Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry 4th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual instant download all chapter

Precalculus Concepts Through
Functions A Unit Circle Approach to

Trigonometry 4th Edition Sullivan
Solutions Manual
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankdeal.com/product/precalculus-concepts-through-functions-a-unit-circle
-approach-to-trigonometry-4th-edition-sullivan-solutions-manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle

Approach to Trigonometry 4th Edition Sullivan Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/precalculus-concepts-through-
functions-a-unit-circle-approach-to-trigonometry-4th-edition-
sullivan-test-bank/

Approach to Trigonometry 3rd Edition Sullivan Solutions
Manual
functions-a-unit-circle-approach-to-trigonometry-3rd-edition-
sullivan-solutions-manual/

Approach to Trigonometry 3rd Edition Sullivan Test Bank
functions-a-unit-circle-approach-to-trigonometry-3rd-edition-
sullivan-test-bank/
Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Right Triangle

Approach to Trigonometry 3rd Edition Sullivan Solutions
Manual
functions-a-right-triangle-approach-to-trigonometry-3rd-edition-
sullivan-solutions-manual/
Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition
Sullivan Solutions Manual
https://testbankdeal.com/product/trigonometry-a-unit-circle-
approach-10th-edition-sullivan-solutions-manual/
Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Right Triangle

Approach to Trigonometry 3rd Edition Sullivan Test Bank
functions-a-right-triangle-approach-to-trigonometry-3rd-edition-
sullivan-test-bank/
Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

Sullivan Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/trigonometry-a-unit-circle-
approach-10th-edition-sullivan-test-bank/
Precalculus A Unit Circle Approach 3rd Edition Ratti

Solutions Manual
https://testbankdeal.com/product/precalculus-a-unit-circle-
approach-3rd-edition-ratti-solutions-manual/
Precalculus A Unit Circle Approach 3rd Edition Ratti

Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/precalculus-a-unit-circle-
approach-3rd-edition-ratti-test-bank/
Chapter 6
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 6.1 cosine equals 1.
cos   1, 0    
1. Domain:  x x is any real number ;  0
Range:  y  1  y  1 cos 1 1  0
17. sin 1  1
2.  x | x  1 or  x | x  1
 
We are finding the angle  ,    ,
3. 3,   2 2
whose sine equals 1 .
4. True  
sin   1,    
2 2
3 
5. 1;  
2 2

1 sin 1  1  
6.  ; 1 2
2
7. x  sin y 18. cos 1  1

We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose
8. 0  x   cosine equals 1 .
cos   1, 0    
9.   x  
 
10. False. The domain of y  sin 1 x is 1  x  1 . cos 1  1  
11. True
19. tan 1 0
12. True  
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
13. d 2 2
tangent equals 0.
14. a  
tan   0,   
2 2
15. sin 1 0
 0
 
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose 1
tan 0  0
2 2
sine equals 0.
20. tan 1  1
 
sin   0,      
2 2 We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
 0 2 2
tangent equals 1 .
sin 1 0  0
 
tan   1,   
16. cos 1 1 2 2
We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose 
 
4

tan 1 (1)  
4
704
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
2  3
21. sin 1 24. sin 1   
2  2 
   
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
2 2 2 2
2 3
sine equals . sine equals  .
2 2
2   3  
sin   ,    sin    ,   
2 2 2 2 2 2
 
  
4 3
2    
sin 1  sin 1  
3
2 4 2    3
 
3
22. tan 1  3
3 25. cos 1   
   2 
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
2 2 We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose
3 3
tangent equals . cosine equals  .
3 2
3   3
tan   ,    cos    , 0   
3 2 2 2
 5
 
6 6
3   3  5
tan 1  cos 1    
3 6  2  6
23. tan 1 3  2
  26. sin 1   
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose  2 
2 2
 
tangent equals 3 . We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
2 2
 
tan   3,     2
2 2 sine equals  .
 2
 2  
3 sin    ,   
1  2 2 2
tan 3 
3  
4
 2 
sin 1     
 2  4
705
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry
27. sin 1 0.1  0.10   3 

41. tan 1  tan     follows the form of the
  8 
28. cos 1 0.6  0.93
1
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . Since
29. tan 5  1.37 3   
 is in the interval   ,  , we can apply
8  2 2
30. tan 1 0.2  0.20
the equation directly and get
7   3   3
31. cos 1  0.51 tan 1  tan       .
8   8  8
1
32. sin 1  0.13   3
8 
42. sin 1  sin     follows the form of the
33. tan 1 ( 0.4)   0.38   7 
1
   
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x . Since
34. tan ( 3)  1.25 3   
7  2 2
35. sin 1 ( 0.12)   0.12
the equation directly and get
  3   3
36. cos 1 ( 0.44)  2.03 sin 1  sin       .
  7  7
2
37. cos 1  1.08
3   9 
43. sin 1  sin    follows the form of the
3   8 
38. sin 1  0.35
5    
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x , but we
 4  9
39. cos 1  cos  follows the form of the equation cannot use the formula directly since is not
 5  8
4
   
f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x . Since
5
is
  
in the interval   ,  . We need to find an
 2 2
in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation   
angle  in the interval   ,  for which
 4  4  2 2
directly and get cos 1  cos  .
 5  5 9 9
sin  sin  . The angle is in quadrant III
8 8
    9
40. sin 1  sin     follows the form of the so sine is negative. The reference angle of is
  10   8

   
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x . Since
8
and we want  to be in quadrant IV so sine
    will still be negative. Thus, we have

10  2 2 9   
sin  sin    . Since  is in the interval
the equation directly and get 8  8 8
       
sin 1  sin       .   2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
  10  10  
 9  1     
get sin 1  sin   sin  sin       .
 8    8  8
706
  11     7  
44. sin 1  sin    follows the form of the 46. cos 1  cos    follows the form of the
  4    6 
   
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x , but we    
equation f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x , but
11 7
cannot use the formula directly since is not we cannot use the formula directly since is
4 6
   not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an
 2 2 angle  in the interval 0,   for which
  
angle  in the interval   ,  for which  7  7
 2 2 cos    cos  . The angle is in quadrant
 6 6
11 11
sin  sin  . The angle is in quadrant II III so the we need an angle in the desired interval
4 4 7
11 whose cosine is equal to the cosine of .
so sine is positive. The reference angle of is 6
4
 7  5 5
3 Thus, we have cos    cos . Since is
and we need  to be in quadrant I so sine  6 6 6
4
will still be positive. Thus, we have in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation
3   above and get
sin  sin   . Since is in the interval
4  4  4   7    5  5
cos 1  cos     cos 1  cos   .
     6   6 6
  2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
 
 11         4 
get sin 1  sin  sin 1  sin     . 47. tan 1  tan    follows the form of the
 
  5 
4   4 4 
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x , but
  5 
45. cos 1  cos     follows the form of the 4
 3  we cannot use the formula directly since is
 5
   
equation f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x , but   
not in the interval   ,  . We need to find an
5  2 2
we cannot use the formula directly since  is
3   
not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an  2 2
angle  in the interval 0,   for which  4  4
tan    tan  . The angle is in quadrant
 5  5
 5  5
cos     cos  . The angle  is in II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of
 3  3 4 
is and we want  to be in quadrant IV
5  5 5
quadrant I so the reference angle of  is .
3 3 so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have
 5     4    
Thus, we have cos     cos . Since is tan    tan    . Since  is in the
 3  3 3  5   5  5
in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation   
interval   ,  , we can apply the equation
above and get  2 2
  5   1   
cos 1  cos      cos  cos   .
  3   3 3
707
above and get  2    

we have tan     tan   . Since is in the
  4  1       3  3
  3
tan 1  tan     tan  tan       .
  5    5  5   
 2 2
  10    
48. tan 1  tan   follows the form of the above and get tan 1  tan   2    tan 1  tan     .
  9     3   3 3
 
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x , but
  4  
10 50. cos 1  cos    follows the form of the
we cannot use the formula directly since    3 
9
  
is not in the interval   ,  . We need to find    
 2 2 4
we cannot use the formula directly since is
   3
an angle  in the interval   ,  for which
 2 2 not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an
 10  10 angle  in the interval 0,   for which
tan    tan  . The angle  is in
 9  9
 4  4
quadrant II so tangent is negative. The reference cos    cos  . The angle is in quadrant
10   3 3
angle of  is and we want  to be in 4 
9 9 III so the reference angle of is . We want
quadrant IV so tangent will still be negative. 3 3
 10    the angle to be in quadrant II and the cosine to be
Thus, we have tan     tan    . Since  4  2
 9   9 negative. Thus, we have cos    cos .
 3 3
   
 is in the interval   ,  , we can apply 2
9  2 2 Since is in the interval 0,   , we can apply
the equation above and get 3
the equation above and get
  10       
tan 1  tan      tan 1  tan       .   4    2  2
  9    9 9 cos 1  cos     cos 1  cos   .
  
3   3 3
  2 
49. tan 1  tan     follows the form of the    
  3  51. cos 1  cos     follows the form of the
  4
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . but we
   
2
cannot use the formula directly since  is not 
3 we cannot use the formula directly since  is
4
  
in the interval   ,  . We need to find an angle not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an
 2 2
angle  in the interval 0,   for which
  
 in the interval   ,  for which
2 2
    
cos     cos  . The angle  is in
 2  2  4 4
tan     tan  . The angle  is in  
 3  3 quadrant IV so the reference angle of  is .
quadrant III so tangent is positive. The reference 4 4
2     
angle of  is and we want  to be in Thus, we have cos     cos . Since is
3 3  4 4 4
quadrant I so tangent will still be positive. Thus,
708
in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation   3  

54. tan 1  tan     follows the form of the
above and get   2 
      
cos 1  cos      cos 1  cos   .    
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . We
  
4   4 4
  
need to find an angle  in the interval   , 
 2 2
 3 
  3   for which tan     tan  . The reference
52. sin 1  sin     follows the form of the  2
  4  3 
angle of  is . Thus, we have
equation f 1
 f  x  sin  sin  x  x , but we
1 2 2
 3   
3 tan     tan   . In this case, tan   is
cannot use the formula directly since  is not  2  2  2
4
      
in the interval   ,  . We need to find an undefined so tan 1  tan    would also be
 2 2   2
   undefined.
 2 2
 1
 3  55. sin  sin 1  follows the form of the equation
sin     sin  . The reference angle of  4
 4

3
is

and we want  to be in quadrant IV
   
f f 1  x   sin sin 1  x   x . Since
1
4
is in
4 4 the interval  1,1 , we can apply the equation
so sine will still be negative. Thus, we have
 3       1 1
sin     sin    . Since    is in the directly and get sin  sin 1   .
 4  4  4  4 4
  
interval   ,  , we can apply the equation   2 
 2 2 56. cos  cos 1     follows the form of the
above and get   3 
  3       
sin 1  sin      sin 1  sin       .    
equation f f 1  x   cos cos 1  x   x .
  4    4 4
2
Since  is in the interval  1,1 , we can
3
    apply the equation directly and get
53. tan 1  tan    follows the form of the
  2   2  2
cos  cos 1       .
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . We   3  3
  
need to find an angle  in the interval   , 
 2 2  
57. tan tan 1 4 follows the form of the equation

for which tan    tan  . In this case,
 2
   
f f 1  x   tan tan 1  x   x . Since 4 is a
real number, we can apply the equation directly
    
tan   is undefined so tan 1  tan    would
 2   2

and get tan tan 1 4  4 . 
also be undefined.
709
 
58. tan tan 1  2  follows the form of the equation 1 
x2
5
1
   
f f 1  x   tan tan 1  x   x . Since 2 is a 5  x  2  5
real number, we can apply the equation directly 3  x  7
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 3  x  7 , or

and get tan tan 1  2   2 . 
 3, 7  in interval notation. Recall that the
59. Since there is no angle  such that cos   1.2 ,
domain of a function equals the range of its
the quantity cos 1 1.2 is not defined. Thus, inverse and the range of a function equals the
 
cos cos 1 1.2 is not defined. domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
also  3, 7  .
60. Since there is no angle  such that sin   2 ,
64. f  x   2 tan x  3
the quantity sin 1  2  is not defined. Thus,
y  2 tan x  3
 
sin sin 1  2  is not defined. x  2 tan y  3
2 tan y  x  3
 
61. tan tan 1  follows the form of the equation
tan y 
x3
  
f f 1  x   tan tan 1  x   x . Since  is a 2
x3
real number, we can apply the equation directly y  tan 1  f 1  x 
2

and get tan tan 1    .  The domain of f  x  equals the range of f 1 ( x)
62. Since there is no angle  such that sin   1.5 ,     

and is  x or   ,  in interval
the quantity sin 1  1.5  is not defined. Thus, 2 2  2 2
notation. To find the domain of f 1  x  we note
 
sin sin 1  1.5  is not defined.
that the argument of the inverse tangent function
can be any real number. Thus, the domain of
63. f  x   5sin x  2
f 1  x  is all real numbers, or  ,   in
y  5sin x  2
interval notation. Recall that the domain of a
x  5sin y  2 function equals the range of its inverse and the
5sin y  x  2 range of a function equals the domain of its
x2 inverse. Thus, the range of f is  ,   .
sin y 
5
65. f  x   2 cos  3 x 
x2
y  sin  f 1  x 
1
5 y  2 cos  3 x 
The domain of f  x  equals the range of x  2 cos  3 y 
     x
f 1 ( x ) and is  x or   ,  in cos  3 y   
2 2  2 2 2
interval notation. To find the domain of f 1  x   x
3 y  cos 1   
we note that the argument of the inverse sine  2
x2 1  x
function is and that it must lie in the y  cos 1     f 1  x 
5 3  2
interval  1,1 . That is, The domain of f  x  equals the range of
  
f 1 ( x ) and is 0  x  , or 0,  in interval
3  3
710
notation. To find the domain of f 1  x  we note 67. f  x    tan  x  1  3

that the argument of the inverse cosine function y   tan  x  1  3
x
is and that it must lie in the interval  1,1 . x   tan  y  1  3
2
That is, tan  y  1   x  3
x
1    1 y  1  tan 1   x  3
2
2  x  2 y  1  tan 1   x  3
2  x  2  1  tan 1  x  3  f 1  x 
(note here we used the fact that y  tan 1 x is an
 2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the odd function).
domain of a function equals the range of its The domain of f  x  equals the range of
inverse and the range of a function equals the
 
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is f 1 ( x) and is 1  x  1 , or
2 2
 2, 2  .
   
66. f  x   3sin  2 x   1  2 , 2  1 in interval notation. To find the
 
y  3sin  2 x  domain of f 1  x  we note that the argument of
x  3sin  2 y  the inverse tangent function can be any real

number. Thus, the domain of f 1  x  is all real
x
sin  2 y  
3 numbers, or  ,   in interval notation. Recall
x that the domain of a function equals the range of
2 y  sin 1
3 its inverse and the range of a function equals the
1 x domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
y  sin 1  f 1  x 
2 3  ,   .
The domain of f  x  equals the range of 68. f  x   cos  x  2   1
     y  cos  x  2   1
f 1 ( x ) and is  x , or   ,  in
4 4  4 4
x  cos  y  2   1
interval notation. To find the domain of f 1  x 
cos  y  2   x  1
we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x y  2  cos 1  x  1
function is and that it must lie in the interval
3 y  cos 1  x  1  2
 1,1 . That is,
The domain of f  x  equals the range of
x
1   1 f 1 ( x ) and is 2  x    2 , or  2,   2  in
3
3  x  3 interval notation. To find the domain of f 1  x 
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 3  x  3 , or we note that the argument of the inverse cosine
 3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the function is x  1 and that it must lie in the
domain of a function equals the range of its interval  1,1 . That is, 1  x  1  1
inverse and the range of a function equals the 0 x2
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is The domain of f  x  is  x | 0  x  2 , or
1
 3,3 .
0, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
711
domain of a function equals the range of its 70. f  x   2 cos  3 x  2 

inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is y  2 cos  3x  2 
0, 2  . x  2 cos  3 y  2 
69. f  x   3sin  2 x  1 cos  3 y  2  
x
2
y  3sin  2 x  1
x
x  3sin  2 y  1 3 y  2  cos 1  
2
x
sin  2 y  1  x
3 y  cos 1    2
3 2
x
2 y  1  sin 1 1 x 2
3 y  cos 1     f 1  x 
3 2 3
x
2 y  sin 1    1 The domain of f  x  equals the range of
3
1  x 1 2 2 
y  sin 1     f 1  x  f 1 ( x) and is   x    , or
2 3 3 3
3 2
 2 2 
The domain of f  x  equals the range of   3 ,  3  3  in interval notation. To find the
 
1  1 
f 1 ( x) and is    x    , or domain of f 1  x  we note that the argument of
2 4 2 4
 1  1  x
the inverse cosine function is and that it must
  2  4 ,  2  4  in interval notation. To find 2
 
lie in the interval  1,1 . That is,
the domain of f 1  x  we note that the argument
x
of the inverse sine function is
x
and that it must 1  1
3 2
2  x  2
lie in the interval  1,1 . That is,
x
1   1  2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
3
3  x  3 domain of a function equals the range of its
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 3  x  3 , or inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
 3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2, 2  .
domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the 71. 4sin 1 x  
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is 
sin 1 x 
 3,3 . 4
 2
x  sin 
4 2
 2 
The solution set is   .
 2 
712
72. 2 cos 1 x   77. 4 cos 1 x  2  2 cos 1 x

 2 cos 1 x  2  0
cos 1 x 
2 2 cos 1 x  2

x  cos0 cos 1 x  
2
The solution set is {0} . x  cos   1
The solution set is {1} .
73. 3cos 1  2 x   2
78. 5sin 1 x  2  2sin 1 x  3
2
cos  2 x  
1
3sin 1 x  
3
2 
2 x  cos sin 1 x  
3 3
1   3
2x   x  sin     
2  3 2
x
1  3 
The solution set is  .
4
 2 
 1
The solution set is   .
 4 79. Note that   2945  29.75 .
 cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  29.75  180   
74. 6sin 1  3x    a. D  24  1  
  

sin 1  3x     13.92 hours or 13 hours, 55 minutes
6
   cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  29.75  180   
3 x  sin    b. D  24  1  
 6   
1  12 hours
3x  
2
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  29.75  180   
1 c. D  24  1  
x 
6  
 1  13.85 hours or 13 hours, 51 minutes
The solution set is   .
 6
80. Note that   4045  40.75 .
75. 3 tan x  
1  cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  40.75  180   
a. D  24  1 
   
tan 1 x   
3  14.93 hours or 14 hours, 56 minutes

x  tan  3  cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  40.75  180   
3 b. D  24  1 
The solution set is  3 . 

 

 12 hours
76. 4 tan 1 x    cos 1  tan  22.8  180


 tan  40.75  180   
c. D  24  1 
   
tan 1 x    
4  14.83 hours or 14 hours, 50 minutes
 
x  tan     1
 4
The solution set is {1} .
713
81. Note that   2118  21.3 .  cos 1  tan  0  180


 tan  66.5  180   
 cos  tan  23.5  180 b. D  24   1 
1 
 tan  21.3  180    

 

a. D  24  1 
  
   12 hours
 13.30 hours or 13 hours, 18 minutes
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  66.5  180   
 cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  21.3  180    c. D  24  1 
b. D  24  1    
    
 
 22.02 hours or 22 hours, 1 minute
 12 hours
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180


 tan  21.3  180    d. The amount of daylight at this location on the
c. D  24  1  winter solstice is 24  24  0 hours. That is,
  
  on the winter solstice, there is no daylight. In
 13.26 hours or 13 hours, 15 minutes general, for a location at 6630 ' north latitude,
it ranges from around-the-clock daylight to no
82. Note that   6110  61.167 . daylight at all.
 cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  61.167  180   
a. D  24  1  85. Let point C represent the point on the Earth’s
  
  axis at the same latitude as Cadillac Mountain,
 18.96 hours or 18 hours, 57 minutes and arrange the figure so that segment CQ lies
along the x-axis (see figure).
 cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  61.167  180   
b. D  24   1  y
  
 
 12 hours
P D (x,y )
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  61.167  180   
c. D  24  1  s


 


C 2710
  mi x
 18.64 hours or 18 hours, 38 minutes 2710
Q (2 71 0 ,0 )
 cos 1  tan  23.5  180


 tan  0  180   
83. a. D  24  1 
  
 
 12 hours At the latitude of Cadillac Mountain, the effective
radius of the Earth is 2710 miles. If point D(x, y)
b.
 cos
D  24  1 
1
 tan  0   tan  0    

180

180 represents the peak of Cadillac Mountain, then the
   length of segment PD is
 
 12 hours 1 mile
1530 ft   0.29 mile . Therefore, the
5280 feet
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  0  180    point D( x, y )  (2710, y ) lies on a circle with
c. D  24  1 
   radius r  2710.29 miles. We now have
 
 12 hours x 2710
cos   
d. There are approximately 12 hours of r 2710.29
daylight every day at the equator.  2710 
  cos 1    0.01463 radians
 2710.29 
84. Note that   6630  66.5 . Finally, s  r  2710(0.01463)  39.64 miles ,
 cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  66.5  180   
a. D  24   1  2 (2710) 39.64
   and  , so
  24 t
 24 hours 24(39.64)
t  0.05587 hours  3.35 minutes
2 (2710)
714
Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will The maximum viewing angle will occur
see the first rays of sunlight about 3.35 minutes when x  14.3 feet.
sooner than a person standing below at sea level.
87. a. a  0 ; b  3 ; The area is:
 34  6
86.   x   tan    tan 1   .
1
tan 1 b  tan 1 a  tan 1 3  tan 1 0
 x x

 34   6  0
a.  10   tan 1    tan 1    42.6 3
 10   10  
If you sit 10 feet from the screen, then the  square units
3
viewing angle is about 42.6 .
 34   6 3
 15   tan 1    tan 1    44.4 b. a ; b  1 ; The area is:
 15   15  3
If you sit 15 feet from the screen, then the  3
viewing angle is about 44.4 . tan 1 b  tan 1 a  tan 1 1  tan 1   
 3 
 34   6 
  20   tan 1    tan 1    42.8  
20
   20    
4  6
If you sit 20 feet from the screen, then the
viewing angle is about 42.8 . 5
 square units
12
b. Let r = the row that result in the largest
viewing angle. Looking ahead to part (c),
3
we see that the maximum viewing angle 88. a. a  0; b  ; The area is:
occurs when the distance from the screen is 2
about 14.3 feet. Thus,  3
sin 1 b  sin 1 a  sin 1  1
  sin 0
5  3(r  1)  14.3 2
 
5  3r  3  14.3 
3r  12.3  0
3
r  4.1 
Sitting in the 4th row should provide the  square units
3
largest viewing angle.
1 1
c. Set the graphing calculator in degree mode b. a   ; b  ; The area is:
2 2
 34  6
and let Y1  tan 1    tan 1   : 1  1
 x x sin 1 b  sin 1 a  sin 1    sin 1   
2  2
90
  
  
6  6

square units
3
  89. Here we have 1  4150 ' , 1  8737 ' ,
0
 2  2118' , and  2  15750 ' .
Use MAXIMUM:
Converting minutes to degrees gives
90
  
1  41 56  , 1  87 37
60 
 ,  2  21.3 , and
2   157   . Substituting these values, and

5
6
r  3960 , into our equation gives d  4250

  miles. The distance from Chicago to Honolulu is
0 about 4250 miles.
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
715
90. Here we have 1  2118' , 1  15750 ' ,    1  3 3

94. sin cos    
 2  3747 ' , and  2  14458' . 3 3  2  2  4
Converting minutes to degrees gives 1  21.3 ,
  
1  157 56  ,  2  37 47
60 
 , and
2  144   . Substituting these values, and

29
30
r  3960 , into our equation gives d  5518 Section 6.2

miles. The distance from Honolulu to
Melbourne is about 5518 miles.  
(remember that S and W angles are negative) 1. Domain:  x x  odd integer multiples of  ,
 2
91. 103 x  4  11 Range:  y y  1 or y  1
103 x  7 2. True
log103 x  log 7
3x log10  log 7 1 5
3. 
5 5
3 x  log 7
log 7 4. x  sec y ,  1 , 0 , 
x
3
 log 7  5. cosine
The solution is:  
 3  6. False
92. The function f is one-to-one because every 7. True
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
point. 8. True
 2
9. cos  sin 1 
 2 
 
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine
2 2
2
equals .
2
2  
sin   ,   
2 2 2


93. f ( x)  1  2 x 4
 2   2
y  1  2x cos  sin 1   cos 
 2  4 2
x  1 2y
x 1  2y
 1
10. sin  cos 1 
log 2 ( x  1)  log 2 2 y  2
log 2 ( x  1)  y log 2 2 Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine
log 2 ( x  1)  y
f 1 ( x)  log 2 ( x  1)
716
Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)
1 1
equals . equals .
2 2
1 1
cos   , 0    cos   , 0   
2 2
 
 
3 3
 1  3  1 
sin  cos 1   sin  sec  cos 1   sec  2
 2 3 2  2  3
  3    1 
11. tan cos 1   14. cot sin 1    
    2 
  2  
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine  
2 2
3 1
equals  . equals  .
2 2
3 1  
cos    , 0    sin    ,    
2 2 2 2
5 
  
6 6
  3  5 3   1   
tan cos 1      tan  cot sin 1      cot      3
  2   6 3   2    6
  1 
12. tan sin 1    

15. csc tan 1 1 
  2   
Find the angle  ,     , whose tangent
  2 2
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine equals 1.
2 2
1  
equals  . tan   1,   
2 2 2

1   
sin    ,    4
2 2 2

 
  
csc tan 1 1  csc
4
 2
6
  1   
tan sin 1      tan     
 2   6 3
3

16. sec tan 1 3 

 
 1 2 2
13. sec  cos 1 
 2 equals 3.
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine  
tan   3,   
2 2


3


sec tan 1 3  sec  3
2
717
17. sin  tan 1 (1)    3 

20. csc  cos 1    
Find the angle  , 
 
   , whose tangent   2  
2 2 Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine
equals 1 .
3
  equals  .
tan   1,    2
2 2
 3
  cos    0   
4 2
5
  2 
sin  tan 1 (1)   sin      6
 4  2
  3  5
csc  cos 1      csc 2
  3 
18. cos sin 1    
  2   6
  2  
   5   2
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine 21. cos 1  sin   cos 1   
2 2  4   2 
3 Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine
equals  .
2 2
equals  .
3   2
sin    ,   
2 2 2 2
 cos    , 0   
  2
3 3

 1  3     1 4
cos sin      cos    
2  3 2 1  5  3
    cos  sin  
 4  4
  1 
19. sec sin 1     2   1 
  2  
22. tan 1  cot   tan 1   
   3   3 
2 2  
1 2 2
equals  .
2 1
equals  .
1   3
sin    ,   
2 2 2 1  
 tan    ,   
  3 2 2
6

  1    2 3  
sec sin 1      sec     6
  2   6 3 2  
1 
tan  cot 
 3  6
718
  7    3  1
23. sin 1 cos      sin 1    26. tan  cos 1 
  6   3
 2 
  1 1
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine Let   cos 1 . Since cos   and 0     ,
2 2 3 3
 is in quadrant I, and we let x  1 and r  3 .
3
equals  . Solve for y:
2
1  y2  9
3  
sin    ,    y2  8
2 2 2
 y   8  2 2
 
3 Since  is in quadrant I, y  2 2 .
  7     1 y 2 2
sin 1 cos      tan  cos 1   tan    2 2
  6  3  3 x 1
     1
24. cos 1  tan      cos 1  1 27. sec  tan 1 
  3   2
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine 1 1
Let   tan 1 . Since tan   and
equals 1 . 2 2
cos   1, 0      
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
 2 2

3 x  2 and y  1 .
     Solve for r:
cos 1  tan      
  3  22  1  r 2
r2  5
 1
r 5
25. tan  sin 1 
 3  is in quadrant I.
1 1
Let   sin 1 . Since sin   and  1 r 5
3 3 sec  tan 1   sec   
 2  x 2
 
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2  2
y  1 and r  3 . 28. cos  sin 1 
 3 
Solve for x:
x2  1  9 2 2
Let   sin 1 . Since sin   and
3 3
x2  8
 
x   8  2 2     ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
Since  is in quadrant I, x  2 2 . y  2 and r  3 .
 1 y 1 2 2 Solve for x:
tan  sin 1   tan     
 3 x 2 2 2 4 x2  2  9
x2  7
x 7
Since  is in quadrant I, x  7 .
 2 x 7
cos  sin 1   cos   
 3  r 3
719
  2    3 
29. cot sin 1     32. cot  cos 1    
  3     3  
 2 2  3 3
Let   sin 1    . Since sin    and Let   cos 1    . Since cos    and
 3  3  3  3
  0     ,  is in quadrant II, and we let
    ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let
2 2 x   3 and r  3 .
y   2 and r  3 . Solve for y:
Solve for x: 3  y2  9
x2  2  9 y2  6
x2  7 y 6
x 7 Since  is in quadrant II, y  6 .
Since  is in quadrant IV, x  7 .   3  x
 cot cos 1      cot  
 2  x 7 2 14 3 y
cot sin 1      cot         
  3   y  2 2 2
 3 1 2 2
   
30. csc  tan ( 2) 
1
6 2 2 2
Let   tan 1 ( 2) . Since tan    2 and  2 5

  33. sec  sin 1 
    ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let  5 
2 2
x  1 and y   2 . 2 5 2 5
Solve for r: 5 5
1 4  r2  
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
r 5
2 2 2
y  2 5 and r  5 .
r 5
Solve for x:
Since  is in quadrant IV, r  5 . x 2  20  25
r 5 5
csc  tan 1 ( 2)   csc     x2  5
y 2 2
x 5
31. sin  tan 1 (3) 
Since  is in quadrant I, x  5 .
Let   tan 1 (3) . Since tan   3 and  2 5 r 5
sec  sin 1   sec     5
  5  x 5
    ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let 
2 2
x  1 and y  3 .  1
34. csc  tan 1 
Solve for r:  2
1 9  r2 1 1
r  10
2
2 2
r   10  
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
Since  is in quadrant IV, r  10 .
x  2 and y  1 .
y
sin  tan 1 (3)   sin   Solve for r:
r
3 10 3 10
  
10 10 10
720
22  1  r 2   0 , whose cosecant equals 2.

r 5
2  
csc   2,    ,   0
2 2
r 5

 is in quadrant I. 
4
 1 r 5 
csc  tan 1   csc     5 csc 1 2
 2 y 1 4
 3   2 
35. sin 1  cos   sin 1      2 3
41. sec 1
 4   2  4 3

 7   1  2 We are finding the angle  , 0     ,   ,
36. cos  sin   cos 1    
1
2
 6   2 3
2 3
whose secant equals .
37. cot 1
3 3
We are finding the angle  , 0    , whose 2 3 
sec   , 0    ,  
cotangent equals 3. 3 2
cot   3, 0    

6

 2 3 
6 sec 1 
 3 6
cot 1 3
6
42. sec 1   2 
38. cot 1 1 
We are finding the angle  , 0     ,   ,
We are finding the angle  , 0    , whose 2
cotangent equals 1. whose secant equals 2 .
cot   1, 0     
sec    2, 0    ,  
 2
 2
4 
 3
cot 1 1  2 
4 sec 1   2  
3
39. csc 1 (1)
 3
  43. cot 1   
2 2  3 
  0 , whose cosecant equals 1 . We are finding the angle  , 0    , whose
 
csc   1,     ,   0 cotangent equals 
3
.
2 2 3

  3
2 cot    , 0   
 3
csc 1 (1)   2
2 
3
40. csc 1 2  3  2
cot 1     3
   3 
2 2
721
 2 3 1
44. csc 1    quadrant I. The calculator yields an 1  0.46 ,
 3  2
which is an angle in quadrant I, so
 
We are finding the angle  ,    , cot 1  2   0.46 .
2 2
2 3
  0 , whose cosecant equals  .
3
2 3  
csc    ,    ,   0
3 2 2
  1
  48. sec 1 (3)  cos 1   
3  3
 2 3 We seek the angle  , 0     , whose cosine

csc 1      1 1
 3  3 equals  . Now cos    ,  lies in
3 3
1 quadrant II. The calculator yields
45. sec 1 4  cos 1  1
4 cos 1     1.91 , which is an angle in
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose cosine  3
1 1 quadrant II, so sec1   3  1.91 .
equals . Now cos   , so  lies in quadrant
4 4
1
I. The calculator yields cos 1  1.32 , which is
4
an angle in quadrant I, so sec1  4   1.32 .
 1
49. csc 1  3  sin 1   
 3
 
