Solve for x: ( x − 1) ( x − 2) x ≤ 0
Let logaM = x and logaN = y
31. Solve for x: x − 5 − 9 − x > 1: x ∈ Z
⇒M= ax and N = ay
Now, MN = axay = ax+y
32. Solve for x: x −1 > 3 − x
⇒
logaMN = x + y
In general
LOGARITHM FUNCTION loga(x1 x2 ... xn) = logax1 + loga x2 + ... + loga xn
(ii) loga(M/N) = loga M − loga N
Definition Proof:
The logarithm of the number N to the base ‘a’ is the exponent
Let logaM = x and logaN = y
indicating the power to which the base ‘a’ must be raised to obtain
the number N.
⇒M = ax and N = ay
This number is designated as logaN. Now, M/N = ax/ay = ax–y
Hence logaN = x ⇔ ax = N, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and N > 0
⇒ loga(M/N ) = x – y
If a = 10, then we write log b rather than log10b (iii) logaMα = α·loga M
a = e, we write ln b rather than logeb
The existence and uniqueness of the number logaN follows BASE CHANGING THEOREM
from the properties of an exponential functions.
It states that ratio of logarithm of two numbers is independent of
Domain their common base
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N can be
Symbolically
determined with the help of set of conditions, a > 0 & a ≠ 1 &
N > 0. log a M
= logb M (a > 0, M > 0, b > 0)
log a b
FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITY Proof:
(i) loga1 = 0 (a > 0, a ≠ 1) Let logbM = x
(ii) logaa = 1 (a > 0, a ≠ 1) ⇒ M = bx
(iii) log1/a a = –1 (a > 0, a ≠ 1) ⇒ logaM = logabx

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 7

 ⇒ logaM = x · logab
log a M
LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY
⇒ = x = logb M
log a b Let ‘a’ is a real number such that
Important Results (i) If a > 1, then logax > loga y ⇒ x > y
1
(i) Base power formula: log ak M = loga M (ii) If a > 1, then logax < α ⇒ 0 < x < aα
k
Proof:
(iii) If a > 1, then logax > α ⇒ x > aα
log a M log a M 1
log= (M ) = = log a M

ak
log a a k k log a a k (iv) If 0 < a < 1, then logax > loga y ⇒ 0 < x < y
logb c logb a
(ii) a =c (v) If 0 < a < 1, then logax < α ⇒ x > aα
logb c log a c .logb a log a c logb a logb a
Proof:
= a a= (a =
) (c)
Form - I: f (x) > 0, g(x) > 0, g(x) ≠ 1
GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC Form Collection of system
FUNCTIONS  f ( x) ≥ 1, g ( x) > 1
(a) logg(x) f (x) ≥ 0 ⇔ 
If a > 0, a ≠ 1, then the function y = loga x, x ∈ R+ (set of positive real 0 < f ( x) ≤ 1, 0 < g ( x) < 1
numbers) is called the logarithmic Function with base a.
 f ( x) ≥ 1, 0 < g ( x) < 1
Y
y = log2x (b) logg(x) f (x) ≤ 0 ⇔ 
y = log4x 0 < f ( x) ≤ 1, g ( x) > 1
y = log10x
 f ( x) ≥ g ( x) a , g ( x) > 1
+
Domain : R
Range : R (c) logg(x) f (x) ≥ a ⇔  a
0 < f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) , 0 < g ( x ) < 1
X
O Nature : one-one
y = log1/10x
0 < f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) a , g ( x ) > 1
y = log1/4x (d) logg(x) f (x) ≤ a ⇔  a
y = log1/2x
 f ( x) ≥ g ( x) , 0 < g ( x) < 1
Note: (i) If the number and the base are on the same side of the
From - II: f (x) > 0, g(x) > 0, f(x) > 0, f(x) ≠ 1
unity, then the logarithm is positive.
(ii) If the number and the base are on the opposite sides of Form Collection of system
unity, then the logarithm is negative.
 f ( x) ≥ g ( x), φ( x) > 1,
(a) logφ(x) f (x) ≥ logφ(x) g(x) ⇔ 
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION 0 < f ( x) ≤ g ( x);0 < φ( x) < 1

ADVANCED LEARNING  0 < f ( x) ≤ g ( x), φ( x) > 1,

(b) logφ(x) f (x) ≤ logφ(x) g(x) ⇔ 
If a > 0, a ≠ 1 then the function defined by f (x) = ax, x ∈ R is  f ( x) ≥ g ( x) > 0, 0 < φ( x) < 1
called an Exponential Function with base a.
Y
COMMON AND
NATURAL LOGARITHM
–x –x
y = 4 y = 10 x
y = 4 y = 2x
x
y=2
–x y =10
Domain : R

+
log10N is referred as a common logarithm and logeN is called
Range : R
a>1 as natural logarithm of N to the base Napierian and is popularly
Nature : one-one
written as n N. Note that e is an irrational quantity lying between
0<a<1 2.7 to 2.8 Note that en x = x.

X
O

LOGARITHMIC EQUATION Example 14: How many solutions are there for equation
The equality loga x = loga y is possible if and only if x = y log4 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3)?
i.e. loga x = loga y ⇔ x = y Sol. log4 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3)
Always check validity of given equation, (x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, ⇒ log22 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3)
a ≠ 1)

P
8 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 1 1
⇒ log2 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3) Example 18: If log 4 M + 4 log 4 N = 1+ log.008 5 then the
2 4
⇒ log2 (x – 1)1/2 = log2 (x – 3) value of MN16 = k.21/3, where k is equal to
⇒ (x – 1)1/2 = (x – 3) (a) 8 (b) 32
⇒ x – 1 = x2 – 6x + 9 (c) 36 (d) 40
⇒ (x – 2) (x – 5) = 0 1 log 2 5
⇒ x = 2, 5 Sol. log 2 M  2 log 2 N  1 
8 log 2 (.008)
But x – 1 > 0 and x – 3 > 0
log 2 10  1
x > 1 and x > 3  log 2 M 1/ 8  log 2 N 2  1 
3  3 log 2 10
So only one solution x = 5
 log 2  MN 16 
1/ 8 1 2
Example 15: Solve the logarithmic inequality  1 
3 3
4x + 6
log1/5 ≥0.
  MN 16 
1/ 8
x  22 / 3
Sol. Since log1/5 1 = 0, the given inequality can be written as.
 MN 16  216 / 3  32(21/ 3 )
4x + 6
log1/5 ≥ log1/5 1
x
When the domain of the function is taken into account
the inequality is equivalent to the system of inequalities.
 4x + 6 Concept Application
 x > 0,

