ME241 Thermodynamics I

Week 4
CHAPTER 3
Properties of Pure Substances
Contents

▪ Section 3.5: Some Reminders on Property Diagrams - Tables & Examples

▪ Section 3.6: The Ideal Gas Equation of State

▪ Section 3.7: Compressibility Factor

▪ Section 3.8: Other Equations of State

Section 3.5: Property Tables
How to Choose the Right Table?

𝑣𝑓 𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑓 𝑣𝑔
Section 3.5: Property Tables
EXAMPLE
Section 3.5: Property Tables
EXAMPLE

A piston–cylinder device contains 0.005 m3 of liquid water and 0.9 m3 of water vapor in
equilibrium at 600 kPa. Heat is transferred at constant pressure until the temperature
reaches 200°C.

(a) What is the initial temperature of the water?

(b) Determine the total mass of the water.
(c) Calculate the final volume.
(d) Show the process on a 𝑃 − 𝑣 diagram with
respect to saturation lines.
Section 3.6: The Ideal Gas Equation of State
Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific
volume of a substance.

 Ideal-gas equation of state: predicts the 𝑃 − 𝑣 − 𝑇 behavior of a gas quite accurately

within some properly selected region.

𝑇 * Any gas that obeys this relation is called

𝑃=𝑅 𝑃𝑣=𝑅𝑇
𝑣 an ideal gas.

𝑅𝑢 𝑅𝑢 : 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑅= 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 or 𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑀
𝑅𝑢 : 8.31447 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾
where 𝑀 = 𝑚/𝑁 𝑀: 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Section 3.6: The Ideal Gas Equation of State
▪ The ideal-gas equation of state can be written in several different forms;

𝑉=𝑚𝑣→ 𝑃𝑉 =𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑚 𝑅 = 𝑀 𝑁 𝑅 = 𝑁 𝑅𝑢 → 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑅𝑢 𝑇

𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑣ҧ → 𝑃 𝑣ҧ = 𝑅𝑢 𝑇 𝑅𝑢
𝑅=
𝑀
▪ By writing ideal-gas equation twice for a fixed mass and simplifying, the properties of
an ideal gas at two different states are related to each other by;

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Section 3.6: The Ideal Gas Equation of State
▪ Real gases behave as an ideal gas at low densities.

Question: What is a low density? When will a gas be at low density?

Answer:
at low pressure
at high temperature

Question: What is the criteria for low pressure and high temperature? Is −100°C a low
temperature?

Answer: the pressure or temperature of a substance is high or low;

relative to its critical temperature or pressure.
Section 3.6: The Ideal Gas Equation of State
For practical interest,
▪ Air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon,
IDEAL GAS neon, and krypton
▪ Even heavier gases such as carbon dioxide with
negligible error

▪ Dense gases such as water vapor in steam power

NOT an IDEAL GAS plants
▪ Refrigerant vapor in refrigerators

Note that:
If it is not an ideal gas, the property tables
should be used for the properties!
Section 3.6: The Ideal Gas Equation of State
Question: Can we assume water vapor (steam) as an ideal gas?

Answer:
Section 3.7: Compressibility Factor
The deviation from ideal-gas behavior at a given temperature and pressure can
accurately be accounted for by a correction factor called the compressibility factor, 𝒁.

𝑃𝑣
𝑍= 𝑃𝑣=𝑍𝑅𝑇
𝑅𝑇

𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑇/𝑃

𝑍=
𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
Section 3.7: Compressibility Factor

P
PR  Reduced
Pcr pressure

T Reduced
TR 
Tcr temperature

v actual Pseudo-reduced
vR 
RTcr / Pcr specific volume
Section 3.7: Compressibility Factor
Fig. A–15: Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart.
Section 3.7: Compressibility Factor
The following observations can be made from the generalized compressibility chart:

1. At very low pressures (PR << 1), gases

behave as ideal gas regardless of temperature.

2. At high temperatures (TR > 2), ideal-gas

behavior can be assumed with a good
accuracy regardless of pressure (except when
PR >> 1).

3. The deviation of a gas from ideal-gas

behavior is greatest in the vicinity of the
critical point.
Section 3.7: Compressibility Factor
Section 3.7: Compressibility Factor

This is HW !!!
Section 3.8: Other Equations of State
▪ The ideal-gas equation of state is very simple, but its range of applicability is limited.
▪ It is desirable to have equations of state that represent the 𝑃 − 𝑣 − 𝑇 behavior of
substances accurately over a larger region with no limitations.
▪ Such equations are naturally more complicated.

Several equations have been proposed for this purpose, but we shall discuss only three:
i. the van der Waals equation because it is one of the earliest,
ii. the Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state because it is one of the best known and
is reasonably accurate,
iii. the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation because it is one of the more recent and is
very accurate.
End of Week 4
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