We seek the angle  ,    , whose sine
2 2
1 1 1
46. csc1 5  sin 1 equals  . Now sin    , so  lies in
5 3 3
  quadrant IV. The calculator yields
We seek the angle  ,    , whose sine  1
2 2 sin 1     0.34 , which is an angle in
1 1  3
equals . Now sin   , so  lies in
5 5 quadrant IV, so csc1  3  0.34 .
1
quadrant I. The calculator yields sin 1  0.20 ,
5
csc1 5  0.20 .
 1
50. cot 1     tan 1 ( 2)
 2
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose tangent
equals 2 . Now tan   2 , so  lies in
1 quadrant II. The calculator yields
47. cot 1 2  tan 1
2 tan 1   2   1.11 , which is an angle in
quadrant IV. Since  lies in quadrant II,
1 1   1.11    2.03 . Therefore,
equals . Now tan   , so  lies in
2 2
722
 1  2
cot 1     2.03 . sin 1     0.73 , which is an angle in
 2  3
 3
quadrant IV, so csc1     0.73 .
 2
 1 
 
51. cot 1  5  tan 1  
 5

We seek the angle  , 0     , whose tangent  4  3
54. sec 1     cos 1   
1 1  3   4
equals  . Now tan    , so  lies in
5 5 
We are finding the angle  , 0     ,   ,
quadrant II. The calculator yields 2
 1  3 3
tan 1     0.42 , which is an angle in whose cosine equals  . Now cos    , so
 5 4 4
quadrant IV. Since  is in quadrant II,  lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
  0.42    2.72 . Therefore,  3
cos 1     2.42 , which is an angle in
 
cot 1  5  2.72 .  4
 4
quadrant II, so sec 1     2.42 .
 3
 1 
52. cot 1  8.1  tan 1   
 8.1 
 3  2
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose tangent 55. cot 1     tan 1   
 2  3
1 1 We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose
equals  . Now tan    , so  lies in
8.1 8.1
2 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields tangent equals  . Now tan    , so 
3 3
 1 
tan 1     0.12 , which is an angle in lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
 8.1 
 2
quadrant IV. Since  is in quadrant II, tan 1     0.59 , which is an angle in
 3
  0.12    3.02 . Thus, cot 1  8.1  3.02 . quadrant IV. Since  is in quadrant II,
 3
  0.59    2.55 . Thus, cot 1     2.55 .
 2
 3  2
53. csc 1     sin 1   
 2  3
 
We seek the angle  ,    ,  0,
2 2
2 2
whose sine equals  . Now sin    , so 
3 3
lies in quadrant IV. The calculator yields
723
 1  60. Let   cos 1 u so that cos   u , 0     ,

 
56. cot 1  10  tan 1  
 10 
 1  u  1 . Then,
We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose
1 1
 
tan cos 1 u  tan  
sin 
cos 
tangent equals  . Now tan    , so 
10 10 sin 2  1  cos 2 
 
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields cos  cos 
 1  1 u2
tan 1     0.306 , which is an angle in 
 10  u
quadrant IV. Since  is in quadrant II,

  0.306    2.84 . So, cot 1  10  2.84 .  61. Let   sec 1 u so that sec   u , 0     and

 , u  1 . Then,
2
 
sin sec 1 u  sin   sin 2   1  cos 2 
1 sec 2   1
 1 
  sec 2  sec 2 
57. Let   tan 1 u so that tan   u ,    ,
2 2
  u   . Then, u2 1

u
 
cos tan 1 u  cos  
1
sec 

1
sec 2 
62. Let   cot 1 u so that cot   u , 0     ,
1 1
    u   . Then,
2
1  tan  1 u2
 
sin cot 1 u  sin   sin 2  
1
csc2 
58. Let   cos 1 u so that cos   u , 0     ,
1  u  1 . Then, 1 1
 
 
sin cos 1 u  sin   sin 2  1  cot 
2
1 u2
 1  cos 2   1  u 2  
63. Let   csc1 u so that csc   u ,    ,
2 2
  u  1 . Then,
59. Let   sin 1 u so that sin   u ,    ,
2 2
1  u  1 . Then,  
cos csc1 u  cos   cos  
sin 
sin 
 cot  sin 
 
tan sin 1 u  tan  
sin 
cos  cot  cot 2  csc 2   1
  
sin  sin  csc  csc  csc 
 
cos 2  1  sin 2  u2 1

u u

1 u2
64. Let   sec1 u so that sec   u , 0     and

 , u  1 . Then,
2
 
cos sec 1 u  cos  
1

sec  u
1
724
65. Let   cot 1 u so that cot   u , 0     ,        

69. g 1  f      cos 1  sin    
  u   . Then,   4    4 

tan cot 1 u  tan   1

cot  u
1 
 cos 1  
2  3
 
 2  4
66. Let   sec1 u so that sec   u , 0     and
   5   1  5 
 , u  1 . Note that sin   0 . Then, 70. f 1  g     sin  cos 
2   6   6 
 
tan sec 1 u  tan   sin  sec  
 sin 1  
3
  

 2  3
 sec  1  cos 2 
1 u2 1   3    3 
 u 1 2
u 2
71. h  f 1      tan  sin 1    
u u   5    5 
 3 3
The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either Let   sin 1    . Since sin    and
positive or negative.  5  5
 
  12    12   ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let
 
67. g  f 1     cos  sin 1  2 2
  
13  13  y  3 and r  5 . Solve for x:
12 12 x 2  (3) 2  52
13 13 x 2  9  25
 
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let x 2  16
2 2
y  12 and r  13 . Solve for x: x   16  4
Since  is in quadrant IV, x  4 .
x 2  122  132
  3    3 
x 2  144  169 h  f 1      tan  sin 1    
  5    5 
x 2  25  x   25  5 y 3 3
Since  is in quadrant I, x  5 .  tan    
x 4 4
  12    12  x 5
g  f 1     cos  sin 1   cos   
  13    13  r 13   4    4 
72. h  g 1      tan  cos 1    
  5    5 
  5   5
68. f  g 1     sin  cos 1   4 4
 13    13  Let   cos 1    . Since cos    and
  5 5
5 5 0     ,  is in quadrant II, and we let
Let   cos 1 . Since cos   and
13 13 x  4 and r  5 . Solve for y:
0     ,  is in quadrant I, and we let x  5 (4) 2  y 2  52
and r  13 . Solve for y:
16  y 2  25
52  y 2  132
y2  9
25  y  169 2
y   9  3
y 2  144
Since  is in quadrant II, y  3 .
y   144  12
  4    4 
Since  is in quadrant I, y  12 . h  g 1      tan  cos 1    
  5     5 
  5   5 y 12
f  g 1     sin  cos 1   sin    y 3 3
  
13  13  r 13  tan    
x 4 4
725
  12    12  x  1 and r  4 . Solve for y:

73. g  h 1     cos  tan 1 
   5  5 (1) 2  y 2  42
12 12 1  y 2  16
5 5 y 2  15
  y   15
  ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
x  5 and y  12 . Solve for r: Since  is in quadrant II, y  15 .
r 2  52  122   1    1 
h  g 1      tan  cos 1    
  4    4 
r 2  25  144  169
y 15
r   169  13  tan      15
Now, r must be positive, so r  13 . x 1
  12    12  x 5 
g  h 1     cos  tan 1   cos     2    2 
78. h  f 1      tan  sin 1    
  5   5 r 13
  5    5 
 2 2
  5   5 Let   sin 1    . Since sin    and
74. f  h 1     sin  tan 1   5 5
  12    12 
 
5 5  ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let
 
Let   tan 1 . Since tan   and 2 2
12 12 y  2 and r  5 . Solve for x:
 
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let x 2  (2)2  52
2 2
x  12 and y  5 . Solve for r: x 2  4  25
r 2  122  52 x 2  21
r 2  144  25  169 x   21
r   169  13 Since  is in quadrant IV, x  21 .
Now, r must be positive, so r  13 .   2    2 
h  f 1      tan  sin 1    
  5   5 y 5   5    5 
f  h 1     sin  tan 1   sin   
   12  12  r 13 y 2 2 21
 tan    
x 21 21
       
75. g 1  f      cos 1  sin    
  3    3  79. a. Since the diameter of the base is 45 feet, we
45
 3  5 have r   22.5 feet. Thus,
 cos 1     2
 2  6  22.5 
  cot 1    31.89 .
 14 
       
76. g 1  f      cos 1  sin    
  6    6  r
b.   cot 1
 1  2 h
 cos 1     r
 2 3 cot    r  h cot 
h
  1    1  Here we have   31.89 and h  17 feet.
77. h  g 1      tan  cos 1     Thus, r  17 cot  31.89   27.32 feet and
  4    4 
 1 1 the diameter is 2  27.32   54.64 feet.
Let   cos 1    . Since cos    and
 4 4
0     ,  is in quadrant II, and we let
726
r v0 t
c. From part (b), we get h  . b. sec  
cot  x
The radius is
22
 61 feet. x sec   6175  sec  22.3 
v0  
2 t 2.27
r 61  2940.23 ft/sec
h   37.96 feet.
cot  22.5 /14
Thus, the height is 37.96 feet. x
82. Let. y  cot 1 x  cos 1
x 12
80. a. Since the diameter of the base is 6.68 feet,
3
6.68
we have r   3.34 feet. Thus, 2
2
 3.34 
  cot 1    50.14
 4   
r
b.   cot 1 

h 2
cot  
r
 h
r Note that the range of y  cot 1 x is  0,   , so
h cot 
1
Here we have   50.14 and r  4 feet. tan 1 will not work.
x
4
Thus, h   4.79 feet. The
cot  50.14  1
83. y  sec 1 x  cos 1
bunker will be 4.79 feet high. x

 4.22 
c. TG  cot 1    54.88
 6 
From part (a) we have USGA  50.14 . For
steep bunkers, a larger angle of repose is  
required. Therefore, the Tour Grade 50/50 
sand is better suited since it has a larger
angle of repose. 1
84. y  csc 1 x  sin 1
2x x
81. a. cot   _
2 y  gt 2 2
 2x 
  cot 1 
 2 y  gt 2 
   
The artillery shell begins at the origin and
lands at the coordinates  6175, 2450  . Thus,
 _
  2
2  6175
  cot 1  
 2  2450  32.2 2.27 2 
   
 cot 1  2.437858   22.3
The artilleryman used an angle of elevation
of 22.3 .
727
85 – 86. Answers will vary. 3. 4 x2  x  5  0

87. f ( x)  4 x 4  21x 2  100  4 x  5 x  1  0
4 x  21x  100  0
4 2 4 x  5  0 or x  1  0
( x  4)( x  25)  0
2 2 5
x or x  1
4
x 4 0
2
or x  25  0
2
 5
x  2 or x  5i The solution set is 1,  .
 4
So the solution set is:  2, 2, 5i,5i
88. f (  x )  (  x )3  (  x ) 2  (  x ) 4. x 2  x  1  0
  1   1  4 1 1
2
  x3  x 2  x  f ( x)
x
So the function is not even. 2 1
f (  x )  (  x )3  (  x ) 2  (  x ) 1 1 4

 ( x3  x 2  x)   f ( x) 2
So the function is not odd. 1 5

   7 2
89. 315   radians
 180  4 The solution set is 
1  5 1  5 
, .
 2 2 
5
90. 75 
12 5. (2 x  1) 2  3(2 x  1)  4  0
s  r
(2 x  1)  1(2 x  1)  4  0
 5 
 6  2 x(2 x  5)  0
 12 
2 x  0 or 2 x  5  0
5
  7.85 in. 5
2 x  0 or x
2
 5
The solution set is 0,  .
 2
Section 6.3 6. 5 x3  2  x  x 2
Let y1  5 x3  2 and y2  x  x 2 . Use
1. 3x  5   x  1
INTERSECT to find the solution(s):
4x  6

6 3
x 
4 2
3  
2

2 1 In this case, the graphs only intersect in one
2. , 
2 2 location, so the equation has only one solution.
Rounding as directed, the solutions set is 0.76 .
7. False because of the circular nature of the

functions.
8. True
728
Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations
9. True 17. tan   1  0

tan   1
10. False, 2 is outside the range of the sin function.
3
   k  , k is any integer
11. d 4
 3 7 
12. a On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  .
4 4 
13. 2sin   3  2
18. 3 cot   1  0
2sin   1
3 cot   1
1
sin   
2 1 3
cot    
7 11 3 3
  2k  or    2k  , k is any integer
6 6 2
  k  , k is any integer
 7  11  3
On 0    2 , the solution set is  , .
6 6   2 5 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  .
3 3
1
14. 1  cos   19. 4sec   6   2
2
1 4sec    8
1  cos  
2 sec    2
1 2 4
 cos    2k  or    2k  , k is any integer
2 3 3
 5  2 4  
   2k  or    2k  , k is any integer On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  .
3 3 3 3
  5 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  . 20. 5csc   3  2
3 3 
5csc   5
15. 2sin   1  0 csc   1
2sin   1 
   2k  , k is any integer
1 2
sin   
2 
On 0    2 , the solution set is   .
7 11 2
  2k  or    2k  , k is any integer
6 6
21. 3 2 cos   2  1
 7  11 
6 6  3 2 cos    3
1 2
16. cos   1  0 cos    
2 2
cos   1
3 5
    2k  , k is any integer    2k  or    2k  , k is any integer
4 4
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is   .
 3 5 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  .
4 4
729
22. 4sin   3 3  3 26. 4 cos 2   3  0

4sin    2 3 4 cos 2   3
2 3 3 3
sin     cos 2  
4 2 4
4 5 3
  2k  or    2k  , k is any integer cos   
3 3 2
 4  5   5
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  .   k  or    k  , k is any integer
3 3 6 6
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
23. 4 cos 2   1   5 7 11 
 , , , .
1 6 6 6 6 
cos 2  
4
1 27. sin  3   1
cos   
2 3
3   2k 
 2 2
  k  or    k  , k is any integer  2k 
3 3   , k is any integer
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is 2 3
  2 4 5  On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
 , , , .   7  11 
3 3 3 3   , , .
2 6 6 
1
24. tan 2    
3 28. tan    3
1 3 2
tan      
3 3  k , k is any integer
 5 2 3
   k  or    k , k is any integer 2
6 6   2 k , k is any integer
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is 3
  5 7 11   2 
On 0    2 , the solution set is   .
 , , , . 3
6 6 6 6 
1
25. 2sin 2   1  0 29. cos  2   
2
2sin 2   1 2 4
1 2   2k or 2   2k
sin 2   3 3
2  2
   k or    k , k is any integer
1 2 3 3
sin    
2 2 On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
 3   2 4 5 
   k or    k , k is any integer  , , , .
4 4 3 3 3 3 
  3 5 7   30. tan  2   1
 , , , . 3
4 4 4 4  2   k , k is any integer
4
3 k 
   , k is any integer
8 2
730
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is   

35. tan     1
 3 7 11 15  2 3
 , , , .
8 8 8 8    
   k
2 3 4
3
31. sec  2  
2    k
2 12
3 2 3 4
  2k or   2k 
2 3 2 3     2k  , k is any integer
6
4 4k 8 4k
  or    , 11 
9 3 9 3 On 0    2 , the solution set is  .
k is any integer  6 
   1
 4 8 16  36. cos    
 , , . 3 4 2
9 9 9 
     5
   2k  or    2k 
2 3 4 3 3 4 3
32. cot  3
3  7  23
  2k  or   2k 
2 5 3 12 3 12
  k , k is any integer
3 6 7 23
  6k  or   6k  ,
5 3k 4 4
  , k is any integer k is any integer.
4 2
 5   7 
On 0    2 , the solution set is   . On 0    2 , the solution set is   .
4 4
  1
33. cos  2    1 37. sin  
 2 2
   5 
2     2k      2k or    2k  , k is any
2  6 6 
3 integer. Six solutions are
2   2k 
2  5 13 17  25 29
 , , , , , .
3 6 6 6 6 6 6
   k  , k is any integer
4
38. tan   1
 3 7 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  .   
4 4     k   , k is any integer
 4 
   5 9 13 17  21
34. sin  3    1 Six solutions are   , , , , , .
 18  4 4 4 4 4 4
 
3    2k  3
18 2 39. tan   
4 3
3   2k 
9  5 
    k   , k is any integer
4 2k   6 
  , k is any integer
27 3 Six solutions are
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is 5 11 17  23 29 35
 , , , , , .
 4 22 40  6 6 6 6 6 6
 , , .
 27 27 27 
731
3  8 10 
40. cos        4k  or    4k   , k is any
2  3 3 
 5 7  integer. Six solutions are
    2k  or    2k   , k is any
8 10 20 22 32 34
 6 6   , , , , , .
integer. Six solutions are 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 7  17  19 29 31 
 , , , , , . 46. tan  1
6 6 6 6 6 6 2
 3
41. cos   0   k , k is any integer
2 4
  3 
    2k  or  =  2k   , k is any  3 
 2 2      2k  , k is any integer
 2 
integer
Six solutions are
 3 5 7  9 11
Six solutions are   , , , , , . 3 7 11 15 19 23
2 2 2 2 2 2  , , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 47. sin   0.4
42. sin  
2   sin 1  0.4   0.41
  3    0.41 or     0.41  2.73 .
    2k  or    2k  , k is any
 4 4  The solution set is 0.41, 2.73 .
integer
 3 9 11 17 19 48. cos   0.6
Six solutions are   , , , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4   cos1  0.6   0.93
1   0.93 or   2  0.93  5.36 .
43. cos  2   
2 The solution set is 0.93, 5.36 .
2 4
2   2k  or 2   2k , k is any integer 49. tan   5
3 3
  2    tan 1  5   1.37
    k  or    k  , k is any integer
 3 3    1.37 or     1.37  4.51 .
 2 4 5 7 8 The solution set is 1.37, 4.51 .
Six solutions are   , , , , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3
50. cot   2
44. sin  2   1 1
tan  
3 2
2   2k , k is any integer
2 1
  tan 1    0.46
 3    2
    k  , k is any integer
  0.46 or     0.46  3.61 .
 4 
Six solutions are The solution set is 0.46, 3.61 .
3 7 11 15 19 23
 , , , , , . 51. cos   0.9
4 4 4 4 4 4
  cos 1  0.9   2.69
 3
45. sin    2.69 or   2  2.69  3.59 .
2 2
The solution set is 2.69, 3.59 .
 4  5
  2k  or   2k , k is any integer
2 3 2 3
732
52. sin   0.2 57. 3sin   2  0

  sin 1
 0.2   0.20 3sin   2
  0.20  2 or      0.20  . sin  
2
 6.08  3.34 3
The solution set is 3.34, 6.08 . 2
  sin 1    0.73
 3
53. sec   4   0.73 or     0.73  2.41 .
cos   
4
 1 58. 4 cos   3  0
  cos 1     1.82
 4 4 cos   3
  1.82 or   2  1.82  4.46 . 3
cos   
The solution set is 1.82, 4.46 . 4
 3
54. csc   3   cos 1     2.42
 4
1   2.42 or   2  2.42  3.86 .
sin   
 1
  sin 1     0.34
 3
 59. 2 cos 2   cos   0
  0.34  2 or      0.34  . cos  (2 cos   1)  0
 5.94  3.48 cos   0 or 2 cos   1  0
The solution set is 3.48, 5.94 .  3 2 cos   1
 ,
2 2 1
55. 5 tan   9  0 cos   
2
5 tan   9 2 4
 ,
9 3 3
tan   
5   2 4  3 
The solution set is  , , , .
 9 2 3 3 2 
  tan 1     1.064
 5
  1.064   or   1.064  2 60. sin 2   1  0
 2.08  5.22 (sin   1)(sin   1)  0
The solution set is 2.08, 5.22 . sin   1  0 or sin   1  0
sin   1 sin   1
56. 4 cot   5 3 
5  
cot    2 2
4   3  
4 The solution set is  , .
tan    2 2 
5
 4
  tan 1     0.675
 5

  0.675   or   0.675  2 .
 2.47  5.61
733
61. 2sin 2   sin   1  0 65. sin 2   cos 2   1  cos 

(2sin   1)(sin   1)  0 1  cos    cos
2 2
  1  cos 
2sin   1  0 or sin   1  0
1  2 cos 2   1  cos 
2sin   1 sin   1
2 cos 2   cos   0
1 
sin      cos   2 cos   1  0
2 2
7  11 cos   0 or 2 cos   1  0
 ,
6 6  3 1
 , cos   
  7 11  2 2 2
The solution set is  , , . 2 4
2 6 6  , 
3 3
62. 2 cos 2   cos   1  0   2 4 3 
(cos   1)(2 cos   1)  0 2 3 3 2 
cos   1  0 or 2 cos   1  0
66. cos 2   sin 2   sin   0
cos   1 2 cos   1
  1 1  sin    sin
2 2
  sin   0
cos  
2 1  2sin   sin   0
2
 5 2sin 2   sin   1  0
 ,
3 3
 
 2sin   1 sin   1  0
 5 
The solution set is  ,  , . 2sin   1  0 or sin   1  0
3 3 
1 sin   1
sin   
63. (tan   1)(sec   1)  0 2 

tan   1  0 or sec   1  0 7 11 2
 ,
tan   1 sec   1 6 6
 5   7 11 
The solution set is  , , .
 ,  0 2 6 6 
4 4
  5 
The solution set is 0, , . 67. sin 2   6  cos     1
 4 4 
sin 2   6  cos    1
 1 1  cos 2   6 cos   6
64. (cot   1)  csc     0
 2
cos 2   6 cos   5  0
1
cot   1  0 or csc    0
2
 cos   5 cos   1  0
cot   1 cos   5  0 or cos   1  0
1
3 7  csc  
 , 2 cos   5 cos   1
4 4 (not possible) (not possible)  
 3 7 
The solution set is  , The solution set is   .
.
4 4 
734
68. 2sin 2   3 1  cos     71. tan   2sin 

sin 
2sin   3 1  cos  
2
 2sin 
cos 
 
2 1  cos 2   3 1  cos   sin   2sin  cos 
2  2 cos   3  3cos 
2
0  2sin  cos   sin 
2 cos   3cos   1  0
2 0  sin  (2 cos   1)
 2 cos   1 cos   1  0 2 cos   1  0 or sin   0
2 cos   1  0 or cos   1  0 1   0, 
cos  
2
1 cos   1
cos    5
2  0  ,
3 3
 5
 ,   5 
3 3 The solution set is 0, ,  , .
 3 3 
  5 
The solution set is 0, , .
 3 3  72. tan   cot 
1
69. cos    sin    tan  
tan 
cos      sin  
tan 2   1
cos   sin  tan   1
sin   3 5 7 
1  , , ,
cos  4 4 4 4
tan   1   3 5 7 
 5 The solution set is  , , , .
 , 4 4 4 4 
4 4
  5  73. 1  sin   2 cos 2 
The solution set is  , .
4 4  1  sin   2(1  sin 2  )
1  sin   2  2sin 2 
70. cos   sin     0
2sin 2   sin   1  0
cos     sin     0
(2sin   1)(sin   1)  0
cos   sin   0 2sin   1  0 or sin   1  0
sin    cos  1 sin   1
sin  
sin  2 3
 1 
cos   5 2
 ,
tan   1 6 6
3 7   5 3 
 , The solution set is  , , .
4 4 6 6 2 
 3 7 
 4 4 
735
74. sin 2   2 cos   2 78. 4(1  sin  )  cos 2 

1  cos 2   2 cos   2 4  4sin   1  sin 2 
cos 2   2 cos   1  0 sin 2   4sin   3  0
 cos   1
2
0  sin   1 sin   3  0
cos   1  0 sin   1  0 or sin   3  0
cos   1 sin   1 sin   3
  3 (not possible)

The solution set is   . 2
 3 
75. 2sin   5sin   3  0
2
 2 
 2sin   3 sin   1  0
3
2sin   3  0 or sin   1  0 79. tan 2   sec 
2
3  3
sin   (not possible)  sec 2   1  sec 
2 2 2
  2sec 2   2  3sec 
2
2sec 2   3sec   2  0
76. 2 cos   7 cos   4  0
2
(2sec   1)(sec   2)  0
 2 cos   1 cos   4   0 2sec   1  0 or sec   2  0
2 cos   1  0 or cos   4  0 1 sec   2
sec   
1 cos   4 2  5
sin     ,
2 (not possible) (not possible) 3 3
2 4    5 
 , The solution set is  ,
3 3 .
3 3 
 2 4 
 3 3  80. csc2   cot   1
1  cot 2   cot   1
77. 3(1  cos  )  sin  2
cot 2   cot   0
3  3cos   1  cos  2
cot  (cot   1)  0
cos   3cos   2  0
2
cot   0 or cot   1
 cos   1 cos   2   0  3  5
 ,  ,
cos   1  0 or cos   2  0 2 2 4 4
cos   1 cos   2    5 3 
 0 (not possible) 4 2 4 2 
The solution set is 0 .
81. sec 2   tan   0
tan 2   1  tan   0
This equation is quadratic in tan  .
The discriminant is b 2`  4ac  1  4  3  0 .
The equation has no real solutions.
736
82. sec   tan   cot  85. 22 x  17 sin x  3

1 sin  cos  Find the intersection of Y1  22 x  17 sin x and
 
cos  cos  sin  Y2  3 :
1 sin 2   cos 2  

cos  sin  cos 
1 1
  
cos  sin  cos 
sin  cos 
1
cos  
sin  1 x  0.52

 86. 19 x  8cos x  2
2
  Find the intersection of Y1  19 x  8cos x and
Since sec   and tan   do not exist, the
2
  2 Y2  2 :
equation has no real solutions. 
83. x  5cos x  0
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1  x  5cos x :  
 

    x   0.30
87. sin x  cos x  x

 
 Find the intersection of Y1  sin x  cos x and
Y2  x :
  
  
x  1.31, 1.98, 3.84
84. x  4sin x  0 
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1  x  4sin x : x  1.26
 
88. sin x  cos x  x
Find the intersection of Y1  sin x  cos x and
   
Y2  x :

 

 
 

 x  1.26
x   2.47, 0, 2.47
737
89. x 2  2 cos x  0 93. 6sin x  e x  2, x  0

Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1  x 2  2 cos x : Find the intersection of Y1  6sin x  e x and
  Y2  2 :
 
   
   
 
x  1.02, 1.02  
x  0.76, 1.35
90. x 2  3sin x  0
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1  x 2  3sin x : 94. 4 cos(3 x)  e x  1, x  0
  Find the intersection of Y1  4 cos(3 x)  e x and
Y2  1 :
    
   
x  1.72, 0

91. x 2  2sin  2 x   3 x
x  0.31
Find the intersection of Y1  x 2  2sin  2 x  and
Y2  3 x : 95. f  x  0
4sin x  3  0
2
 
4sin 2 x  3
3
sin 2 x 
4
 
  

  3 3
sin x  

  4 2
x  0, 2.15  2
x   k or x   k , k is any integer
3 3
92. x 2  x  3cos(2 x ) On the interval  0, 2 , the zeros of f are
Find the intersection of Y1  x 2 and  2 4 5
, , , .
Y2  x  3cos(2 x) : 3 3 3 3
 
   
 
x   0.62, 0.81
738
96. f  x  0  11 7
interval  2 , 4 is  x  x
2 cos  3 x   1  0  6 6
2 cos  3 x   1  5 13 17 
or  x  or x .
1 6 6 6 6 
cos  3 x   
2
98. a. f  x  0
2 4
3x   2k or 3x   2k 2 cos x  0
3 3
2 2k 4 2k cos x  0
x  or x   ,  3
9 3 9 3 x  2k or x   2k , k is any
k is any integer 2 2
On the interval  0,  , the zeros of f are integer
On the interval  2 , 4 , the zeros of f are
2 4 8
, , . 3   3 5 7
9 9 9  , , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2 2
97. a. f  x  0 b. f  x   2 cos x
3sin x  0
sin x  0
x  0  2k or x    2k , k is any integer
On the interval  2 , 4 , the zeros of f are
2, , 0, , 2, 3, 4 .
b. f  x   3sin x
c. f  x   3
2 cos x   3
3
cos x  
2
5 7
x  2k or x   2k , k is any
6 6
integer
c.
3
f  x  On the interval  2 , 4 , the solution set is
2
 7 5 5 7 17 19 
3  ,  , , , , .
3sin x   6 6 6 6 6 6 
2
1 d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
sin x 
2 part (c), the solutions of f  x    3 on the
 5  7 5
x  2k or x   2k , k is any integer interval  2 , 4 is  x  x
6 6 6 6

On the interval  2 , 4 , the solution set is 5 7 17  19 
or x or x .
 11 7  5 13 17   6 6 6 6 
 , , , , , .
 6 6 6 6 6 6 
d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
3
part (c), the solutions of f  x   on the
2
739
99. f  x   4 tan x 7
101. a, d. f  x   3sin  2 x   2 ; g  x  
a. f  x   4 2
4 tan x  4
tan x  1
  
 x x    k  , k is any integer
 4 
b. f  x   4
4 tan x  4
tan x  1
Graphing y1  tan x and y2  1 on the
b. f  x  g  x
  
interval   ,  , we see that y1  y2 for 7
 2 2 3sin  2 x   2 
     2
  x   or   ,   . 3
2 4  2 4 3sin  2 x  
 2
1
sin  2 x  
 2

 
2 2  5
2x   2k or 2 x   2k
6 6
  5
x  k or x  k ,
12 12
100. f  x   cot x k is any integer
f  x   3   5 
a. On  0,  , the solution set is  ,  .
12 12 
cot x   3
 5  c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
x x   k  , k is any integer part (b), the solution of f  x   g  x  on
 6 
  5    5 
b. f  x   3 0,  is  x  x   or  ,  .
 12 12   12 12 
cot x   3
x
Graphing y1 
1
and y2   3 on the 102. a, d. f  x   2 cos  3 ; g  x   4
tan x 2
interval  0,   , we see that y1  y2 for
5  5 
0 x or  0, .
6  6 

 

740
b. f  x  g  x c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

x part (b), the solution of f  x   g  x  on
2 cos  3  4
2  2 4   2 4 
x
0, 2  is x x  or  , .
2 cos  1  3 3   3 3 
2
x 1 104. a, d. f  x   2sin x ; g  x   2sin x  2
cos 
2 2
x  x 5
  2k or   2k
2 3 2 3
2 10
x  4k or x   4k ,
3 3
k is any integer
 2 10 
On  0, 4  , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
b. f  x  g  x
part (b), the solution of f  x   g  x  on
2sin x  2sin x  2
 2 10   2 10 
0, 4 is  x x  or  , . 4sin x  2
 3 3   3 3 
2 1
sin x  
103. a, d. f  x   4 cos x ; g  x   2 cos x  3 4 2
 5
x  2k or x   2k ,
6 6
k is any integer
  5 
On  0, 2  , the solution set is  ,  .
6 6 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
part (b), the solution of f  x   g  x  on
  5    5 
0, 2 is  x  x   or  , .
 6 6 6 6 
 7 
105. P  t   100  20sin  t
 3 
b. f  x  g  x
a. Solve P  t   100 on the interval  0,1 .
4 cos x  2 cos x  3
 7 
6 cos x  3 100  20sin  t   100
 3 
3 1
cos x    7 
6 2 20sin  t  0
 3 
2 4
x  2k or x   2k ,  7 
3 3 sin  t  0
k is any integer  3 
 2 4  7
On  0, 2  , the solution set is  , . t  k , k is any integer
 3 3  3
3
t  k , k is any integer
7
We need 0  73 k  1 , or 0  k  7 .
3
741
For k  0 , t  0 sec. the results from part (a), the blood pressure
3 will be between 100 mmHg and 105 mmHg
For k  1 , t   0.43 sec. for values of t (in seconds) in the interval
7
6
0, 0.03  0.39, 0.43  0.86, 0.89 .
For k  2 , t   0.86 sec.
7  
The blood pressure will be 100 mmHg after 106. h  t   125sin  0.157t    125
 2
0 seconds, 0.43 seconds, and 0.86 seconds.
 
a. Solve h  t   125sin  0.157t    125  125
b. Solve P  t   120 on the interval  0,1 .  2
 7  on the interval  0, 40 .
100  20sin  t   120
 3   
125sin  0.157t    125  125
 7   2
20sin  t   20
 3   
125sin  0.157t    0
 7   2
sin  t 1
 3   
sin  0.157t    0
7   2
t  2 k  , k is any integer
3 2 
0.157t   k , k is any integer
3  2k  12  2
t , k is any integer 
7 0.157t  k  , k is any integer
We need 2
3  2k  12  
k 
0 1 2 , k is any integer
7 t
0.157
0  2k  12  73 
0
 12  2k  11
6 For k  0, t  2  10 seconds .
0.157
1 11
 4  k  12 

3 For k  1, t  2  30 seconds .
For k  0 , t   0.21 sec 0.157
14
The blood pressure will be 120mmHg after 
2 
0.21 sec . 2  50 seconds .
For k  2, t 
0.157
c. Solve P  t   105 on the interval  0,1 .
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual
 7  on the Ferris wheel is exactly 125 feet above
100  20sin  t   105
 3  the ground when t  10 seconds and again
 7  when t  30 seconds .
20sin  t  5
 3   
b. Solve h  t   125sin  0.157t    125  250
 7  3  2
sin  t 
 3  4 on the interval  0,80 .
7 3  
t  sin 1   125sin  0.157t    125  250
3 4  2
3 3  
t sin 1   125sin  0.157t    125
7 4  2
On the interval  0,1 , we get t  0.03  
sin  0.157t    1
seconds, t  0.39 seconds, and t  0.89  2
seconds. Using this information, along with
742
  107. d  x   70sin  0.65 x   150

0.157t    2k , k is any integer
2 2 a. d  0   70sin  0.65  0    150
0.157t    2k , k is any integer
 70sin  0   150
  2k
t , k is any integer  150 miles
0.157
 b. Solve d  x   70sin  0.65 x   150  100 on
For k  0, t   20 seconds .
0.157 the interval  0, 20 .
  2
For k  1, t   60 seconds . 70sin  0.65 x   150  100
0.157
  4 70sin  0.65 x   50
For k  2, t   100 seconds .
0.157 5
sin  0.65 x   
So during the first 80 seconds, an individual 7
on the Ferris wheel is exactly 250 feet above  5
the ground when t  20 seconds and again 0.65 x  sin 1     2 k
 7
when t  60 seconds .
 5
sin 1     2 k
   7
c. Solve h  t   125sin  0.157t    125  125 x
 2 0.65
on the interval  0, 40 . 3.94  2 k 5.94  2 k
x or x  ,
  0.65 0.65
125sin  0.157t    125  125 k is any integer
 2
 3.94  0 5.94  0
 For k  0 , x  or x 
125sin  0.157t    0 0.65 0.65
 2
 6.06 min  8.44 min
 
sin  0.157t    0 3.94  2 5.94  2
 2 For k  1 , x  or x 
 0.65 0.65

Graphing y1  sin  0.157 x   and y2  0  15.72 min  18.11 min
 2
on the interval  0, 40 , we see that y1  y2 for For k  2 ,
3.94  4 5.94  4
10  x  30 . x or x 
 0.65 0.65
 25.39 min  27.78 min
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding
pattern, the plane is exactly 100 miles from
 
the airport when x  6.06 minutes ,
x  8.44 minutes , x  15.72 minutes , and
x  18.11 minutes .