 4x + 6 ≤ 1 33. Solve the inequality log1/3 (5x – 1) > 0.
 x
34. Suppose that a and b are positive real numbers such
Solving the inequalities by using method of intervals
7 2
–3 
x ∈  –2, 
that log27a + log9b =
2
and log27b + log9a = . Find
3
 2  the value of the ab.
Example 16: For x ≥ 0, what is the smallest possible value 35. If m1 = log8 16, m2 = log81 27, m3 = log1/3 1/9,
of the expression log(x3 – 4x2 + x + 26) – log(x + 2) ?
m4 = log1/3 9 3 then m1 . m2 . m3 ∙ m4
( x 3 − 4 x 2 + x + 26)
Sol. log
( x + 2) 36. If p = log 2 3 1728 , q = log2 (cos 45°), r = log2 (log2 4),
2
( x − 6 x + 13)( x + 2) prt
= log s = log3 (tan 30°), t = log625 125 then =
( x + 2) qs
= log (x2 – 6x + 13)  [ x ≠ – 2] 37. If log7 (log3 (log2 x)) = 0, then find log0.125 x.
= log{(x – 3)2 + 4}
38. Solve for x:
∴ Minimum value is log 4 when x = 3
2
(i) log3 x > 0 (ii) log5 x ≥ 0
Example 17: Given log2a = s, log4b = s2 and log c2 (8) = s 3 + 1 . (iii) log6 x < 0 (iv) log2 x ≤ 0
a 2 b5 (v) log1/7 x > 0 (vi) log1/8 x ≥ 0
Write log2 4 as a function of ‘s’ (a, b, c > 0, c ≠ 1).
c
(vii) log1/9 x < 0 (viii) log1/e x ≤ 0
Sol. Given log2a = s  ...(i)
2
log2b = 2s  ...(ii) (ix) log2 (x – 1) > 1 (x) log1/2 (x – 2) ≤ 1

s +1 3
39. Solve for x:
log8c2 =  ...(iii)
2 (i) log4 (2x – 3) < 2
2 log c s3 + 1
⇒ = ⇒ 4 log2c = 3(s3 + 1) ...(iv) (ii) log1/2 (3x – 2) ≥ 3
3log 2 2
to find 2 log2a + 5 log2b – 4 log2c (iii) log16 (log4 (x)) > 1
⇒ 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1) (iv) log1/2 (log1/4 (x)) < 1

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 9

 (iii) a ≥ a, a ≥ −a
40. log2 (a2 – 5) = 2
41. log1/3 (a2 – 1) = –1 (iv) ab = a b

42. Prove that : 2 log 2 3

=3
log3 2 a a
(v) =
b b
43. If log1227 = a find the value of log616 in term of a.
Note: | f (x) | + | g(x) | = | f (x) + g(x) |
44. Solve for x:
(i) logx (2) . log2x 2 = log4x 2 ⇒ f (x) · g(x) ≥ 0

(ii) 5loga x + 5 x loga 5 =

3(a > 0)
(iii) x(log2 x) + 4 = 32
(iv) logx+1 (x2 + x – 6)2 = 4
(v) x + log10 (1 + 2x) = x ∙ log10 5 + log10 6 Example 19: The absolute value of sum of real solutions of
log2 |x2 + 5x + 4| = log2 3 + log2 |x + 1| is
45. Prove that loga N ∙ logb N + logb N ∙ logc N +
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 5
log a N ⋅ log b N ⋅ log c N
logc N ∙ loga N = log abc N
| ( x + 1)( x + 4) |
Sol. log 2 = log 2 3
 b a 
| x + 1|
 log a 4 ab + logb 4 ab − log a 4 + logb 4 ⋅ log a b
46. Prove that: 2


a b
 |x + 4| = 3
 2 if b ≥ a > 1 x + 4 = –3, +3
=  loga b x = –7, –1 (rejected); ⇒ x = –7
 2 if 1 < b < a
Example 20: Solve the following linear equation
4
47. Simplify: log1/3 729 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 27 3 −1 −4/3
(i) x | x | = 4
(ii) | x – 3 | + 2 | x + 1 | = 4
Sol. (i) x | x | = 4
ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION / If x > 0
MODULUS FUNCTION ∴ x2 = 4 ⇒ x = ±2 ∴ x = 2 ( x ≥ 0)
If x < 0
This is also known as absolute value function and denoted by
⇒ –x2 = 4 ⇒ x2 = –4 which is not possible
 x, x≥0 (ii) | x – 3 | + 2 | x + 1 | = 4
f(x) = |x| i.e. f(x) = 
− x , x < 0 Case-I: If x ≤ – 1
Domain of this function is set of all real numbers because f(x) ∴ –(x – 3) –2 (x + 1) = 4
exists for all x ∈ R but |x| ≥ 0 so range is all non-negative real ⇒ –x + 3 –2 x – 2 = 4 ⇒ –3x + 1 = 4
numbers.
⇒ –3x = 3   ⇒ x = –1
f(x)
y Case-II: If –1 < x ≤ 3
∴ –(x – 3) + 2 (x + 1) = 4
⇒ –x + 3 + 2x + 2 = 4
x x
O x ⇒ x = – 1 which is not possible
y Case-III: If x > 3
x – 3 + 2(x + 1) = 4
Domain = R; Range = [0, ∞) or R+ ∪ {0}
3x – 1 = 4 ⇒ x = 5/3 which is not possible
Properties of modulus : For any a, b ∈ R
∴ x = –1
(i) | a | ≥ 0 Example 21: Number of real solutions of |x – 1| = |x – 2|
(ii) | a | = | –a | + |x – 3| is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) | a |n = | an |
(c) 2 (d) more than 2
(b) | an | = an , where n is even and n ∈ z

P
10 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 (iii) a ≤ | x | ≤ b (where a, b > 0)
Sol. It implies those value of x on real number line whose
Case-I: x ≤ 1, 1 – x = 2 – x + 3 – x distance from zero is equal to a or b or lies between a and b
x = 4 (rejected)
–b –a 0 a b
Case-II: 1 < x ≤ 2, x – 1 = 2 – x + 3 – x, x = 2

⇒ [–b, –a] ∪ [a, b]
Case-III: 2 < x < 3, x – 1 = x – 2 + 3 – x, x = 2
Case-IV: x ≥ 3, x – 1 = x – 2 + x – 3 e.g. 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇒ x ∈ [–4, –2] ∪ [2, 4]
x = 4 ⇒ x = 2, 4 (iv) If | x + y | = | x | + | y |, xy ≥ 0
If | x – y | = | x | + | y |, xy ≤ 0
If | x + y | = || x | – | y ||, xy ≤ 0

Concept Application If | x – y | = || x | – | y ||, xy ≥ 0

48. Let x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 ∈ R and | x1 – x2 | = 2, | x2 – x3 | = 4,

| x3 – x4 | = 3, | x4 – x5 | = 5.

Then the sum of all distinct possible values of
| x5 – x1 | is Example 22: Solve x2 – 4| x | + 3 < 0.
49. The number of integers which does NOT satisfy Sol. x2 – 4| x | + 3 < 0
log|2x| (| x + 2| + | x – 2|) = 1 is ⇒ (| x | – 1) (| x | – 3) < 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 ⇒1<|x|<3
⇒ – 3 < x < –1 or 1 < x < 3
50. The real solutions of the equation where |x|2 –3 |x|
+ 2 = 0 where x1 < x2 < x3 < x4 then ⇒ x ∈ (−3, −1) ∪ (1,3)
(a) |x1| = |x3| (b) |x2| = |x3| Example 23: Solve 1 ≤ | x – 2 | ≤ 3
Sol. 1 ≤ | x – 2 | ≤ 3
(c) x1 + x4 = x2 + x3 (d) –x2 + x4 = x1 – x3
⇒ –3 ≤ x – 2 ≤ – 1 or 1 ≤ x – 2 ≤ 3
51. Solve for x: ⇒ –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 or 3 ≤ x ≤ 5
(i) ||x – 2| –1| = 2 (ii) ||x – 3| –5| = 1 ⇒ x ∈ [–1, 1] ∪ [3, 5]
(iii) |||x – 5| –4| –3| = 2 Example 24: Solve | x –1 | + | x –2| + | x –3| ≥ 6,
Sol. For x ≤ 1, the given inequation becomes
1 – x + 2 – x + 3 – x ≥ 6 ⇒ –3x ≥ 0
⇒ x ≤ 0 and for x ≥ 3, the given equation becomes
INEQUALITIES INVOLVING x –1 + x –2 + x – 3 ≥ 6 ⇒ 3x ≥ 12 ⇒ x ≥ 4
ABSOLUTE VALUE For 1 < x ≤ 2
we get x – 1 + 2 – x + 3 – x ≥ 6
(i) | x | ≤ a (where a > 0) ⇒ –x+4≥6
It implies those values of x on real number line which are i.e. – x ≥ 2 ⇒ x ≤ –2 Not possible
at distance a or less than a from zero. For 2 < x < 3,
We get x – 1 + x – 2 + 3 – x ≥ 6
–a 0 a ⇒ x ≥ 6 not possible
⇒ –a ≤ x ≤ a Hence solution set is (–∞, 0] ∪ [4, ∞)
e.g. | x | ≤ 2 ⇒ –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 i.e. x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 4
|x| < 3 ⇒ –3 < x < 3
In general, |f(x)| ≤ a (where a > 0) ⇒ –a ≤ f (x) ≤ a.
(ii) | x | ≥ a (where a > 0) Concept Application
It implies those values of x on real number line which are
at distance a or more than a from zero
52. Solve x − 1 − 2 < 5
–a 0 a 53. Number of non-positive integral values of ‘x’ satisfying
⇒ x ≤ –a or x ≥ a the given inequality, |x2 – 1| ≤ |2x – 1| is
e.g. | x | ≥ 3 ⇒ x ≤ –3 or x ≥ 3 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
| x | > 2 ⇒ x < –2 or x > 2 54. Solve |x2 – 2x| + |x – 4| > |x2 – 3x + 4|.
In general, |f(x)| ≥ a ⇒ f(x) ≤ – a or f (x) ≥ a

