ME241 Thermodynamics I

Week 1
Dr. Ahmet ÇAĞLAR
Introduction

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet ÇAĞLAR

• Place: Akdeniz University Mechanical Engineering Dept. B-309
• Office Hours: ...
• E-mail: acaglar@akdeniz.edu.tr

Textbook:
• “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach” by Çengel Y., Boles M. and Kanoğlu M., 9th Edition.

Course Evaluation:
• Midterm (40%) and Final (60%).
• Homework assignments are for your practice. You can ask your questions about the solutions directly
after courses or by e-mail.
Course Content
W Topics Textbook Reading Homework
Assignment
1 * Basic concepts and definitions. Systems and control volumes. * 1.1 – 1.3
* Properties of system. State and equilibrium. Processes and cycles. * 1.4 – 1.7 HW1
2 * Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. Pressure. * 1.8 – 1.9
* Pure substance. Phases of a pure substance. * 3.1 – 3.3
3 * Property diagrams for phase change processes. * 3.4
* Property tables. * 3.5
4 * The ideal gas equation of state. * 3.6 HW2
* Compressibility factor. Generalized chart for compressibility factor. * 3.7 – 3.8
5 * Forms of energy. Energy transfer by heat. Energy transfer by work. * 2.1 – 2.4
* Mechanical forms of work. * 2.5
6 * Introduction to the First Law of Thermodynamics. * 2.6
* Moving boundary work. * 4.1
7 * Energy balance for closed systems. Specific heats. * 4.2 – 4.3 HW3
* Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases. * 4.4
* Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of solids and liquids. * 4.5
Course Content
W Topics Textbook Reading Homework
Assignment
8 * Conservation of mass. Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid. * 5.1 – 5.2
* Energy analysis of steady-flow systems. * 5.3
HW4
9 * Some steady-flow engineering devices. * 5.4
* Energy analysis of unsteady flow processes. * 5.5
10 * Introduction to the second law. * 6.1 – 6.2
* Heat engines. * 6.3
* Refrigerators and heat pumps. * 6.4
HW5
11 * Reversible and irreversible processes. * 6.6
* Carnot cycle. Carnot principles. * 6.7 – 6.8
* Carnot heat engine. Carnot refrigerator and heat pump. * 6.10 – 6.11
12 * Clausius inequality. Definition of entropy. * 7.1
* The increase of entropy principle. * 7.2
* Entropy change of pure substances. Isentropic processes. * 7.3 – 7.4
* Property diagrams involving entropy. * 7.5
13 * What is entropy? The T ds relations. * 7.6 – 7.7 HW6
* Entropy change of liquids and solids / ideal gases * 7.8 – 7.9
* Reversible steady-flow work. Compressor work. * 7.10 – 7.11
14 * Isentropic efficiencies of steady-flow devices. * 7.12
* Entropy balance. * 7.13
CHAPTER 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
Contents

▪ Section 1.1 – 1.3: Basic concepts and definitions. Dimensions and units. Systems
and control volumes

▪ Section 1.4 – 1.7: Properties of system. State and equilibrium. Processes and
cycles.
Section 1.1: Thermodynamics and Energy

▪ Thermodynamics: The science of energy.

The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words;

therme (heat)

dynamis (power)

▪ Energy: The ability to cause changes.

▪ Conservation of energy principle: “Energy cannot be created or destroyed”

Section 1.1: Thermodynamics and Energy

The first law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics

Section 1.1: Thermodynamics and Energy

▪ Classical thermodynamics:
A macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics that does not
require a knowledge of the behavior of individual particles.

▪ Statistical thermodynamics:
A microscopic approach, based on the average behavior of large groups of
individual particles.
Section 1.1: Thermodynamics and Energy

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

Section 1.2: Dimensions and Units

Dimensional Homogenity

▪ All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous. Apples can not be added with
oranges. Every term in an equation must have the same unit.

X
Section 1.3: Systems and Control Volumes
System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen
for study.
▪ Systems may be considered to be closed or open.

Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system

Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates

the system from its surroundings.
▪ The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
Section 1.3: Systems and Control Volumes
Closed system (control mass):
A fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary.

Note: * For a rigid tank, the volume is also fixed.

* If both mass and energy (in the form of heat or work) are not allowed to cross
the boundary, this system is called isolated system.
Section 1.3: Systems and Control Volumes
Open system (control volume):
A properly selected region in space, and both mass and energy can cross the bound
Section 1.4: Properties of a System
Property:
Any characteristic of a system.

▪ Some familiar properties are pressure 𝑃,

temperature 𝑇, volume 𝑉, and mass 𝑚.

▪ Properties are considered to be either

intensive or extensive.

▪ Properties are point functions.

Section 1.5: Density and Specific Gravity
Density: is defined as mass per unit volume.

𝑚
𝜌 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
𝑉

Specific volume: The reciprocal of density is the specific volume 𝑣, which is defi
as volume per unit mass.

𝑉 1
𝑣 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝜌
Section 1.5: Density and Specific Gravity
Specific gravity: The ratio of the density of a substance
to the density of some standard substance at a specified Substance SG
temperature (usually water at 4 °C). Water 1.0
Blood 1.0
𝜌 Seawater 1.0
𝑆𝐺
𝜌 Gasoline 0.7
Ethyl alcohol 0.7
Mercury 13.
Specific weight: The weight of a unit volume of a Wood 0.3–
substance. Gold 19.
Bones 1.7–
𝛾 𝜌 𝑔 𝑁/𝑚 Ice 0.9
Air (at 1 atm) 0.0
 Section 1.6: State and Equilibrium
State, or condition, is described by the properties of the system. If the properties of
ssytem change, so the state of the system changes.
Equilibrium: A state of balance.
▪ Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states.
▪ There are no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
▪ There are four types of equilibrium states in thermodynamics:
 Thermal equilibrium (if the temperature is the same throughout the entire system)
 Mechanical equilibrium (if there is no change in pressure at any point of the system wi
 Phase equilibrium (the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level)
 Chemical equilibrium (if its chemical composition does not change with time, no che. r
Section 1.6: State and Equilibrium

two different states thermal equilibrium

Section 1.6: State and Equilibrium
The State Postulate:
The number of properties required to fix the state of a
system.

The state of a simple compressible system is completely

specified by two independent, intensive properties.

A system that involves no electrical, magnetic,

gravitational, motion, and surface tension effects is called
simple compressible system. These effects are due to
external force fields and are negligible for most engineering
problems. Otherwise, an additional property needs to be
specified for each effect that is significant.
Section 1.7: Processes and Cycles
Process: Any change that a system undergoes
from one equilibrium state to another.

Path: The series of states through which a

system passes during a process.

To describe a process completely, one should specify;

• the initial and final states,
• the path it follows,
• the interactions with the surroundings.
Section 1.7: Processes and Cycles
Process diagrams:
are plotted by employing thermodynamic
properties as coordinates. It may be P-V, T-V
or P-T diagram.

Cycle:
A system that returns to its initial state after
some processes isa called cycle. The initial
and final states are identical for a cycle.
Section 1.7: Processes and Cycles
Quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium process:

• Sufficient time to redistribute of molecules • No time for molecules to escape

• No molecular pile up • High pressure infront of the piston
 Section 1.7: Processes and Cycles
The steady-flow process:
▪ The term steady implies no change with time.
The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
A process during which a fluid flows through a
control volume steadily is called steady-flow
process. The fluid properties can change from point
to point within the control volume, but at any fixed
point they remain the same during the entire
process. Therefore, the volume V, the mass m, and
the total energy content E of the control volume
remain constant during a steady-flow process.
Section 1.7: Processes and Cycles

Steady vs. Uniform

The terms steady and uniform are used frequently in engineering, and thus it
is important to have a clear understanding of their meanings. The term
steady implies no change with time. The term uniform, however, implies no
change with location over a specified region.
End of Week 1
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