So during the first 40 seconds, an individual c. Solve d  x   70sin  0.65 x   150  100 on
on the Ferris wheel is more than 125 feet the interval  0, 20 .
above the ground for times between about 10
70sin  0.65 x   150  100
and 30 seconds. That is, on the interval
10  x  30 , or 10, 30  . 70sin  0.65 x   50
5
sin  0.65 x   
7
5
Graphing y1  sin  0.65 x  and y2   on
7
743
the interval  0, 20 , we see that y1  y2 for b. Solve R    672sin  2   540 on the
0  x  6.06 , 8.44  x  15.72 , and  
18.11  x  20 . interval 0,  .
 2

672sin  2   540
540 135
  sin  2   
672 168
 135 
2  sin 1    2k
  168 
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding  135 
pattern, the plane is more than 100 miles sin 1    2k
from the airport before 6.06 minutes,   168 
between 8.44 and 15.72 minutes, and after 2
18.11 minutes. 0.9333  2k 2.2083  2k
 or   ,
d. No, the plane is never within 70 miles of the 2 2
airport while in the holding pattern. The k is any integer
minimum value of sin  0.65x  is 1 . Thus, 0.9330  0 2.2083  0
For k  0 ,   or  
the least distance that the plane is from the 2 2
airport is 70  1  150  80 miles.  0.46665  1.10415
 26.74  63.26
108. R    672sin  2 
0.9330  2 2.2083  2
a. Solve R    672sin  2   450 on the For k  1 ,   or  
2 2
   3.608  4.246
interval  0,  .
 2  206.72  243.28
672sin  2   450 So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 26.74 or 63.26 .
450 225
sin  2    c. Solve R    672sin  2   480 on the
672 336
 225   
2  sin 1    2k interval 0,  .
 336   2
 225  672sin  2   480
sin 1    2k
  336  480
sin  2  
2 672
0.7337  2k 2.408  2k 5
 or   , sin  2  
2 2 7
k is any integer 5
Graphing y1  sin  2 x  and y2  on the
0.7337  0 2.408  0 7
For k  0 ,   or  
2 2  
interval 0,  and using INTERSECT, we
 0.36685  1.204  2
 21.02  68.98 see that y1  y2 when 0.3978  x  1.1730
radians, or 22.79  x  67.21 .
0.7337  2 2.408  2
For k  1 ,   or   
2 2
 3.508  4.3456
 200.99  248.98  

2
So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 21.02 or 68.98 .

744
 3 4
c. Graph Y1   and use the
cos x sin x
 
 MINIMUM feature:
2


So, the golf ball will travel at least 480 feet
if the angle is between about 22.79 and
67.21 .  

d. No; since the maximum value of the sine
function is 1, the farthest the golfer can hit An angle of   47.74 minimizes the
the ball is 672 1  672 feet. length at L  9.87 feet .
109. Find the first two positive intersection points of d. For this problem, only one minimum length
Y1   x and Y2  tan x . exists. This minimum length is 9.87 feet,
and it occurs when   47.74 . No matter
  if we find the minimum algebraically (using
    calculus) or graphically, the minimum will
be the same.
(34.8) 2 sin  2 
111. a. 107 
  9.8
The first two positive solutions are x  2.03 and 107(9.8)
sin  2    0.8659
x  4.91 . (34.8) 2
2  sin 1  0.8659 
110. a. Let L be the length of the ladder with x and
y being the lengths of the two parts in each 2  60º or 120º
hallway.   30º or 60º
L  x y
b. Notice that the answers to part (a) add up to
3 4 90 . The maximum distance will occur
cos   sin  
x y when the angle of elevation is 90  2  45 :
x
3 4 (34.8)2 sin  2  45  
y R  45    123.6
cos  sin  9.8
3 4 The maximum distance is 123.6 meters.
L( )    3sec   4 csc 
cos  sin 
(34.8) 2 sin(2 x)
c. Let Y1 
3sec  tan   4 csc  cot   0 9.8

3sec  tan   4 csc  cot 
sec  tan  4

csc  cot  3
4
tan 3    
3 
4 d.
tan   3  1.10064
3
  47.74º
3 4
b. L  47.74º   
cos  47.74º  sin  47.74º 
 9.87 feet
745
sin 50
114.  1.66
sin  2
1.66sin  2  sin 50
sin 50
sin  2   0.4615
(40) sin(2 )
2
1.66
112. a. 110 
9.8  2  sin 1  0.4615   27.48
110  9.8
sin(2 )   0.67375 115. Calculate the index of refraction for each:
402
v1 sin 1
2  sin 1  0.67375  1 2 
v2 sin  2
2  42.4º or 137.6º sin10º
10º 8º  1.2477
  21.2º or 68.8º sin 8º
sin 20º
b. The maximum distance will occur when the 20º 15º 30 '  15.5º  1.2798
angle of elevation is 45 : sin15.5º
sin 30º
(40) 2 sin  2(45)  30º 22º 30 '  22.5º  1.3066
R  45    163.3 sin 22.5º
9.8 sin 40º
The maximum distance is approximately 40º 29º 0 '  29º  1.3259
sin 29º
163.3 meter sin 50º
50º 35º 0 '  35º  1.3356
(40) 2 sin(2 x) sin 35º
c. Let Y1  : sin 60º
9.8 60º 40º 30 '  40.5º  1.3335
 sin 40.5º
sin 70º
70º 45º 30 '  45.5º  1.3175
sin 45.5º
sin 80º
80º 50º 0 '  50º  1.2856
sin 50º
  Yes, these data values agree with Snell’s Law.

The results vary from about 1.25 to 1.34.
d.
v1 2.998  108
116.   1.56
v2 1.92  108
The index of refraction for this liquid is about
1.56.
117. Calculate the index of refraction:
sin 1 sin 40º
1  40º ,  2  26º ;   1.47
sin  2 sin 26º
sin 40
113.  1.33 118. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.
sin  2
sin 30º
1.33sin  2  sin 40  1.52
sin  2
sin 40
sin  2   0.4833 1.52sin  2  sin 30
1.33
sin 30
 2  sin 1  0.4833  28.90 sin  2   0.3289
1.52
 2  sin 1  0.3352   19.20
The angle of refraction is about 19.20 .
746
Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities
119. If  is the original angle of incidence and  is 10 3 10

125. sin    , cos  
sin  10 10
the angle of refraction, then  n2 . The
sin   10 
angle of incidence of the emerging beam is also  
sin   10  10 10 1
1 tan      
 , and the index of refraction is . Thus,  is cos   3 10  10 3 10 3
n2  10 
 
the angle of refraction of the emerging beam.
The two beams are parallel since the original 1 1  10  10
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of csc     1     10
sin   10   10  10
the emerging beam are equal.   10 
 
1 1 10 10 10
sec      
cos   3 10  3 10 10 3
 10 
 
1
cot    3
tan 
126. y  2sin  2 x   
120. Here we have n1  1.33 and n2  1.52 .
Amplitude: A  2 2
n1 sin  B  n2 cos B
2 2
sin  B n2 Period: T  
  2
cos  B n1
  
n2 Phase Shift:  
tan  B   2 2
n1
n2  1.52 
 B  tan 1  tan 1    48.8
n1  1.33 
121. Answers will vary.
122. Since the range of y  sin x is 1  y  1 , then
y  5sin x  x cannot be equal to 3 when
x  4 or x   since you are multiplying the
result by 5 and adding x.
123. 6 x  y  x  log 6 y
 ( 9)  ( 9) 2  4(2)(8) Section 6.4

124. x 
2(2)
1. True
9  81  64

4 2. True
9  17 3. identity; conditional

4
4. 1
 9  17 9  17 
So the solution set is:  , .
 4 4  5. 0
6. True
747
7. False, you need to work with one side only.  sin   cos   sin   cos    1
17.
8. True sin  cos 
sin   2sin  cos   cos 2   1
2
9. c 
sin  cos 
10. b sin 2   cos 2   2sin  cos   1

sin  cos 
sin  1 1 1  2sin  cos   1
11. tan   csc     
cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 
2sin  cos 
cos  1 1 
12. cot   sec     sin  cos 
sin  cos  sin 
2
cos  1  sin  cos  1  sin  
13.    tan   1 tan   1  sec2 
1  sin  1  sin  1  sin 2  18.
tan 
cos  1  sin  
 tan   2 tan   1  sec2 
2
cos 2  
tan 
1  sin 
 tan   1  2 tan   sec2 
2
cos  
tan 
sin  1  cos  sin  1  cos   sec   2 tan   sec2 
2
14.   
1  cos  1  cos  1  cos 2  tan 
sin  1  cos   2 tan 
 
sin 2  tan 
1  cos  2

sin 
3sin 2   4sin   1  3sin   1 sin   1
19. 
sin   cos  cos   sin  sin 2   2sin   1  sin   1 sin   1
15. 
cos  sin  3sin   1

sin   sin  cos   cos   cos   sin  
2
sin   1

sin  cos 
sin 2   sin  cos   cos 2   cos  sin 
cos 2   1  cos   1 cos   1
20. 
 cos 2   cos  cos   cos   1
sin  cos 
sin 2   cos 2   sin  cos   cos  sin  cos   1
 
sin  cos  cos 
1
 1 cos 
sin  cos  21. csc   cos    cos    cot 
sin  sin 
1 1 1  cos v  1  cos v
16.   1 sin 
1  cos v 1  cos v 1  cos v 1  cos v  22. sec   sin    sin    tan 
cos  cos 
2

1  cos 2 v 23. 1  tan 2 ( )  1  ( tan  ) 2  1  tan 2   sec2 
2

sin 2 v 24. 1  cot 2 ( )  1  ( cot  ) 2  1  cot 2   csc2 
748
 sin  cos   34. (1  cos 2  )(1  cot 2  )  sin 2   csc2 

25. cos  (tan   cot  )  cos    
 cos  sin   1
 sin 2   2
 sin 2   cos 2   sin 
 cos   
 cos  sin   1
 1 
 cos    35. (sin   cos  ) 2  (sin   cos  ) 2
 cos  sin  
 sin 2   2sin  cos   cos 2 
1
  sin 2   2sin  cos   cos 2 
sin 
 csc   2sin 2   2 cos 2 
 2(sin 2   cos 2  )
 cos  sin  
26. sin  (cot   tan  )  sin      2 1
 sin  cos  
2
 cos 2   sin 2  
 sin   
 sin  cos   36. tan 2  cos 2   cot 2  sin 2 
 1  sin 2  cos 2 
 sin      cos 2    sin 2 
 sin  cos   cos 2
sin 2 

1  sin 2   cos 2 
cos  1
 sec 
37. sec 4   sec2   sec 2  (sec2   1)
1
27. tan u cot u  cos 2 u  tan u   cos 2 u  (tan 2   1) tan 2 
tan u
 1  cos 2 u  tan 4   tan 2 
 sin 2 u 38. csc 4   csc2   csc2  (csc2   1)

1  (cot 2   1) cot 2 
28. sin u csc u  cos u  sin u 
2
 cos 2 u
sin u  cot 4   cot 2 
 1  cos 2 u
39. csc3 x  cos x cos 2 x
 sin 2 u
 cos x(1  sin 2 x)
29. (sec   1)(sec   1)  sec   1  tan 
2 2
 cos x  sin 2 x cos x
30. (csc   1)(csc   1)  csc2   1  cot 2  40. tan 3 x  tan x  (tan 2 x  1) tan x
 sec2 x tan x
31. (sec   tan  )(sec   tan  )  sec   tan   1
2 2
32. (csc   cot  )(csc   cot  )  csc2   cot 2   1
33. cos 2  (1  tan 2  )  cos 2   sec2 

1
 cos 2  
cos 2 
1
749
1 sin u sin 2  1  cos 2 

41. sec u  tan u   46. 1   1
cos u cos u 1  cos  1  cos 
 1  sin u   1  sin u  (1  cos  )(1  cos  )
    1
 cos u   1  sin u  1  cos 
1  sin 2 u  1  (1  cos  )

cos u (1  sin u )  1  1  cos 
cos 2 u   cos 

cos u (1  sin u ) 1
1
cos u 1  tan v cot v
 47. 
1  sin u 1  tan v 1  1
cot v
1 cos u  1 
42. csc u  cot u   1   cot v
sin u sin u   cot v 
 1  cos u   1  cos u   1 
   1   cot v
 sin u   1  cos u   cot v 
1  cos 2 u cot v  1
 
sin u (1  cos u ) cot v  1
sin 2 u 1
 1
sin u (1  cos u ) csc v  1 sin v
48. 
sin u csc v  1 1
 1
1  cos u sin v
 1 
43. 3sin 2   4 cos 2   3sin 2   3cos 2   cos 2    1 sin v
  sin v 
 3(sin 2   cos 2  )  cos 2   1 
  1 sin v
 3 1  cos 2   sin v 
 3  cos 2  1  sin v

1  sin v
44. 9sec 2   5 tan 2   4sec2   5sec2   5 tan 2 
 4sec 2   5(sec2   tan 2  ) 1
sec  sin  cos  sin 
 4sec 2   5 1 49.   
csc  cos  1 cos 
 5  4sec2  sin 
cos 2  1  sin 2  sin  sin 
45. 1   1  
1  sin  1  sin  cos  cos 
(1  sin  )(1  sin  )  tan   tan 
 1  2 tan 
1  sin 
 1  1  sin  
csc   1 csc   1 csc   1
 1  1  sin  50.  
cot  cot  csc   1
 sin  csc 2   1

cot  (csc   1)
cot 2 

cot  (csc   1)
cot 

csc   1
750
1 cos v 1  sin v cos 2 v  (1  sin v) 2

1 54.  
1  sin  csc  1  sin v cos v cos v(1  sin v)
51. 
1  sin  1  1
cos 2 v  1  2sin v  sin 2 v
csc  
csc   1 cos v(1  sin v)
2  2sin v
 csc  
csc   1 cos v(1  sin v)
csc  2(1  sin v)

csc   1 csc  cos v(1  sin v)
 
csc  csc   1 2
csc   1 
 cos v
csc   1  2sec v
1 1
1
cos   1 sec  sin  sin 
52.  55.   sin 
cos   1 1
1 sin   cos  sin   cos  1
sec  sin 
1  sec  1

 sec  cos 
1  sec  1
sin 
sec 
1
1  sec  
 1  cot 
1  sec 
sin 2  1  cos 2 
1  sin v cos v (1  sin v) 2  cos 2 v 56. 1   1
53.   1  cos  1  cos 
cos v 1  sin v cos v(1  sin v)
1  cos  1  cos  
1  2sin v  sin 2 v  cos 2 v  1
 1  cos 
cos v(1  sin v)  1  1  cos  
1  2sin v  1  cos 

cos v(1  sin v)
2  2sin v 57. (sec   tan  ) 2

cos v(1  sin v)  sec2   2sec  tan   tan 2 
2(1  sin v) 1 1 sin  sin 2 
   2  
cos v(1  sin v) cos 
2
cos  cos  cos 2 
2 1  2sin   sin 2 
 
cos v cos 2 
 2sec v (1  sin  )(1  sin  )

1  sin 2 
(1  sin  )(1  sin  )

(1  sin  )(1  sin  )
1  sin 

1  sin 
751
58. (csc   cot  ) 2 cot  tan 

60. 
 csc   2 csc  cot   cot 
2 2 1  tan  1  cot 
cos  sin 
1 1 cos  cos 2 

sin 2 
 2   
sin  sin  sin 2   sin   cos 
sin  cos 
1 1
1  2 cos   cos 2  cos  sin 

sin 2  cos  sin 
(1  cos  )(1  cos  ) sin  cos 
  
1  cos 2  cos   sin  sin   cos 
(1  cos  )(1  cos  ) cos  sin 

(1  cos  )(1  cos  ) cos 2  sin 2 
 
1  cos  sin  (cos   sin  ) cos  (sin   cos  )

1  cos   cos 2   cos   sin 2   sin 

sin  cos  (sin   cos  )
cos  sin 
59.  sin 3   cos3 
1  tan  1  cot  
sin  cos  (sin   cos  )
cos  sin 
  (sin   cos  )(sin 2   sin  cos   cos 2  )
sin  cos  
1 1
cos  sin  sin  cos  (sin   cos  )
cos  sin  sin 2   sin  cos   cos 2 
  
cos   sin  sin   cos  sin  cos 
cos  sin  sin 
2
sin  cos  cos 2 
  
cos 2
sin 2  sin  cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 
 
cos   sin  sin   cos  sin  cos 
 1
cos 2   sin 2  cos  sin 

cos   sin   1  tan   cot 
(cos   sin  )(cos   sin  )
 cos  sin  cos 
cos   sin  61. tan    
 sin   cos  1  sin  cos  1  sin 
sin  (1  sin  )  cos 2 

cos  (1  sin  )
sin   sin 2   cos 2 

cos  (1  sin  )
sin   1

cos  (1  sin  )
1

cos 
 sec 
752
1 sin  cos 
(sin  cos  )  
sin  cos  cos 2  tan   cot  cos  sin 
62.  65. 
cos   sin  (cos 2   sin 2  )  1
2 2
tan   cot  sin   cos 
cos 2  cos  sin 
sin  sin 2   cos 2 
 cos 2  cos  sin 
sin  sin 2   cos 2 
1
cos 2  cos  sin 
tan  sin 2   cos 2 
 
1  tan 2  1
 sin 2   cos 2 
tan   sec   1
63.
tan   sec   1 1 cos 2 
tan   (sec   1) tan   (sec   1) 
  sec   cos  cos  cos 
66. 
tan   (sec   1) tan   (sec   1) sec   cos  1 cos 2 

tan 2   2 tan  (sec   1)  sec2   2sec   1 cos  cos 

tan 2   (sec2   2sec   1) 1  cos 2 

sec 2   1  2 tan  (sec   1)  sec2   2sec   1  cos 2
sec2   1  sec 2   2sec   1 1  cos 
2sec   2sec   2 tan  (sec   1)
2 cos 
 1  cos 2 
2sec   2 
2sec  (sec   1)  2 tan  (sec   1) 1  cos 2 

2sec   2 sin 2 

2(sec   1)(sec   tan  ) 1  cos 2 

2(sec   1)
sin u cos u
 tan   sec  
tan u  cot u
67.  1  cos u sin u  1
tan u  cot u sin u cos u
sin   cos   1 
64. cos u sin u
sin   cos   1
(sin   cos  )  1 (sin   cos  )  1 sin 2 u  cos 2 u
 
(sin   cos  )  1 (sin   cos  )  1  cos u sin u  1
sin 2 u  cos 2 u
sin 2   cos 2   sin   cos   sin   cos   1 cos u sin u

(sin   cos  ) 2  1 sin 2 u  cos 2 u
 1
sin 2   cos 2   2sin   1 1

sin 2   2sin  cos   cos 2   1  sin 2 u  cos 2 u  1
sin 2   (1  sin 2  )  2sin   1  sin 2 u  (1  cos 2 u )

2sin  cos   1  1
 sin 2 u  sin 2 u
2sin 2   2sin 
  2sin 2 u
2sin  cos 
2sin  (sin   1)

2sin  cos 
sin   1

cos 
753
sin u cos u
 1  tan 2  1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
tan u  cot u 71. 1  
 2 cos 2 u  cos u sin u  2 cos 2 u 1  tan  1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
2
68.
tan u  cot u sin u cos u
 1  tan 2   1  tan 2 
cos u sin u 
1  tan 2 
sin 2 u  cos 2 u 2 2
 
 cos u sin u  2 cos 2 u
1  tan  sec 2 
2
sin 2 u  cos 2 u
1
cos u sin u  2 2
sec 
sin 2 u  cos 2 u
  2 cos 2 u  2 cos 2 
1
 sin 2 u  cos 2 u 1  cot 2  1  cot 2 
72.  2 cos 2    2 cos 2 
1 1  cot 
2
csc 
2
1 cot 2 
1 sin     2 cos 2 
 csc 2  csc 2 
sec   tan  cos  cos 
69.  cos 2 
cot   cos  cos   cos 
 sin 2   sin   2 cos 2 
2
sin 
1  sin  1
cos  sin 2 

cos   cos  sin   sin   cos 2   2 cos 2 
2
sin   sin 2   cos 2 

1  sin  sin  1
 
cos  cos  (1  sin  )
sin  1 sec   csc  sec  csc 
  73.  
cos  cos  sec  csc  sec  csc  sec  csc 
 tan  sec  1 1
 
csc  sec 
1  sin   cos 
sec  cos 
70. 
1  sec  1  1 sin 2   tan 
cos  74.
cos 2   cot 
1 sin 
sin 2  
 cos   cos 
cos   1 cos 
cos  cos  
2
sin 
 1   1  cos   sin  cos   sin 
2
  
 1  cos    1  cos   cos 

1  cos  cos 2  sin   cos 

1  cos 2  sin 
1  cos  sin 2  cos   sin  sin 
  
sin 2  cos  cos  sin   cos 
2
sin  (sin  cos   1) sin 

 
cos  cos  (cos  sin   1)
sin 2 

cos 2 
 tan 2 
754
1 sec   sec    1  sin  

75. sec   cos    cos  79.   
cos  1  sin   1  sin    1  sin  
1  cos 2  sec  (1  sin  )
 
cos  1  sin 2 
sin 2  sec  (1  sin  )
 
cos  cos 2 
sin  1 1  sin 
 sin    
cos  cos  cos 2 
 sin  tan  1  sin 

cos3 
sin  cos 
76. tan   cot   
cos  sin  1  sin  (1  sin  )(1  sin  )
80. 
sin 2   cos 2  1  sin  (1  sin  )(1  sin  )

sin  cos  (1  sin  ) 2
1 
 1  sin 2 
sin  cos  (1  sin  ) 2
1 1 
  cos 2 
cos  sin  2
 sec  csc   1  sin  
 
 cos  
1 1 1  sin   1  sin   1 sin  
2
77.    
1  sin  1  sin  (1  sin  )(1  sin  ) 
 cos  cos  
2  (sec   tan  ) 2

1  sin 2 
2 (sec v  tan v) 2  1
 81.
cos 2  csc v(sec v  tan v)
 2sec 2  sec2 v  2sec v tan v  tan 2 v  1

1  sin  1  sin  csc v(sec v  tan v)
78. 
1  sin  1  sin  sec 2 v  2sec v tan v  sec2 v

(1  sin  ) 2  (1  sin  ) 2 csc v(sec v  tan v)

(1  sin  )(1  sin  ) 2sec 2 v  2sec v tan v

1  2sin   sin 2   (1  2sin   sin 2  ) csc v(sec v  tan v)

1  sin 2  2sec v(sec v  tan v)

4sin  csc v(sec v  tan v)

cos 2  2sec v

sin  1 csc v
 4 
cos  cos  1
2
 4 tan  sec 
 cos v
1
sin v
1 sin v
 2 
cos v 1
sin v
 2
cos v
 2 tan v
755
sec2 v  tan 2 v  tan v 1  tan v sin 3   cos3 

82.  86.
sec v sec v 1  2 cos 2 
1
sin v (sin   cos  )(sin 2   sin  cos   cos 2  )

 cos v 1  cos 2   cos 2 
1
(sin   cos  )(sin 2   cos 2   sin  cos  )
cos v 
sin 2   cos 2 
cos v  sin v
(sin   cos  )(1  sin  cos  )
cos v 
 (sin   cos  )(sin   cos  )
1
cos v 1
 cos v  sin v 1  sin  cos  cos 
 
sin   cos  1
sin   cos  sin   cos  cos 
83. 
cos  sin  1
 sin 

sin  cos  sin  cos 
    cos 
cos  cos  sin  sin  sin 
1
sin  cos  cos 
 11 sec   sin 
cos  sin  
tan   1
sin   cos 
2 2

cos  sin  cos 2   sin 2  cos 2   sin 2 
87. 
1 1  tan 2  sin 2 
 1
cos  sin  cos 2 
 sec  csc  cos   sin 2 
2

sin   cos  cos   sin  cos 2   sin 2 
84.  cos 2 
sin  cos 
sin  cos  cos  sin  cos 2 
      cos 2   sin 2   
sin  sin  cos  cos  cos 2   sin 2 
cos  sin   cos 2 
 1 1
sin  cos 
cos   sin   sin 3  cos  sin  sin 3 
cos 2   sin 2  88.   
 sin  sin  sin  sin 
cos  sin 
1  cot   1  sin 2 

cos  sin   cot   cos 2 
 sec  csc  2
(2 cos 2   1)2  2 cos 2   (sin 2   cos 2  ) 
sin   cos 
3 3
89. 
85. cos 4   sin 4  (cos 2   sin 2  )(cos 2   sin 2  )
sin   cos 
(sin   cos  )(sin 2   sin  cos   cos 2  ) (cos 2   sin 2  ) 2
 
sin   cos  (cos   sin 2  )(cos 2   sin 2  )
2
 sin   cos   sin  cos 

2 2
cos 2   sin 2 

 1  sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2 
 cos 2   sin 2 
 1  sin 2   sin 2 
 1  2sin 2 
756
1  2 cos 2  1  cos 2   cos 2  tan   tan  tan   tan 

90.  93. 
sin  cos  sin  cos  cot   cot  1

1
sin   cos 2 
2 tan  tan 

sin  cos  tan   tan 

sin 2  cos 2  tan   tan 
  tan  tan 
sin  cos  sin  cos 
sin  cos   tan  tan  
   (tan   tan  )   
cos  sin   tan   tan  
 tan   cot   tan  tan 
1  sin   cos 
91. 94. (2a sin  cos ) 2  a 2 (cos 2   sin 2  ) 2
1  sin   cos 
(1  sin  )  cos  (1  sin  )  cos   4a 2 sin 2  cos 2 
 
(1  sin  )  cos  (1  sin  )  cos  
 a 2 cos 4   2cos 2  sin 2   sin 4  

1  2sin   sin   2cos (1  sin  )  cos 
2 2

 a 2 4sin 2  cos 2   cos 4   2cos 2  sin 2   sin 4  
1  2sin   sin 2   cos 2 
1  2sin   sin 2   2cos (1  sin  )  (1  sin 2  )
a 2
 cos   2cos  sin   sin  
4 2 2 4

 cos   sin  
2
1  2sin   sin 2   (1  sin 2  )  a2 2 2
2  2sin   2cos (1  sin  )

 a 2 1
2

2sin   2sin 2 
2(1  sin  )  2cos (1  sin  )  a2

2sin  (1  sin  )
95. (a sin   b cos  ) 2  (a cos   b sin  ) 2
2(1  sin  )(1  cos )
  a 2 sin 2   2ab sin  cos   b 2 cos 2 
2sin  (1  sin  )
1  cos  a 2 cos 2   2ab sin  cos   b 2 sin 2 

sin   a 2 (sin 2   cos 2  )  b 2 (sin 2   cos 2  )
1  cos   sin   a 2  b2
92.
1  cos   sin  96. (tan   tan  )(1  cot  cot  )
(1  cos  )  sin  (1  cos  )  sin 
   (cot   cot  )(1  tan  tan  )
(1  cos  )  sin  (1  cos  )  sin 
 tan   tan   tan  cot  cot 
1  2cos  cos 2   2sin  (1  cos )  sin 2 
  tan  cot  cot   cot   cot 
1  2cos  cos 2   sin 2 
 cot  tan  tan   cot  tan  tan 
1  2cos  cos 2   2sin  (1  cos )  1  cos 2 
  tan   tan   cot   cot   cot 
1  2cos  cos 2   (1  cos 2  )
 cot   tan   tan 
2  2 cos   2sin  (1  cos  )
 0
2 cos   2 cos 2 
2(1  cos  )  2sin  (1  cos  )
 97. (sin   cos  ) 2  (cos   sin  )(cos   sin  )
2 cos  (1  cos  )
 sin 2   2sin  cos   cos 2   cos 2   sin 2 
2(1  cos  )(1  sin  )
  2sin  cos   2 cos 2 
2 cos  (1  cos  )
1  sin   2 cos  (sin   cos  )

cos 
1 sin 
 
cos  cos 
 sec   tan 
757
98. (sin   cos  ) 2  (cos   sin  )(cos   sin  ) 104. f  x   cos x  cot x
 sin   2sin  cos   cos   cos   sin 
2 2 2 2
cos x
 cos x 
  2sin  cos   2cos    2cos  (sin   cos  )
2
sin x
cos 2 x

1 1 sin x
99. ln sec   ln  ln cos    ln cos 
cos  1  sin 2 x

sin x
sin 
100. ln tan   ln  ln sin   ln cos  1 sin 2 x
cos   
sin x sin x
 csc x  sin x
101. ln 1  cos   ln 1  cos 
 g  x
 ln  1  cos   1  cos  
 ln 1  cos 2  1  sin  cos 
105. f    
cos  1  sin 
 ln sin 2 
1  sin  1  sin   cos   cos 
 2 ln sin   
cos  1  sin   1  sin    cos 
1  sin 2   cos 2 
102. ln sec   tan   ln sec   tan  
cos  1  sin  
 ln  sec   tan   sec   tan  
1   sin 2   cos 2  
 ln sec   tan 
2 2

cos  1  sin  
 ln tan 2   1  tan 2  11

 ln 1 cos  1  sin  
0 0

cos  1  sin  
103. f  x   sin x  tan x
0
sin x
 sin x   g  
cos x
sin 2 x 106. f    tan   sec 

cos x
sin  1
1  cos 2 x  
 cos  cos 
cos x 1  sin 
1 cos 2 x 
  cos 
cos x cos x 1  sin  1  sin 
 sec x  cos x  
cos  1  sin 
 g  x 1  sin 2 

cos  1  sin  
cos 2 

cos  1  sin  
cos 

1  sin 
 g  
758
107. 16  16 tan 2   16(1  tan 2  )  4 1  tan 2  . 112. cos   3sec   2

3
Since sec   0 for  2    2 , then cos   2
cos 
4 1  tan 2   4 sec 2   4sec  cos 2   3  2 cos 
cos 2   2 cos   3  0
108. 9sec2   9  9(sec 2   1)  3 sec 2   1 .
 cos   1 cos   3  0
Since tan   0 for     3
, then
cos   1  0 cos   3  0
2
or
3 sec 2   1  3 tan 2   3 tan  cos   1 cos   3
  no sol
109. 3sin   sin     3
The solution set is   .
3sin   sin    3
2sin   3 3
113. sin 2   2 cos 2  
3 2
sin   3
2  
1  cos 2   2 cos 2  
2
 2
   2k  or    2k  , k is any integer 3
3 3 1  cos  
2
2
  2 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  . 1
3 3  cos 2  
2
110. tan   4 tan( )  3 1 2
cos    
tan   4 tan   3 2 2
3 tan   3 2 2
cos   or cos   
tan   1 2 2
3  7 3 5
   k  , k is any integer  ,  ,
4 4 4 4 4
 3 7    3 5 7 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,  . The solution set is  , , , .
4 4  4 4 4 4 
111. 2sin   csc   1 114. sec 2   tan 2   tan   sin 2   cos 2 
2sin  
1
1 1  tan    tan
2 2
  tan   1
sin 
1  tan   1
2sin 2   1  sin 
tan   1
2sin 2   sin   1  0 tan   1 when the y value is 1 so the solution
 2sin   1 sin   1  0 set is 0,   .
2sin   1  0 or sin   1  0
1 sin   1
sin   
2 

7 11 2
 ,
6 6
  7 11 
The solution set is  , , .
2 6 6 
759
x 1

115. 1200sec  2sec2   1  1200  1  2

cos   cos 2 

 1

122. f ( x) 
x2
; g ( x)  3x  4
(3x  4)  1
1  2 cos 2   f g 
 1200    (3 x  4)  2
cos   cos  cos 
2 2
 3x  3
 2  cos 2   
1 3x  6
 1200  
cos   cos 
2
 3( x  1)



1200 1  1  cos  2
 3( x  2)
x 1
cos  3 
x2


1200 1  sin 2   123. For the point ( 12,5) , x  12 , y  5 ,
cos  3
r x 2  y 2  144  25  169  13
116. I t  4 A2
 csc  1 sec  tan   5 13
sin   csc  
csc  sec  13 5
csc   1 sec   tan  12 13
 4 A2  cos    sec   
csc  sec  13 12
 1   tan   5 12
 4 A2  1   1   tan    cot   
 csc    sec   12 5
 4 A2 1  sin  1  sin   f  / 2   f  0  cos  / 2   cos  0 
124. 

