Harris Whitehouse 2015 Editorial Scour in the Marine Environment.en.Fa

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‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ‪164‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ‪ 2011‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪MA4‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺪ‪ 164‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪MA4‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‪http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1680/maen.2011.164.4.139 142–139‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪201141‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪:‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺮﯾﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﯾﺖﻫﺎﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ :ICE‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺦ|ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪:‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﺭﯾﭽﺎﺭﺩﺟﯽ ﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﯾﺖ ﻫﺎﻭﺱ‪ BSc، PhD، CGeog، FRGS‬ﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫&‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻥﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﯾﺲ‪، CEng، CMarEng، CMarSci، FIMarEst، MASCE‬‬ ‫&‬
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‫ﻓﻨﯽ‪،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺍﻟﯿﻨﮕﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﯿﻨﮕﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪MSc )Eng(، PhD‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﺻﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺍﻟﯿﻨﮕﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﯿﻨﮕﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺯﯾﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ )‪ (OWF‬ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺷﺴﺘﮕﯽﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯﯾﺴﺖ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎ‪.‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ‪ OWF‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ )ﺩﻭﺭ ‪ (1‬ﻭ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﯿﻞﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺍﮐﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺭﺿﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ OWF‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ )ﺩﻭﺭ ‪ (2‬ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﺩﺍﺭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺭﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﺳﯿﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻭ ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪﯼﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻋﻠﯿﺮﻏﻢ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ‪ - 1‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫‪،1970‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ‬
‫)‪(SED01‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽﭘﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﯿﭻ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺭﺳﻤﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫)‪ (SED02‬ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝ )‪.(SED06‬‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‪ SED01‬ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻫﺎﯼﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ‪ OWF‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ )‪ (DECC، 2008a‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﯼ ﻭ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﺸﺘﯽ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ SED02 .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﮐﺸﺘﯽ ﻫﺎﯼﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺸﺘﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼﺑﻨﺪﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﻭﺑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺩﯼ )‪ (DECC, 2008b‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎﻭ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯼ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪.‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪ SED01‬ﻭ ‪ SED02‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ )ﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ (‪ COWRIE )2010‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫( ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﯼﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ‪ OWF‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﺳﯿﻮﻥﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﮐﺸﯽ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﯿﺮﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ ﮐﻠﯿﺪﯼ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬

‫ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﮊﺋﻮﺗﮑﻨﯿﮑﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﮊﺋﻮﺗﮑﻨﯿﮑﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺯﻣﯿﻦﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2005‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ )‪ (RAG‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ )‪ (DTI‬ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻮﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ][ ﺩﺭ ]‪ .[26/01/24‬ﮐﭙﯽ ﺭﺍﯾﺖ © ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،ICE‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪:‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪ‪ 164‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪MA4‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﯾﺲﻭ ﻭﺍﯾﺖ ﻫﺎﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺧﺎﮎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ًﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮﯾﻦﺷﮑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﯿﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺤﺮﮎ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪Whitehouse‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ .(2010،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ‬
‫‪.‬ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩﯼﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﮎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ (‪Annandale )1995‬ﭖ‪،‬ﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪.(Whitehouse, 1998‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﯾﯽﺧﺎﮎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬ﮎ‪.‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ )ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ( ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎﻡﺩﺭﺟﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽﺗﺤﺮﮎ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮎ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻄﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﮎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ًﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﮏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻣﯽﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎﮎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻼﻑﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﻨﯽ‬
‫ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﯿﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ðP~ f‬ﮎ‪Þ‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺍﯼﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪Herbich )1981(، Herbich‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ )‪ ،(1984‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﮐﯿﻮﯼ )‪ ،(1991‬ﻫﺎﻓﻤﻨﺰ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻫﯿﺞ)‪ ،(1997‬ﻭﺍﯾﺖ ﻫﺎﻭﺱ )‪ ،(1998‬ﻣﻠﻮﯾﻞ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻤﻦ )‪ (2000‬ﻭ ﺳﻮﻣﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﯾﯽﮐﻪﭖﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﺍﺯﮎ‪.‬ﺍﮔﺮﭖﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩﺳﻮﺋﻪ)‪ .(2002‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ (‪ Herbich )1981‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺥﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﯼ ﺳﺮﺭﯾﺰﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻨﮕﯽ‬ ‫‪Herbich‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (1984‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ .(Annandale، 2006‬ﻫﺮﯾﺲﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ )‬
‫‪ (2010‬ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ Annandale‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﺳﯿﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﮎ ﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻦ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ 1‬ﻣﺘﺮﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﯾﺎﻋﻤﯿﻖ ﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﯽ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﯿﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻮﺏﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺗﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻮﺏﭼﻨﺪﻭﺟﻬﯽ ﺩﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕﺭﯾﺰ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻻﯾﻪﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﯿﺖﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺭﺱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻟﯿﻞﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﯾﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺯﺩﮔﯽﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﯼﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﯽ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻪﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﯾﺎﯾﯽﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ)ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﻦ‪-‬ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‪-‬ﺳﯿﻠﺖ ﺭﺱ( ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯽ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ )ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ‪ ،‬ﮊﺍﮐﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﻭﺟﻬﯽ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﭘﺎ( ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ Briaud‬ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺯﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (1999‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
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‫ﮐﺎﻭﺭﯼ)ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ ﺑﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮏﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﯾﺖ ﻫﺎﻭﺱﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ )‬
‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ( )‪(2010‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ‪ScourSed-09..‬‬ ‫‪ (2011‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺣﻮﻝ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫‪.‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ‪ CEFAS‬ﻭ ‪Ltd‬‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ ABPmer Ltd، HR Wallingford‬ﺳﺎﻭﺗﻬﻤﭙﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭﺳﯿﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪COWRIE،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯼﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫) (ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ) ‪2008 a(DECC‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ‪ - 1‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻧﯿﻠﺴﻦﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (2011‬ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ )‪ (DECC‬ﻭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯﯾﺴﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﯿﻨﺶ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ )ﺩﻓﺮﺍ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‪Environmental Research Ltd، HR Wallingford Ltd‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ABP Marine‬ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‪ ،‬ﺷﯿﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺰﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﯽ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﯾﻦﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽ ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ‬
‫) ‪2008b(DECC‬ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺝﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻫﺎ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻄﻒ ‪ 2‬ﻭ ‪.(3‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩ (‪Ong )2011‬‬
‫ﺁﺏﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ )‪ (DECC‬ﻭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯﯾﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ )ﺩﻓﺮﺍ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪. Myrhaug‬ﺭﻭﯾﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪،‬ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪Research Ltd‬‬ ‫ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑﯾﮏ ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ HR Wallingford Ltd، ABP Marine Environmental‬ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‪ ،‬ﺷﯿﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺰﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫(‪ Rue )2003‬ﻭ ‪Myrhaug‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﯾﺲﺟﯽ ﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﯾﺖ ﻫﺎﻭﺱ ﺁﺭ ﺟﯽ ﺍﺱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺗﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﺟﯽ )‪ (2010‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺭﯾﺰﺵﯾﺎ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺸﺘﯽ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻓﻤﻨﺰ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻫﺎﯾﺞ )‪ (2011‬ﯾﮏ‬
‫ﮐﻪﺩﺭﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﻨﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯼﮐﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ )‪ 7 (ICSE-5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﯽﺩﺭ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺴﮑﻮ‪،‬ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ )‪.‬ﺹ ‪، 459-450‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺮﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪Special Publication No. 210‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼﺑﻨﺪﺭﯼ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﯿﻦ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ‬
‫‪((. ASCE, Reston, VA, USA, Geotechnical‬ﻭﯾﺮﺍﯾﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ) ‪Hunt BE‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﻠﺐ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ‬
‫ﻭ‪Burns SE، Bhatia SK، Avila CMC‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﯾﯽﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺮﺑﯿﭻﺟﯽ ﺑﯽ )‪(1981‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽﻣﺎﺭﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮﺭﮎ‪،‬ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮﺭﮎ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ‪Dekker Inc.،‬‬
‫) ‪ Dunlap WA‬ﻭ ‪(1984Herbich JB، Schiller RE، Watanabe RK‬‬

