B a 22 A a4 IS 5 xperl Kec Meri1Which is the correct word for relationship between algae and fungi in lichens? (a) Parasitism (b) Symbiosis (© Commensals (d) Pathogens 2. Which of the following organisms is a good indicator of pollution in an environment (a) Bacteria (b) Fungi (0 Algae (d) Lichens 3. Who was the first scientist to classify living beings? (a) Aristotle (b) Linnaeus (0 Whittaker (d) Robert Hook 4. Which is the most acceptable system of biological classification? (a) Two Kingdom Classification (b) Three Kingdom Classification (© Five Kingdom Classification (d) Six Kingdom 5. Which of the following shows an example of symbiosis? (a) Bacteria (b) Virus (©) Lichen (d)Honey bee 6. Plasmodium belongs to which tupe of protozoa (a) Amoeboid (b) Flagellated (Q) Ciliated (d) Sporozoan 7. Nucleus is absent in which of the following? (a) Bacteria (b) Amoeba (0 Fungi (d) Algue 8.Alternation of generation is seen in members of which kingdom? (a) Fungi (b) Monera (oPlantae (d) Animatia 9. Which of the following is the term for algal part in lichen? (a) Mycelium (b) Phycobiont (0 Mycobiont (d) Hyphae Q10. Which of the following is a fungal infection? (a) Ringworm (b)AIDS (oCholera (a) Typhoid Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshay11Which one of the following is true for fungi? (a) They are phagotrophic (b) They lack a rigid cell wall (©) They are heterotrophs (d) They lack a nuclear membrane 12.Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in: (a) Cell membrane (b) Mode of nutrition (©) Cell shape (d) Mode of reproduction 13Viruses have: (a) DNA enclosed in a protein coat (b) Prokaryotic nucleus (c) Single chromosome (d) Both DNA and RNA 14The imperfect fungi which are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling belong fall (a) Basidiomycetes (b) Phycomycetes (c) Ascomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes 15.Which of the following are found in extreme saline conditions? (a) Eubacteria (b) Cyanobacteria (c) Mycobacteri (d) Archaebacteria 16.All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to (a) Monera (b) Protista (©) Fungi (d) Bacteria 17Viruses are non-cellular organisms, but replicate themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of the following kingdom do viruses belong? (a) Monera (b) Protista (©) Fungi (d) None of these 18.Cyanobacteria belong to the kingdom (a) Protista (b) fungi (c) Plantae (d) monera 19.Heterocyst is found in (a) Nostoc (b) chrysophytes (©) slime moulds (d) dinoflagellates 20.The mode of nutrition in Kingdom Fungi is mainly (a) autotrophic (b) heterotrophic (saprophytic (a) parasiticwos 'ABYsHea|yped Wor PapeojuMog Aeysyeaypedo/wessajay Aeysyeajyped@/aqnino), Lessagaeuadiadvngeadiperl Kec MeriQWhat is a eukaryote? Ans. Eukaryotes are those living beings in which there is a well defined nucleus. QwWhat is the mode of nutrition in fungi? Ans. Saprophutic. Q. Bacteria belong to which kingdom as per the five kingdom classification? Ans, Kingdom Monera. QWhich is the oldest type of bacteria on this planet? Ans. Archaebacteria. Q. Blue green algae belongs to which kingdom as per five kingdom classification Ans. Kingdom Monera. Q. Virus is neither living nor non living, Is it true or false? Ans. True. Q. What do you understand by three domains of life? Ans. As per three-domain system; living beings are divided into three domains, viz Archae Bacteria and Eukaryota. Dovinloaded from padhleakshay.com 9. As per the three-domain system of classification, human can be kept under which lomain: Ans. Eukaryota. Telegram/@padhieakshay YouTuhe/@padhleakshayperl KN G (oCQWhat is the role of methanogens in global warming? Ans. Methanogens are a type of bacteria which live in the gut of ruminating animals They assist those animals in digestion and the byproduct of that digestive process is methane. More number of livestock population results in increased methane level in the environment leading to global warming, So, indirectly methanogens can be responsible for global warming. Q. Write five beneficial usage or effects of bacteria. Ans. (a) Curdling of milk (b) Lactobacillus is an important commensal in the gut flora of humans. (c) Penicillin antibiotics are prepared by bacteria. (d) Bacteria is a good decomposer, so it assists in completing the energy cycle. (e) Rhizobium bacteria helps in nitrogen fixation. Q. Cynobacteria plays a major role in our ecology, Discuss. Ans. Cynobacteria, also known as ‘blue green algae’ help in carbon fixation in a major way on the ocean surface. They are helpful in nitrogen fixation in paddy fields leading to a better harvest. About 80% of photosynthesis on ocean surface is done by cynobacteria. So, it can be said that they play a major role in our ecology. Q. What are the harmful effects of bacteria? Ans. Bacteria cause several diseases in human. Some of them are as follows: Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Cholera, etc. Q. What is the difference between bacteria and protozoa? Ans, Cell wall is present in bacteria, while cell wall is absent in protozoa. Some bacteria can be autotrophs, while all protozoans are heterotrophs. Q. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Ans. Nucleus is not well defined in prokaryotes, which means that genetic material is not enclosed in a capsule.Nucleus is well defined in eukaryotes, which means that genetic material is enclosed ina capsule. Q.Fungi are cosmopolitan, write the role of fungi in your daily life. Discuss the role of fungi, with respect to its economical importance tohumans. INCERT EXAMPLER] Ans. Role of Fungi Fungi are cosmopolitan in occurance being present in air, water, sol over and insider animals and plants. The branch of biology dealing with the study of fungi is known as Mycology, (i) Few Lungi are used as nutritious and delicious food. eg. Aguricus (ii) Saprophytic fungi lives upon dead organic matter and breaks complex substances into simple ones that are absorbed by plants as nutrients (iii)Some fungi like Absidia minor and Ahimpus possess sal binding properties and make the soil good for cultivation (iv) They also provide pest resistence, eg Empus (V) Yeast (Saccharomyces) has the property of fermentation, thus used in alcohol and dough preparation Q.Diatoms are also called as ‘pearls of ocean’ earth?why? What is diatomaceous earth INCERT EXAMPLERI Ans.Diatoms and deamids are inducted under chrysophytes, kingdom-Protista. These are the main producers in the ocean. They prepare food not only for themselves but also for the other life forms in the ocean. This is the reason they are also called as parts of ocean Body of diatoms is covered by siliceous shell known as frushule Diatomaceous earth is the accumulation of large deposits of diatoms that forms silliceous covering extending for several 100 m formed in billions of years. The material obtained from these deposits s used in polishing and filteration of oilsQ. Peat' is an important source of domestic fuel in several countries. How is ‘peat formed in nature? INCERT EXAMPLER] ‘Ans. Peat is on organic fuel consisting of spongy material formed by the partial decomposition of organic matter primarily plant material in wetlands such as swamps lems and mosses The development of pest is favoured by warm, moist climatic conditions The main producers of pest Sphagnum most occurs in bogs The accumulation of Sphagnum plant in due course of time lead this plant to get hardened and change into peat Peat is used in preparation of ethyl alcohol, paat, tar, ammonia, paraffin, etc. Poat is also used in covering the roots during transportation. This enormous value shown by pear for mankind makes it as an important domestic fuel and economic source for mankind.perl Kec MeriQ.What are the benefits of five kingdom classification over two kingdom classification Ans. Two kingdom classification was unable to accommodate certain living beings as they neither had properties of animals nor of plants. Through two kingdom classification it was not possible to include every set of characters in a particular kingdom. Five kingdom classification could accommodate more sets of characters. As a result it was easier to categorize all living beings. For example bacteria can be autotrophic as well as heterotrophic. It was a difficult question to categorize them either under plant or animal. A separate kingdom was the most logical choice. Similarly, viruses are a borderline case between living and non-living. When they don't get host then they behave like a non-living. Once, inside a host they spring to life. Although the five kingdom classification does not have room for virus but it opened the way for a better and more inclusive system of classification. Q.Describe various classes of fungi. Give details of their key characteristics Ans. Division of Kingdom Fungi The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division of the kingdom into various classes. Phycomycetes Habit and Habitat. Members of phycomucetes are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants Mycelium. The mycelium is aseptate and coenocutic. Reproduction. Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile). Ascomycetes Habit and Habitat. Commonly known as sac-fungi, the ascomycetes are unicellular, e.g., yeast (Sacharomyces) or multicellular, e.g., Penicillium. They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung). Mycelium. Mycelium is branched and septate. Reproduction. The asexual spores are conidia, produced exogeneously on the special. mycelium called conidiophores. Basidiomycetes Habit and Habitat. Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs. They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites, e.g., rusts and smuts. Mycelium. The mycelium is branched and septate. Reproduction. The asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common. Deuteromycetes Habit and Habitat. Some members are saprophytes or parasites while a large number of them are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling. Some examples are Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma, Reproduction. The deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as conidia. The mycelium is septate and branched QMrite short notes on: (a) Kingdom Plantae (d) Bacteria (b) Kingdom Animatia (4) Lichens Ans. (a) Kingdom Plantae. All green plants are taken under this kingdom. Majority of members are autotrophic. Exceptions are certain parasitic plants, like Venus fly trap. Plants show alternation of generation. Reproduction is vegetative, asexual and sexual. (b) Kingdom Animatia. Animals are mobile. They show holozoic nutrition, Le., they ingest their food and break complex food substance into simpler compounds. Animais can be unicellular and multicellular, Reproduction is asexual and sexual. (c) Bacteria. Bacteria are unicellular. Among bacteria there are certain species which are believed to be on earth since life began on earth. Bacteria can be beneficial and harmful to humans. Nutrition is heterotrophic and autotrophic. (d) Lichens. Lichens are a very good example of symbiosis. Lichens are combination of algae And fungi. The algal part provides food and base to the fungal part, while the fungal part provides gases to the algal part. They are supposed to be a very good tool to identify level of pollution in a given ecosystem.Q.Give a brief account of reproduction in fungi. Ans. Reproduction in Fungi. Reproduction in fungi can be vegetative, asexual or sexual (a) Vegetative Reproduction. Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means fragmentation, fission and budding. (b) Asexual Reproduction. Asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores. (c) Sexual Reproduction. Sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores. The various spores are produced in distinct structures called fruiting bodies. The sexual cycle involves the following three steps: (i) Plasmogamy, Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes is called plasmogamy. (ii) Karyogamy. Fusion of two nuclei is called karyogamy. (iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores. When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse. In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n). However, in other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + nie. two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called dikaryophase of fungus. Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid, The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs, thus leading to the formation of haploid spores. QwWhat is the need of a classification system in biology? How did different classification systems develop over a period of time? Ans. There are millions of species on this planet. The largest phylum Arthropoda alone comprises of millions of species. To study all of them properly we need some system for categorizing them, based on some common characteristics. Apart from that think of the differences in language and you will find different names for the same species in different Languages. In the absence of a system of nomenclature it would have been difficult to share scientific knowledge among the scientists of different nations. To make things easier and systematic the need for classification was felt. Earlier attempts were by people like Aristotle who segregated living beings into plants and animals. This was a good point to start with, but there are certain living beings which do not fit in either of plants or animals. So a three kingdom classification was devised. The three kingdom classification was used for some time. But as none of the scientific theory is permanent so further discoveries led to creation of a five kingdom classification. The five kingdom classification is the most accepted system of classification Q.Apart from chlorophyll, algae have several other pigments in their chloroplast. What pigments are found in blue, green, red and brown algae, that are responsible for their characteristic colours? INCERT EXAMPLER] Ans. All photosynthetic organisms contain one or more organic pigments that are capable of absorbing visible radiations which will initiate the photochemical reaction of photosynthesis Three major classes of poments found in plants and algae are the chlorophylls, the carotenoids and the phycobilins Carotenoid and phycobilins are called accessory pigmeres since, the quanta (packets of light) absorbed by these pigments can be transferred to chlorophyll The diversity of light harvesting pigments in algae implies that the common ancestor was primitive and that no close affinity exists between blue, green, red, brown, golden brown and green algae to use their common names Class Common Major Pigments Name Chlorophy Green algae Brown algae Phaeophyceae ’hodophyceae Red algaeperl Kec MeriMONERA Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere. They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life forms can survive. Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites. Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape -the spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci), the rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli), the comma-shaped Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) and the spiral Spirillum (pL.: lla) Though the bacterial structure is very simple, they are very complex in behaviour. Compared to many other organisms, bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity. Some of the bacteria are autotrophic, i., they synthesise their own food from inorganic substrates. They may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic. The vast majority of bacteria are heterotrophs, ie., they depend on other organisms or on dead organic matter for food. Archaebacteria These bacteria are special since they live in some of the harshest habitats such as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens). Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions. Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals. Eubacteria There are thousands of different eubacteria or ‘true bacteria’. They are characterised by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum. The cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae. The colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath. They often form blooms in polluted water bodies. Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena. Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production. They play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur. Heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in nature. The majority are important decomposers. Many of them have a significant impact on human affairs. They are helpful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots, etc. Some thogens causing damage to human beings, crops, farm animals and pets. Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well known diseases caused by different bacteria. Bacteria reproduce mainly by fission. Sometimes, under unfavourable conditions, they produce spores. They also reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer from one bacterium to the other. The Mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack a cell wall. They are the smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen. Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants. a) bacteria is responsible for formation of biogas from cow dung / organic waste (a) cyanobacteria (b) Halophiles (c) Thermoacidophiles (d) Methanogens (2) are the bacteria that can grow and thrive in salty areas. (a) Methanogens (b) Halophobic (Q) Halophiles (d) Thermoacidophiles(3) Name the eubacteria which is also referred as blue green algae. (4) What is heterocyst? (5) What is the thermoacidophiles? Answer ad @)c (3) The cyanobacteria is also referred to as blue-green algae, they have chlorophyll a simil to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. (4) Heterocyst is the specialised cells which facilitate the nitrogen fixation. It is found in cyanobacteria e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena. (5) Thermoacidophiles are the bacteria that can survive, grow and thrive in extreme hot temperature condition and acidic environments Downloaded from"padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayFUNG! The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms. They show a great diversity in morphology and habitat. Some unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and beer. Other fungi cause diseases in plants and animals; wheat rust-causing Puccinia is an important example. Some are the source of antibiotics, e.g., Penicillium. Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants. With the exception of yeasts which are unicellular, fungi are filamentous. Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae. The network of hyphae is known as mycelium. Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm — these are called coenocytic hyphae. Others have septae or cross walls in their hyphae. The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and polysaccharides. Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called saprophytes. Those that depend on living plants and animals are called parasites. They can also live as symbionts ~ in association with algae as lichens and with roots of higher plants as mycorrhiza. Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means ~ fragmentation, fission and budding. Asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores, and sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores. The various spores are produced in distinct structures called fruiting bodies. The sexual cycle involves the following three steps: Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called plasmogamy. Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy. Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores. When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse. In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n). However, in other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, ie., two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called dikaryophase of fungus. Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs, leading to formation of haploid spores. (1) What is saprophytic fungi? (2) Give reason ~ why fungi are referred as cosmopolitan organism? (3) Name the fungi which is responsible for rusting disease in wheat plant. Answer (1) Saprophutic is the mode of obtaining food by absorption of dissolved organic material which is produced by decaying of organic matters. Those fungi obtain their food by this mode are termed as saprophytic fungi. (2) Fungi shows a great diversity in morphology and habitat. Fungi are widespread. They can be found in air, water, soil, on the body of other living animal, inside the body. They can be found almost every, because of this fungi are referred as cosmopolitan organism. (3) Puccinia is the fungi, which case rusting disease in wheat plant.Phycomycetes Members of phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants. The mycelium is aseptate and coenocutic. Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile). These spores are endogenously produced in sporangium. A zygospore is formed by fusion of two gametes. These gametes are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous). Some common examples are Mucor, Rhizopus (the bread mould) and Albugo (the parasitic fungi on mustard). Ascomycetes - Commonly known as sac-fungi, the ascomycetes are mostly multicellular, eq., Penicillium, or rarely unicellular, e.g., yeast (Saccharomyces). They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung). Mycelium is branched and septate. The asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores. Conidia on germination produce mycelium. Sexual spores are called ascospores which are produced endogenously in sac like asci (singular ascus). These asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps. Some examples are Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora. Neurospora is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work. Many, members like morels and truffles are edible and are considered delicacies. Basidiomycetes —Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs. They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites, eg, rusts and smuts. The mycelium is branched and septate. The asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common. The sex organs are absent, but plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes. The resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to basidium. Karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium producing four basidiospores. The basidiospores are exogenously produced on the basidium (pl.: basidia). The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. Some common members are Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus). (1) The bread mould fungi belongs to (a) Basidiomycetes (b) Phycomycetes (c) Ascomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes (2) Ascomycetes fungi are characterised by presence of (a) Presence of asci (b) Presence of Basidium () Mycelium without septa (d) Both a and c (3) What is mean by anisogamousgametes? (4) Name the fungi which is commonly known as smut fungi? (5) Give reason ~ why ascomycetes are termed as sac fungi? Answer (3) Gametes, which exhibits same morphological feature are termed as anisogamous gametes. (4) Ustilago is commonly known as smut fungi. (5) Fungi belongs to phylum ascomycetes, produces sac like structure called asci, which are involved in production of ascospores. This the reason Ascomycetes are commonly called as sac-fungi. scans NOTE: Digitally hand styled notes of same chapter is present on website padhleakshay.com