 4 A 1  sin 
2 2
  /20  /2
0 1 2
 4 A2 cos 2    2 A cos  
2  
 /2 
2
117. Answers will vary. The average rate of change is  .

118. sin 2   cos 2   1
tan 2   1  sec2 
1  cot 2   csc 2  Section 6.5
119 – 120. Answers will vary. 5  2  1   3 

2 2
1.
121. Since a is negative then the graph opens up so  32  42  9  16  25  5
the function has a maximum value. To find the
maximum value we can find the vertex. 3
2. 
5
b 120
x   20
2a 2( 3) 2 1 2
2
3. a.  
f (20)  3(20)  120(20)  50  1250 2 2 4
1 1
The vertex is (20,1250) so the maximum value b. 1 
2 2
of the function is 1250.
4. y  4, r  5, x  3 (Quadrant 2)
x 3
cos    
r 5
760
Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas
5.  16. tan195º  tan(135º 60º )

6.  tan135º  tan 60º

1  tan135º  tan 60º
7. False
1  3
8. False 
1  (1)  3
9. False 1  3 1  3
 
10. True 1 3 1 3
11. a 1  2 3  3

1 3
12. d
4 2 3

13. cos165º  cos 120º  45º  2
 cos120º  cos 45º  sin120º  sin 45º  2 3
1 2 3 2
    5  3 2 
2 2 2 2 17. sin  sin   
12  12 12 

1
4
2 6     
 sin  cos  cos  sin
4 6 4 6
14. sin105º  sin  60º  45º  2 3 2 1
   
 sin 60º  cos 45º  cos 60º  sin 45º 2 2 2 2

3 2 1 2
  
2 2 2 2

1
4
 6 2

1
4
6 2  18. sin
  3 2 
 sin   
12  12 12 
15. tan15º  tan(45º  30º )    
 sin  cos  cos  sin
tan 45º  tan 30º 4 6 4 6

1  tan 45º  tan 30º 2 3 2 1
   
3 2 2 2 2
1
 3 3 
1
4
 
6 2
3 3
1  1
3 7  4 3 
19. cos  cos   
3 3 3 3 12  12 12 
 
3 3 3 3    
 cos  cos  sin  sin
96 3 3 3 4 3 4

93 1 2 3 2
   
12  6 3 2 2 2 2

6 
1
4
 2 6 
 2 3
761
7  3 4    1 1
20. tan  tan    23. sec     
12  12 12   12     3 4 
cos    cos   
   12   12 12 
tan  tan
4 3 1
 
     
1  tan  tan cos  cos  sin  sin
4 3 4 3 4 3
1 3 1
 
1  1 3 2 1 2 3
  
2 2 2 2
 1 3   1 3 
      1

 1 3   1 3  2 6
1 2 3  3 4

1 3 4 2 6
 
42 3 2 6 2 6

2 4 2 4 6

26
 2 3
4 2 4 6

17  15 2  4
21. sin  sin   
12  12 12   6 2
5  5 
 sin  cos  cos  sin  5  5 1
4 6 4 6 24. cot      cot 
 12  12 tan 5
2 3  2 1 12
     
2 2  2  2 1

 3 2 

1
4
 6 2  tan  
 12 12 

1

19  15 4   
22. tan  tan    tan  tan
12  12 12  4 6
 
5  1  tan  tan
tan  tan 4 6
 4 3
  
5   1  tan 4  tan 6 
1  tan  tan
4 3   
 tan   tan  
1 3  4 6 

1  1 3 1
1  1
1 3 1 3  3 3
  1 3
1 3 1 3 1
3
1 2 3  3
 3 1 3 1
1 3  
3 1 3 1
42 3

2 3  3  3 1

 2 3 3 1
42 3

2
 2  3
762
25. sin 20º  cos10º  cos 20º  sin10º  sin(20º  10º )  5 5    5 

33. cos  cos  sin  sin  cos   
 sin 30º 12 12 12 12  12 12 
1  4 
  cos   
2  12 
 
26. sin 20º  cos80º  cos 20º  sin 80º  sin(20º  80º )  cos   
 3
 sin( 60º )

  sin 60º  cos
3
3 1
 
2 2
27. cos 70º  cos 20º  sin 70º  sin 20º  cos(70º  20º )  5  5   5 
34. sin  cos  cos  sin  sin   
 cos 90º 18 18 18 18  18 18 
0 6
 sin
18
28. cos 40º  cos10º  sin 40º  sin10º  cos(40º  10º )

 cos 30º  sin
3
3 3
 
2 2
tan 20º  tan 25º 

29.  tan  20º 25º  3
35. sin   , 0   
1  tan 20º tan 25º 5 2
 tan 45º
2 5 
1 cos   ,   0
5 2
y y
tan 40º  tan10º
30.  tan  40º 10º  (x, 3) 2 5
1  tan 40º tan10º  x
 tan 30º 5 y
3 5
3
  2 5, y 
3 x x
 7  7   7  x 2  32  52 , x  0
31. sin  cos  cos  sin  sin   
12 12 12 12  12 12  x 2  25  9  16, x  0
 6  x4
 sin   
 12  4 3
cos   , tan  
  5 4
 sin   
 2
2 5 
2
 1  y 2  52 , y  0
y 2  25  20  5, y  0
5 7 5 7  5 7  
32. cos  cos  sin  sin  cos    y 5
12 12 12 12  12 12 
12 5  5 1
 cos sin    , tan   
12 5 2 5 2
 cos 
 1
763
y y
a. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
 5, y  x
3 2 5 4  5  x
       5
5 5 5  5  y 5

6 54 5  (x, )

 5
x
25
2 5
 5
2
  y 2  52 , y  0
25
y 2  25  5  20, y  0
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
y  20  2 5
4 2 5 3  5
      
5 5 5  5  sin  
2 5
, tan  
2 5
2
5 5
8 5 3 5

25 x 2  ( 4) 2  52 , x  0
11 5 x 2  25  16  9, x  0

25 x3
c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  3 4 4
cos   , tan   
3 2 5 4  5 5 3 3
      
5 5 5  5  a. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
6 54 5  2 5  3  5   4
             
25  5  5  5   5
10 5 6 54 5
 
25 25
2 5 2 5
 
5 25
tan   tan  b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
d. tan(   ) 
1  tan   tan   5  3  2 5   4
3  1             
   5  5  5   5
4  2
 3 5 8 5
 3  1  
1      25
 4  2 
5 11 5

25
 4
5 c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
8
 2 5  3  5   4
2             
 5  5  5   5
5  6 54 5
36. cos   , 0  
5 2 25
4  10 5
sin    ,     0 
5 2 25
2 5

5
764
tan   tan  c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 

d. tan(   ) 
1  tan  tan   4 1  3  3 
            
 4
2   5   2   5   2 
  3
43 3
 4 
1 2    10
 3
10 tan   tan 
d. tan(   ) 
1  tan  tan 
 3
5 4
   3
3 3

 2  4
1     3
 3
4 
37. tan    ,     43 3
3 2
 3
1 
cos   , 0    3 4 3
2 2
3
 y y
(1, y)  43 3   3 4 3 
     
 3 4 3   3 4 3 
r 2 y
4  48  25 3
 
 39
x x
 1
25 3  48

r 2  (3) 2  42  25 39
r 5
3 5 3
sin  
4
, cos   
3 38. tan   ,  
5 5 5 12 2
1 3
12  y 2  22 , y  0 sin    ,    
2 2
y 2  4  1  3, y  0 y y
  x 
y 3 x x

3 3  r 
sin   , tan    3
2 1 (x, )

 4  1  3  3  r 2  (12) 2  (5) 2  169
            
 5   2   5   2  r  13
43 3 5 5 12 12
 sin     , cos   
10 13 13 13 13
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  x  (1)  2 , x  0
2 2 2
x 2  4  1  3, x  0
 3 1  4  3 
            
 5   2   5   2  x 3
3  4 3 3 1 3
 cos    , tan   
10 2  3 3
765
a. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  x 2  52  132 , x  0

 5  3   12   1  x 2  169  25  144, x  0
           
 13   2   13   2  x  12
5 3  12 12  5 3 12 12 5
  cos    , tan   
26 26 13 13 12
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  2
r 2  (1) 2  3  4
 12   3  5   1
r2
               
 13   2   13   2 
3 1 1
12 3  5 sin   , cos   
 2 2 2
26
c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
 5  3   12   1 
             5   1   12   3 
 13   2   13   2               
 13   2   13   2 
5 3  12
 5  12 3 5  12 3
26  or 
26 26
tan   tan 
d. tan(   ) 
1  tan   tan  b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
5

3 54 3  12   1   5   3 
             
 12 3  12  13   2   13   2 
5 3 36  5 3
1  12  5 3
12 3 36 
 15  12 3   36  5 3  26
     
 36  5 3   36  5 3  c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
540  507 3  180  5   1   12   3 
              
1296  75  13   2   13   2 
720  507 3 5  12 3

1221 
26
240  169 3
 tan   tan 
407 d. tan(   ) 
5 3
39. sin  
13
, 
2
    5
   3
12
 


tan    3,    
2
 5
1      3
 12 
 
(x, ) y 1, 3  y 5  12 3
 12
 12  5 3
5 r
3
12
x x 
  5  12 3   12  5 3 
 x      
 12  5 3   12  5 3 
 240  169 3

69
766
1  tan   tan 
40. cos   ,    0 d. tan(   ) 
2 2 1  tan  tan 
1  2
sin   , 0     3
3 2 4
y y



x

1  3   4
2
y (x, 1)
4 3  2
2 3
(1, y)   4

x x 4 6
4
12  y 2  22 , y  0  4 3  2   4 6 
     
y 2  4  1  3, y  0  4 6   4 6 
y 3 16 3  4 2  4 18  12

 3 3  3 16  6
sin    , tan    3
2 2 1 18 3  16 2

10
x 2  12  32 , x  0
9 3  8 2
x 2  9  1  8. x  0 
5
x 82 2
1
cos  
2 2
, tan  
1

2 41. sin   ,  in quadrant II
3 4 3
2 2
2
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  1
a. a. cos    1  sin 2    1   
3
 3   2 2  1 1
             1
 2   3   2  3   1
9
1 2 6
 8
6 
9
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  2 2

1 2 2   3  1 3
          
 2   3   2   3     
b. sin      sin   cos  cos   sin
32 2  6 6 6

6  1  3   2 2  1 
      
c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin   3   2   3   2 
 3   2 2  1 1 3  2 2 2 2  3
              
 2   3   2 3 6 6
1  2 6    
 c. cos      cos   cos  sin   sin
6  3 3 3
 2 2  1   1  3 
        
 3   2   3   2 
2 2  3

6
767
 
   tan   tan 4  
tan   tan
4
d. tan      d. tan     
 4  1  tan   tan   4  1  tan   tan 
4 4
1  15  1
 1 


2 2
1 

1   15 1 
1    1  1  15   1  15 
 2 2      
1  2 2  1  15   1  15 
1  2 15  15
 2 2 
2 2 1 1  15
2 2 16  2 15

 2 2 1   2 2 1  14
     
 2 2  1   2 2 1  8  15

7
8  4 2 1

8 1 43.  lies in quadrant I . Since x 2  y 2  4 ,
4 2
 r  4  2 . Now, ( x, 1) is on the circle, so
7
x 2  12  4
1 x 2  4  12
42. cos   ,  in quadrant IV
4
x  4  12  3
a. sin    1  cos 2 
y 1 x 3
2 Thus, sin    and cos    .
1 r 2 r 2
  1  
4  lies in quadrant IV . Since x 2  y 2  1 ,
1 1 
  1 r  1  1 . Now,  , y  is on the circle, so
16 3 
2
15 1
    y 1
2
16 3
15 1
2
 y2  1  
4 3
    1 8
2
2 2
b. sin      sin   cos  cos   sin y   1     
 6 6 6
3 9 3
 15   3   1   1 
             y 23 2 2 2
Thus, sin     and
 4   2  4 2 r 1 3
1  3 5 x 1 1
 cos    3  . Thus,
8 r 1 3
   f      sin    

c. cos      cos   cos  sin   sin
 3 3 3  sin   cos   cos   sin 
 1   1   15   3   1   1   3  2 2 
                    
 4   2   4   2   2   3   2 
 3 
1 3 5 1 2 6 1 2 6
   
8 6 6 6
768
44. From the solution to Problem 43, we have 1

2 2 sin  1 3
1
sin   , cos  
3
, sin   , and tan    2   and
2 2 3 cos  3 3 3
1 2
cos   . Thus,
3 2 2

g      cos     sin  3  2 2 . Finally,
tan   
cos  1
 cos   cos   sin   sin 
3
 3  1   1  2 2  tan   tan 
           h      tan     
 2  3   2  3  1  tan  tan 
32 2

6
3 2 2

6

6 3
3

 2 2 

45. From the solution to Problem 43, we have 1
3
3
 2 2 
1 3 2 2
sin   , cos   , sin   , and 3
2 2
2 2 3 3 3
 
1 2 6 3
cos   . Thus, 1
3 3
g      cos     3 6 2 3 2 6
 
 cos   cos   sin   sin  3 2 6 3 2 6
 3  1   1  2 2  3 3  6 2  18 2  24 3
           
 2  3   2  3  9  6 6  6 6  24
3 2 2 32 2 27 3  24 2 8 2  9 3
    
6 6 6 15 5
46. From the solution to Problem 43, we have 48. From the solution to Problem 47, we have
1 3 2 2 3
sin   , cos   , sin   , and tan   and tan   2 2 . Thus,
2 2 3 3
1 tan   tan 
cos   . Thus, h      tan     
3 1  tan  tan 
f      sin    
 sin   cos   cos   sin  3
3

 2 2 

 1  1   3   2 2 
        
1
3
3
 2 2 
 2  3   2   3 
3
1 2 6 1 2 6 2 2
   3 3
 
6 6 6 2 6 3
1
3
47. From the solution to Problem 43, we have
1 3 2 2 3  6 2 3 2 6
sin   , cos   , sin   , and  
2 2 3 3 2 6 3 2 6
1 3 3  6 2  18 2  24 3
cos   . Thus, 
3 9  6 6  6 6  24
27 3  24 2 8 2 9 3
 
15 5
769
     3  3 3
49. sin      sin  cos   cos  sin  58. cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 
 2  2 2  2  2 2
 1  cos   0  sin   0  cos   (1)  sin 
 cos   sin 
    59. sin(   )  sin(   )

50. cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 
2  2 2  sin  cos   cos  sin 
 0  cos   1  sin   sin  cos   cos  sin 
  sin   2sin  cos 
51. sin       sin   cos   cos   sin  60. cos(   )  cos(   )

 0  cos    1 sin   cos  cos   sin  sin 
 sin   cos  cos   sin  sin 
 2 cos  cos 
52. cos       cos   cos   sin   sin 
 1  cos   0  sin  sin(   ) sin  cos   cos  sin 
61. 
  cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 
sin  cos  cos  sin 
53. sin       sin   cos   cos   sin   
sin  cos  sin  cos 
 0  cos    1 sin   1  cot  tan 
  sin 
sin(   ) sin  cos   cos  sin 
62. 
54. cos       cos   cos   sin   sin  cos  cos  cos  cos 
 1  cos   0  sin  sin  cos  cos  sin 
 
  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos 
 tan   tan 
tan   tan 
55. tan      
1  tan   tan  cos(   ) cos  cos   sin  sin 
0  tan  63. 
 cos  cos  cos  cos 
1  0  tan  cos  cos  sin  sin 
 tan   
 cos  cos  cos  cos 
1
 1  tan  tan 
  tan 
tan 2  tan  cos(   ) cos  cos   sin  sin 

56. tan  2     64. 
1  tan 2  tan  sin  cos  sin  cos 
0  tan  cos  cos  sin  sin 
  
1  0  tan  sin  cos  sin  cos 
 tan   cot   tan 

1
  tan 
 3  3 3
57. sin      sin  cos   cos  sin 
 2  2 2
 1  cos   0  sin 
  cos 
770
sin(   ) sin  cos   cos  sin  cos(   )

65.  68. cot(   ) 
sin(   ) sin  cos   cos  sin  sin(   )
sin  cos   cos  sin  cos  cos   sin  sin 

cos  cos  sin  cos   cos  sin 

sin  cos   cos  sin  cos  cos   sin  sin 
cos  cos  sin  sin 

sin  cos  cos  sin  sin  cos   cos  sin 

cos  cos  cos  cos  sin  sin 

sin  cos  cos  sin  cos  cos  sin  sin 
 
cos  cos  cos  cos  sin  sin  sin  sin 

tan   tan  sin  cos  cos  sin 
 
tan   tan  sin  sin  sin  sin 
cot  cot   1
cos(   ) cos  cos   sin  sin  
66.  cot   cot 
cos(   ) cos  cos   sin  sin 
cos  cos   sin  sin  69. sec(   ) 
1
cos  cos  cos(   )

cos  cos   sin  sin  1

cos  cos  cos  cos   sin  sin 
cos  cos  sin  sin  1

 
cos  cos  sin  sin  cos  cos   sin  sin 

1  tan  tan  1 1
 
1  tan  tan  sin  sin 


cos(   ) sin  sin  sin  sin 
67. cot(   ) 
sin(   ) csc  csc 

cos  cos   sin  sin  cot  cot   1

sin  cos   cos  sin 
cos  cos   sin  sin  1
70. sec(   ) 
sin  sin  cos(   )

sin  cos   cos  sin  1

sin  sin  cos  cos   sin  sin 
cos  cos  sin  sin  1

sin  sin  sin  sin  cos  cos 
 
sin  cos  cos  sin  cos  cos   sin  sin 

sin  sin  sin  sin  cos  cos 
cot  cot   1 1 1
 
cot   cot  cos  cos 


cos  cos  cos  cos 
sec  sec 

771
71. sin(   )sin(   ) 3

quadrant I;  is in quadrant II. Then sin   ,
  sin  cos   cos  sin   sin  cos   cos  sin   5
 sin 2  cos 2   cos 2  sin 2   4 
0  , and cos    ,     .
 sin  (1  sin  )  (1  sin  )sin 
2 2 2 2 2 5 2
 sin 2   sin 2  sin 2   sin 2   sin 2  sin 2  cos   1  sin 2 
 sin   sin 
2 2
2
3 9 16 4
 1    1  
72. cos(   )cos(   ) 5
  25 25 5
  cos  cos   sin  sin   cos  cos   sin  sin  
sin   1  cos 2 
 cos  cos   sin  sin 
2 2 2 2
2
 cos 2  (1  sin 2  )  (1  cos 2  )sin 2   4 16 9 3
 1     1  
 cos 2   cos 2  sin 2   sin 2   cos 2  sin 2   5 25 25 5
 cos 2   sin 2   3  4 
sin sin 1  cos 1      sin    
 5  5 
73. sin(  k )  sin   cos k   cos   sin k 
 sin  cos   cos  sin 
 (sin  )(1) k  (cos  )(0)
3  4  4 3
        
 (1) k sin  , k any integer 5  5  5 5
12 12
74. cos(  k )  cos   cos k   sin   sin k   
25 25
 (cos  )(1) k  (sin  )(0) 24

 (1) k cos  , k any integer 25
 1       4 3
75. sin  sin 1  cos 1 0   sin    78. sin sin 1     tan 1 
 2  6 2   5  4
 2   4 3
 sin   Let   sin 1    and   tan 1 .  is in
 3   5 4
3 quadrant IV;  is in quadrant I. Then

2 4  3
sin   
,     0 , and tan   ,
5 2 4
 3    
76. sin  sin 1  cos 1 1  sin   0  0  .
 2   3  2
 cos   1  sin 2 
 sin
3 2
3  4 16 9 3
  1     1  
2  5  25 25 5
 3  4  sec   1  tan 2 
77. sin sin 1  cos 1     2
 5  5  3 9 25 5
 1    1  
3  4  
4 16 16 4
Let   sin 1 and   cos 1    .  is in
5  5
4
cos  
5
772
sin   1  cos 2   4 5
cos  tan 1  cos 1 
2  3 13 
4 16 9 3
 1    1    cos    
5 25 25 5
  4 3  3   5   4   12 
sin sin 1     tan 1         
  5  4  5   13   5   13 
 sin     15 48 33
  
 sin  cos   cos  sin  65 65 65
 4  4 3 3
          5  3 
 5  5 5 5 80. cos  tan 1  sin 1    
 12  5 
16 9 25
   5  3
25 25 25 Let   tan 1 and   sin 1    .  is in
 1 12  5
quadrant I;  is in quadrant IV. Then
 4 5 5  3
79. cos  tan 1  cos 1  tan   , 0    , and sin    ,
 3 13  12 2 5
4 5 
Let   tan 1 and   cos 1 .  is in    0.
3 13 2
4
quadrant I;  is in quadrant I. Then tan   , sec   1  tan 2 
3
2
 5   5
 1    1
25

169 13

0    , and cos   , 0    .
2 13 2 12
  144 144 12
sec   1  tan 2  12
cos  
2
13
4 16 25 5
 1    1   sin   1  cos 2 
3 9 9 3
2
3  12  144 25 5
 1    1  
cos   13
  169 169 13
5
sin   1  cos 2  cos   1  sin 2 

2
3
2
9 16 4  3 9 16 4
 1    1    1     1  
5 25 25 5  5 25 25 5
 5  3 
sin   1  cos 2  cos  tan 1  sin 1    
 12  5 
 cos    
2
5 25 144 12
 1    1  
 13  169 169 13  cos  cos   sin  sin 
 12   4   5   3  48 15 33
           
 13   5   13   5  65 65 65
773
 5 3 sec   1  tan 2 
81. cos  sin 1  tan 1 
 13 4  2
4 16 25 5
1 5 3  1    1  
Let   sin and   tan 1 .  is in 3 9 9 3
13 4
5 3
quadrant I;  is in quadrant I. Then sin   , cos  
13 5
 3 
0  , and tan   , 0    . sin   1  cos 2 
2 4 2
2
cos   1  sin 2  3 9 16 4
 1    1  
2
5 25 25 5
5 25 144 12
 1    1  
13
  169 169 13 sin   1  cos 2 
2
sec   1  tan 2   12  144 25 5
 1    1  
2
 13  169 169 13
3 9 25 5
 1    1    4 12 
4 16 16 4 cos  tan 1  cos 1 
 3 13 
4  cos    
cos  
5
sin   1  cos 
2
 3   12   4   5 
       
2  5   13   5   13 
4 16 9 3
 1    1   36 20
5 25 25 5  
65 65
 5 3 16
cos sin 1  tan 1  
 13 4 65
 cos      3 
83. tan  sin 1  
 cos  cos   sin  sin   5 6
12 4 5 3 3
    Let   sin 1 .  is in quadrant I. Then
13 5 13 5 5
48 15 3 
  sin   , 0    .
65 65 5 2
63

65 cos   1  sin 2 
2
3 9 16 4
 4 12   1    1  
82. cos  tan 1  cos 1  5 25 25 5
 3 13 
4 12 3
Let   tan 1 and   cos 1 .  is in sin  5 3 5 3
3 13 tan    =  
4 cos  4 5 4 4
quadrant I;  is in quadrant I. Then tan   , 5
3
 12 
0  , and cos   , 0    .
2 13 2
774
 3   4 
tan  sin 1   tan 85. tan  sin 1  cos 1 1
 1 3    5 6  5 
tan  sin  
 5 6  1 3  
1  tan  sin   tan 1 4
 5  6 Let   sin and   cos 11 ;  is in
5
3 3 4 
 quadrant I. Then sin   , 0    , and
 4 3 5 2
3 3
1  cos   1 , 0     . So,   cos 1 1  0 .
4 3
9 3 cos   1  sin 2 
 12
2
12  3 3 4 16 9 3
 1    1  
12 5 25 25 5
9  3 12  3 3
  4
12  3 3 12  3 3 sin  5 4 5 4
tan    =  
108  75 3  36 cos  3 5 3 3

144  27 5
144  75 3  1 4 
 tan  sin  cos 1 1
117  5 
48  25 3  4 

39 
tan  sin 1   tan cos 1 1
 5


 4
 3
84. tan   cos 1   5

1  tan  sin 1   tan cos 1 1 
 4 5 
4 4
3 0
Let   cos 1 .  is in quadrant I. Then 4
5  3  3
4
3  1  0 1 3
cos   , 0    . 3
5 2
 4 
sin   1  cos 2  86. tan  cos 1  sin 1 1
 5 
2
3 9 16 4 1 4
 1    1   Let   cos and   sin -1 1 ;  is in
5
  25 25 5 5
4 4 
quadrant I. Then cos   , 0    , and
sin  5 4 5 4 5 2
tan    =  
cos  3 5 3 3   
sin   1 ,    . So,   sin 1 1  .
5 2 2 2
  3 sin   1  cos 2 
tan  tan  cos 1 
 3  4  5 
tan   cos 1   4
2
16 9 3
4 5   1 3   1    1  
1  tan  tan  cos  5 25 25 5
4  5  
4 1 3
1 
3 1 3 1 sin  5 3 5 3 
  3    tan    =   , but tan is
1  1
4 7 3 7 7 cos  4 5 4 4 2
3 3 5
undefined. Therefore, we cannot use the sum
formula for tangent. Rewriting using sine and
cosine, we obtain:
775
 4 
sin  cos 1  sin 1 1 
89. sin tan 1 u  sin 1 v 
 1 4   5 
tan  cos  sin 1 1  Let   tan 1 u and   sin 1 v . Then
 5  tan  cos 1 4  sin 1 1
   
 5  tan   u,     , and
2 2
sin    
  
cos     sin   v,     .
2 2
sin  cos   cos  sin    u   , 1  v  1

cos  cos   sin  sin 
sec   tan 2   1  u 2  1
3 4
  (0)    (1) 1
 
5 5 cos  
4 3 u2  1
  (0)    (1)
5 5
cos   1  sin 2   1  v 2
4
4
 5  sin   1  cos 2 
3 3
 1
5  1
u 1 2

87. cos cos 1 u  sin 1 v  u2 11

Let   cos 1 u and   sin 1 v . u2 1
Then cos   u, 0     , and u2

  u 1
2
sin   v,    
2 2 u
1  u  1 , 1  v  1 
u2 1
sin   1  cos   1  u
2 2
cos   1  sin 2   1  v 2 
sin tan 1 u  sin 1 v 
 sin(   )
 
cos cos 1 u  sin 1 v  cos(   )
u 1
  1  v2  v
 u 1  v2  v 1  u 2 u 1
2
u2 1

88. sin sin 1 u  cos 1 v  
u 1  v2  v
u2 1
Let   sin 1 u and   cos 1 v . Then
sin   u , 
 
   , and 
90. cos tan 1 u  tan 1 v 
2 2
cos   v, 0     . Let   tan u and   tan 1 v . Then
1
1  u  1 , 1  v  1  
tan   u,     , and
cos   1  sin   1  u
2 2 2 2
 
sin   1  cos 2   1  v 2 tan   v,     .
2 2
 
sin sin 1 u  cos 1 v  sin(   )   u   ,   v  
 sin  cos   cos  sin  sec   tan 2   1  u 2  1
 uv  1  u 2
1 v 2
1
cos  
u2  1
776
sin   1  cos 2  sin   1  cos 2   1  v 2

1
 1 sin  1  v2
u2 1 tan   
cos  v
u2 11

u2 1  
tan sin 1 u  cos 1 v  tan(   )
u2 tan   tan 
 
u 12 1  tan  tan 
u u 1  v2
 
u2 1 1 u2 v

u 1  v2
sec   tan 2   1  v 2  1 1 
1 u2 v
1
cos   uv  1  u 2 1  v 2
v 12
 v 1 u2
sin   1  cos 2  v 1  u 2  u 1  v2
1 v 1 u2
 1 2
v 1 uv  1  u 2 1  v 2

v2  1  1 v 1  u 2  u 1  v2

v2  1
v2

92. sec tan 1 u  cos 1 v 
 2
v 1 Let   tan 1 u and   cos 1 v . Then
v  
 tan   u,     , and
v 1
2 2 2
cos   v, 0     .

cos tan 1 u  tan 1 v    u   , 1  v  1
 cos(   )
sec   tan 2   1  u 2  1
1 1 u v 1
    cos  
u 2  1 v2  1 u2  1 v2  1 u2  1
1  uv sin   1  cos 2 

u 1  v 1
2 2
1
 1
 1
91. tan sin u  cos v 1
 u 1
2
Let   sin u and   cos 1 v . Then

1 u2 11

  u2 1
sin   u ,     , and
2 2 u2

cos   v, 0     . u 1
2
1  u  1 , 1  v  1 u

cos   1  sin   1  u 2 2 u2 1
sin  u sin   1  cos 2   1  v 2

tan   
cos  1 u2
777

sec tan 1 u  cos 1 v  94. 3 sin   cos   1
Divide each side by 2:
 sec(   )
3 1 1
1 sin   cos  
 2 2 2
cos(   )
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
1
 3 1 
cos  cos   sin  sin  cos   , sin   , and   :
2 2 6
1 1
 sin  cos   cos  sin  
1 u
v   1  v2 2
u 1
2
u 1
2
1
sin(   ) 
1 2

v u 1  v2  5
    or    
u2 1 u2 1 6 6
1    5
   or   
6 6 6 6
v  u 1  v2
2
u2 1   0 or 
3
u2 1  2 
 The solution set is 0, .
v  u 1  v2  3 
93. sin   3 cos   1 95. sin   cos   2

Divide each side by 2: Divide each side by 2 :
1 3 1 1 1
sin   cos   sin   cos   1
2 2 2 2 2
Rewrite in the difference of two angles form Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
1 3  1 1 
using cos   , sin   , and   : cos   , sin   , and   :
2 2 3 2 2 4
sin  cos   cos  sin  
1 sin  cos   cos  sin   1
2 sin(   )  1
1 
sin(   )    
2 2
 5  
   or      
6 6 4 2
   5
    
3 6 3 6 
 7 4
   
2 6 The solution set is   .
4
  7 
2 6 
778
96. sin   cos    2 98. cot   csc    3

Divide each side by 2 : cos  1
  3
1 1 sin  sin 
sin   cos   1
2 2 cos   1   3 sin 
3 sin   cos   1
1 1 
cos   , sin   , and   : Divide each side by 2:
2 2 4
3 1 1
sin  cos   sin  cos   1 sin   cos   
2 2 2
sin(   )  1 Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
3 3 1 
   cos   , sin   , and   :
2 2 2 6
 3 1
  sin  cos   cos  sin   
4 2 2
7 1
 sin(   )  
4 2
 
The solution set is 74 .
  