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 11

 x3 61. Solve for x:
55. Solve 1.
x 1 (i) 2 ≤ |||x – 7| –3| +2| ≤ 5
56. Solve for x: (ii) ||||x – 5| –7| –3| –2| ≤ 1
(i) |x| > 1 (ii) |x| ≥ 5 (iii) |x| < 7 62. Solve for x:
(iv) |x| ≤ 10 (v) |x| ≥ 0 (vi) |x| < –8
(| x | − 1) (| x | − 1)(| x | − 3)
(vii) |x| > –4 (viii) |x| ≥ –5 (ix) |x| ≤ –10 (i) ≤0 (ii) ≥0
(| x | − 2) | x |2 − 2 | x |
57. Solve for x:
(i) |x – 1| > 1 (ii) |x – 2| < 1 (| x |2 − 5 | x | + 6)
(iii) ≤0
(iii) 1 < |2x + 1| < 3 (iv) 1 ≤ |1 – 2x| ≤ 3 (4 − | x |2 )
(v) –1 ≤ |3x – 1| ≤ 5 (vi) –6 ≤ |1 – 3x| ≤ –1 (iv) (||x – 1| –2| – 3)(|x – 2| –3) ≥ 0
58. Solve for x: (v) (|||x – 1| –2| –1| –2)(|x – 2|) ≥ 0
(i) ||x – 2| –1| ≤ 2 (ii) ||x – 3| –5| ≥ 1
63. Solve for x:
(iii) |||x – 5| –4| –3| ≤ 2
59. Solve for x: x−3 x +1 ( x + 1) 2
(i) ≤1 (ii) + | x + 1| =
1 3 1 x +1 x |x|
(i) ≤ | 2 x − 1| ≤ (ii) − ≤ | 3 x − 4 | ≤ 2
2 5 3 3
(iii) 1 + >2 (iv) |2x – 1| + |4 – 2x| < 3
10 x
(iii) 2 ≤ | 4 − 5 x | ≤ (iv) 3 < |x2 – 1| < 8
3 | x + 2|
 1  2 − | x|
60. Solve for x: (v)   >9
3
(i) |||x + 5| –3| –1| = 2
(ii) ||||x – 5| –7| –3| –2| = 1 64. Solve: ||x2 – 2x + 6| – |x + 6|| = |x2 – 3x|

P
12 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 AARAMBH (SOLVED EXAMPLES)
1. The value of 81(1/log53) + 27 log936 + 34/log79 is equal to 5
(a) 49 (b) 625 (c) 216 (d) 890 Sol. (log5x)2 + log5x
=1
x
Sol. 81(
1/ log5 3)
+ 27 log9 36 + 34/ log7 9 ⇒ (log5x)2 + log5x5 – log5xx = 1

1
=34 log3 5 + 3
3. log3 36
+ 34 log9 7 log 5 5 log 5 x
⇒ ( log 5 x ) +
2 2
− 1
=
4 3/2 4/2 log 5 5 + log 5 x log 5 5 + log 5 x
=3log3 5 + 3log3 36 + 3log3 7

1 log 5 x
= 54 + 363/ 2 + 7 2 = 890 ⇒ (log5x)2 +
− 1
=
1 + log 5 x 1 + log 5 x
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. Let log5x = t
2. The largest integral value of x satisfying 1 t
∴ t2 + − 1
=
x
18 − 5 ≤ 2(18 + 12) − 18 + 5 is x x
1+ t 1+ t
(a) 0 (b) 1 t 2 (1 + t ) + 1 − t
⇒ 1
=
(c) 2 (d) no integral value of x possible 1+ t
Sol. Let 18x = p ⇒ t3 + t2 + 1 – t = 1 + t

p − 5 + p + 5 ≤ 2( p + 12) t3 + t2 – 2t = 0


⇒ p − 5 + p + 5 + 2 p 2 − 25 ≤ 2 p + 24 t (t2 + t – 2) = 0

⇒ p 2 − 25 ≤ 12 ⇒ p 2 ≤ 169 ⇒ p ≤ 13
t (t – 1) (t + 2) = 0
Also p ≥ 5
t = 0, 1, – 2
Thus 5 ≤ p ≤ 13 ⇒ log185 ≤ x ≤ log1813
∴ log5x = 0, 1, –2
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. 1

∴ x = 1, 5,
3. Solve if |x – 5| + |x + 4| = 9 25
(a) [–4, 5] (b) (–4, 5) (c) (–4, 5] (d) [–4, 5) Therefore, option (a,b,c) is the correct answers.
Sol. Given equation is of form |a| + |b| = |a – b| 6. The equation log x2 16 + log2x 64 = 3 has
It is true for ab ≤ 0
(x – 5)(x + 4) ≤ 0 (a) One irrational solution
So x ∈ [–4, 5] (b) No prime solution
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. (c) Two real solutions
(e − sin x)( x − 2) (d) One integral solution
4. Solve ≥ 0.
( x + 4)
4 log x 64
(a) (–∞, –4) ∪ [2, ∞) (b) (–∞, –4] ∪ (2, ∞) Sol. log x 2 +
2 log x 2 x
(c) (–∞, –4) ∪ (2, ∞) (d) None of these
6 log x 2
Sol. Zeros x = 2, Pole x ≠ –4 ⇒ 2 log x 2 + 3
=
1 + log x 2
e – sin x > 0 always positive
Let α = logx2
(e − sin x)( x − 2)
≥0 6α
( x + 4)
∴ 2α + =3

1+ α
Final solution x ∈ (–∞, –4) ∪ [2, ∞)
⇒ 2α + 2α2 + 6α – 3 – 3α = 0

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
⇒ 2α2 + 5α – 3 = 0

5. Values of x satisfying the equation

⇒ (α + 3) (2α – 1) = 0 ⇒ a = – 3, 1/2
5
log52 x + log5x   = 1 are ∴ logx2 = – 3 ⇒ x = 2–1/3 (Irrational)

x
(a) 1 (b) 5 1
or logx2 = ⇒ x = 4 (Integer)
1 2
(c) (d) 3 Therefore, option (a,b,c,d) is the correct answers.
25