‫ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﯾﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮﺭﮎ‪،‬ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮﺭﮎ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ‪Marcel Dekker Inc.،‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻓﻤﻨﺰﺟﯽ ﺳﯽ ﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻫﺎﯾﺞ ﺍﭺ ﺟﯽ )‪(1997‬ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯼ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﺑﺎﻟﮑﻤﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﯿﺪﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ ﺟﺬﺍﺑﯿﺖ ﻭﺳﯿﻌﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺗﺮﺩﺍﻡ‪،‬ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻓﻤﻨﺰﺟﯽ ﺳﯽ ﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻫﺎﯾﺞ ﺍﭺ ﺟﯽ )‪ (2011‬ﺟﺖ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‪.‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‪،‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻓﺰﺍﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﯾﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ – ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼ ‪.183-191:(4) 164‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﮐﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰﺍﺭﯼﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻮﯾﻞﺑﯽ ﺩﺑﻠﯿﻮ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻤﻦ ﺍﺱ ﺍﯼ )‪(2000‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﭘﻞ‪.‬ﺍﺏ‬
‫‪Publications, LLC, Highlands Ranch, CO, USA.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪Resources‬‬ ‫) ‪ (1995Annandale GW‬ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﯼ‪.‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮏ‬
‫) ‪ Ong MC‬ﻭ ‪ (1390Myrhaug D‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽ ﻭ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‪.471-494:(4) 33‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ‬ ‫) ‪(2006Annandale GW‬ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﯼ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮏ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ – ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼ‪.171-182 :(4) 164‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ‪..‬ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮﺭﮎ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮﺭﮎ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ‪McGraw-Hill،‬‬
‫) ‪ Raudkivi AJ‬ﻭ ‪(1991Breusers HNC‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‪ IAHR .‬ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﻟﯿﮏ‬
‫) ‪ Rue H‬ﻭ ‪ (2003Myrhaug D‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯼﮐﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ‪،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪،Balkema .2‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﻊﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﯽﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ‪:(4) 48‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺗﺮﺩﺍﻡ‪،‬ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.227-242‬‬ ‫‪Briaud JL، Ting FCK، Chen HC‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ )ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ‪1999( SRICOS:‬‬
‫) ‪ Christensen ED‬ﻭ ‪(2011Nielsen AW، Sumer BM، Fredsøe J‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻞﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﻦﻻﯾﻪ ﺯﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽﮊﺋﻮﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ‪.237-246:(4) 125ASCE‬‬
‫‪141‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﻨﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ )‪-5‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺭﯼ‪.‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ – ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ‬
‫‪ 7 (ICSE‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻧﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺴﮑﻮ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ )‬ ‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼ‪.157-170:(4) 164‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺻﺺ‪Special Publication No. 210، 20-11‬‬ ‫) ‪ Fredsøe J‬ﻭ ‪(2002Sumer BM‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮏ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪((. ASCE, Reston, VA, USA, Geotechnical‬ﻭﯾﺮﺍﯾﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ) ‪ Hunt BE‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂﺯﯾﺴﺖ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺍﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮﺱ‪،‬‬
‫‪Burns SE، Bhatia SK، Avila CMC‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪ‪ .17‬ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ Harris JM‬ﻭ ‪ (2011Whitehouse RJS، Sutherland J‬ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬ ‫) ‪(1998Whitehouse RJS‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﮐﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﯽﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺗﻠﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ – ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼ‪.141-155 :(4) 164‬‬ ‫) ‪ Sutherland J‬ﻭ ‪(2010Whitehouse RJS، Harris JM، Mundon TR‬‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ‪:‬‬
‫‪142‬‬

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‫‪www.onlinedoctranslator.

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‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ‪164‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽﺩﺭﯾﺎﻧﻮﺭﺩﯼ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ :ICE‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺦ|ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪:‬ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎﯼ‬

‫ﻓﻨﯽ‪،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺍﻟﯿﻨﮕﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﯿﻨﮕﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪MSc )Eng(، PhD‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ‪ SED01‬ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﺭﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻮﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ][ ﺩﺭ ]‪ .[26/01/24‬ﮐﭙﯽ ﺭﺍﯾﺖ © ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،ICE‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻮﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ][ ﺩﺭ ]‪ .[26/01/24‬ﮐﭙﯽ ﺭﺍﯾﺖ © ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،ICE‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫) (ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ) ‪2008 a(DECC‬‬

‫) ‪ Dunlap WA‬ﻭ ‪(1984Herbich JB، Schiller RE، Watanabe RK‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻮﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ][ ﺩﺭ ]‪ .[26/01/24‬ﮐﭙﯽ ﺭﺍﯾﺖ © ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،ICE‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻮﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ][ ﺩﺭ ]‪ .[26/01/24‬ﮐﭙﯽ ﺭﺍﯾﺖ © ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،ICE‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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