7
or    
11
6 6
97. tan   3  sec   7  11
  or   
sin  1 6 6 6 6
 3
cos  cos  5
   or 
sin   3 cos   1 3
sin   3 cos   1 But since  is not in the domain of the
Divide each side by 2: cotangent function then the solution set is
1 3 1  5 
sin   cos    .
2 2 2  3 
Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
99. Let   sin 1 v and   cos 1 v . Then
1 3 
using cos   , sin   , and   : sin   v  cos  , and since
2 2 3
   
1 sin   cos     , cos      cos  . If
sin  cos   cos  sin    2   2 
2
1   
sin(   )  v  0 , then 0    , so that     and 
2 2 2 
 5   
   or     both lie in the interval 0,  . If v  0 , then
6 6  2
   5   
        0 , so that     and  both lie in
3 6 3 6 2 2 
 11 
     
2 the interval  ,   . Either way,
6 6 2 
   
But since is not in the domain of the tangent cos      cos  implies     , or
2 2  2
11   
function then the solution set is  .
 6      . Thus, sin 1 v  cos 1 v  .
2 2
779
100. Let   tan 1 v and   cot 1 v . Then 

103. sin sin 1 v  cos 1 v 
tan   v  cot  , and since
      
 sin sin 1 v cos cos 1 v 
tan   cot     , cot      cot  . If
2  2   cos  sin v  sin  cos v 
1 1
  
v  0 , then 0    , so that     and   v  v  1  v2 1  v2
2  2 
   v2  1  v2
both lie in the interval  0,  . If v  0 , then
 2 1
  
    0 , so that     and  both lie in
2 2  
104. cos sin 1 v  cos 1 v 
  
the interval  ,   . Either way,   
 cos sin 1 v cos cos 1 v 
2 
    sin  sin v  sin  cos v 
1 1
cot      cot  implies     , or

 2  2  1  v2  v  v  1  v2
  0
    . Thus, tan 1 v  cot 1 v  . Note
2 2
that v  0 since cot 1 0 is undefined. f ( x  h)  f ( x )
105.
h
1 1 sin( x  h)  sin x
101. Let   tan 1   and   tan 1 v . Because 
v v h
must be defined, v  0 and so  ,   0 . Then sin x cos h  cos x sin h  sin x

1 1 h
tan     cot  , and since
v tan  cos x sin h  sin x  sin x cos h

    h
tan   cot     , cot      cot  . cos x sin h  sin x 1  cos h 
 2   2  
h
  
Because v  0 , 0    and so     and sin h 1  cos h
2  2   cos x   sin x 
h h
 
 both lie in the interval  0,  . Then
 2 f ( x  h)  f ( x )
106.
   h
cot      cot  implies     or cos( x  h)  cos x
2  2
 h
    . Thus, cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x
2 
h
1 
tan 1     tan 1 v, if v  0 .  sin x sin h  cos x cos h  cos x
v 2 
h
 sin x sin h  cos x 1  cos h 
102. Let   tan 1 e v . Then tan   e v , so 
1  h
cot    v  ev . Because 0    , we know sin h 1  cos h
e 2   sin x   cos x 
v h h
that e  0 , which means
cot 1 ev  cot 1  cot      tan 1 e v .
780
 
tan tan 1 1  tan 1 2  tan tan 1 3 
107. a.  1 1 1
 
tan tan 1  tan 2  tan 3  tan tan 1  tan 2  tan 3  1 1
 1
  1
1  tan tan 1  tan 1
2  tan  tan 3
1
  
tan tan 1 1  tan tan 1 2  3
1 2
1  tan  tan 1 tan  tan 2 
3
1 1 3 3
1  1  2  3  3 0
   1   0
tan  tan 1  tan  tan 2 
1 1
1
1  2 3
3 1 3 1  9 10
1 3 1  1 2 1
1  tan  tan 1 tan  tan 2 
1 1
 
b. From the definition of the inverse tangent function we know 0  tan 1 1  , and , 0  tan 1 2 
2 2
 3  3 
0  tan 1 3  . Thus, 0  tan 1 1  tan 1 2  tan 1 3  . On the interval  0,  , tan   0 if and only if
2 2  2 
   . Therefore, from part (a), tan 1 1  tan 1 2  tan 1 3   .

108. cos  sin 2 t   sin  sin t  cos t   sin t  cos  sin t   sin  cos t  
 sin t   sin t  cos   cos t  sin  
 sin t  sin t   
  3 2 
109. A  12(10) 2 tan  1200 tan   
12  12 12 
3 2  
tan  tan tan  tan
 1200  12 12  1200  4 6
3 2  
1  tan  tan 1  tan  tan
12 12 4 6
1 3 3
 1200 
1  1  33
3 3
3 3
 1200  33 3  1200 
3
3 3
3 3 3 3
 1200  
3 3 3 3
12  6 3
 1200 
6
 1200 2  3  
 2400  1200 3
781
  3 2  675
110. A  3(15) 2 cot    675cot   
 12   12 12  tan  3  2 
 
 12 12 
675 675 675 675 3 3
   3 3   675 
  1 3 3
3 3 3 3
tan  tan 3
4 6 1  1  33 33 3 3  3
 
1  tan  tan
4 6
3 3 3 3 12  6 3
 675  
3 3 3 3
 675 
6
 675  2  3  
 1350  675 3 cm3
   
111. a. A  3  52 cot   a 2  75cot  
 
12  12 
 75  
3  2  75  32 
 150  75 3 cm 2
b. We will use one of the small triangles to compute radius (see figure).
5
tan 15  2
r
5
r tan 15 
2
 
r 2 3 
5
2
2r  2  3   5
5 10  5 3
r  cm
42 3 2
2
 10  5 3 
c. A  r2    
 2 
 10  5 3   10  5 3 
  
 2  2 
 100  50 3  50 3  75 
 
 4 
175  100 3
 cm 2
4
782
175  100 3
d. 150  75 3  
4
600  300 3  175  100 3
cm 2
4
112. Note that    2  1 .

tan  2  tan 1 m  m1
Then tan   tan  2  1    2
1  tan  2 tan 1 1  m2 m1
113. If tan   x  1 and tan   x  1 , then

1 2
2cot      2  
tan     tan   tan 
  
 
2 1  tan  tan   2 1   x  1 x  1  2 1  x  1
2

2x2 
 x2
tan   tan  x  1   x  1 x 1 x 1 2
114. sin(   )sin(    )sin(   )

  sin  cos  cos  sin   sin  cos  cos  sin   sin  cos  cos  sin  
  cos     cos     cos  
 sin   sin     cos   sin   sin     cos   sin   sin     cos  
  sin      sin      sin   
  cos cos      cos cos     cos cos   
 sin 3   sin       sin      sin    
  sin  sin     s in  sin     sin  sin   
 sin 3   sin   cot   cot     sin   cot   cot     sin   cot   cot   
 sin 3  sin  sin  sin   cot   cot   cot   cot   cot   cot  
 cos  cos   cos  cos   cos  cos  
 sin 3  sin  sin  sin        
 sin  sin   sin  sin   sin  sin  
 sin(   )  sin(   )  sin(    ) 
 sin 3  sin  sin  sin     
 sin(180º   )  sin(180º   )  sin(180º   ) 
 sin 3  sin  sin  sin     
 sin   sin   sin  
 sin 3  sin  sin  sin     
 sin 3 
115. If formula (7) is used, we obtain formulas (3a) and (3b), we obtain
  
tan  tan  sin    
  2    2 .
tan      . However, this is tan     
2  1  tan   tan  2 
 cos    
2  
2 

impossible because tan is undefined. Using cos 
2 
sin 
 cot 
783
116. The first step in the derivation, 1 1 5 5

 cos     
  tan   tan 2 sec  5 5 5

tan     , is impossible sin 
 2  1  tan   tan  tan   , so
2 cos 
  5 2 5
because tan is undefined. sin    tan   cos    2     .
2  5  5
117. x 2  5 x  1  2 x 2  11x  4 1 1 5 5
csc     
sin  2 5 2 5 2
3x 2  16 x  5  0 
5
(3x  1)( x  5)  0
1 1 1
3x  1  0 or x  5  0 cot    
tan  2 2
1
x x  5
3
1
For x  
3
2
 1  1
y      5   1 Section 6.6
 3  3
1 5 5 1. sin 2  , 2 cos 2  , 2sin 2 
  1  
9 3 9
For x  5 2. 1  cos 
y   5  5  5  1
2
3. sin 
 25  25  1  1
The intersection points are: 4. True
 1 5
  ,   ,  5,1 5. False, only the first one is equivalent.
3 9
6. False, you cannot add the arguments or tan.
17 180
118.   510 7. c
6 
8. b

119. 45  radians
4 3   
1 2 1  9. sin   , 0    . Thus, 0   , which
A  r   (6)2   5 2 2 4
2 2  4

36 9 means lies in quadrant I.
   14.14 cm 2 2
8 2 y  3, r  5
120. tan    2 and 270    360 (quadrant IV) x 2  32  52 , x  0

Using the Pythagorean Identities: x 2  25  9  16, x  0
sec 2   tan 2   1 x4
4 3
sec 2    2   1  4  1  5
2
So, cos   and tan   .
5 4
sec    5 3 4 24
Note that sec  must be positive since  lies in a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos   2   
5 5 25
quadrant IV. Thus, sec   5 .
784
Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas
b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2   1  cos 

c. sin 
 4 3
2
16 9 7
2 2 2
       
5 5 25 25 25 3 2
1
 5  5  1 1 5 5
 1  cos 2 2 5 5 5 5
c. sin 
2 2
4 1  1  cos 
1 d. cos 
5  5  1  1 10  10 2 2

2 2 10 10 10 10 3 8
1
 1  cos  5  5  4 2 52 5
d. cos  2 2 5 5 5 5
2 2
4 9
1 2 tan 
5  5  9  3 10  3 10 e. tan  2  
 1  tan 2 
2 2 10 10 10 10
4 8 8
2 
2 tan   3 24
e. tan  2     3  3 
1  tan 2  4
2
16 7 7
1   1 
3 3
  9 9
2  3 3
 4 24
  2  2  f. The angle is in QI so
3
2
9 7 7
1   1
16 16   1  cos  1  53
4
  tan     
2 1  cos  1  53
f. The angle is in QI so 2
1 1
  1  cos  1  45  5
 
tan     
8
5
4 2
2 1  cos  1  54
1
1 1 4 3   3
 5
  11. tan   ,    . Thus,   ,
9
9 3 3 2 2 2 4
5

which means lies in quadrant II.
3    2
10. cos   , 0    . Thus, 0   , which x  3, y   4
5 2 2 4

means lies in quadrant I. r 2  (3) 2  ( 4) 2  9  16  25
2
x  3, r  5 r 5
4 3 4
32  y 2  52 , y  0 sin    , cos    , tan  
5 5 3
y 2  25  9  16, y  0
a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos 
y4
4 4  4   3  24
So, sin   and tan   .  2     
5 3  5   5  25
a.
4 3 24
sin(2 )  2sin  cos   2    b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2 
5 5 25 2 2
 3  4 9 16 7
       
b. cos(2 )  cos   sin  2 2
 5  5  25 25 25
2 2
3  4 9 16 7
       
5  5 25 25 25
785
 1  cos  a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos 

c. sin 
2 2  5  2 5 4
 2        
 3  5   5  5
1   
  5 b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2 
2 2 2
 2 5  5
8      
 5   5 
 5  4 2 52 5
2 5 5 5 5 20 5 15 3
   
 1  cos  25 25 25 5
d. cos 
2 2  2 5 
1   
 3  1  cos   5 
1    c. sin  
 5 2 2 2

2 5 2 5
2 5

5 1 1 5 5 2
   
2 5 5 5 5
5 2 5

2 tan  10
e. tan  2  
1  tan 2   2 5 
1   
4 8 8  1  cos 
2 
d. cos     5 
 3 24
  3  3  2 2 2
4
2
16 7 7
1   1  52 5
 
3 9 9
 5
f. The angle is in QII so 2
  1  cos  1    53  
52 5
tan     
2 1  cos  1    53  10
8
2 tan 
 5
  4  2 e. tan  2  
2
5
1  tan 2 
1
2 
1 3   3 1 1 4
  2 
2
12. tan   ,    . Thus,   ,  
2 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 3
1   1
 2 4 4
which means lie in quadrant II.
2
x   2, y  1
r 2  ( 2) 2  (1) 2  4  1  5
r 5
1 5 2 2 5
sin     , cos    
5 5 5 5
1
tan  
2
786
f. The angle is in QII so  6

 
tan    
1  cos 

1   
2
5
c.

sin 
1  cos 

1   
 3 

2 1  cos  1   
2
5
2 2 2
5 2
3 6
52 5 3
 5
 
5 2
5
52 5 2

5  2 5   5  2 5  
3 6
6
5  2 5  5  2 5 
 6
25  20 5  20 45  20 5 1    
   1  cos   3 
25  20 5 d. cos  
2 2 2
  94 5 3 6
 3
6     2
13. cos    ,     . Thus,   ,
3 2 4 2 2
3 6
 
which means lies in quadrant I. 6
2
x   6, r  3 2 tan 
e. tan  2  
 6 
2
 y 3
2 2 1  tan 2 
 2
y2  9  6  3 2   
2   2 2
y 3      2 2
 2
2
1 1
1
3 2 1    2 2
sin   and tan     2 
3 2
a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos  f. The angle is in QI so
 3 
 2      
6
  
tan   
1  cos 

1   
3
6
 3   3  2 1  cos  1   
3
6
2 18 6 2 2 2
   3 6
3 6
9 9 3  3

3 6
3 6
b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2  3
 6  3
2 2

3  6   3  6   96 6 6
      
 3   3  3  6  3  6  96
6 3 3 1
    15  6 6
9 9 9 3   5 2 6
3
787
3 3 3  2 tan 
14. sin    ,    2 . Thus,  , e. tan  2  
3 2 4 2 1  tan 2 
  2
which means lies in quadrant II. 2   
2  2   2 2
    2 2
y   3, r  3  2
2
1 1
1
1   
  2 2
2
x2   3 3  2 
x2  9  3  6
f. The angle is in QII so
6
x 6
2
 
tan    
1  cos 

1  
3
6
cos  
3
and tan   
2
2 1  cos  1  
3
6
3 6
a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos  3 6
 3
3 6

 3 6
3  6 3
 2       
 3   3 

3  6   3  6 

2 18

6 2

2 2 3  6  3  6 
9 9 3
96 6 6 15  6 6
b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2   
96 3
2 2
 6  3
         52 6
 3   3 
6 3 3 1 
    15. sec   3, sin   0 , so 0    . Thus,
9 9 9 3 2
  
6 0 , which means lies in quadrant I.
1 2 4 2
 1  cos  3 1
c. sin   cos   , x  1 , r  3 .
2 2 2 3
3 6 12  y 2  32
 3 y2  9 1  8
2
y 82 2
3 6
 2 2
6 sin   and tan   2 2
3
6
1 2 2 1 4 2
 1  cos  3 a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos   2   
d. cos    3 3 9
2 2 2
3 6 b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2 
2
1 2 2 
2
 3 1 8 7
2          
3  3  9 9 9
3 6

6
788
 1  cos  b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2 

c. sin 
2 2  2 5 
2 2
5
     
1
1 2
 5   5 
 3  3  1 1 3 3
20 5 15 3
2 2 3 3 3 3    
25 25 25 5
 1  cos 
d. cos   2 5
2 2 1    
 1  cos   5 
1 4 c. sin  
1 2 2 2
3  3  2 2 3 6
  
2 2 3 3 3 3 52 5
 5
2 tan  2
e. tan  2  
1  tan 2 
52 5

 
2 2 2

4 2

4 2

10
1 2 2  1 8
2
7
 2 5
1    
 1  cos   5 
f. The angle is in QI so d. cos   
2 2 2
  1  cos  1   13 
tan     52 5
2 1  cos  1   13 
 5
2
1 2 2
 3
 
4
2 2 52 5
3

10
3
16. csc    5, cos   0 , so     . Thus,
2 2 tan 
e. tan  2  
  3  1  tan 2 
  , which means lies in quadrant II.
2 2 4 2 1
2 
1 1 4
  2 
1 5 2
sin    , r  5, y  1  
5 5  
1 1 3 3
1   1
4 4
 5 2
2
x 2  (1) 2 
x2  5  1  4 f. The angle is in QII so
x  2  
tan    
1  cos 

1    2
5
cos  
2

2 5
and tan  
1 2 1  cos  1    2
5
5 5 2
5 2
a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos  52 5
 5
   94 5
5 2
52 5
 5  2 5 4 5
 2        
 5   5  5
789
 2 tan 
17. cot   2, sec   0 , so     . Thus, e. tan  2  
2 1  tan 2 
     1
  , which means lies in quadrant I. 2  
4 2 2 2  2 1 1 4
x   2, y  1    
 1
2
1 3 3
1    1
r 2  ( 2) 2  12  4  1  5  2 4 4
r 5
f. The angle is in QI so
1 5
sin  
5

5
,
 
tan   
1  cos 

1   
2
5
cos  
2

2 5
, tan   
1 2 1  cos  1   
2
5
5 5 2 5 2
52 5
a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos   5

5 2
5
52 5
 5  2 5 20 4
 2  
 5
   
  5
  
 25

5

5  2 5   5  2 5 
b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2  5  2 5  5  2 5 
2 2
 2 5  5 25  40 5  20 45  40 5
       
 5   5  25  20 5
20 5 15 3  94 5
   
25 25 25 5
3
 2 5 18. sec   2, csc   0 , so    2 . Thus,
1    2

 1  cos   5  3  
c. sin      , which means lies in quadrant
2 2 2 4 2 2
II.
52 5
1
5 cos   , x  1, r  2
 2
2
12  y 2  22
52 5
 y2  4 1  3
10
y 3
 2 5
1     3
 1  cos  5  sin    and tan    3
d. cos    2
2 2 2
a. sin(2 )  2sin  cos 
52 5
5  3 1 3
  2         
2  2  2 2
52 5 b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2 

10 2
1  3
2
1 3 1
          
2
   2  4 4 2
790
 1  cos  b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2 

c. sin 
2 2 2
 10   3 10 
2
1 1       
1  10   10 
 2  2  1 1
10 90 80 4
2 2 4 2    
100 100 100 5
 1  cos 
d. cos 
2 2 10
1
1 3  1  cos  10
1 c. sin  
2  2  3  3 2 2 2

2 2 4 2 10  10
 10
2 tan 
e. tan  2   2
1  tan 2 
10  10

 
2  3

2 3
 3

20
1  3 1 3
2
1 10  10

2 5
f. The angle is in QII so
1   12  10
  1  cos 
 1  cos 
1
tan      10
2 1  cos  1   12  d. cos   
2 2 2
1
1 3 10  10
 2
 
3
3 3 10
2

2
3
19. tan    3, sin   0 , so    2 . Thus, 10  10
2 
20
3  
   , which means lies in quadrant II. 1 10  10
4 2 2 
x  1, y  3 2 5
r 2  12  (3) 2  1  9  10
2 tan 
r  10 e. tan  2  
1  tan 2 
3 3 10 1 10 2  3 6 6 3
sin    , cos    ,    
10 10 1   3  1 9 8 4
2
10 10
tan   3
a. sin  2   2sin  cos 
 3 10   10 
 2       
 10   10 
6 3
 
10 5
791
f. The angle is in QII so  3 10 

 
tan    
1  cos 

1  
1
10
c.

sin 
1  cos 

1   
 10 

2 1  cos  1  
1
10
2 2 2
10  3 10
10  1 10  10
   10
10  1 10  10 2

10  10   10  10  
10  3 10
10  10  10  10  20
1 10  3 10
100  20 10  10 110  20 10 
  2 5
100  10 90
 3 10 
11  2 10 1    
 10 
3  1  cos  
d. cos   
2 2 2
3 10  3 10
20. cot   3, cos   0 , so     . Thus, 10
2 
2
  3 
  which means is in quadrant II.
2 2 4 2 10  3 10

x  3, y  1 20
r 2  (3) 2  (1) 2  9  1  10 1 10  3 10

r  10 2 5
1 10
sin     , 2 tan 
10 10 e. tan  2  
1  tan 2 
3 3 10 1 1
cos     and tan   2  2
10 10 3 3 33
  2 
1 8 4
a. sin  2   2sin  cos  1   9
3
 10   3 10  6 3
 2           f. The angle is in QII so
 10   10  10 5
b. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2   
tan    
1  cos 

1   3
10 
 3 10  
2
10 
2 2 1  cos  1   3
10 
       
 10   10  10  3 10  3 10
 
90 10 80 4 10  3 10  3 10
   
100 100 100 5

10  3 10   10  3 10 
10  3 10  10  3 10 
100  60 10  90 190  60 10
 
100  90 10
  19  6 10
792
 45   9  9
21. sin 22.5  sin    4  1  cos
 2  9 4
24. tan  tan  
1  cos 45 8  2  9
1  cos
 4
2
2
2 1
1 2 2
2  2 2 2 2 
  2 2
2 4 2 1
2
 45   2 2   2 2 
22. cos 22.5  cos    
 2     
 2 2   2 2 
1  cos 45

2  2 
2
2

2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
   
2 4 2 2
 2 1
 7  7
 4  1  cos  1  2
7 4
23. tan  tan   
8  2  7
1  cos  330 
4 25. cos165  cos  
 2 
2
1 1  cos 330
2 2 
  2
2 2
1
2 3
1
 2 2  2 2   2   2 3   2 3
       2 4 2
 2 2  2 2 
 390  1  cos 390
2  2 
2
26. sin195  sin   
  2  2
2
3
 2 2  1
     2
 2  2
  2 1  
2 3
4
 1 2
2 3

2
793
15 1 1 7 1 1
27. sec   28. csc  
8 15  15  8 sin 7   7 
cos  4   
8 8 sin  4 
cos    2 
 2 
1
1 
 7
15 1  cos
1  cos 4
4 2
2 1
1 
 2
2 1
1 2
2 2
2 1

1 2 2

2 2 4
4 2

2 2 2

2 2  2   2 2
  
 2 2   2 2 
 2   2 2   
  
2 2 2  2
 2 2   2 2  2
     
 2  2   2  2 
 2 2 2   2  
2
 
 2  2   2 
 

2  

2 2 2  2 2
2


2 2 2  2 2 
 2 2  2 2
2

 2 2  2 2
 
 
 
29. sin     sin  4 
 8  2 
 
1  cos   
  4
2
2
1
 2   2 2   2 2
2 4 2
 3 
 3   
30. cos     cos  4 
 8   2 
 3 
1  cos   
  4 
2
 2
1    
 2  2 2 2 2
  
2 4 2
794
31.  lies in quadrant II. Since x 2  y 2  5 , r  5 . 

34. Note: Since  lies in quadrant II, must lie in
Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so 2

a 2  22  5 quadrant I. Therefore, sin is positive. From the
2
a  52
2 2
5
a   5  2 2   1  1 solution to Problem 29, we have cos    .
5
(a is negative because  lies in quadrant II.)
   1  cos 
b 2 2 5 Thus, f    sin 
Thus, sin     and 2 2 2
r 5 5
 5
a 1 5 1   
cos     . Thus,  5 
r 5 5 
2
f  2   sin  2   2sin  cos 
5 5
2 5  5 20 4
 2            5
 5   5  25 5 2
32. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 5 5


2 5 5 10
sin   and cos    .
5 5


10 5  5 
Thus, g  2   cos  2   cos 2   sin 2  10
2 2
 5 2 5
       35.  lies in quadrant II. Since x 2  y 2  5 , r  5 .
 5   5  Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so
5 20 15 3
    a 2  22  5
25 25 25 5
a 2  5  22
 a   5  2 2   1  1
33. Note: Since  lies in quadrant II, must lie in
2 (a is negative because  lies in quadrant II.)
 b 2
quadrant I. Therefore, cos is positive. From the Thus, tan     2 .
2 a 1
solution to Problem 29, we have cos   
5
. h  2   tan  2 
5 2 tan 

   1  cos  1  tan 2 
Thus, g    cos 
2 2 2 2  2  4 4 4
   
 5 1   2  1  4 3 3
2
1   
  5 
2
5 5
 5
2
5 5

10


10 5  5 
10
795
36. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 38. From the solution to Problem 37, we have
2 5 5 15 1
sin   and cos    . Thus, sin    and cos    . Thus,
5 5 4 4
 5 f  2   sin  2 
1   
   1  cos   5   2sin  cos 
h    tan  
2 2 sin  2 5  15   1  15
 2         
5  4   4 8
5 5
 5 
39. Note: Since  lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2 5 2
5 
quadrant II. Therefore, sin is positive. From
5 5 2

2 5 1
the solution to Problem 37, we have cos    .
5 5 5 4
    
2 5 5 Thus, f    sin
2 2
5 5 5
 1  cos 
10 
2
5 1 1 5
   1
2 2 1   
  4
37.  lies in quadrant III. Since x 2  y 2  1 , 2
 1  5
r  1  1 . Now, the point   , b  is on the
 4   4  5  5  2  10  10
circle, so 2 8 8 2 16 4
2
 1
  b 1
2

 4 40. Note: Since  lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2
2
 1 
b2  1     quadrant II. Therefore, cos is negative. From
 4 2
2 1
 1 15 15 the solution to Problem 37, we have cos    .
b   1       4
 4 16 4
Thus,
(b is negative because  lies in quadrant III.)
  
1 g    cos
 2
  2
a 1
Thus, cos    4   and
r 1 4 1  cos 

15 2

b 4   15 . Thus,  1
sin    1   
r 1 4  4

g  2   cos  2   cos   sin 2 
2
2
2
 1   15 
2 3
       3 3 2 6 6
 4   4   4     
2 8 8 2 16 4
1 15 14 7
   
16 16 16 8
796
41. From the solution to Problem 37, we have

 
2
43. sin 4   sin 2 
15 1
sin    and cos    . Thus,
 1  cos  2  
2
4 4
 
   1  cos   2 
h    tan 
2 2 sin  1
 1  2 cos  2   cos 2  2  
 1 4
1   
 
4 1 1 1
  cos  2   cos 2  2 
15 4 2 4

4 1 1 1  1  cos  4  
5   cos  2    
4 2 4 2 
 4 1 1 1 1
15   cos  2    cos  4 
 4 2 8 8
4
3 1 1
5   cos  2   cos  4 
 8 2 8
15
5 15 44. sin  4   sin  2  2 
 
15 15  2sin  2  cos  2 

5 15
15
 2(2sin  cos  ) 1  2sin 2  
15 
 4sin  cos  1  2sin 2  

3
 
  cos    4sin  1  2sin 2  
 
42.  lies in quadrant III. Since x 2  y 2  1 , 
  cos   4sin   8sin  3

 1 
r  1  1 . Now, the point   , b  is on the 45. cos(3 )  cos(2   )
 4 
circle, so  cos  2  cos   sin  2  sin 
 
2
 1  2 cos 2   1 cos   2sin  cos  sin 
  b 1
2
 4
2
 2 cos3   cos   2sin 2  cos 
 1
b2  1    
 4

 2 cos3   cos   2 1  cos 2  cos  
2  2 cos3   cos   2 cos   2 cos3 
 1 15 15
b   1        4 cos3   3cos 
 4 16 4
(b is negative because  lies in quadrant III.) 46. cos  4   cos  2  2 
15
  2 cos 2 (2 )  1
b 4  15 .
Thus, tan   
 
2
a 1  2 2 cos 2   1  1

4
 2  4 cos 4
  4 cos 2   1  1
h  2   tan  2 
2 tan   8cos 4   8cos 2   2  1

1  tan 2   8cos 4   8cos 2   1

2  15  
2 15 2 15
 
15
1   15  1  15 14
2
7
797
47. We use the result of problem 44 to help solve cos  sin 


this problem: cot   tan  sin  cos 
sin  5   sin(4   )
50. 
cot   tan  cos   sin 
 sin  4  cos  cos  4  sin  sin  cos 
cos 2   sin 2 
 
 cos 4sin   8sin 3  cos  cos  2(2 )  sin 
 sin  cos 
  
 cos  4sin   8sin   1  2sin 2  2  sin 
2 3
 cos 2   sin 2 
 
 1  sin  4sin   8sin 
2 3
 sin  cos 
cos 2   sin 2  sin  cos 

 sin  1  2  2sin  cos 
2
 
sin  cos 

cos 2   sin 2 
 4sin   12sin   8sin  3 5
cos   sin 
2 2


 sin  1  8sin 2  cos 2   1
 4sin   12sin 3   8sin 5   cos  2 
 sin   8sin 3  1  sin 2   1 1

51. cot(2 )  
 5sin   12sin   8sin   8sin   8sin 
3 5 3 5
tan(2 ) 2 tan 
 16sin 5   20sin 3   5sin  1  tan 2 
1  tan 2 
48. We use the results from problems 44 and 46 to 
2 tan 
help solve this problem:
1
cos(5 )  cos(4   ) 1
 cot 2

 cos  4  cos   sin  4  sin  2

 8cos 4   8cos 2   1 cos   cot 
cot 2   1
 
 cos  4sin   8sin 3  sin  
 cot 
2
 8cos   8cos   cos 

5 3 2
cot 
 4 cos  sin 2   8cos  sin 4 
cot 2   1 cot 
 8cos5   8cos3   cos   
cot 2  2
 4 cos  (1  cos 2  )  8cos  (1  cos 2  ) 2 cot   1
2

 8cos5   8cos3   cos   4 cos  2 cot 
 4 cos3   8cos  (1  2 cos 2   cos 4  )
1 1
 8cos5   4 cos3   3cos  52. cot(2 )  
tan(2 ) 2 tan 
 8cos   16 cos3   8cos5  1  tan 2 
 16 cos5   20 cos3   5cos  1  tan 2 

2 tan 

49. cos 4   sin 4   cos 2   sin 2   cos 2
  sin 2   1 1 tan 2  
   
 1  cos  2  2  tan  tan  
 cos  2  1
  cot   tan  
2
798
1 1 1
53. sec(2 )  
cos(2 ) 2 cos 2   1
58. sin 2  cos 2  
4

4sin 2  cos 2  
1 1
  2sin  cos  
2

2 4
1
sec 2  1
 sin  2  
2
1 4

2  sec 2  1 1  cos  4  
  
sec 2  4  2 
sec 2  1
  1  cos  4  
2  sec 2  8
1 1  
54. csc  2    59. sec 2   
1

1

2
sin  2  2sin  cos   2  cos 2    1  cos  1  cos 
1 1 1   2
   2
2 cos  sin 
1   1 1 2
 sec  csc  60. csc 2     
2  2  sin 2    1  cos  1  cos 
  2
2
55. cos 2 (2u )  sin 2 (2u )  cos  2(2u )   cos(4u )
v 1 1
61. cot 2    
56. (4sin u cos u )(1  2sin 2 u )   tan 2  
2 v 1  cos v
  1  cos v
 2(2sin u cos u )(1  2sin 2 u ) 2
 2sin 2u cos 2u 1  cos v

 sin  2  2u  1  cos v
1
 sin  4u  1
 sec v
1
1
cos(2 ) cos 2   sin 2  sec v
57. 
1  sin(2 ) 1  2sin  cos  sec v  1
(cos   sin  )(cos   sin  )  sec v
 sec v  1
cos 2   sin 2   2sin  cos 
(cos   sin  )(cos   sin  ) sec v
 sec v  1 sec v
(cos   sin  )(cos   sin  )  
cos   sin  sec v sec v  1
 sec v  1
cos   sin  
cos   sin  sec v  1
 sin 
cos   sin 
sin 
cos  sin 

 sin  sin 
cos  sin 

sin  sin 
cot   1

cot   1
799
v 1  cos v 1 cos v sin 3   cos3 

62. tan     csc v  cot v 64.
2 sin v sin v sin v sin   cos 
 1  cos 
 sin   cos    sin 2   sin  cos   cos 2  
1  tan 2
1 
2 1  cos  sin   cos 
63. 
 1  cos   sin   sin  cos   cos 2 
2
1  tan 2 1
2 1  cos  1
1  cos   (1  cos  ) 
 sin 2   cos 2    2
 2sin  cos  
 1  cos  1
1  cos   1  cos   1  sin  2 
2
1  cos 
2 cos  sin(3 ) cos(3 ) sin  3  cos   cos  3  sin 
65.  
  cos 
1 sin  cos  sin  cos 
2 sin(3   )
1  cos  
sin  cos 
2 cos  1  cos  sin 2
  
1  cos  2 sin  cos 
 cos  2sin  cos 

sin  cos 
2
cos   sin  cos   sin   cos   sin     cos   sin  

2 2
66.  
cos   sin  cos   sin   cos   sin   cos   sin  


cos 2   2 cos  sin   sin 2   cos 2   2 cos  sin   sin 2  
cos   sin 
2 2
cos   2 cos  sin   sin 2   cos 2   2 cos  sin   sin 2 

2

cos 2   sin 2 
4 cos  sin 

cos  2 
2(2sin  cos  )

cos  2 
2sin  2 

cos  2 
 2 tan  2 
67. tan  3   tan(2   )

2 tan  2 tan   tan   tan 3 
tan  2   tan   tan 
3 tan   tan 3  1  tan 2  3 tan   tan 3 
 1  tan  1  tan 2 
2
    
1  tan  2  tan  1  2 tan   tan  1  tan 2   2 tan 2  1  tan 2  1  3 tan 2  1  3 tan 2 
1  tan 
2
1  tan 
2
800
68. tan   tan(  120º )  tan(  240º )

tan   tan120º tan   tan 240º
 tan   
1  tan  tan120º 1  tan  tan 240º
tan   3 tan   3
 tan   

1  tan   3 1  tan  3   
tan   3 tan   3
 tan   
1  3 tan  1  3 tan 
   
tan  1  3 tan   tan   3 1  3 tan   tan   3 1  3 tan 
2
   

1  3 tan 
2
tan   3 tan   tan   3 tan   3  3 tan   tan   3 tan 2   3  3 tan 

3 2

1  3 tan 2 
3 tan 3   9 tan 

1  3 tan 2 


3 3 tan   tan 3  
1  3 tan  2
 3 tan  3  (from Problem 65)
1 cos  2   6sin 2   4
69.
2

 ln 1  cos  2   ln 2  71.
1  2sin 2   6sin 2   4
1 1  cos 2
  ln 4sin 2   3
2 2
3
 1  cos  2  1/ 2
 sin 2  
4
 ln  
 2  3
  sin   

 ln sin 2 
1/ 2
 2
 2
 , ,
4 5
,
 ln sin  3 3 3 3
  2 4 5 
1 3 3 3 3 
70.
2

 ln 1  cos  2   ln 2 
1 1  cos 2 72. cos  2   2  2sin 2 
  ln
2 2 1  2sin 2   2  2sin 2 
 1  cos  2  1/ 2
 1  2 (not possible)
 ln   The equation has no real solution.
 2 
 

 ln cos 2 
1/ 2

 ln cos 
801
73. cos(2 )  cos  76.