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 13

 1 10. If logax = b for permissible values of a and x then identify
7. If ≤ log0.1 x ≤ 2, then the statements(s) which can be correct?
2
1 (a) If a and b are two irrational numbers then x can be
(a) Maximum value of x is
10 rational.
1 1 (b) If a rational and b irrational then x can be rational.
(b) x lies between and
100 10 (c) If a irrational and b rational then x can be rational.
1 (d) If a rational and b rational then x can be rational.
(c) Minimum value of x is
10 Sol. (a) a = ( 2) 2 is irrational
1
(d) Minimum value of x is b = 2 is also irrational
100
( )
2
2
1 1
1/ 2
1
2 but a b = 2 = 2 which is rational ⇒ (a) is correct.
Sol.≤ log0.1x ≤ 2 ⇒   ≥ x ≥   (b) a = 2 ∈ Q ; b = log2 3 ∉Q
2  10   10 
ab = 2log23 = 3 ∈ Q ⇒ (b) is correct
Therefore, option (a,b,d) is the correct answers.
Therefore, option (a,b,c,d) is the correct answers.
log 3 135 log 3 5
8. Let N = − . Then N is 11. Match the column:
log15 3 log 405 3
Column-I Column-II
(a) a natural number (b) a prime number
A. The roots of log2(x +e) = p. Positive Number
(c) a rational number (d) an integer
log2x + log2e is a
Sol. = log3135 log315 – log35 log3405 B. The solution of log1/5 (2x2 q. Rational Number
= log3(5 × 33) . log3(5 × 3) – log3 5. log3 (5 × 34) + 5x +1) < 0 contains
= (log35 + log333) (log35 + log33) – log35 (log35 + log334) C. log π r. Irrational Number
π is
= (x + 3) (x + 1) – x (x + 4) sin
6

{Let log35 = x} D. log 5.log 20 + log 2 2 s. Negative Number

10 10 10
= x2 + 4x + 3 – x2 – 4x = 3 simplifies to
which is Prime, rational Integer and natural number (a) A→(p, r) ; B→(p, q, r, s) ; C→(r, s) ; D→(p, q)
Therefore, option (a,b,c,d) is the correct answers. (b) A→(p, q, r, s) ; B→(p, r) ; C→(r, s) ; D→(p, q)
9. If |x – 5| + |x + 5| = 10, then (c) A→(r, s) ; B→(p, q, r, s) ; C→(p, r) ; D→(p, q)
(a) The number of integral solutions is 10 (d) A→(p, q) ; B→(p, q, r, s) ; C→(r, s) ; D→(p, r)
(b) The number of integral solutions is 11 Sol. (A) x + e = xe
(c) The sum of all the integral solutions is 0
x(e – 1) = e ⇒ x =
e
(d) All the solutions of the equation are rational numbers e −1
(B) 2x2 + 5x + 1 > 1 and 2x2 + 5x + 1 > 0
Sol. |x – 5| + |x + 5| = 10
⇒ 2x2 + 5x + 1 > 1
Case-I: x ≥ 5, the equation becomes
⇒ (x)(2x + 5) > 0
(x – 5) + (x + 5) = 10
⇒ 2x = 10  −5 
⇒ x ∈  −∞,  ∪ (0, ∞)

⇒ x = 5 which satisfies the case, therefore accepted.  2 
Case-II: – 5 < x < 5 The above equation becomes 2
(D) (1 − log10 2)(1 + log10 2) + log10 2
– (x – 5) + (x + 5) = 10 2 2
⇒ 1 − log10 2 + log 10 2 =
1
⇒ – x + 5 + x + 5 = 10
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
⇒10 = 10 which is true.
So, the solution is x ∈ (–5, 5) 12. Let y = log 2 3·log 2 12·log 2 48·log 2 192 + 16
Case-III: x ≤ – 5, The above equation becomes – log212·log248 + 10.
– (x – 5) – (x + 5) = 10 Find y ∈ N.
⇒ – x + 5 – x – 5 = 10 log 2 3·log 2 12·log 2 48·log 2 192 + 16
Sol. y =
⇒ – 2x = 10
– log212 · log248 + 10
⇒ x = – 5 which satisfies the above case so, accepted.
∴ final answer is x ∈ [–5, 5] = log 2 3 · ( 2 + log 2 3) ( 4 + log 2 3) ( 6 + log 2 3) + 16 −
Therefore, option (b,c) is the correct answers. 
( 2 + log 2 3) ( 4 + log 2 3) + 10

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14 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Let us put log23 = x 14. Sum of all the solutions of the equation
= x ( 2 + x ) ( 4 + x ) ( 6 + x ) + 16 − ( 2 + x ) ( 4 + x ) + 10 log6(x2 – 1) – log 6 ( x − 6) 2 = log6(x + 1)2 is a + b ,(a, b ∈ N).
Then a + b is equal to
= ( x + 6 x ) ( x + 6 x + 8 ) + 16 − ( x + 6 x + 8 ) + 10
2 2 2

Put again x2 + 6x = α Sol. log6(x2 – 1) – log 6 ( x − 6) 2= log 6 ( x + 1) 2

= α ( α + 8 ) + 16 − ( α + 8 ) + 10
( x − 1)( x + 1)
⇒ log 6
= log 6 | x − 6 |
= α + 8α + 16 − ( α + 8 ) + 10
2 ( x + 1) 2

= ( α + 4 ) − ( α + 8 ) + 10

2  ( x − 1) 

⇒ log 6  =  log 6 | x − 6 |
= ( α + 4 ) − ( α + 8 ) + 10 = y = 6.  ( x + 1) 
Therefore, 6 is the correct answer. x −1

⇒ = | x−6|
x +1
13. If ‘x’ and ‘y’ are real numbers such that,
Case-I: x ≥ 6
y
2 log(2y – 3x) = log x + log y, find . ⇒ x – 1 = x2 – 5x – 6
x
(truncated upto two decimal) ⇒ x2 – 6x – 5 = 0
Sol. log(2y – 3x)2 = log xy ⇒ (x – 3)2 = 14
⇒ x = 3 ± 14
⇒ (2y – 3x)2 = xy
x = 3 – 14 < 1 rejected
⇒ 4y2 – 12xy + 9x2 = xy
x = 3 + 14 accepted
Dividing the equation by y2
2
Case-II: x < 6
x x x – 1 = –(x2 – 5x – 6)

9   − 13 + 4 =0
y
  y ⇒ x2 – 4x – 7 = 0
x   9x  (x – 2)2 = 11

 − 1  − 4 =
0
 y  y  x= 2 ± 11
x= 2 + 11 (accepted)
x x 4
= 1,= . x= 2 − 11 (accepted)
y y 9
x = y disregarded as for x = y, 2y – 3x is negative. Sum of roots = 7 + 14
y 9 ⇒ a = 7, b = 14
Hence = . a + b = 21
x 4
Therefore, 2.25 is the correct answer. Therefore, 21 is the correct answer.