2 cos   1  cos 
2 cos(2 )  cos(4 )  0
2 cos 2   cos   1  0  2 cos 2

  1   2 cos 2 (2 )  1  0
(2 cos   1)(cos   1)  0 2 cos 2   1  2  cos(2 ) cos(2 )   1  0
2 cos   1  0 or cos   1  0  
2 cos 2   2 2 cos 2 ( )  1 2 cos 2 ( )  1  2  0 
1 cos   1
cos   
2  0  2 cos 2
  1  2  4 cos 4   4 cos 2   1  1  0
2 4 2 cos 2   1  8cos 4   8cos 2   2  1  0
 ,
3 3 8cos 4   6 cos 2   0
 2 4  4 cos 4   3cos 2   0
The solution set is 0, , .
 3 3 
 
cos 2  4 cos 2   3  0
74. sin(2 )  cos 
cos ( )  0 or 4 cos   3  0
2 2
2sin  cos   cos 
3
2sin  cos   cos   0 cos   0 or cos 2 
4
(cos  )(2sin   1)  0
3
cos   0 or 2sin   1 cos   
2
cos   0 1  3  5 7  11
sin    , or  , , ,
 3 2 2 2 6 6 6 6
 ,
2 2  5
 ,
6 6 On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
   5 3     5 7 3 11 
The solution set is  , , , .  , , , , , .
6 2 6 2  6 2 6 6 2 6 
75. sin(2 )  sin(4 )  0 77. 3  sin   cos(2 )

sin(2 )  2sin(2 ) cos(2 )  0 3  sin   1  2sin 2 
sin(2 ) 1  2 cos(2 )   0
2sin 2   sin   2  0
sin(2 )  0 or1  2 cos(2 )  0 This equation is quadratic in sin  .
1
cos(2 )   The discriminant is b 2`  4ac  1  16  15  0 .
2 The equation has no real solutions.
2  0  2k  or 2    2k  or
  k  78. cos(2 )  5cos   3  0
   k
2 2 cos 2   1  5cos   3  0
2 4
2   2k  or 2   2k  2 cos 2   5cos   2  0
3 3
 2 (2 cos   1)(cos   2)  0
   k   k
3 3 2 cos   1 or cos    2
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is 1 (not possible)
cos   
   2 4 3 5  2
0, , , , , , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3  2 4
 ,
3 3
 2 4 
 3 3 
802
79. tan(2 )  2sin   0  1    3

81. sin  2sin 1   sin  2    sin 
sin(2 )  2  6 3 2
 2sin   0
cos(2 )
sin 2  2sin  cos 2  3   2 3
0 82. sin  2sin 1   sin  2    sin 
cos 2  2   3 3 2
2sin  cos   2sin  (2 cos 2   1)  0
 3  3

2sin  cos   2 cos 2   1  0  83. cos  2sin 1   1  2sin 2  sin 1 
 5   5 
2sin   2 cos 2
  cos   1  0 2
3
 1 2 
2sin  (2 cos   1)(cos   1)  0 5
2 cos   1  0 or 2sin   0 or 18
 1
1 sin   0 25
cos  
2   0,  
7
 5 25
 ,
3 3
 4  4
84. cos  2 cos 1   2 cos 2  cos 1   1
cos   1  0  5   5 
cos   1 4
2
 2   1
  5
  5  32
The solution set is 0, ,  , .  1
 3 3  25
7
80. tan(2 )  2 cos   0 
25
sin(2 )
 2 cos   0
cos(2 )   3 
85. tan  2 cos 1    
sin  2   2 cos  cos 2   5 
0
cos  2   3
Let   cos 1    .  lies in quadrant II.
2sin  cos   2 cos  (1  2sin 2  )  0  5
3 

2 cos  sin   1  2sin 2   0  Then cos    ,
5 2
  .
 2 cos   2sin 2
  sin   1  0 5
sec   
 2 cos  (2sin   1)(sin   1)  0 3
2 cos   0 or 2sin   1  0 or tan    sec2   1
cos   0 1 2
sin     5 25 16 4
 3 2      1   1   
 ,  3 9 9 3
2 2 7 11
 ,
6 6
sin   1  0
sin   1


2
  7 3 11 
2 6 2 6 
803
  3  2 tan  sin   1  cos 2 

tan  2 cos 1      tan 2 
  5  1  tan 2  2
4 16 9 3
 4  1    1  
2   5 25 25 5
 
3
 4
2  4
1    sin  2 cos 1   sin 2
 5
 3
8 3 4 24
  2sin  cos   2   
3 9 5 5 25

16 9
1   4 
9 88. cos  2 tan 1    
24   3 

9  16  4
Let   tan 1    .  is in quadrant IV.
24  3

7 4 
Then tan    ,     0 .
24 3 2

7 sec   tan 2   1
2
 3  4 16 25 5
2 tan  tan 1      1  1  
 1 3   4  3 9 9 3
86. tan  2 tan 
 4  1  tan 2  tan 1 3  3
  cos  
 4 5
3   4 
2  cos  2 tan 1      cos 2  2 cos 2   1
 4   3  2
3
2
3
1    2   1
4 5
3 18
 1
16 25
 2 
9 16 7
1 
16 25
24

16  9  3
1  cos  cos 1  1  3
24 1 3  5 5
 89. sin 2  cos 1   
7 2 5 2 2
2
 4
87. sin  2 cos 1  5
 5  2
4 1
Let   cos 1 .  is in quadrant I. 
5 5
4 
Then cos   , 0    . 1 3
5 2 90. cos 2  sin 1 
2 5
3
Let   sin 1 .  is in quadrant I. Then
5
3 
sin   , 0    .
5 2
804
cos   1  sin 2   3
2
cos   1  sin 2   1    
3
2
9 16 4  5
 1    1  
5 25 25 5 9
 1
1 3 1  25
cos 2  sin 1   cos 2    
2 5 2  16

4 9 25
1
1  cos  5 5 9 4
  
2 2 2 10 5
  3  1
 3 csc  2sin 1      csc  2  
91. sec  2 tan 1    5  sin  2 
 4
1
3 
Let   tan 1   .  is in quadrant I. 2sin  cos 
4 1
3  
Then tan   , 0    .  3  4 
4 2 2    
 5  5 
sec   tan 2   1 1

2 24
3 9 25 5 
   1  1   25
4
  16 16 4
25
4 
cos   24
5
 3 1 93. f  x  0
sec  2 tan 1   sec  2  
 4 cos  2  sin  2 x   sin x  0
1 2sin x cos x  sin x  0
 sin x  2 cos x  1  0
2 cos 2   1
1 sin x  0 or 2 cos x  1  0
 2 x  0,  1
4 cos x 
2   1 2
5  5
1 x ,
 3 3
32
1  5
25 The zeros on 0  x  2 are 0, , , .
3 3
1

7 94. f  x  0
25
cos  2 x   cos x  0
25
 2 cos 2 x  1  cos x  0
7
2 cos 2 x  cos x  1  0
  3   2 cos x  1 cos x  1  0
92. csc  2sin 1    
  5  2 cos x  1  0 or cos x  1  0
1 cos x  1
 3 cos x 
Let   sin 1    .  is in quadrant IV. 2 x 
 5  5
3  x ,
Then sin    ,     0 . 3 3
5 2  5
The zeros on 0  x  2 are , , .
3 3
805
95. f  x  0 1W
2
97. a. D
cos  2 x   sin 2 x  0 csc   cot 
cos 2 x  sin 2 x  sin 2 x  0 W  2 D  csc   cot  
cos 2 x  0 1 cos  1  cos 
cos x  0 csc   cot    
sin  sin  sin 
 3 
x ,  tan
2 2 2
 3 
The zeros on 0  x  2 are , . Therefore, W  2 D tan .
2 2 2
96. a. cos(2 )  cos   0 , 0º    90º b. Here we have D  15 and W  6.5 .
2 cos   1  cos   0
2 
6.5  2 15  tan
2 cos 2   cos   1  0 2
 13
(2 cos   1)(cos   1)  0 tan 
2 60
2 cos   1  0 or cos   1  0
 13
1 cos   1  tan 1
cos   2 60
2   180º 1 13
  60º , 300º   2 tan  24.45
60
On the interval 0º    90º , the solution is
60˚. 98. 
I x sin  cos   I y sin  cos   I xy cos 2   sin 2  
A(60º )  16sin  60º  cos  60º   1
b.

 Ix  I y   sin  cos   I xy  cos 2 2
  sin  
31 
 16    1
2 2  
 Ix  I y  12 sin 2  I xy cos 2
 12 3 in 2  20.78 in 2 Ix  I y
 sin 2  I xy cos 2
2
c. Graph Y1  16sin x  cos x  1 and use the
MAXIMUM feature: v02 2
99. a. R ( )  cos  (sin   cos  )
 16
v02 2
 (cos  sin   cos 2  )
16
v02 2 1

  (2 cos  sin   2 cos 2  )
 16 2

v02 2   1  cos 2  
The maximum area is approximately   sin 2  2  
20.78 in.2 when the angle is 60˚. 32   2 
v02 2
 sin  2   1  cos  2  
32 
v02 2
 sin  2   cos  2   1
32 
b. sin(2 )  cos(2 )  0
Divide each side by 2 :
1 1
sin(2 )  cos(2 )  0
2 2
806
1 1  1 1
cos   and sin   and   : 100. y  sin(2 x)  sin(4 x)
2 2 4 2 4
sin(2 ) cos   cos(2 ) sin   0 1 1
 sin(2 x)  sin(2  2 x)
sin(2   )  0 2 4
1 1
2    0  k   sin(2 x)   2sin(2 x) cos(2 x) 
 2 4
2   0  k 1 1
4  sin(2 x)  sin(2 x) cos(2 x) 
 2 2
2    k  1 1
4
2 2

 sin(2 x)  sin(2 x)  2 cos 2 ( x)  1  
 k
   1 1
8 2  sin(2 x)  sin(2 x) cos 2 ( x)  sin(2 x)
2 2
3
  67.5º  sin(2 x) cos 2 ( x)
8
101. Let b represent the base of the triangle.
322 2
c. R   sin(2  67.5º )  cos(2  67.5º )  1  h  b/2
32 cos  sin 
2 s 2 s
 32 2  sin 135º   cos 135º   1
 
h  s cos b  2 s sin
 2  2  2 2
 32 2     1
 2  2   1
    A  bh
2
 32 2  2 1  1    
   2s sin  s cos 
 
 32 2  2 feet  18.75 feet 2  2  2
 
 s 2 sin cos
32 2 2 2 2
d. Graph Y1   sin(2 x)  cos(2 x)  1 and 1
32  s 2 sin 
use the MAXIMUM feature: 2
 y x
102. sin    y; cos    x
1 1
a. A  2 xy  2 cos  sin   2sin  cos 
b. 2sin  cos   sin(2 )
 
 c. The largest value of the sine function is 1.
Solve:
The angle that maximizes the distance sin 2  1
is 67.5˚, and the maximum distance is
18.75 feet. 
2 
2

  45
4
 2  2
d. x  cos  y  sin 
4 2 4 2
The dimensions of the largest rectangle are
2
2 by .
2
807
   2sin  cos 2 
 1  cos 4  105. sin  2   2sin  cos   
  cos 
103. A  8 12  tan    1152  1
2

8  sin   2
sin 
 4  cos 

 2   2 2  1
 1    cos 2 
 1152  2   1152  2 
 2   2  2 tan 
    
 2   2  sec 2 
 2 2   2 2 2  2 tan  4
 
 1152    1152    1  tan 2  4
 2   2 2 
4(2 tan  )
 2 2 2  2 2 2 
 1152     1152   4  (2 tan  ) 2
 2 2  2  4x

 1152  
2  1 =1152 2  1152 in 2 4  x2
cos 2   sin 2 
  106. cos  2   cos 2   sin 2  
  cos 2   sin 2 
  cos 2   sin 2 
 
  1 cos 2 
104. A  2  9  cot    162  
2

8    cos   sin 2 
2
 sin 
 4  cos 2 
 1  cos   1  tan 2  4
 4   
1  tan 2  4
   4  4 tan 2 
 1  cos 4  
 162   4  4 tan 2 
 sin  
4   2 tan  
2
 4  
4   2 tan  
2
 2   2 2 
1   
 162  2   162  2  4  x2

 2   2  4  x2
   
 2   2 
2 2   2 2 2  1 1
 162  107.  sin 2 x  C    cos  2 x 
  162    2 4
 2   2 2 
1 1
2 2 2  2 2 2 C    cos  2 x    sin 2 x
 162   4 2
  162  
2 1
 2 2   
   cos  2 x   2sin 2 x 
 162  
2  1 =162 2  162 cm 2
4
1

   1  2sin 2 x  2sin 2 x
4

1
   (1)
4
1

4
808
1 1  
108.  cos 2 x  C   cos  2 x  110. If z  tan   , then
2 4 2
1 1  
C   cos  2 x    cos 2 x 1  tan 2  
4 2 1 z2 2
1 1 
 
  2 cos x  1  cos 2 x
4
2
2
1 z2 2  
1  tan  
2
1 1 1
 cos 2 x   cos 2 x 1  cos 
2 4 2 1
 1  cos 
1 1  cos 
 1
4 1  cos 
1  cos   (1  cos  )
 
109. If z  tan   , then  1  cos 
2 1  cos   1  cos 
  1  cos 
2 tan  
2z 2 1  cos   (1  cos  )
 
1 z2 2   1  cos   1  cos 
1  tan  
2 2 cos 

  2
2 tan  
2  cos 

2  
sec   1  cos  2 x 
2 111. f ( x)  sin 2 x 
2
    Starting with the graph of y  cos x , compress
 2 tan   cos 2  
2 2 horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x-
  axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a
2sin  
  2   cos 2    factor of 2.
 
  2
cos  
2
   
 2sin   cos  
 2 2
   
 sin  2    1  cos  2 x 
  2  112. g ( x)  cos 2 x 
2
 sin  Starting with the graph of y  cos x , compress
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x-
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a
factor of 2.
809
     
 12  1  cos 4 1  cos
 12  4
113. sin  sin    114. cos  cos   
24  2  2 8 2 2
1
1   
6 2   1
2
2 2
 4
2
  11
2 8
 6 2  
2
2 
4

82  6 2  82  6 2  
2 2
16 4 2

 
2 4 6 2 

2
4 6  2 

8 1  cos

8
4 4 sin  sin   
16 2 2
    2 2
 12  1  cos 1
 12 2 2 2
cos  cos     2 
24  2  2 2 4
1
1   
6 2   2 2 2
 4
2
  11
2 8
 6 2  
2

82  6 2  82  6 2  

8 1  cos

cos  cos    8
16 4
16 2 2

2 4 6  2  2
 4 6  2 2 2
4 4 1
2 2 2 2
 
2 4
2 2 2

2
115. sin 3   sin 3 (  120º )  sin 3 (  240º )

 sin 3    sin  cos 120º   cos  sin 120º     sin  cos  240º   cos  sin  240º  
3 3
3 3
 1 3   1 3 
 sin 3      sin    cos       sin    cos  
 2 2   2 2 
1

 sin 3     sin 3   3 3 sin 2  cos   9sin  cos 2   3 3 cos3 
8

1

 sin 3   3 3 sin 2  cos   9sin  cos 2   3 3 cos3 
8

1 3 3 9 3 3
 sin 3    sin 3    sin 2  cos    sin  cos 2    cos3 
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 9 3 3
  sin 3    sin 2  cos    sin  cos 2    cos3 
8 8 8 8
3 9 3 3
 
  sin 3    sin  cos 2    sin 3   3sin  1  sin 2     sin 3   3sin   3sin 3 
4 4 4 4
 
3 3
4
 4

  4sin 3   3sin     sin  3  (from Example 2)
810
  1
y  y1  ( x  x1 )
116. tan   tan  3  
 3 2
  1
3 tan  tan 3 y  ( 3)  ( x  2)
3 3 2
 (from problem 65)
 1
1  3 tan 2
y  3  x 1
3 2
  1
tan  3  tan 2  y  x4
3  3 2
a tan 
3 2  b 6
1  3 tan 120. Vertex: x    3
3 2a 2( 1)
    f (3)  (3) 2  6(3)  7  16 ; (3,16)
3 tan  tan 3  a tan  1  3 tan 2 
3 3 3 3 x-intercepts: 0   x 2  6 x  7
  
3  tan 2  a 1  3 tan 2  0  x2  6 x  7
3  3
0  ( x  7)( x  1)
 
3  tan 2  a  3a tan 2 x  7 or x  1
3 3
y-intercepts: y  (0) 2  6(0)  7
 
3a tan 2
 tan 2
 a3 y7
3 3

 3a  1 tan 2  a 3
3
 a 3
tan 2 
3 3a  1
 a 3
tan 
3 3a  1
117. cos(2 x)  (2m  1) sin x  m  1  0

(1  2sin 2 x)  (2m  1) sin x  m  1  0
 2   4  3  1
2sin 2 x  (2m  1) sin x  m  0 121. sin    cos     
 3  3 2  2
2sin 2 x  (2m  1) sin x  m  0
3 1 3 1
We can solve this as a quadratic equation. In   
order for the equation to have exactly one real 2 2 2
solution, then b 2  4ac  0 .
2
 (2m  1)2  4(2)(  m)  0 122. Amplitude: 2; Period: 4

2
4m 2  4m  1  8m  0
4m 2  4m  1  0
(2m  1) 2  0
1
So m   .
2
118. Answers will vary.
119. Since the line is perpendicular the slope would
1
be m  .
2
811
Section 6.7
1. sin(195) cos(75)  sin(150  45) cos(30  45)
sin(150  45) cos(30  45) 

  sin150 cos 45  cos150 sin 45  cos 30 cos 45  sin 30 sin 45 
 1   2  3   2    3   2   1   2  
                 
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2   2  
 2 6  6 2 12 4 36 12
         
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 2 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
               1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2  2 
2. cos(285) cos(195)  cos(240  45) cos(240  45)
cos(240  45) cos(240  45) 

  cos 240 cos 45  sin 240 sin 45  cos 240 cos 45  sin 240 sin 45 
  cos 240   cos 45    sin 240   sin 45 
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
 2 
 1
2
3   2   1  2   3  2 
  
                 
 2 2   2   2   4  4   4  4 
1 3 1
  
8 8 4
3. sin(285) sin(75)  sin(240  45) sin(30  45)
sin(240  45) sin(30  45) 

  sin 240 cos 45  cos 240 sin 45  sin 30 cos 45  cos 30 sin 45 
 3   2   1   2    1   2   3  2  
                   
  
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2  2  
 6 2  2 6 12 36 4 12
            
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 6 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
                1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2 2 
4. sin(75)  sin(15)  sin(45  30)  sin(45  30)

 sin(45) cos(30)  cos(45) sin(30)   sin(45) cos(30)  cos(45) sin(30) 
 2sin(45) cos(30)
 2  3  6
 2   2   2

 2  
812
Section 6.7: Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas
5. cos(255)  cos(195)  cos(225  30)  cos(225  30)

  cos(225) cos(30)  sin(225) sin(30)   cos(225) cos(30)  sin(225) sin(30)
 2sin(225) sin(30)
 2  1  2
 2      
 2  2  2
6. sin(255)  sin(15)  sin(135  120)  sin(135  120)

 sin(135) cos(120)  cos(135) sin(120)   sin(135) cos(120)  cos(135) sin(120) 
 sin(135) cos(120)  cos(135) sin(120)  sin(135) cos(120)  cos(135) sin(120)
 2 cos(135) sin(120)
 2  3  6
 2   
   
 2  2  2
1 1
7. sin(4 ) sin(2 )  cos(4  2 )  cos(4  2 ) 12. sin(4 ) cos(6 )  sin(4  6 )  sin(4  6 )
2 2
1 1
 cos  2   cos  6    sin 10   sin( 2 ) 
2 2
1
1  sin 10   sin  2  
8. cos(4 ) cos(2 )  cos(4  2 )  cos(4  2 ) 2
2
1 1
 cos(2 )  cos  6   13. sin  sin(2 )  cos(  2 )  cos(  2 )
2 2
1
1  cos( )  cos  3  
9. sin(4 ) cos(2 )  sin(4  2 )  sin(4  2 ) 2
2 1
1  cos   cos  3  
 sin  6   sin  2   2
2
1
1 14. cos(3 ) cos(4 )  cos(3  4 )  cos(3  4 )
10. sin(3 ) sin(5 )   cos(3  5 )  cos(3  5 )  2
2 1
1  cos(  )  cos  7  
 cos( 2 )  cos  8   2
2 1
1  cos   cos  7  
 cos  2   cos  8   2
2
3  1   3    3   
1 15. sin cos  sin     sin    
11. cos(3 ) cos(5 )   cos(3  5 )  cos(3  5 )  2 2 2  2 2  2 2 
2
1
1  sin  2   sin  
 cos( 2 )  cos  8   2
2
1
 cos  2   cos  8  
2
813
 5 1    5    5     3    3 
16. sin cos  sin     sin     2 2  2 2 
2 2 2   2 2   2 2  
24. sin  sin
3
 2sin   cos  
1 2 2  2   2 
 sin  3   sin(  2 )   
2  2sin    cos 
1  2
 sin  3   sin  2  
2 
  2sin cos 
2
 4  2   4  2 
17. sin(4 )  sin(2 )  2sin   cos  
 2   2     3     3 
2sin   cos  
 2sin  cos  3  sin   sin(3 )  2   2 
25. 
2sin(2 ) 2sin(2 )
 4  2   4  2  2sin(2 ) cos( )
18. sin(4 )  sin(2 )  2sin   cos   
 2   2  2sin(2 )
 2sin  3  cos   cos( )
 cos 
 2  4   2  4 
19. cos(2 )  cos(4 )  2 cos   cos      3     3 
 2   2  2 cos   cos  
cos   cos(3 )  2   2 
 2 cos  3  cos( ) 26. 
2 cos(2 ) 2 cos(2 )
 2 cos  3  cos 
2 cos(2 ) cos( )

2 cos(2 )
 5  3   5  3 
20. cos(5 )  cos(3 )   2sin   sin    cos( )
 2   2 
 cos 
  2sin  4  sin 
 4  2   4  2 
   3     3  2sin   cos  
21. sin   sin(3 )  2sin   cos   sin(4 )  sin(2 )  2   2 
 2   2  27. 
cos(4 )  cos(2 ) cos(4 )  cos(2 )
 2sin  2  cos( ) 2sin(3 ) cos 

 2sin  2  cos  2 cos(3 ) cos 
sin(3 )
   3     3  
22. cos   cos(3 )  2 cos   cos   cos(3 )
 2   2   tan(3 )
 2 cos  2  cos( )
 2 cos  2  cos     3     3 
2sin   sin  
cos   cos(3 )  2   2 
28. 
  3    3  sin(3 )  sin   3     3   
 3       2sin 
 2 
 cos 
 2 

23. cos  cos   2sin  2 2  sin  2 2 
2 2  2   2   2sin(2 ) sin( )

  2sin  cos(2 )
  2sin  sin   
 2 ( sin  ) sin(2 )

  sin  cos(2 )
  2sin    sin 
 2  tan(2 )

 2sin  sin
2
814
   3     3  sin(4 )  sin(8 )
2sin   sin   33.
cos   cos(3 )  2   2  cos(4 )  cos(8 )
29. 
sin   sin(3 )    3     3   4  8   4  8 
2sin   cos   2sin 
 2   2   cos  
  2   2 
 2sin(2 ) sin( )  4  8   4  8 
 2 cos   cos  
2sin(2 ) cos( )  2   2 
( sin  ) 2sin(6 ) cos( 2 )
 
cos  2 cos(6 ) cos( 2 )
 tan  sin(6 )

cos(6 )
   5     5 
2sin   sin    tan(6 )
cos   cos(5 )  2   2 
30. 
sin   sin(5 )    5     5 
2sin   cos   sin(4 )  sin(8 )
 2   2  34.
cos(4 )  cos(8 )
 2sin(3 ) sin( 2 )
  4  8   4  8 
2sin(3 ) cos( 2 ) 2sin   cos  
  2   2 
( sin 2 )
  4  8   4  8 
cos  2  2sin   sin  
 2   2 
 tan  2  2sin( 2 ) cos(6 )

 2sin(6 ) sin( 2 )
31. sin  sin   sin(3 ) 
cos(6 )

    3     3    sin(6 )
 sin   2sin   cos  
  2   2    cot(6 )
 sin   2sin(2 ) cos(  ) 
sin(4 )  sin(8 )
 cos   2sin(2 ) sin   35.
sin(4 )  sin(8 )
 1 
 cos   2   cos   cos(3 )   4  8   4  8 
 2  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 cos   cos   cos(3 )  
 4  8   4  8 
2sin   cos  
 2   2 
32. sin  sin  3   sin(5 ) 
2sin(6 ) cos( 2 )

  3  5   3  5   2sin( 2 ) cos(6 )
 sin   2sin   cos  
  2   2  sin(6 ) cos(2 )

 sin   2sin(4 ) cos( )   sin(2 ) cos(6 )
 cos   2sin(4 ) sin     tan(6 ) cot(2 )
 1  tan(6 )
 cos   2   cos  3   cos(5 )   
 2  tan(2 )
 cos   cos  3   cos(5 ) 
815
cos(4 )  cos(8 )        
36. 2sin   cos  
cos(4 )  cos(8 ) sin   sin   2   2 
39. 
 4  8   4  8  cos   cos         
2sin   sin   2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 

 4  8   4  8     
2 cos   cos   sin  
 2   2    2 
2sin(6 )sin(2 )    
 cos  
2 cos(6 ) cos(2 )  2 
sin(6 ) sin( 2 )    
   tan  
cos(6 ) cos(2 )  2 
  tan(6 ) tan(2 )
 tan(2 ) tan(6 )        
2sin   cos  
sin   sin   2   2 
40. 
        cos   cos         
2sin  2sin   sin  
sin   sin   cos    2   2 
37.   2   2 
sin   sin             
2sin   cos   cos  
 2   2    2 
           
sin  sin  
 cos    2 
  2   2 
           
cos   sin     cot  
 2   2   2 
       
 tan   cot  
 2   2 
       
2 cos   cos  
cos   cos   2   2 
38. 
cos   cos         
 2sin   sin  
 2   2 
       
cos   cos  
  2   2 
       
sin   sin  
 2   2 
       
  cot   cot  
 2   2 
816
41. 1  cos(2 )  cos(4 )  cos(6 )  cos 0  cos(6 )  cos(2 )  cos(4 )

 0  6   0  6   2  4   2  4 
 2 cos   cos    2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
 2 cos(3 ) cos(3 )  2 cos(3 ) cos( )
 2 cos 2 (3 )  2 cos(3 ) cos 
 2 cos(3 )  cos(3 )  cos  
  3     3    
 2 cos(3 )  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
 2 cos(3 )  2 cos(2 ) cos  
 4 cos  cos(2 ) cos(3 )
42. 1  cos(2 )  cos(4 )  cos(6 )   cos 0  cos(6 )    cos(4 )  cos(2 ) 

 0  6   0  6   2  4   2  4 
 2sin   sin    2sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
 2sin(3 ) sin(3 )  2sin(3 ) sin( )
 2sin 2 (3 )  2sin(3 ) sin 
 2sin(3 ) sin(3 )  sin  
  3     3   
 2sin(3 )  2sin   cos  
  2   2 
 2sin(3 )  2sin  cos(2 ) 
 4sin  cos(2 ) sin(3 )
43. sin(2 )  sin(4 )  0 44. cos(2 )  cos(4 )  0

sin(2 )  2sin(2 ) cos(2 )  0  2  4   2  4 
sin(2 ) 1  2 cos(2 )   0 2 cos   cos  0
 2   2 
sin(2 )  0 or 1  2 cos(2 )  0 2 cos(3 ) cos(  )  0
1
cos(2 )   2 cos  3  cos   0
2
2  0  2k  or 2    2k  or cos(3 )  0 or cos   0
  k   3
   k 3   2k  or 3   2k  or
2 2 2
2 4  2k   2k 
2   2k  or 2   2k     
3 3 6 3 2 3
 2  3
   k   k    2k  or    2k 
3 3 2 2
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
   2 4 3 5     5 7 3 11 
0, , , , , , , .  , , , , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3  6 2 6 6 2 6 
817
45. cos(4 )  cos(6 )  0

46. sin(4 )  sin(6 )  0
2sin  4  6  sin  4  6   0
   4  6
 2   2  2sin   cos  4  6   0
  
 2sin(5 ) sin(  )  0  2   2 
2sin  5  sin   0 2sin(  ) cos(5 )  0
sin(5 )  0 or sin   0  2sin  cos(5 )  0
5  0  2k  or 5    2k  or cos(5 )  0 or sin   0
2k   2k    0  2k  or     2k  or
    3
5 5 5 5   2k  or 5   2k 
  0  2k  or     2k  2 2
On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is  2k  3 2k 
   
  2 3 4 6 7 8 9  10 5 10 5
0, , , , ,  , , , ,  . On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
  3  7 9 11 13 3 17 19 
0, , , , , ,  , , , , , .
 10 10 2 10 10 10 10 2 10 10 
47. a. y  sin  2 (697)t   sin  2 (1209)t 

2 (852)t  2 (1209)t   2 (852)t  2 (1209)t 
 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2sin(2061 t ) cos(357 t )
 2sin(2061 t ) cos(357 t )
b. Because sin   1 and cos   1 for all  , it follows that sin(2061 t )  1 and cos(357 t )  1 for all
values of t. Thus, y  2sin(2061 t ) cos(357 t )  2 1 1  2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
c. Let Y1  2sin(2061 x) cos(357 x) . Window: x [0,0.01], y [-2, 2]
48. a. y  sin  2 (941)t   sin  2 (1477)t 

2 (941)t  2 (1477)t   2 (941)t  2 (1477)t 
 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2sin(2418 t ) cos(536 t )
 2sin(2418 t ) cos(536 t )
b. Because sin   1 and cos   1 for all  , it follows that sin(2418 t )  1 and cos(2418 t )  1 for all
values of t. Thus, y  2sin(2418 t ) cos(536 t )  2 1 1  2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
818
c. Let Y1  2sin(2418 x) cos(536 x) .
2 2
49. I u  I x cos   I y sin   2 I xy sin  cos 
 cos 2  1   1  cos 2 
 Ix    Iy    I xy 2sin  cos 
 2   2 
I cos 2 I x I y I y cos 2
 x     I xy sin 2
2 2 2 2
Ix  I y Ix  I y
  cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
I v  I x sin 2   I y cos 2   2 I xy sin  cos 

 1  cos 2   cos 2  1 
 Ix    Iy    I xy 2sin  cos 
 2   2 
I x I x cos 2 I y cos 2 I y
     I xy sin 2
2 2 2 2
Ix  I y Ix  I y
  cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
50. a. Since  and v0 are fixed, we need to maximize sin  cos     .