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 15

 PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
BASIC CONCEPTS AND NUMBER SYSTEM 12. If   logx log18 ( 2 + 8) =
1
. Then the value of 1000 x is equal to
3
1. The number of real roots of the equation
(a) 8 (b) 1/8
(x − 1)2 + (x − 2)2 + (x − 3)2 = 0 is:
(c) 1/125 (d) 125
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 13. Number of real solutions of the equation
2. If x – a is a factor of x3 – a2x + x + 2, then ‘a’ is equal to
log10 ( − x ) = log10 x 2 is :
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) –2 (d) 1
3. If x, y are integral solutions of 2x2 – 3xy – 2y2 = 7, then value (a) none (b) exactly 1
of |x + y| is (c) exactly 2 (d) 4
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2 or 4 or 6 14. Greatest integer less than or equal to the number
4. If a, b, c are real, then a(a – b) + b(b – c) + c(c – a) = 0, only if log2 15.log1/6 2.log3 1/6 is
(a) a + b + = 0 (b) a = b = c (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
(c) a = b or b = c or c = a (d) a – b – c = 0 log 1 a
2 3
2 − 3log27 ( a +1) − 2a
24

5. If 2x3– 5x2
+ x + 2 = (x – 2) (ax2
– bx – 1), then a & b are 15. The ratio simplifies to
respectively 7 4 log49 a − a − 1
(a) 2, 1 (b) 2, – 1 (c) 1, 2 (d) –1, 1/2 (a) a2 – a – 1 (b) a2 + a – 1
(c) a2 – a + 1 (d) a2 + a + 1
1 1 1 1 1
6. If L     
7 8 7 6 3 8 52 5 6 16. If 32 log3 x – 2x – 3 = 0, then the number of values of ‘x’
satisfying the equation is
 1  2 a  2 b , then a × b is equal to (a) zero (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) More than 2
(a) 30 (b) 45 (c) 8 (d) 0
17. The sum of all the solutions to the equation
7. If a, b, c are real and distinct numbers, then the value of 2logx – log (2x – 75) = 2:
(a − b)3 + (b − c)3 + (c − a )3 (a) 30 (b) 350 (c) 75 (d) 200
is
(a − b)(b − c)(c − a )
(a) 1 (b) a b c (c) 2 (d) 3 INEQUALITIES
2
8. The remainder obtained when the polynomial 18. If the solution set of the inequality log 0.9 log 5 ( x + 5 + x )

1 + x + x 3 + x 9 + x 27 + x81 + x 243 is divided by x – 1 is > 0 contains ‘n’ integral values, then n equals to
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 10
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 11
19. If log0.5 log5 (x2 – 4) > log0.51, then ‘x’ lies in the interval
LOGARITHM AND ITS PRINCIPLE (a) ( −3, − 5 ) ∪ ( 5, 3) (b) ( −3, − 5 ) ∪ ( 5, 3 5 )
PROPERTIES
(c) ( 5, 3 5 ) (d) φ
1 1 1
9. 1 + log a + log c + 1 + log a + log b + 1 + log b + log c 20. Solution set of the inequality 2 − log2 (x2 + 3x) ≥ 0 is:
b b c c a a
(a) [− 4, 1]
has the value equal to
(b) [− 4, − 3) ∪ (0, 1]
1
(a) abc (b) (c) 0 (d) 1 (c) (− ∞, − 3) ∪ (1, ∞)
abc
(d) (− ∞, − 4) ∪ [1, ∞)
10. log 7 log 7 7( 7 7 ) =
(a) 3 log2 7 (b) 1 – 3 log37
MODULUS FUNCTION
21. Solutions of |4x + 3| + |3x – 4| = 12 are
(c) 1 – 3log72 (d) 1 – 10 log27
7 3 5 2
1 1 1 (a) x = − , (b) x = − ,
11. + + has the value equal to 3 7 2 5
log abc log abc log abc
bc ca ab
11 13 3 7
(c) x = − , (d) x = − ,
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 7 7 7 5

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16 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 22. If |x2 – 2x – 8| + |x2 + x – 2| = 3 |x + 2|, then the set of all real
3x 4 + x 2 − 2 x − 3 5 x 4 + 2 x 2 − 7 x + 3
values of x is 28. Solve the equation =
3x 4 − x 2 + 2 x + 3 5 x 4 − 2 x 2 + 7 x − 3
(a) [1, 4] ∪ {–2} (b) [1, 4]
(a) x = 5, 2 (b) x = 4, 1
(c) [–2, 1] ∪ [4,∞) (d) (–∞, –2] ∪ [1, 4]
(c) x = 3, 8 (d) x = 1, 5
23. The complete set of real ‘x’ satisfying ||x – 1| – 1| ≤ 1 is:
29. If x, y, z are positive real number and a, b, c are rational
(a) [0, 2] (b) [− 1, 3]
1 1
(c) [− 1, 1] (d) [1, 3] numbers, then the value of + +
1 + xb − a + x c − a 1 + x a −b + x c −b
24. The number of real roots of the equation |x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is 1
is
(a) 1 (b) 2 1 + x + xa −c
b−c

(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2

3 x 2 −10 x + 3
25. Number of real solution (x) of the equation | x − 3 | If a
30. =
x
b,by
= 3
c and
= cz a then the value of xyz is
= 1 is
(a) exactly four (b) exactly three 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) exactly two (d) exactly one 2 3 6 12

log a log b log c

MISCELLANEOUS 31. If = = , then aa . bb . cc =
b−c c−a a −b
26. Simplify: 7 log3 5 + 3log5 7 − 5log3 7 − 7 log5 3 (a) 3 (b) 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
32. The number of prime numbers satisfying the inequality
27. The expression x2 – y2 – z2 + 2yz + x + y – z has a factor x2 − 1
< 3 is
(a) x + y + z + 1 (b) –x + y + z 2x + 5
(c) x + y – z + 1 (d) x – y + z + 1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

( ) , then x =
( 0.1+ 0.01+ 0.001+........)
5. The value of ( 0.05 )log
x
1. If x
x 3
x
= x. 3 x
20
is
1 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) 81 (b) (c) 20 (d)
81 20
(c) 0 (d) 2 1
.2
..
( x + 2)
2
( x + 2)
2
6. The value of log 2 .log 3 ....log100 100 9998
is
2. The equation 4 − 9.2 + 8 =has
0 the solution
(a) x = ± 1 (b) x = 10 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 100!

(c) x = ± 2 (d) x = 3 7. The number of solution of log2(x + 5) = 6 – x is

(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 1
3. If x = loga(bc), y = logb(ca), z = logc(ab), then which of the
following is equal to 1 8. Exhaustive set of values of x satisfying
(a) x + y + z log|x| (x2 + x + 1) ≥ 0 is
(b) (1 + x)–1 + (1 + y)–1 + (1 + z)–1 (a) (–1, 0) (b) (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, ∞)
(c) xyz (c) (–∞, ∞) – {–1, 0, 1} (d) (–∞, –1) ∪ (–1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞)
(d) x + y – z 9. The set of real values of x satisfying
4. The solution of the equation log7 log5 ( 2
)
x +5+ x =0. log1/ 2 ( x 2 − 6 x + 12 ) ≥ −2 is

(a) x = 2 (b) x = 3 (a) ( −∞, 2] (b) [2, 4]

(c) x = 4 (d) x = – 2 (c) [ 4, +∞ ) (d) [3, 8]