1
sin  cos     
2 
  
sin        sin       
 
1
 sin  2     sin  
2
This quantity will be maximized when sin  2     1 . So,
1
2v02   1  sin   v 2 1  sin   v02 1  sin   v02
Rmax  2 
0
 
g cos 2  
g 1  sin 2   g 1  sin  1  sin   g 1  sin  
 50 
2
b. Rmax   598.24
9.8 1  sin 35 
The maximum range is about 598 meters.
819
51. sin  2   sin  2    sin  2 

 2  2    2  2 
 2sin   cos    sin  2 
 2   2 
 2sin(   ) cos(   )  2sin  cos 
 2sin(   ) cos(   )  2sin  cos 
 2sin  cos(   )  2sin  cos 
 2sin   cos(   )  cos  
            
 2sin   2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
   2   2   
 4sin  cos   cos  
 2   2 
   
 4sin  cos     cos    
2   2
 4sin  sin  sin 
 4sin  sin  sin 
sin  sin  sin 

52. tan   tan   tan    
cos  cos  cos 
sin  cos  cos   sin  cos  cos   sin  cos  cos 

cos  (sin  cos   cos  sin  )  sin  cos  cos 

cos  sin(   )  sin  cos  cos  cos  sin(   )  sin  cos  cos 
 
cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos 
cos  sin   sin  cos  cos  sin  (cos   cos  cos  )
 
sin  cos    (   )   cos  cos   sin    cos(   )  cos  cos  
 
sin    cos  cos   sin  sin   cos  cos  

sin  (sin  sin  )
  tan  tan  tan 
53. Add the sum formulas for sin(   ) and sin(   ) and solve for sin  cos :
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
sin(   )  sin(   )  2sin  cos 
1
sin  cos   sin(   )  sin(   )
2
820
Chapter 6 Review Exercises
       59. cos  csc 1 

7
54. 2sin   cos   
 2   2  5
1          7  
 2  sin    Since csc  ,     , let r  7 and y  5 .
   sin    5 2 2
2  2 2   2 2 
Solve for x: x 2
 25  49
 2   2  
 sin    sin   x 2  24
 2   2 
x  2 6
 sin   sin    
Since  is in quadrant I, x  2 6 .
 sin   sin 
Thus, cos  csc 1   cos   
7 x 2 6
        .
Thus, sin   sin   2sin   cos  .  5 r 7
 2   2 
60. We find the inverse function by switching the x
        and y variables and solving for y.
55. 2 cos   cos  
 2   2  f ( x )  3sin x  5
1             y  3sin x  5
 2  cos     cos    x  3sin y  5
2  2 2   2 2 
x  5  3sin y
 2   2 
 cos    cos   x5
 2   2   sin y
3
 cos   cos   x  5
sin 1  y
         3 
Thus, cos   cos   2 cos   cos  .
 2   2   x  5
f 1 ( x )  sin 1 
 3 
       
56. 2sin   sin   The domain of sin 1 (u ) is  1,1 so
 2   2 
1    
 x  5
        1   1
 2   cos     cos     3 
2  2 2   2 2 
8  x  2
  2   2  
   cos    cos   Range of f = Domain of f 1   8, 2
  2   2 
  
 cos   cos  Range of f 1 =   , 
 2 2
       
Thus, cos   cos    2sin   sin  .
 2   2 
57. 27 x 1  9 x  5
33( x 1)  32( x  5) Chapter 6 Review Exercises
3( x  1)  2( x  5)
3 x  3  2 x  10 1. sin 1 1
x7  
The solution set is  7 . 2 2
equals 1.
58. Amplitude: 5  
2  sin   1,   
Period:  2 2
4 2 
 

Phase Shift:   2
4 4 
Thus, sin 1 1  .
2
821
2. cos 1 0 
6. tan 1  3 
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine
 
equals 0. Find the angle  ,     , whose tangent
cos   0, 0     2 2
 equals  3 .

2  
tan    3,   
 2 2
Thus, cos 1  0   . 
2  
3

3. tan 1 1
 

Thus, tan 1  3    3
.
2 2
equals 1. 7. sec 1 2
  Find the angle  , 0    , whose secant
tan   1,   
2 2 equals 2 .

 sec   2, 0   
4 
 
Thus, tan 1 1  . 4
4 
Thus, sec 1 2  .
4
 1
4. sin 1   
 2 8. cot 1  1
 
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine Find the angle  , 0     , whose cotangent
2 2
equals 1 .
1 cot   1, 0    
equals  .
2 3
1   
sin    ,     4
2 2 2 3
 Thus, cot 1  1  .
  4
6
 1 
Thus, sin 1      .   3 
 2  6 9. sin 1  sin    follows the form of the
  8 

5. cos 1  
3

  
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x . Since 
 2  3   
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine is in the interval   ,  , we can apply
8  2 2
3 the equation directly and get
equals  .
2   3   3
sin 1  sin     .
3
cos    , 0      8  8
2
5
  3 
6 10. cos 1  cos  follows the form of the equation
 4 
 3  5
Thus, cos 1     . 3
 2  6   
f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x . Since
4
is
822
in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation in the interval  0,   , we can apply the equation
 3  3 above and get
directly and get cos 1  cos  .
 4  4   15   1   
cos 1  cos     cos  cos   .
  7   7 7
  2 
11. tan 1  tan    follows the form of the
  3    8 
13. sin 1  sin     follows the form of the
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x but we   9 
cannot use the formula directly since

2
is not
   
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x , but we
3 8
cannot use the formula directly since  is not
   9
 2 2   
    2 2
 2 2   
 2  2  2 2
tan    tan  . The angle is in quadrant
 3  3  8  8
sin     sin  . The angle  is in
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of  9  9
2  quadrant III so sine is negative. The reference
is and we want  to be in quadrant IV
3 3 8 
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have angle of  is and we want  to be in
9 9
 2     quadrant IV so sine will still be negative. Thus,
tan    tan    . Since  is in the
 3   3  3  8    
we have sin     sin    . Since  is
    9   9  9
 2 2   
in the interval   ,  , we can apply the
above and get  2 2
  2   1      equation above and get
tan 1  tan     tan  tan       .
  3    3  3   8       
sin 1  sin      sin 1  sin       .
  9    9  9
  15 
12. cos 1  cos    follows the form of the
  7   
14. sin sin 1 0.9 follows the form of the equation
equation f 1
 f  x   cos  cos  x   x , but
1
   
f f 1  x   sin sin 1  x   x . Since 0.9 is in
15
we cannot use the formula directly since is the interval  1,1 , we can apply the equation
7
not in the interval  0,   . We need to find an  
directly and get sin sin 1 0.9  0.9 .
angle  in the interval 0,   for which

 15  15  
15. cos cos 1 0.6 follows the form of the equation
cos    cos  . The angle is in
 7  7    
f f 1  x   cos cos 1  x   x . Since 0.6 is
15 
quadrant I so the reference angle of is . in the interval  1,1 , we can apply the equation
7 7
Thus, we have cos 

 15  
  cos . Since

is 
directly and get cos cos 1 0.6  0.6 . 
 7  7 7
823
 
16. tan tan 1 5 follows the form of the equation
So, tan 1
3 
 .
3 6
   
f f 1  x   tan tan 1  x   x . Since 5 is a  1 3   2 3
real number, we can apply the equation directly
Thus, sec  tan
3   sec  6   3 .
 
 
and get tan tan 1 5  5 .
22. sin  cot 1 
3
17. Since there is no angle  such that cos   1.6 ,  4 
3
the quantity cos 1  1.6  is not defined. Thus, Since cot   , 0     ,  is in quadrant I.
4
 
cos cos 1  1.6  is not defined. Let x  3 and y  4 . Solve for r: 9  16  r 2
r 2  25
1  2  1  1   r 5
18. sin  cos   sin     
Thus, sin  tan 1   sin    .
 3   2 6 3 y 4
 4  r 5
1  3 
19. cos  tan   cos  1  
1
 4 
 4  23. tan sin 1    
  5
  3  4  
20. tan sin 1   Since sin    ,     , let y   4 and
  5 2 2
  2   r  5 . Solve for x: x 2  16  25
 
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine x2  9
2 2
x  3
3 Since  is in quadrant IV, x  3 .
equals  .
2  4  4
Thus, tan sin 1      tan   
y 4

3     5  x 3 3
sin    ,   
2 2 2
 
 24. f  x   2sin  3 x 
3 y  2sin  3x 
 3 
So, sin 1      . x  2sin  3 y 
 2  3
x
  sin  3 y 
 3    2
Thus, tan sin 1      tan      3 .
  2    3  x
3 y  sin 1  
2
 3 1 x
21. sec  tan 1  y  sin 1    f 1  x 
 3  3 2
Find the angle  , 

 
   , whose tangent is The domain of f  x  equals the range of
2 2
    
3 f 1  x  and is  x , or   ,  in
6 6  6 6
3
interval notation. To find the domain of f 1  x 
3  
tan   ,    we note that the argument of the inverse sine
3 2 2
 x
 function is and that it must lie in the interval
6 2
 1,1 . That is,
824
x  
1  1 27. Let   csc 1 u so that csc   u ,   
2 2 2
2  x  2 and   0 , u  1 . Then,
 2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
 
tan csc 1 u  tan  
1
cos  csc 
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1

and the domain of the inverse is the range of the csc  1  sin 2 
function. Therefore, the range of f  x  is 1 1
 
 2, 2 . 1 2
u 1 2 u u 1
25. f  x    cos x  3 u u2
y   cos x  3 1 u
 
x   cos y  3 2
u 1 u u2 1
u
x  3   cos y u
3  x  cos y
y  cos 1  3  x   f 1  x  28. tan  cot   sin 2   tan  
1
 sin 2 
tan 
The domain of f  x  equals the range of
 1  sin 2 
f 1
 x and is 0  x   , or 0,   in interval  cos 2 
notation. To find the domain of f 1  x  we note
29. sin 2  (1  cot 2  )  sin 2   csc2 
that the argument of the inverse cosine function 1
is 3  x and that it must lie in the interval  sin 2   2  1
sin 
 1,1 . That is,
1  3  x  1 30. 5cos 2   3sin 2   2 cos 2   3cos 2   3sin 2 
4   x  2 
 2 cos 2   3 cos 2   sin 2  
4 x2  2 cos   3 1
2
2 x4  3  2 cos 2 
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 2  x  4 , or
1  cos sin  (1  cos ) 2  sin 2 
31.  
 2, 4  in interval notation. Recall that the sin  1  cos sin  (1  cos )
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1  2cos  cos 2   sin 2 

and the domain of the inverse is the range of the sin  (1  cos )
function. Therefore, the range of f  x  is 1  2cos   1

 2, 4  . sin  (1  cos  )
2  2cos 
  
26. Let   sin 1 u so that sin   u ,    , sin  (1  cos  )
2 2 2(1  cos  )
1  u  1 . Then, 
sin  (1  cos  )
 
cos sin 1 u  cos   cos 2  
2
 2csc
sin 
 1  sin 2   1  u 2
825
1 cos  sin 
cos cos cos  36. cot   tan   
32.   sin  cos 
cos  sin  cos  sin  1
cos 2   sin 2 
cos 
1 sin  cos 
 1  sin 2   sin 2 
sin  
1
cos sin  cos 
1 1  2sin 2 
 
1  tan  sin  cos 
1
cos(   ) cos  cos   sin  sin 
csc  sin  37. 
33.  sin   cos  sin  cos  sin 
1  csc  1  1 sin 
sin   
1 cos  sin  cos  sin 
 cos  sin 
sin   1  
1 1  sin  sin  cos 
 
1  sin  1  sin   cot   tan 
1  sin 

1  sin 2  cos(   ) cos  cos   sin  sin 
38. 
1  sin  cos  cos  cos  cos 

cos 2  cos  cos  sin  sin 
 
cos  cos  cos  cos 
1  1  tan  tan 
34. csc   sin    sin 
sin 
1  sin 2   sin 
 39. (1  cos  ) tan  (1  cos  )   sin 
sin  2 1  cos 
cos 2 

sin  cos  cos  2 
cos  40. 2 cot  cot  2   2  
 cos   sin  sin  2 
sin 
 cos  cot  

2 cos  cos 2   sin 2  
sin   2sin  cos  
1  sin  cos 2   sin 2 
35.  cos  (1  sin  ) 
sec  sin 2 
1  sin 
 cos  (1  sin  )  cos  sin 2 
2
1  sin   
sin 2  sin 2 


cos  1  sin 2    cot   1
2
1  sin 


cos  cos 2   41. 1  8sin 2  cos 2   1  2  2sin  cos  
2
1  sin   1  2sin 2  2 
cos3   cos  2  2 

1  sin   cos  4 
sin  3  cos   sin  cos  3  sin  3   

42. 
sin  2  sin  2 
sin  2 

sin  2 
1
826
2  4   2  4  5  3 2 
2sin   cos   47. cos  cos  
sin  2   sin  4   2   2  12  12 12 

43. 
cos  2   cos  4  2cos  2  4  cos  2  4     
     cos  cos  sin  sin
 2   2  4 6 4 6
2sin  3  cos    2 3 2 1
    
2cos  3  cos    2 2 2 2
sin  3  6 2
  
cos  3  4 4
 tan  3 

1
4
 6 2 
cos(2 )  cos(4 )
44.  tan  tan(3 )
cos(2 )  cos(4 )    2 3 
48. sin     sin   
 2sin(3 ) sin(  )  12   12 12 
  tan  tan(3 )    
2 cos(3 ) cos(  )  sin  cos  cos  sin
2sin(3 )sin  6 4 6 4
  tan  tan(3 ) 1 2 3 2
2 cos(3 ) cos     
 tan(3 ) tan   tan  tan(3 ) 2 2 2 2
0 2 6
 
4 4
45. sin165º  sin 120º  45º 
 sin120º  cos 45º  cos120º  sin 45º

1
4
 2 6 
 3  2   1  2 
             49. cos80º  cos 20º  sin 80º  sin 20º  cos  80º  20º 
 2   2   2  2   cos 60º
6 2 1
  
4 4 2

1
4

6 2  50. sin 70º  cos 40º  cos 70º  sin 40º  sin  70º  40º 
 sin 30º
46. tan105º  tan  60º  45º  1

tan 60º  tan 45º 2

1  tan 60º tan 45º
3 1

1  3 1
3 1 1 3
 
1 3 1 3
1 2 3  3

1 3
42 3

2
 2 3
827
  2 c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 

4 1  cos 1  4   12   3   5 
 4  2         
51. tan  tan   
8 2  2  5   13   5   13 
1  cos 1  48  15 63
4 2  
65 65
2 2
 tan   tan 
2 2 d. tan(   ) 
1  tan  tan 
2 2 2 2
  4  5
2 2 2 2  
3  12 

2  2 
2
4  5 
 1     
4  3   12 
2 2 2 11
  11 9 33
2 2  12   
14 12 14 56
2 2 2
 9
2
 2 1 4 3 24
e. sin(2 )  2sin  cos   2   
5 5 25
 2
 5  5 1     f. cos(2  )  cos 2   sin 2 
  1  cos 2
5  
 sin  4   4  2 2
52. sin  12   5  144 25 119
8  2  2 2        
 13   13  169 169 169
2 2

4  1  cos 
g. sin 
2 2 2 2
  12 
2 1   
  13 
4  5  2
53. sin   , 0    ; sin   ,     25
5 2 13 2
13 25 5 5 26
3 4 12 5    
cos   , tan   , cos    , tan    , 2 26 26 26
5 3 13 12
      1  cos 
0  ,   h. cos 
2 4 4 2 2 2 2
a. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  3 8
1
 4   12   3   5  5 4 2 2 5
           5   
 5   13   5   13  2 2 5 5 5
 48  15 33
 
65 65 3 3 12 3
54. sin    ,     ; cos   ,    2
5 2 13 2
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
4 3 5 5
 3   12   4   5  cos    , tan   , sin    , tan    ,
         5 4 13 12
 5   13   5   13    3 3 
36  20 56   ,  
  2 2 4 4 2
65 65
828
a. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin   1  cos 

h. cos 
 3   12   4   5  2 2
          
 5   13   5   13   4
36  20 1   
   5
65 2
16
 1
65 1 1 10
 5   
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  2 10 10 10
 4   12   3   5 
          
 5   13   5   13  3 3 12 
55. tan   ,     ; tan   , 0   
 48  15 4 2 5 2

65 3 4 12 5
63 sin    , cos    , sin   , cos   ,
 5 5 13 13
65   3  
  , 0 
c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  2 2 4 2 4
 3   12   4   5 
            3   5   4   12 
 5   13   5   13           
36  20  5   13   5   13 
 15 48
65  
56 65 65
 63
65 
65
tan   tan 
d. tan(   )  b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
1  tan  tan 
 4   5   3   12 
3  5 1          
   5   13   5   13 
4  12  1 16 16
  3     
20 36
3  5  21 3 21 63
1    65 65
4  12  16 16

e. sin(2 )  2sin  cos  65
 3   4  24 c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
 2     
 5   5  25  3   5   4   12 
         
 5   13   5   13 
f. cos(2  )  cos 2   sin 2  15 48
2 2  
 12   5  65 65
    
 13   13  33

144 25 119 65
  
169 169 169
tan   tan 
d. tan(   ) 
 1  cos  1  tan  tan 
g. sin 
2 2 3 12

12 1  4 5
1  3   12 
13  13  1 1 26 1   
  
2 2 26 26 26  4  5 
63
63  5  63
 20      
4 20  4  16

5
829
 3   4  24 tan   tan 
e. sin(2 )  2sin  cos   2        d. tan(   ) 
 5   5  25 1  tan  tan 
f. cos(2  )  cos 2   sin 2  


 3  2 2 
2 2
 5   12  25 144 119 1    3   2 2 
       
 13   13  169 169 169   3  2 2   1 2 6 
     
 1  cos   1 2 6   1 2 6 
g. sin 
2 2 9 3  8 2

5 8  23
1
 13  13  4  2  2 13 8 2 9 3
2 2 13 13 13 
23
 1  cos   3  1  3
h. cos  sin(2 )  2sin  cos   2  
2 2 e.     
 2  2  2
 4
1   
 5 f. cos(2  )  cos 2   sin 2 
 2
2 1  2 2 
2
1 8 7
1           
3  3  9 9 9
1 1 10
 5   
2 10 10 10  1  cos 
g. sin 
2 2
 3
56. sec   2,     0; sec   3,    2 1 2
2 2 1
 3  3  1 1  3
3 1 2 2 3 3 3
sin    , cos   , tan    3,
2 2
2 2 1  1  cos 
sin    , cos   , tan    2 2, h. cos 
3 3 2 2
  3  1 3
   0,   1
4 2 4 2 2  2  3 3
 
a. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  2 2 4 2
3 1 1 2 2 
     2 3 2 3
2  3  2  3  57. sin    ,     ; cos    ,    
3 2 3 2
 32 2
 5 2 5 5
6 cos    , tan   , sin    ,
3 5 3
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  5   3   3
tan   ,   ,  
1 1  3  2 2  2 2 2 4 2 2 4
       
2 3  2   3  a. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
1 2 6  2  2   5  5
             
6  3   3   3  3 
4 5
c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin   
9 9
3 1 1  2 2 1
     
2 3 2  3 
 32 2

6
830
b. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin   5

 1    
5  2   2  5  1  cos  3 
             
  h. cos   
 3  3   3  3  2 2 2
2 5 2 5 3 5
 
9 9 3
0 
2
c. sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  3 5

 2  2   5  5 6
             
 3   3   3   3 


6 3 5 
4 5 6
 
9 9 6 3 5
1 
 6
9
tan   tan   3 1
d. tan(   )  58. cos  sin 1  cos 1 
1  tan  tan   5 2
2 5 5 3 1
 Let   sin 1 and   cos 1 .  is in
5 2
 5 2
2 5 5 3
1  quadrant I;  is in quadrant I. Then sin   ,
5 2 5
4 5 5 5  1 
0  , and cos   , 0    .
10 2 2 2

11 cos   1  sin 2 
9 5 3
2
9 16 4
 1    1  
 10 ; Undefined 5 25 25 5
0
sin   1  cos 2 
e. sin(2 )  2sin  cos 
2
 2  5 4 5 1 1 3 3
 2       1    1  
 2 4 4 2
 3   3  9
 3 1 
cos  sin 1  cos 1   cos    
 5 2
f. cos(2  )  cos 2   sin 2   cos  cos   sin  sin 
2 4 1 3 3
 2  5
2
4 5 1    
            5 2 5 2
 3  3  9 9 9
4 3 3 43 3
  
 1  cos  10 10 10
g. sin 
2 2
 5 4
 2 5 59. sin  cos 1  cos 1 
1     13 5 
  3  3  5  30
1 5 4
2 2 6 6 Let   cos and   cos 1 .  is in
13 5
5
quadrant I;  is in quadrant I. Then cos   ,
13
 4 
0  , and cos   , 0    .
2 5 2
831
sin   1  cos 2    1  3 
tan sin 1     tan 1     tan    
2   2   4 
5 25 144 12
 1    1   tan   tan 
13
  169 169 13 
sin   1  cos 2 
3 3
4
2
16 9 3  
 1    1    3 4
5
  25 25 5  3  3 
1      
 1 5 4
 3  4 
sin  cos  cos 1   sin    
 13 5
4 3 9
12 4 5 3  12
    3 3
13 5 13 5 1
48 15 33 12
  
65 65 65 9  4 3 12  3 3
 
12  3 3 12  3 3
  1 3
60. tan sin 1     tan 1  144  75 3
  2  4  
117
 1  3  48  25 3
Let   sin 1    and   tan 1 .  is in 
 2 4 39
quadrant IV;  is in quadrant I. Then,
48  25 3
1  3 
sin    , 0    , and tan   , 39
2 2 4
   4 
0  . 61. cos  tan 1 (1)  cos 1    
2   5 
cos   1  sin 2   4
2
Let   tan 1 (1) and   cos 1    .  is in
 1 1 3 3  5
 1     1  
 2  4 4 2 quadrant IV;  is in quadrant II. Then
 4
tan   
1

3 tan   1,     0 , and cos    ,
3 2 5
3

 .
2
sec   1  tan 2   1  (1) 2  2
1 2
cos   
2 2
sin    1  cos 2 
2
 2 1 1 2
  1      1    
 2  2 2 2
sin   1  cos 2 
2
 4 16 9 3
 1     1  
 5 25 25 5
832
  4  1
cos  tan 1 (1)  cos 1      cos     64. cos  
  5  2
 cos  cos   sin  sin   5
  2k or    2k , k is any integer
 2  4   2  3  3 3
           
 2  5   2  5    5 
4 2 3 2 3 3 
 
10 10
2 65. tan   3  0

10 tan    3
2
  3    k  , k is any integer
62. sin  2 cos 1     3
  5  On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
 3  2 5 
Let   cos 1    .  is in quadrant II. Then  , .
 5  3 3 
3 
cos    ,     .
5 2 66. sin(2 )  1  0
sin   1  cos 2  sin(2 )  1
2 3
 3
 1     1
9

16 4
 2   2k
5 25 25 5 2
  3
  3    k , k is any integer
sin  2cos 1      sin 2 4
  5  On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
 2sin  cos   3 7 
 4  3  24  , 
 2        4 4 
 5  5  25
67. tan  2   0
 4
63. cos  2 tan 1  2  0  k 
 3
k
4  , where k is any integer
Let   tan 1 .  is in quadrant I. Then 2
3
4 
tan   , 0    .   3 
3 2 0, ,  , .
 2 2 
sec   tan 2   1
4
2
16 25 5 68. sec 2   4
   1  1   sec   2
3
  9 9 3
1
3 cos   
cos   2
5
 2
 4  +k  or  +k ,
cos  2 tan 1   cos  2  3 3
 3 where k is any integer
 2 cos 2   1 On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is
2
3  9  7   2 4 5 
 2   1  2   1    , , , .
5  25  25 3 3 3 3 
833
69. 0.2sin   0.05 73. 4sin 2   1  4 cos 

Find the intersection of Y1  0.2sin  and
Y2  0.05 :
 
4 1  cos 2   1  4 cos 
4  4 cos   1  4 cos 
2
4 cos   4 cos   3  0
2
 2 cos   1 2 cos   3  0

2 cos   1  0 or 2 cos   3  0
1 3
cos   cos   
On the interval 0    2 , x  0.25 or 2 2
x  2.89  5 (not possible)
 ,
The solution set is 0.25, 2.89 . 3 3
  5 
70. sin   sin(2 )  0 On 0    2 , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
sin   2sin  cos   0
sin  (1  2 cos  )  0 74. sin  2   2 cos 
1  2 cos   0 or sin   0 2sin  cos   2 cos 
1   0,  2sin  cos   2 cos   0
cos   
2
2 4 

cos  2sin   2  0 
 ,
3 3 cos   0 or 2sin   2  0
On 0    2 , the solution set is  3 2
 , sin  
 2 4  2 2 2
0, , ,  .
 3 3   3
 ,
4 4
71. sin(2 )  cos   2sin   1  0
   3 3 
2sin  cos   cos   2sin   1  0 On 0    2 , the solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
cos  (2sin   1)  1(2sin   1)  0
(2sin   1)(cos   1)  0 75. sin   cos   1
1 Divide each side by 2 :
sin   or cos   1 1 1 1
2 sin   cos  
 0
 5 2 2 2
 ,
Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
6 6
  5  1 1 
On 0    2 , the solution set is 0, ,  . where cos   , sin   , and   :
 6 6  2 2 4
1
sin  cos   cos  sin  
72. 2sin 2   3sin   1  0 2
(2sin   1)(sin   1)  0 2
sin(   ) 
2sin   1  0 or sin   1  0 2
1 sin   1
sin  
2 

 5 2
 ,
6 6
   5 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  , , .
6 2 6 
834
 3 quadrant II. The calculator yields

   or    
4 4  1
tan 1     0.24 , which is an angle in
   3  4
   or   
4 4 4 4 quadrant IV. Since  lies in quadrant II,
   0.24    2.90 . Therefore,
 or   
2 cot 1  4   2.90 .
 
On 0    2 , the solution set is  ,   .
2 
76. sin 1  0.7   0.78
81. 2 x  5cos x
Find the intersection of Y1  2 x and
Y2  5cos x :

77. tan 1  2   1.11
 

x  1.11
78. cos 1  0.2   1.77
The solution set is 1.11 .
82. 2sin x  3cos x  4 x

Find the intersection of Y1  2sin x  3cos x and
Y2  4 x :
1 
79. sec1  3  cos 1  
3
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose cosine  
1 1
equals . Now cos   , so  lies in
3 3

1 x  0.87 .
quadrant I. The calculator yields cos 1  1.23 ,
3 The solution set is 0.87 .
sec1  3  1.23 . 83. sin x  ln x
Find the intersection of Y1  sin x and Y2  ln x :

 
 1
80. cot 1  4   tan 1   
 4 
x  2.22
1 1
equals  . Now tan    , so  lies in The solution set is 2.22 .
4 4
835
84. 3sin 1 x   Verifying equality:

6 2
sin 1 x  
3
 1
4
 6 2   4
  2 3 2
x  sin    
 3 4

3

2  3 1 
2 4
 3 
  
2
The solution set is  .  2 3 1
 2   
 4 
 
85. 2 cos 1 x    4 cos 1 x
2 cos 1 x    0 

2 3  2 3 1 
2 cos 1 x   16
cos 1 x 



2 42 3 
2 16

x  cos
2
0


22 2  3 
The solution set is {0}. 16
86. Using a half-angle formula: 2 3


 30  4
sin15  sin  
 2  2 3

1  cos 30 2

2
87. Given the value of cos  , the most efficient
3 Double-angle Formula to use is
1
 2  2 3  2 3 cos  2   2 cos 2   1 .
2 4 2
Note: since 15º lies in quadrant I, we have
sin15  0 .
Chapter 6 Test
Using a difference formula:
sin15  sin(45  30)  2 
1. Let   sec1   . We seek the angle  , such
 sin(45) cos(30)  cos(45) sin(30)  3

2 3 2 1 that 0     and   , whose secant equals
    2
2 2 2 2
2
6 2 1 . The only value in the restricted range with

4
6

4
2

4

4
 6 2  3
2   2  
a secant of is . Thus, sec 1   .
3 6  3 6
 2
2. Let   sin 1    . We seek the angle  , such
 2 
  2
that    , whose sine equals  . The
2 2 2
836
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
only value in the restricted range with a sine of  3

6. Let   cos 1    .
2   2   4
 is  . Thus, sin 1    .
 
2 4  2  4   3 
sec cos 1      sec 
  4 
 11  
1
3. sin 1  sin  follows the form of the equation
 5  cos 
1
   
f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x , but because

 3 
cos  cos 1    
11      4 
is not in the interval   ,  , we cannot 1
5  2 2  3
4
directly use the equation.
We need to find an angle  in the interval 4

3
   11
  2 , 2  for which sin 5  sin  . The angle
  7. sin 1  0.382   0.39 radian
11
is in quadrant I. The reference angle of
5
11  11  
is and sin  sin . Since is in
5 5 5 5 5
  
the interval   ,  , we can apply the equation  1 
 2 2 8. sec1 1.4  cos 1    0.78 radian
 1.4 
 11  
above and get sin 1  sin  .
 5  5
 7
4. tan  tan 1  follows the form
 3
  
f f 1  x   tan tan 1 x  x . Since the
domain of the inverse tangent is all real numbers,
we can directly apply this equation to get 9. tan 1 3  1.25 radians
 7 7
tan  tan 1   .
 3 3

5. cot csc1 10 
  1
Since csc1  
r
 10 ,     , let 10. cot 1 5  tan 1    0.20 radian
y 2 2 5
r  10 and y  1 . Solve for x:
 10 
2
x 2  12 
x 2  1  10
x2  9
x3
 is in quadrant I.

Thus, cot csc 1 10  cot    x 3
  3.
y 1
837
csc   cot  sin    

11. 14.
sec   tan  tan   tan 
csc   cot  csc   cot  sin  cos   cos  sin 
  
sec   tan  csc   cot  sin  sin 

csc 2   cot 2  cos  cos 

 sec   tan   csc  cot   
1 sin  cos  cos  sin 
 
 sec   tan   csc  cot   cos  cos  cos  cos 
1 sec   tan  sin  cos   cos  sin 
  
 sec   tan   csc  cot   sec   tan 
cos  cos 
sec   tan 
 sin  cos   cos  sin  cos  cos 
sec 2

  tan 2   csc   cot   
1

sec   tan   cos  cos 

csc   cot 
15. sin  3 
sin   sin   2 
12. sin  tan   cos   sin    cos 
cos   sin  cos  2   cos  sin  2 
sin  cos 2 
2

cos 

cos 
 
 sin  cos 2   sin 2   cos   2sin  cos 
sin   cos 2 
2  sin  cos   sin   2sin  cos 2 
2 3

cos   3sin  cos 2   sin 3 

1
cos 

 3sin  1  sin 2   sin 3  
 sec   3sin   3sin   sin 3 
3
 3sin   4sin 3 
sin  cos 
13. tan   cot   
cos  sin  sin  cos 
tan   cot  cos   sin 
sin  2
cos  2
16. 
  tan   cot  sin  cos 
sin  cos  sin  cos  
cos  sin 
sin 2   cos 2 
 sin 2   cos 2 
sin  cos 
 sin  cos 
1
 sin 2   cos 2 
sin  cos 
sin  cos 
2
 sin 2   cos 2 
2sin  cos  
sin 2   cos 2 
2  cos  2 

sin  2  
1
 2 csc  2  
  2 cos 2   1 
 1  2 cos  2
838
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
17. cos15  cos  45  30  y 6 6 85

tan    
 cos 45 cos 30  sin 45 sin 30 x 85 85
2 3 2 1  6 85 
    2
2 2 2 2 
tan  2  
2 tan   85 

4
2
3 1  1  tan 2 

 6 85 
2
1  

6 2
4
or
1
4

6 2   85 
12 85
12 85 85
18. tan 75  tan  45  30   85  
36 85 49
tan 45  tan 30 1
 85
1  tan 45 tan 30 12 85
3 
1 49
 3
3  2 3
1  1 21. cos  sin 1  tan 1 
3  3 2
3 3 2 3
 Let   sin 1 and   tan 1 . Then
3 3 3 2
3 3 3 3 2 3
  sin   and tan   , and both  and 
3 3 3 3 3 2
96 3 3 y 2
 lie in quadrant I. Since sin   1  , let
32  3 r1 3
12  6 3 y1  2 and r1  3 . Solve for x1 : x12  22  32

6 x12  4  9
 2 3
x12  5
1 3 x1  5
19. sin  cos 1 
2 5 x1 5
Thus, cos    .
3  r1 3
Let   cos 1 . Since 0    (from the
5 2 y2 3
Since tan    , let x2  2 and y2  3 .
range of cos 1 x ), x2 2
1  1  cos  Solve for x2 : 22  32  r2 2
sin    
2  2 4  9  r2 2
1  cos  cos 1 
3 r2 2  13
 5 1  53
  r2  13
2 2
y2 3
1 5 Thus, sin    .
  r2 13
5 5
Therefore, cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 
 6
20. tan  2sin 1  5 2 2 3
 11     
3 13 3 13
6 6
Let   sin 1 . Then sin   and  lies in 2 5 6
11 11 
y 6 3 13
quadrant I. Since sin    , let y  6 and
r 11
r  11 , and solve for x: x 2  62  112 
2 13  5 3 
39
x 2  85
x  85
839
22. Let   75 ,   15 . On the interval  0, 2  , the sine function takes on
1 a value of 0 when   0 or    . The cosine
Since sin  cos   sin      sin      ,
2
1 1
sin 5 cos15  sin  90   sin  60   function takes on a value of  in the second and
2 3
1 3 1
 1 
2
 2 3 
2  4
  2 3
4
third quadrants when     cos 1 and
1
3
1
    cos 1 . That is   1.911 and   4.373 .
23. sin 75  sin15 3
 75  15   75  15  The solution set is 0,1.911,  , 4.373 .
 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2  3  6 27. cos 2   2sin  cos   sin 2   0
 2sin  45  cos  30   2   
 2  2  2  cos 2
  sin 2    2sin  cos   0
cos  2   sin  2   0
24. cos 65 cos 20  sin 65 sin 20
sin  2    cos  2 
2
 cos  65  20   cos  45   tan  2   1
2
The tangent function takes on the value 1
25. 4sin 2   3  0 3
when its argument is  k . Thus, we need
4sin 2   3 4
3
3 2   k
sin 2   4
4 3 
3  k
sin    8 2
2 
On the interval  0, 2  , the sine function takes 
8
 3  4k 
3  2 On the interval  0, 2  , the solution set is
on a value of when   or   . The
2
sine takes on a value of 

3
3
when  
3
4
and

3 7 11 15
, ,
8 8 8
,

. 
2 3

5
3
. The solution set is ,
 2 4 5
,
3 3 3 3
, . 
 