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 17

 10. If log0.04(x – 1) ≥ log0.2(x – 1) then x belongs to the interval 22. The value of b satisfying the equation,
(a) (1, 2] (b) (–∞, 2] loge2 ∙ logb625 = log1016 ∙ loge10 is
(c) [2, ∞) (d) (–∞, 2) (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 10
11. If log0.3(x – 1) < log0.09(x – 1), then x lies in the interval 23. The solution set of the system of equation
2
(a) (2, ∞) (b) (– 2, –1) log3x + log3y = 2 + log32 and log27(x + y) = is:
3
(c) (1, 2) (d) (–2, 2) (a) {6, 3} (b) {9, 6} (c) {6, 12} (d) {12, 6}
12. The minimum value of f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3| is 24. Which of the following statements are true?
equal to
(a) log23 < log1210 (b) log65 < log78
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
(c) log326 > log29 (d) log1615 > log1011 > log76
13. The set of real value(s) of p for which the equation
| 2x + 3 | + | 2x – 3 | = px + 6 has more than two solutions is : 25. The number of real solution/s of the equation
(a) [0, 4) (b) (– 4, 4) 9log3(logex) = loge x – (loge x)2 + 1 is:
(c) R – {4, – 4, 0} (d) {0} (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
26. The set of all the solutions of the inequality log1–x (x – 2) ≥ –1
14. Let 3a = 4, 4b = 5, 5c = 6, 6d = 7, 7e = 8 and 8f = 9. The value
is
of the product (abcdef) is :
(a) (–∞, 0) (b) (2, ∞) (c) (–∞, 1) (d) f
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 3
x2 − 1
15. There are two positive solutions to the equation 27. The complete solution of ≥ 0 & x 2 − 5 x + 2 ≤ 0 is:
x+3
3
log2x2 + log4 2x = − . The product of these two solution is:
2  5 − 17 5 + 17   5 + 17 
(a) x ∈  ,  (b) x ∈ 1, 
1 1 1 1  2 2   2 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 8 2 21 (c) x ∈ (−3, −1] (d) (–3, –1) ∪ [1, ∞)
16. Number of values of x satisfying the equation 28. The number of the integral solutions of

x | x|4 log 2 ( x 2 12 )
is: x2 + 9 < (x + 3)2 < 8x + 25 is:
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
29. Number of non-negative integral values of x satisfying the
a b c
17. If a, b, c ∈ R and a, b, c ≠ 0 such that    6 and 2 1 2x −1
b c a inequality 2 − − 3 ≥ 0 is
x − x +1 x +1 x +1
b c a a 3 b3 c 3
   8 then 3  3  3  3 is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
a b c b c a
1
(a) 81 (b) 48 (c) 72 (d) 84 30. The solution set of inequality log (3 x2 +1) 2 <
2
18. The value of x + y + z satisfying the system of equations (a) |x| > 1 (b) |x| < 1
log2 x + log4 y + log4 z = 2 is (c) f (d) None of these
 1 
log3 y + log9 z + log9 x = 2 31. The solution set of log 4 + 1 + = log 3 log ( (3)1/ x + 27 )
 2 x 
log4 z + log16 x + log16 y = 2
(a) (1/4, 1/2) (b) {1/4, 1/2}
(a)
175
(b)
349
(c)
353
(d)
112 (c) (1/4, 1/2] (d) None of these
12 24 24 3  2x − 6 
32. The solution set of log 7  >0
19. The smallest integral value of x such that x2  x2 
1  2x −1 
is
10  1  1
(a)  −∞,  (b)  −∞, 
(a) 400 (b) 20 (c) 401 (d) 399  2  2
 1 1
(c)  − ,
log p (log q (log r x ))
20. 10 = 1 and logq (logr (logp x)) = 0 then ‘p’ equals (d) None of these
 2 2 
(a) rq/r (b) rq (c) 1 (d) rr/q 33. If logx–3(2x – 3) is a meaningful quantity then find the
21. The set of all solutions of the inequality (1/ 2) < 1/ 4 x2 − 2 x interval in which x must lie.
contains the set (a) x ∈ (3, 4] ∪ (4, ∞) (b) x ∈ [3, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
(a) (–∞, 0) (b) (–∞, 1) (c) (1, ∞) (d) (3, ∞) (c) x ∈ (3, 4) ∪ (4, ∞) (d) None of these

P
18 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS 39. a + b + c = 10 and ab + bc + ac = 20 then find the value of
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
34. If log2 (log3 (log4 (x))) = 0 and log3 (log4 (log2 (y))) = 0 and
40. (a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3 = p(a – b)(b – c)(c – a),
log4 (log2 (log3 (z))) = 0 then the sum of x, y and z is
then p =
35. Let log2 x + log4 x + log8 x = logk x for all x ∈ R+. If k = b a 41. The value of 5 5 5 5......... is
where a, b ∈ N then find the smallest positive value of
(a + b). 3 1
42. If x = 7 + 5 2 − , then the value of x3 + 3x – 14
3
36. Find the value of the expression 7+5 2
 2 3  is equal to
6 + . 1/ 4
 log (2000) 6
log (2000) 6
   1 −2 −1/3 
4 5
  
43.   2    = 7 x then –3x =
  7   
37. If N = 7 log49 900 , A = 2log2 4 + 3log2 4 + 4log2 2 − 4 log 2 3,  

D = (log5 49)(log7 125) 44. Number of cyphers after decimal before a significant figure
−100
=Find P log  N  | N + A + D + 6 | − log 5 2, 5
 A− 
starts in   is equal to [Use: log102 = 0.3010]
 10  4
38. If a + b + c = 1, a2 + b2 + c2 = 9, a3 + b3 + c3 = 1, then find 45. Number of real solution of log5 [2 + log3 (x + 3)] = 0 is
1 1 1 46. If 4A + 9B = 10C, where A = log164, B = log39 & C = logx83,
value of + + .
a b c then find x.

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS (3x − 4 x ) ⋅ ln( x + 2)
5. The solution set of inequality ≤ 0 is
x 2 − 3x − 4
p
p p
1. The expression log p log p .......... p p , where p ≥ 2,
 (a) (−∞, 0] ∪ (4, ∞) (b) (−2, 0] ∪ (4, ∞)
n radical sign

p ∈ N; n ∈ N when simplifies is (c) (−1, 0] ∪ (4, ∞) (d) (−2, −1) ∪ (−1, 0) ∪ (4, ∞)
(a) Independent of p 6. Number of values of x in the interval (0, 5) satisfying the
(b) Independent of p and of n ln( x 2 + 1 + x ) + ln( x2 + 1 − x )
(c) Dependent on both p and n equation = x, is
ln x
(d) Positive
2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
2. The solution set of the inequality log  π  ( x − 3 x + 2) ≥ 2
sin   1
is 3
 1 12  2
10 times

 
1   5 7. If A = log 5   5 2   , then value of log (1024A + 1),
(a)  , 2  (b) 1,    
3

2   2  
1   5 is equal to
(c)  ,1 ∪  2,  (d) (1, 2)
2   2 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2

3. If log 4 {log 3 {log 2 ( x − 2 x + a )}} is defined ∀ x ∈ R, then

2

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

the set of values of ‘a’ is
1 
 + log 1 27 + log343 81
(a) [9, ∞) (b) [10, ∞) 2
8. The roots of the equations |x| = 49 7 
include
(c) [15, ∞) (d) [2, ∞)
(a) One positive number greater than 1 only
(16)1/ x
4. Number of integers, which satisfy the inequality, x+3 > 1 (b) Two real number
is equal to: (2 )
(c) Two irrational number
(a) Infinite (b) Zero (c) 1 (d) 4 (d) One negative rational number

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 19

 9. Which of the following is true? 16. Number of zeros after decimal before a significant digit in
(a) (log102)2 + 1 > log104 (β)10 is
(b) log1090 > log550 (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 6
(c) log4 log3 log2 16 > log16 4 17. The value of (β)log25 9 is
(d) 2(log10 3)2 –3(log10 2)2 > (log10 2) × (log10 3) 1 1
(a) (b) 5 (c) (d) 9
10. Indicate all correct alternatives, where base of the log is 2. 3 5
3 5
(log 2 x )2 + log 2 x −
The equation x 4 4 = 2 has: MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) At least one real solution 18. Match the Column:
(b) Exactly three real solutions
Column-I Column-II
(c) Exactly one irrational solution
(d) Imaginary roots A. The value(s) of x, which does not p. 2
satisfy the equation log22 (x2 – x) – 4
 2 9 
(log3 x ) − log3 x + 5 log2(x – 1) log2x = 1, is (are)
11. The equation x 
2 
= 3 3 has
(a) Exactly three real solution B. The value of x satisfying the equation q. 3
log10 (8 x −3)
log5 7log7 10
(b) At least one real solution 2 log 2 eln 5
= 13, is
(c) Exactly one irrational solution C. r. 4
 1 1 
(d) Complex roots The number N=  +  is
12. Solution set of the inequality less than  log 2 π log 6 π 
2
 x3  32 D. Let l = (log34 + log29)2 – (log34 – s. 5
( log 2 x ) −  log1 2  + 9 log 2  2  < 4 log1 2 x ( )
4 2
is log3 8 log 65 5
 8  x  log2 and m = (0.8) (1 + 9
9)2 )
(a, b) ∪ (c, d) then the correct statement is then (l + m) is divisible by
(a) a = 2b and d = 2c t. 6
(b) b = 2a and d = 2c (a) A → r, t, s; B → q; C → r, s, q; D → q, r
(c) logcd = logba (b) A → q, r, s, t; B → p; C → q, r; D → r, s
(d) there are 4 integers in (c, d) (c) A → q, r, s, t; B → p; C → q, r, s, t; D → p, r, s
13. Choose the correct from the following (d) A → t; B → s; C → q, t; D → r, s
1 3
19. Match the column:
81log5 9 + 3 
log 6 3 2

(a)  ( 7) log25 7 − (125)log25 6  = 1 Column-I Column-II
409  
 
1
  A. logsin 30° (cos 60°) + 1 p. 3
log1/5  4  1
(b) 5 2
+ log 2   + log 
1/ 2   6
=
 7+ 3  (10 + 2 21)  B. log (1.3) + 3 q. 5
4/3
1
2 + log(16)
10 = 20
2 C. log 2 − 3 (2 + 3) + 6 r. 4
(c)
(d) None of these D. logtan 20° tan 70° + 4 s. 2
14. Choose the correct from the following E. log t. 0
1  cot 40° tan 50°
(a) log2 (log1/2 (x)) < 2, for all x ∈  , 1
 16  F. log0.125 (8) + 8 u. –1
(b) log1/2 (log3 (x)) > 3, for all x ∈ (1, 31/8) G. v. 8
(c) (log2 (x) – 1)(log3 (x) – 2) ≤ 0, for all x ∈ [2, 9] log1.5 (0.6) + 9
 1 H. log 2.25 (0.4) w. 7
(d) (log2 (x) – 1)(log1/2 (x) – 2) ≤ 0, for all x ∈  0,  ∪ [ 2, ∞ )
 4 I. x. 1
log10 (0.9)
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
(a) A → q, B → p, C → s, D → v, E → u, F → u, G → q,
Comprehension (Q. No. 15 to 17): Let α and β are the solutions H → w, I → x
( )
log5 x −1
of the equation x = 5 where α ∈ I and β ∈ Q Then (b) A → s, B → r, C → q, D → p, E → x, F → w, G → v,
[Use: log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771] H → u, I → t
(c) A → s, B → v, C → t, D → p, E → t, F → u, G → w,
15. The number of significant digits before decimal in (α)10 is H → x, I → w
(a) 13 (b) 14 (d) A → q, B → s, C → r, D → v, E → u, F → v, G → v,
(c) 15 (d) None of these H → w, I → x

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20 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 20. Match the following columns: 23. The sum of all integral values of x satisfying the equation
4
Column-I Column-II 2log8(2 ) + log8(x2 – 2x + 1) = is.
3
A.
If a = 3 ( 8+ 2 7 − 8−2 7 , ) p. −1 24. If the complete solution set of the inequality
1 
(log10x)2 ≥ log10x + 2 is (0, a] ∪  2 , ∞  then find the
= b (42)(30) + 36 then the value of a 
value of 10a.
logab is equal to
25. If complete solution set of inequality
B. q. 1 log1/2 (x + 5)2 > log1/2 (3x − 1)2 is (−∞, p) ∪ (q, r) ∪ (s, ∞)

If a = 4+2 3 − 4−2 3,
 p2 + q2 + r 2 
=b (42)(30) + 36 then the value of then find 3  
 s2 
logab is equal to 2
26. Solve the equation x 0.5 log x ( x −x )
= 3log9 4.
C. r. 2
If a =+ 3 2 2 , b =− 3 2 2 then the 3x+6
value of logab is equal to
log 1 log 2
x2 + 2  −1 
27. If the solution set of (0.3) 3
> 1 is  , α  then a =
α 
D. s. 2 + 2log23
If a = 7 + 7 2 − 1 , b = 7 − 7 2 − 1 ,  x2 + x 
28. If the solution set of log 0.5  log 6  < 0 is
then the value of logab is equal to  x+4 
(a, b) ∪ (–2a, ∞) then –a + b =
(a) A → s, B → p, C → q, D → p
| x 2 − 4 x | +3
29. If the solution set of log 3 ≥ 0 is
(b) A → r, B → p, C → r, D → p x2 + | x − 5 |
(c) A → r, B → s, C → p, D → p  α 1 
(d) A → p, B → q, C → p, D → r  −∞, −  ∪  , α  , then ab =
 β  α 
30. For the equation
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
2
21. Find the number of integral solution of the equation
(0.4)log x +1
= (6.25) 2 − p log x
log x ( x + | x − 2 |) = logx(5x – 6 + 5|x – 2|).
(base 10)
22. If a, b are co‑prime numbers and satisfying
1 1
If p = 2, number of real roots m,
+
(
log a 2 − 3 )  3 −1 
logb  
1 If p = 3, number of real roots n,
(2 + 3)
 3 +1 
= , then (a + b) can be
12
is equal to Then m + n =

PYQ'S (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

INEQUALITIES
2 3
1. Let the point (p, p + 1) lie inside the region

=E {( x, y ) : 3 − x ≤ y ≤ }
9 − x 2 ,0 ≤ x ≤ 3 .If the set of all 1 1 ?
5

values of p is the interval (a, b). then b2 + b – a2 is equal 4

24
3
6

12 4
to _________ [6 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
8 7
2. The missing value in the following figure is

 [18 Mar, 2021 (Shift-I)] Use the logic which gives answer in single digit.

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 21

 3. The number of real roots of the equation 5 + |2x – 1| = 2x 8. The inverse of y = 5log x is: [17 March, 2021 (Shift-I)]
(2x – 2) is [10 April, 2019 (Shift-II)] 1 1

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1 (a) x = ylog 5 (b) x = y log5 (c) x = elog5 y (d) x = 5 log y

LOGARITHM 9. The sum of the roots of the equation,

[31 Aug, 2021 [Shift-II]
4. The number of integral solutions x of
 x−7 
2 ( ) ( )
x + 1 − 2log 2 3 + 2 x + 2log 4 10 − 2− x =0 , is:

log  7    ≥ 0 is [11 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
 x +   2x − 3  (a) log2 12 (b) log2 13
 2
(c) log2 11 (d) log2 14
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 7
10. The number of solutions of the equation log(x+1) (2x2 + 7x + 5)
5. If the sum of all the roots of the equation e2x – 11ex – 45e–x
+ log(2x+5) (x+1)2 – 4 = 0, x > 0, is.
81
+ = 0 is loge p, then p is equal to _________ .  [20 July, 2021 (Shift-II)]
2
 [27 June, 2022 (Shift-I)] 11. The number of distinct solutions of the equation,
6. The number of solutions of the equation log 4 (x – 1) log1/2|sin x| = 2 – log1/2 |cos x| in the interval [0, 2p], is
__________ [9 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)]
= log2 (x – 3) is [26 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I)]
 π 12. Let m be the minimum possible value of log3 (3y1 + 3y2 + 3y3),
7. If for x ∈  0,  log10 sin x + log10 cos x = –1 and where y1, y2, y3 are real numbers for which y1 + y2 + y3 = 9.
 2
1 Let M be the maximum possible value of (log3x1 + log3x2
log10(sin x + cos= x) (log10 n − 1), n > 0 , then the value of
2 + log 3 x 3 ), where x 1 , x 2 , x 3 are positive real numbers
n is equal to: [16 March, 2021 (Shift-I)] for which x1 + x2 + x3 = 9. Then the value of log2 (m3)
(a) 16 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) 20 + log3(M2) is _____. [JEE Adv, 2020]

PW CHALLENGERS
1. If log4(x + 2y) + log4(x – 2y) = 1, then the minimum value of 9. Let a, b and c be distinct non zero real numbers such that
| x | – | y | is ____. 1 − a 3 1 − b3 1 − c 3
3 5 = = . The value of 10(a3 + b3 + c3), is
2. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers and = loga b = , log c d . a b c
If a – c = 9, then b – d = 2 4
10. Match the Column:
3. Let x ∈ N such that 21+[log2(x – 2)] – x = 20. ([ . ] is G.I.F.) The Column-I Column-II
smallest value of x, is
A. Number of integral pair of the form (x, y) p. 16
4. If  11π  , where a and b are 1 1 1
4 + 8 − 32 + 768 = a 2 cos   + = is/are equal to
 b  satisfying
x y 20
natural numbers then find a + b.
5. Let r 1, r 2, r 3...r n be n positive integers, not necessarily B. Number of positive integral solutions q. 2
distinct, such that (x + r 1 ) (x + r 2 ) (x + r 3 )... (x + r n ) of the equation 3x + 5y = 1008 is/are
= xn + 56xn–1 + ... + 2009 then the value of n is equal to equal to
6. If (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)(d + 1) = 1 C. r. 0
3n − 5
(a + 2)(b + 2)(c + 2)(d + 2) = 2 Number of integers n such that
n +1
(a + 3)(b + 3)(c + 3)(d + 3) = 3 is also an integer, is/are equal to
(a + 4)(b +4)(c + 4)(d + 4) = 4 D. Number of integers n (positive, s. 67
Then the value of (a + 5)(b + 5)(c + 5)(d + 5) is equal to. negative or 0) such that n2 + 73 is
divisible by (n + 73), is/are equal to
7. Find sum of all possible natural numbers ‘n’ for which
t. 3
5n 2 − 7 n + 84
is divisible by 5 (a) A → t; B → s; C → q; D → p
n
(b) A → r; B → p; C → q; D → s
8. The value of
(c) A → q; B → p; C → r; D → s
  
 2008 + log 1 1 1 1 (d) A → s; B → p; C → q; D → p
 4− 4− 4− ...   is
  6561 
  3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2  3
  256 
   11. 20 + 14 2 + 3 20 − 14 2 =
a then find the absolute value
(where [·] is G.I.F.) of a – 2023.

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22 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Answer Key

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (i) 14 (ii) 52 (iii) 194 9. [0] 10. [–224]
11. x6 – y6 12. p = 3/2, q = 1, r = 4/3 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. [60] 17. [99] 18. [4]

3
19. (d) 20. [2ab] 21. f 22. x = ± 23. (c) 24. x ∈ (–∞, –3) ∪ [–2, 0] ∪ [6, ∞)
5
25. x ∈ (–6, 0] ∪ [2, 3] ∪ (6, ∞) ∪ {4} 26. [6] 27. (d) 28. [1, –1] 29. [x ∈ (sin4, sin3)∪[sin1, sin2]]

30. x ∈ [1, 2] 31. {9} 32. x ∈ (2, 3]

1 2
33.  ,  34. (243) 35. [–5] 36. [18]
5 5
37. [–1] 38. (i) (1, ∞) (ii) [1, ∞) (iii) (0, 1) (iv) (0, 1] (v) (0, 1) (vi) (0, 1] (vii) (1, ∞) (viii) [1, ∞) (ix) (3, ∞) (x) [5/2, ∞)

 3 19   2 17   1 12 − 4a
39. (i) x ∈  ,  (ii) x ∈  ,  (iii) x ∈ (416 , ∞) (iv) x ∈  0,  40. {3, –3} 41. {–2, 2} 43.
2 2   3 24   2 3+ a

44. (i) 2
±
{ }2
(ii) x = a –log52 (iii) {1/32, 2} (iv) {1} (v) {1}

47. [–1] 48. [44] 49. (d) 50. (b, c)

51. (i) {–1, 5} (ii) {–3, –1, 7, 9} (iii) (14, –4, 0, 10, 2, 8) 52. (–6, 8) 53. (d) 54. (0, 2) ∪ (4, ∞) 55. x ≥ 1
56. (i) x ∈ (–∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) (ii) x ∈ (–∞, –5] ∪ [5, ∞) (iii) x ∈ (–7, 7) (iv) x ∈ [–10, 10] (v) x ∈ R (vi) x ∈ φ (vii) x ∈ R
(viii) x ∈ R (ix) x ∈ φ
57. (i) x ∈ (–∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) (ii) 1 < x < 3 (iii) x ∈ (–2, –1) ∪ (0, 1) (iv) x ∈ [–1, 0] ∪ [1, 2] (v) –4/3 ≤ x ≤ 2 (vi) x ∈ φ

58. (i) –1 ≤ x ≤ 5 (ii) x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [9, ∞) ∪ [–1, 7] (iii) x ∈ [–4, 0] ∪ [2, 8] ∪ [10, 14]

1 1   3 4  2   2 2   6 22 
59. (i) x ∈  ,  ∪  ,  (ii) x ∈  , 2  (iii) x ∈  ,  ∪  ,  (iv) x ∈ (–3, –2) ∪ (2, 3)
5 4  4 5  3  15 5   5 15 
60. (i) x ∈ {–11, –5, –1} (ii) x ∈ {–8, –6, –2, –4, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}

61. (i) x ∈ [1, 13] (ii) x ∈ [–8, –6] ∪ [–4, 0] ∪ [2, 4] ∪ [6, 8] ∪ [10, 14] ∪ [16, 18]

62. (i) x ∈ (–2, –1] ∪ [1, 2) (ii) x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ (–2, –1] ∪ [3, ∞) ∪[1, 2) (iii) x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [3, ∞)
(iv) x ∈ (–∞, –4] ∪ [–1, 5] ∪ [6, ∞) (v) x ∈ (–∞, –4] ∪ [6, ∞] ∪ {2}
63. (i) x ∈ [1, ∞] (ii) x ∈ (0, ∞) ∪ {–1} (iii) x ∈ (–1, 0) ∪ (0, 3) (iv) x ∈ φ (v) x ∈ (2, 6)
64. [–6, ∞)

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (d)

Basic Mathematics and Logarithm 23

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16 (d) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. [89] 35. [75] 36. [1] 37. [2] 38. [1] 39. [400] 40. [3]
41. [5] 42. [0] 43. [1] 44. [9] 45. [1] 46. [10]

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b, c) 9. (a, d) 10. (a, b, c)
11. (a, b, c, d) 12. (b, c) 13. (a,b,c) 14. (a,b,c,d) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c)
19. (b) 20. (c) 21. [1] 22. [7] 23. [2] 24. [10] 25. [17] 26. [2] 27. [2] 28. [1]
29. [6] 30. [2]

PYQ's (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. [3] 2. [4] 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. [45] 6. [1] 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. [1]
11. [8] 12. [8]

PW CHALLENGERS
1. [ 3 ] 2. [93] 3. [44] 4. [50] 5. [4] 6. [29] 7. [63] 8. [2007] 9. [30] 10. (a)
11. [2019]

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24 W JEE Dropper Module-1 MATHEMATICS