26. 3cos      tan 
 2 
3sin   tan 
sin 
0  3sin 
cos 
 1 
0  sin    3
 cos  
1
sin   0 or 3  0
cos 
1
cos   
3
840
Chapter 6 Cumulative Review
28. sin   1  cos  Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

sin  cos1  cos  sin1  cos 
sin  cos1  cos  sin1 cos  1. 3x 2  x  1  0

cos  cos  b  b 2  4ac
x
tan  cos1  sin1  1 2a
tan  cos1  1  sin1 1  12  4  3 1

tan  
1  sin1 2  3
cos1
1  1  12
 1  sin1  
Therefore,   tan 1    0.285 or 6
 cos1 
1  13
1  sin1  
    tan 1    3.427 6
 cos1   1  13 1  13 
The solution set is 0.285,3.427 . The solution set is 
6
,
6
.
 
29. 4sin 2   7 sin   2
2. Line containing points (2,5) and (4, 1) :
4sin 2   7 sin   2  0
y2  y1 1  5 6
Let u  sin  . Then, m    1
x2  x1 4   2  6
4u 2  7u  2  0
Using y  y1  m( x  x1 ) with point (4, 1) ,
 4u  1 u  2   0
y  (1)  1 x  4 
4u  1  0 or u  2  0
y  1  1 x  4 
4u  1 u  2
1 y 1  x  4
u y   x  3 or x  y  3
4
Substituting back in terms of  , we have
Distance between points (2,5) and (4, 1) :
1
sin   or sin   2
 x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
4 d
The second equation has no solution since
 4   2     1  52
2
1  sin   1 for all values of  . 
Therefore, we only need to find values of 
 62   6   72  36  2  6 2
2
1
between 0 and 2 such that sin   . These
4 Midpoint of segment with endpoints (2,5) and
will occur in the first and second quadrants.
1 (4, 1) :
Thus,   sin 1  0.253 and
4  x1  x2 y1  y2   2  4 5   1 
1 1
 2 , 2    2 , 2   1, 2 
    sin  2.889 .    
4
3. 3x  y 2  9
x-intercept: 3x  02  9 ;  3, 0 
3x  9
x3
y-intercepts: 3  0   y 2  9 ;  0, 3 ,  0,3
y2  9
y  3
841
Tests for symmetry:  

6. y  cos  x    1
x-axis: Replace y with  y : 3x    y   9
2
 2
3x  y 2  9 Using the graph of y  cos x , horizontally shift
Since we obtain the original equation, the graph 
to the right units, and vertically shift down 1
is symmetric with respect to the x-axis. 2
unit.
y-axis: Replace x with  x : 3   x   y 2  9
3x  y 2  9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Origin: Replace x with  x and y with  y :
3 x     y   9
2
3x  y 2  9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
7. a. y  x3
y
4. y  x  3  2 
Using the graph of y  x , shift horizontally to


the right 3 units and vertically up 2 units. x
  

Inverse function: y  3 x
y


   x
5. y  3e  2
x 
Using the graph of y  e x , stretch vertically by a 
factor of 3, and shift down 2 units.
842
b. y  ex Inverse function: y  sin 1 x

y y

   
 1, 2 
 1  e  
 1, e 
  
  x    x
 
 1,  2 
  

Inverse function: y  ln x
y

e
   x
1 
 e , 1
 

d. y  cos x , 0  x  
y
  
 2 , 0
 
  x
 
Inverse function: y  cos 1 x

y
  
c. y  sin x ,  x 
2 2
y
  
 0, 2 
 

  x
 2 , 1
 
  

   x
  
  2 , 1
 

843
1
8. sin    ,    
3
, so  lies in Quadrant III. 
9. cos tan 1 2 
3 2
y 2
a. In Quadrant III, cos   0 Let   tan 1 2 . Then tan    ,
x 1
2
 1  
cos    1  sin 2    1         . Let x  1 and y  2 .
 3 2 2
1 8 Solve for r: r 2  x 2  y 2
  1 
9 9 r 2  12  22
2 2 r2  5

3
r 5
1  is in quadrant I.
sin  
b. tan    3
cos 

2 2  
cos tan 1 2  cos  
x
r

1
5

1

5 5
5

5
5
3
1 3  1 2
    
3  2 2  2 2 4
1  1 3
 1  2 2  10. sin   ,     ; cos    ,    
c. sin(2 )  2sin  cos   2       3 2 3 2
 3  3  
a. Since     , we know that  lies in
4 2 2
 Quadrant II and cos   0 .
9
d. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2  cos    1  sin 2 
2
2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7 1 1 8
    1     1  
    
 3   3  9 9 9 3
  9 9
2 2
3   3 
e. Since     , we have that   . 3
2 2 2 4
1 1  3
Thus,  lies in Quadrant II and sin     0 . b.    , we know that  lies in
2 2  2
Quadrant III and sin   0 .
 2 2
1  
1  1  cos   3  sin    1  cos 2 
sin      2
2  2 2  1
  1   
3 2 2  3
3 3 2 2 1 8 2 2
    1  
2 6 9 9 3
 lies in Quadrant II, cos     0 .

1 1 c. cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2 
f. Since
2 2  2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7
      
 2 2
1    3   3  9 9 9
1  1  cos   3 
cos       d. cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
2  2 2
32 2 2 2  1 1 2 2 
    
3 3 2 2 3  3  3  3 
 
2 6 2 2 2 2 4 2
  
9 9 9
844
3   3 Factoring:
e. Since     , we have that   .
2 2 2 4 2 x3  x 2  2 x  1  x 2  2 x  1  1 2 x  1
 
Thus,
2
lies in Quadrant II and sin
2
0. 
  2 x  1 x 2  1 
1    
1   2 x  1 x  1 x  1
1  cos   3 Therefore,
sin  
2 2 2
f  x    2 x  1 x  1  x  1
2 2
4
3  4 2 2 6 6  1
 2  x    x  1  x  1
2 2

2 6 6 6 3  2 
The real zeros are 1 and 1 (both with
11. f ( x)  2 x5  x 4  4 x3  2 x 2  2 x  1 1
multiplicity 2) and (multiplicity 1).
2
a. f ( x ) has at most 5 real zeros.
1
Possible rational zeros: b. x-intercepts: 1, , 1
2
p 1 y-intercept: 1
p  1; q  1,  2;  1, 
q 2
1 
Using the Bounds on Zeros Theorem: The intercepts are (0, 1) , (1, 0) ,  , 0  ,
2 

f ( x)  2 x 5  0.5 x 4  2 x3  x 2  x  0.5  and (1, 0)
a4   0.5, a3  2, a2  1, a1  1, a0  0.5
c. f resembles the graph of y  2 x5 for large
Max 1, 0.5  1  1  2  0.5  x .
 Max 1, 5  5
d. Let Y1  2 x 5  x 4  4 x3  2 x 2  2 x  1
1  Max   0.5 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 0.5 
 1 2  3
The smaller of the two numbers is 3. Thus,
every zero of f must lie between 3 and 3.
Use synthetic division with –1:

1 2  1  4 2 2 1
2 3 1 3 1 e. Four turning points exist. Use the
2  3 1 3 1 0 MAXIMUM and MINIMUM features to
locate local maxima at  1, 0  ,  0.69, 0.10 
Since the remainder is 0, x   1  x  1 is
and local minima at 1, 0  ,  0.29, 1.33 .
a factor. The other factor is the quotient:
2 x 4  3 x3  x 2  3x  1 .
f. To graph by hand, we determine some additional
Use synthetic division with 1 on the information about the intervals between the x-
quotient: intercepts:
1 2  3 1 3 1 Interval  , 1  1, 0.5  0.5,1 1,  
2 1  2 1 Test
2 0 0.7 2
number
2 1  2 1 0
Value
45 1  0.1 27
Since the remainder is 0, x  1 is a factor. of f
The other factor is the quotient: Below Below Above Above
Location
2 x3  x 2  2 x  1 . x-axis x-axis x-axis x-axis
Point  2, 45  0, 1  0.7, 0.1  2, 27 
845
f is above the x-axis for  0.5,1 and  1  1 

Interval  , 1
 1,  2   2 ,
1,  , and below the x-axis for  , 1    
and  1,0.5  . Test number 2 0.75 0
Value of f 3 0.125 1
Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
 1 
The solution set is  , 1    ,   .
 2 
d. f ( x)  g ( x)
2 x  3x  1  x2  3x  2
2
x2  1  0
( x  1)( x  1)  0
g. f is increasing on  , 1 ,  0.29, 0.69 , p  x    x  1 x  1
and 1,  . f is decreasing on  1, 0.29 The zeros of p are x  1 and x  1 .
and  0.69,1 . Interval  , 1  1,1 1,  
Test number 2 0 2
12. f ( x)  2 x 2  3 x  1 ; g ( x)  x 2  3x  2 Value of p 3 1 3
a. f ( x)  0 Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
2 x  3x  1  0
2
The solution set is  , 1  1,  .
(2 x  1)( x  1)  0
1
x   or x  1
2
Chapter 6 Projects
The solution set is 1,    1
2
.
Project I – Internet-based Project
b. f ( x)  g ( x) Project II
2 x  3x  1  x 2  3x  2
2
a. Amplitude = 0.00421 m
x2  1  0
( x  1)( x  1)  0 b.   2.68 radians/sec
x  1 or x  1
 2.68
The solution set is 1, 1 . c. f    0.4265 vibrations/sec
2 2
c. f ( x)  0 2 2
d.     0.09199 m
2 x  3x  1  0
2
k 68.3
(2 x  1)( x  1)  0
e. If x  1 , the resulting equation is
f ( x)   2 x  1 x  1
y  0.00421sin(68.3  2.68t ) . To graph, let
1 Y1  0.00421sin(68.3  2.68 x) .
The zeros of f are x   and x  1
2 
 

846
Chapter 6 Projects
f. Note: (kx  t )  (kx  t   )  2kx  2t   and 2 

  0.09  f  2.3 
(kx  t )  (kx  t   )   . k 2
200   4.6  14.45
y1  y2  ym sin(kx  t )  ym sin(kx  t   ) k  69.8
9
 ym [sin(kx  t )  sin(kx  t   )] y1  0.0045sin(69.8  14.45t )
  2kx  2 wt        y2  ym sin(kx  t   )
 ym  2sin   cos   
  2   2   0.0045sin(69.8 1  14.45t  0.4)
 2kx  2 wt       0.0045sin(70.2  14.45t )
 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2kx  2t     
y1  y2  2 ym sin   cos  2 
g. ym  0.0045 ,   2.5 ,   0.09 , f  2.3  2   
Let x  1 :  2  69.8  1  2  14.45t  0.4   0.4 
 2  0.0045sin   cos  2 
2   2   
  0.09  f  2.3 
k 2  140  28.9t 
200   4.6  14.45  0.009sin   cos(0.2)
k  69.8  2 
9
 0.009sin  70  14.45t  cos(0.2)
y1  ym sin(kx  t )
Let Y1  0.0045sin(69.8  14.45 x) ,
 0.0045sin(69.8 1  14.45t )
Y2  0.0045sin(70.2  14.45 x) , and
 0.0045sin(69.8  14.45t )
Y3  0.009sin  70  14.45 x  cos(0.2) .
y2  ym sin(kx  t   )
 0.0045sin(69.8 1  14.45t  2.5)  y1  y2
y1
 0.0045sin(72.3  14.45t ) y2
 
 2kx  2t     
y1  y2  2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2  69.8  1  2  14.45t  2.5   2.5  
 2  0.0045sin   cos  2 
 2   
j. The phase shift causes the amplitude of y1  y2
 142.1  28.9 t 
 0.009sin   cos(1.25) to increase from 0.009 cos(1.25)  0.003 to
 2 
 0.009sin  71.05  14.45t  cos(1.25) 0.009 cos(0.2)  0.009 .
Project III
h. Let Y1  0.0045sin(69.8  14.45 x) ,
Y2  0.0045sin(72.3  14.45 x) , and y
a.
Y3  0.009sin  71.05  14.45 x  cos(1.25) . h

y1      x
y1  y2 h
 
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(5 x) sin(7 x) 
y2 b. Let Y1  1    
  1 3 5 7 
 
i. ym  0.0045 ,   0.4 ,   0.09 , f  2.3

Let x  1 :  

847
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(17 x)  Project IV

c. Let Y1  1    ... 
  1 3 17 

a. f ( x)  sin x (see table column 2)
x f ( x) g ( x) h( x ) k ( x) m( x )
0 0 0.954 0.311 0.749 6.085
 
 1
0.791 0.703 2.437 4.011
6 2
  2
0.607 1.341 1.387 3.052
4  sin x sin(3x) sin(37 x)  4 2
d. Let Y1  1     ... 
 1 3 37   3
0.256 0.978 0.588 1.243
 3 2

1 0.256 0.670 0.063 0.413
2
  2 3
0.607 0.703 0.153 8.507
3 2
 3 2
0.791 0.623 2.380 6.822
4 2
e. The best one is the one with the most terms.
5 1
0.954 0 0.594 2.695
6 2
 0 0.954 0.311 0.817 1.536
7 1
0.791 0.117 0.013 5.248
6 2
5 2
 0.607 1.341 1.387 3.052
4 2
4 3
 0.256 0.978 0.588 1.243
3 2
3
1 0.256 0.670 0.063 0.705
2
5 3
 0.607 0.703 0.306
3 2
7 2
 0.791 0.623
4 2
11 1
 0.954
6 2
2 1
f  xi 1   f  xi 
b. g ( x)  (see table column 3)
xi 1  xi
c. 
 

848
Chapter 6 Projects
The shape looks like a sinusoidal graph. k  xi 1   k  xi 

f. m( x)  (see table column 6)
xi 1  xi

Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we  

have that y  sin( x  1.8) .
Barring error due to rounding and
approximation, this looks like y  cos x 
The sinusoidal features are gone.
g  xi 1   g  xi 
d. h( x)  (see table column 4)
xi 1  xi

  Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we

have that y  2.1sin(5.1x  1.5)  0.6 .
g. It would seem that the curves would be less

The shape is sinusoidal. It looks like an upside- “involved”, but the rounding error has become
down sine wave. incredibly great that the points are nowhere near
accurate at this point in calculating the differences.
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we

have that y  0.5sin(6.4 x ) .
h  xi 1   h  xi 
e. k ( x)  (see table column 5)
xi 1  xi

 

This curve is losing its sinusoidal features,
although it still looks like one. It takes on the
features of an upside-down cosine curve
.
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we
have that y  0.8sin(1.1x)  0.3 .
Note: The rounding error is getting greater and
greater.
849
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
SPRING SOUP AND SOUP À LA JULIENNE.
Throw into three quarts of strong clear broth, or shin of beef stock,
or of consommé, half a pint each of turnips and carrots prepared by
the directions of page 20, or turned into any other shape that may be
preferred, with rather less of the solid part of some white celery
stems, and of leeks or of very mild onions[39] mixed. The latter
must, if used, be sliced, drawn into rings, and divided into slight
shreds. When these have simmered from twenty to thirty minutes,
add the leaves of one or two lettuces and a few of sorrel, trimmed or
torn, about the size of half-a-crown. Continue the gentle boiling until
these are tender, and add at the moment of serving half a pint of
asparagus-points boiled very green, and as many French beans cut
into small lozenges, and also boiled apart; or substitute green peas
for these last.
39. Only a very subdued flavour of these is, we think, admissible for a delicate
vegetable soup of any kind.
For the Julienne soup, first stew the carrots, &c. tolerably tender in
a couple of ounces of butter; pour the stock boiling to them; skim off
all the fat from the surface, and finish as above. Sprigs of chervil,
spinach (boiled apart, and sparingly added), green onions, very
small tufts of brocoli or cauliflower, may all be used in these soups at
choice. Both the kind and the proportion of the vegetables can be
regulated entirely by the taste. Bread stamped out with a very small
round cutter, and dried a pale brown in the oven, is added
sometimes to this spring soup, but is, we should say, no
improvement. Winter vegetables should have three or four minutes’
previous boiling (or blanching) before they are put into the soup.
AN EXCELLENT GREEN PEAS SOUP.
Take at their fullest size, but before they are of bad colour or
worm-eaten, three pints of fine large peas, and boil them as for table
(see Chapter XVII.) with half a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda in
the water, that they may be very green. When they are quite tender,
drain them well, and put them into a couple of quarts of boiling, pale,
but good beef or veal stock, and stew them in it gently for half an
hour; then work the whole through a fine hair-sieve, put it into a
clean pan and bring it to the point of boiling; add salt, should it be
needed, and a small teaspoonful of pounded sugar; clear off the
scum entirely, and serve the soup as hot as possible. An elegant
variety of it is made by adding a half pint more of stock to the peas,
and about three quarters of a pint of asparagus points, boiled apart,
and well drained before they are thrown into it, which should be done
only the instant before it is sent to table.
Green peas, 3 pints: boiled 25 to 30 minutes, or more. Veal or beef
stock, 2 quarts (with peas): 1/2 an hour. Sugar, one small
teaspoonful; salt, if needed.
Obs.—When there is no stock at hand, four or five pounds of shin
of beef boiled slowly down with three quarts of water to two, and well
seasoned with savoury herbs, young carrots, and onions, will serve
instead quite well. A thick slice of lean, undressed ham, or of Jewish
beef, would improve it.
Should a common English peas soup be wished for, make it
somewhat thinner than the one above, and add to it, just before it is
dished, from half to three quarters of a pint of young peas boiled
tender and well drained.
GREEN PEAS SOUP, WITHOUT MEAT.
Boil tender in three quarts of water, with the proportions of salt and
soda directed for them in Chapter XVII., one quart of large, full grown
peas; drain and pound them in a mortar, mix with them gradually five
pints of the liquor in which they were cooked, put the whole again
over the fire, and stew it gently for a quarter of an hour; then press it
through a hair-sieve. In the mean time, simmer in from three to four
ounces of butter,[40] three large, or four small cucumbers pared and
sliced, the hearts of three or four lettuces shred small, from one to
four onions, according to the taste, cut thin, a few small sprigs of
parsley, and, when the flavour is liked, a dozen leaves or more of
mint roughly chopped: keep these stirred over a gentle fire for nearly
or quite an hour, and strew over them a half-teaspoonful of salt, and
a good seasoning of white pepper or cayenne. When they are
partially done drain them from the butter, put them into the strained
stock, and let the whole boil gently until all the butter has been
thrown to the surface, and been entirely cleared from it; then throw in
from half to three quarters of a pint of young peas boiled as for
eating, and serve the soup immediately.
40. Some persons prefer the vegetables slowly fried to a fine brown, then
drained on a sieve, and well dried before the fire; but though more savoury
so, they do not improve the colour of the soup.
When more convenient, the peas, with a portion of the liquor, may
be rubbed through a sieve, instead of being crushed in a mortar; and
when the colour of the soup is not so much a consideration as the
flavour, they may be slowly stewed until perfectly tender in four
ounces of good butter, instead of being boiled: a few green onions,
and some branches of parsley may then be added to them.
Green peas, 1 quart; water, 5 pints: cucumbers, 3 to 6; lettuces, 3
or 4; onions, 1 to 4; little parsley; mint (if liked), 12 to 20 leaves;
butter, 3 to 4 oz.; salt, half-teaspoonful; seasoning of white pepper or
cayenne: 50 to 60 minutes. Young peas, 1/2 to 3/4 of a pint.
Obs.—We must repeat that the peas for these soups must not be
old, as when they are so, their fine sweet flavour is entirely lost, and
the dried ones would have almost as good an effect; nor should they
be of inferior kinds. Freshly gathered marrowfats, taken at nearly or
quite their full growth, will give the best quality of soup. We are
credibly informed, but cannot assert it on our own authority, that it is
often made for expensive tables in early spring, with the young
tender plants or halms of the peas, when they are about a foot in
height. They are cut off close to the ground, like small salad, we are
told, then boiled and pressed through a strainer, and mixed with the
stock. The flavour is affirmed to be excellent.
A CHEAP GREEN PEAS SOUP.
Wash very clean and throw into an equal quantity of boiling water
salted as for peas, three quarts of the shells, and in from twenty to
thirty minutes, when they will be quite tender, turn the whole into a
large strainer, and press the pods strongly with a wooden spoon.
Measure the liquor, put two quarts of it into a clean deep saucepan,
and when it boils add to it a quart of full grown peas, two or even
three large cucumbers, as many moderate-sized lettuces freed from
the coarser leaves and cut small, one large onion (or more if liked)
sliced extremely thin and stewed for half an hour in a morsel of
butter before it is added to the soup, or gently fried without being
allowed to brown; a branch or two of parsley, and, when the flavour
is liked, a dozen leaves of mint. Stew these softly for an hour, with
the addition of a small teaspoonful, or a larger quantity if required of
salt, and a good seasoning of fine white pepper or of cayenne; then
work the whole of the vegetables with the soup through a hair-sieve,
heat it afresh, and send it to table with a dish of small fried sippets.
The colour will not be so bright as that of the more expensive soups
which precede it, but it will be excellent in flavour.
Pea-shells, 3 quarts; water, 3 quarts: 20 to 30 minutes. Liquor from
these, 2 quarts; full-sized green peas, 1 quart; large cucumbers, 2 or
3; lettuces, 3; onion, 1 (or more); little parsley; mint, 12 leaves;
seasoning of salt and pepper or cayenne: stewed 1 hour.
Obs.—The cucumbers should be pared, quartered, and freed from
the seeds before they are added to the soup. The peas, as we have
said already more than once, should not be old, but taken at their full
growth, before they lose their colour: the youngest of the shells
ought to be selected for the liquor.
RICH PEAS SOUP.
Soak a quart of fine yellow split peas for a night, drain them well,
and put them into a large soup-pot with five quarts of good brown
gravy stock; and when they have boiled gently for half an hour, add
to the soup three onions, as many carrots, and a turnip or two, all
sliced and fried carefully in butter; stew the whole softly until the
peas are reduced to pulp, then add as much salt and cayenne as
may be needed to season it well, give it two or three minutes’ boil,
and pass it through a sieve, pressing the vegetables with it. Put into
a clean saucepan as much as may be required for table, add a little
fresh stock to it should it be too thick, and reduce it by quick boiling if
too thin; throw in the white part of some fresh celery sliced a quarter
of an inch thick, and when this is tender send the soup quickly to
table with a dish of small fried or toasted sippets. A dessertspoonful
or more of currie-powder greatly improves peas soup: it should be
smoothly mixed with a few spoonsful of it, and poured to the
remainder when this first begins to boil after having been strained.
Split peas, 1 quart: soaked one night. Good brown gravy soup, 5
quarts: 30 minutes. Onions and carrots browned in butter, 3 of each;
turnips, 2: 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 hours. Cayenne and salt as needed. Soup,
5 pints; celery, sliced, 1 large or 2 small heads: 20 minutes.
Obs.—When more convenient, six pounds of neck of beef well
scored and equally and carefully browned, may be boiled gently with
the peas and fried vegetables in a gallon of water (which should be
poured to them boiling) for four or five hours.
COMMON PEAS SOUP.
Wash well a quart of good split peas, and float off such as remain
on the surface of the water; soak them for one night, and boil them
with a bit of soda the size of a filbert in just sufficient water to allow
them to break to a mash. Put them into from three to four quarts of
good beef broth, and stew them in it gently for an hour; then work the
whole through a sieve, heat afresh as much as may be required for
table, season it with salt and cayenne or common pepper, clear it
perfectly from scum, and send it to table with fried or toasted bread.
Celery sliced and stewed in it as directed for the rich peas soup, will
be found a great improvement to this.
Peas, 1 quart: soaked 1 night; boiled in 2 quarts or rather more of
water, 2 to 2-1/2 hours. Beef broth, 3 to 4 quarts: 1 hour. Salt and
cayenne or pepper as needed: 3 minutes.
PEAS SOUP WITHOUT MEAT.
To a pint of peas, freed from all that are worm-eaten, and well
washed, put five pints of cold water, and boil them tolerably tender;
then add a couple of onions (more or less according to the taste), a
couple of fine carrots grated, one large or two moderate-sized
turnips sliced, all gently fried brown in butter; half a teaspoonful of
black pepper, and three times as much of salt. Stew these softly,
keeping them often stirred, until the vegetables are sufficiently tender
to pass through a sieve; then rub the whole through one, put it into a
clean pan, and when it boils throw in a sliced head of celery,
heighten the seasoning if needful, and in twenty minutes serve the
soup as hot as possible, with a dish of fried or toasted bread cut into
dice. A little chili vinegar can be added when liked: a larger
proportion of vegetables also may be boiled down with the peas at
pleasure. Weak broth, or the liquor in which a joint has been boiled,
can be substituted for the water; but the soup is very palatable as we
have given the receipt for it. Some persons like it flavoured with a
little mushroom catsup. All peas soup is rendered more wholesome
by the addition of a small quantity of currie-paste or powder.
Split peas, 1 pint; water, 5 pints: 2 hours or more. Onions, 2;
carrots, 2; large turnip, 1; pepper, 1/2 teaspoonful; salt, 1-1/2
teaspoonful: 1 to 1-1/2 hour. Celery, 1 head: 20 minutes.
OX-TAIL SOUP.
An inexpensive and very nutritious soup may be made of ox-tails,

but it will be insipid in flavour without the addition of a little ham,
knuckle of bacon, or a pound or two of other meat. Wash and soak
three tails, pour on them a gallon of cold water, let them be brought
gradually to boil, throw in an ounce and a half of salt, and clear off
the scum carefully as soon as it forms upon the surface; when it
ceases to rise, add four moderate-sized carrots, from two to four
onions, according to the taste, a large faggot of savoury herbs, a
head of celery, a couple of turnips, six or eight cloves, and a half-
teaspoonful of peppercorns. Stew these gently from three hours to
three and a half, if the tails be very large; lift them out, strain the
liquor, and skim off all the fat; divide the tails into joints, and put them
into a couple of quarts or rather more of the stock; stir in, when these
begin to boil, a thickening of arrow-root or of rice flour (see page 4),
mixed with as much cayenne and salt as may be required to flavour
the soup well, and serve it very hot. If stewed down until the flesh
falls away from the bones, the ox-tails will make stock which will be
quite a firm jelly when cold; and this, strained, thickened, and well
flavoured with spices, catsup, or a little wine, would, to many tastes,
be a superior soup to the above. A richer one still may be made by
pouring good beef broth instead of water to the meat in the first
instance.
Ox-tails, 3; water, 1 gallon; salt, 1-1/2 oz.; carrots, 4; onions, 2 to
4; turnips, 2; celery, 1 head; cloves, 8; peppercorns, 1/2 teaspoonful;
faggot of savoury herbs: 3 hours to 3-1/2. For a richer soup, 5 to 6
hours. (Ham or gammon of bacon at pleasure, with other
flavourings.)
Obs.—To increase the savour of this soup when the meat is not
served in it, the onions, turnips, and carrots may be gently fried until
of a fine light brown, before they are added to it.
A CHEAP AND GOOD STEW SOUP.
Put from four to five pounds of the gristly part of the shin of beef
into three quarts of cold water, and stew it very softly indeed, with the
addition of the salt and vegetables directed for bouillon (see page 7),
until the whole is very tender; lift out the meat, strain the liquor, and
put it into a large clean saucepan, add a thickening of rice-flour or
arrow-root, pepper and salt if needed, and a tablespoonful of
mushroom catsup. In the mean time, cut all the meat into small, thick
slices, add it to the soup, and serve it as soon as it is very hot. The
thickening and catsup may be omitted, and all the vegetables,
pressed through a strainer, may be stirred into the soup instead,
before the meat is put back into it.
SOUP IN HASTE.
Chop tolerably fine a pound of lean beef, mutton, or veal, and

when it is partly done, add to it a small carrot and one small turnip
cut in slices, half an ounce of celery, the white part of a moderate-
sized leek, or a quarter of an ounce of onion. Mince all these
together, and put the whole into a deep saucepan with three pints of
cold water. When the soup boils take off the scum, and add a little
salt and pepper. In half an hour it will be ready to serve with or
without straining: it may be flavoured at will, with cayenne, catsup, or
aught else that is preferred, or it may be converted into French
spring broth, by passing it through a sieve, and boiling it again for
five or six minutes, with a handful of young and well washed sorrel.
Meat, 1 lb.; carrot, 2 oz.; turnip, 1-1/2 oz.; celery, 1/2 oz.; onion, 1/4
oz. water, 3 pints: half an hour. Little pepper and salt.
Obs.—Three pounds of beef or mutton, with two or three slices of
ham, and vegetables in proportion to the above receipt, all chopped
fine, and boiled in three quarts of water for an hour and a half, will
make an excellent family soup on an emergency: additional boiling
will of course improve it, and a little spice should be added after it
has been skimmed and salted. It may easily be converted into carrot,
turnip, or ground-rice soup after it is strained.
VEAL OR MUTTON BROTH.
To each pound of meat add a quart of cold water, bring it gently to

boil, skim it very clean, add salt in the same proportion as for
bouillon (see page 7), with spices and vegetables also, unless
unflavoured broth be required, when a few peppercorns, a blade or
two of mace, and a bunch of savoury herbs, will be sufficient; though
for some purposes even these, with the exception of the salt, are
better omitted. Simmer the broth for about four hours, unless the
quantity be very small, when from two and a half to three, will be
sufficient. A little rice boiled down with the meat will both thicken the
broth, and render it more nutritious. Strain it off when done, and let it
stand till quite cold that the fat may be entirely cleared from it: this is
especially needful when it is to be served to an invalid.
Veal or mutton, 4 lbs.; water, 4 quarts; salt. (For vegetables, &c.,
see page 7;) rice (if used), 4 oz.: 4 hours or more.
MILK SOUP WITH VERMICELLI.
Throw into five pints of boiling milk a small quantity of salt, and
then drop lightly into it five ounces of good fresh vermicelli; keep the
milk stirred as this is added, to prevent its gathering into lumps, and
continue to stir it very frequently from fifteen to twenty minutes, or
until it is perfectly tender. The addition of a little pounded sugar and
powdered cinnamon renders this a very agreeable dish. In Catholic
countries, milk soups of various kinds constantly supply the place of
those made with meat, on maigre days; and with us they are
sometimes very acceptable, as giving a change of diet for the
nursery or sick room. Rice, semoulina, sago, cocoa-nut, and
maccaroni may all in turn be used for them as directed for other
soups in this chapter, but they will be required in rather smaller
proportions with the milk.
Milk, 5 pints; vermicelli, 5 oz.: 15 to 20 minutes.
CHEAP RICE SOUP.
Place a gallon of water on the fire (more or less according to the

quantity of soup required), and when it boils, throw in a moderate-
sized tablespoonful of salt, and two or three onions, thickly sliced, a
faggot of sweet herbs, a root of celery, and three or four large carrots
split down into many divisions, and cut into short lengths. Boil these
gently for an hour and a half, or two hours, and then strain the liquor
from them. When time will permit, let it become cold; then for each
quart, take from three to four ounces of well washed rice, pour the
soup on it, heat it very slowly, giving it an occasional stir, and stew it
gently until it is perfectly tender, and the potage quite thick. A
moderate seasoning of pepper, and an ounce or two of fresh butter
well blended with a teaspoonful of flour, may be thoroughly stirred up
with the soup before it is served; or, in lieu of the butter, the yolks of
two or three new-laid eggs, mixed with a little milk, may be carefully
added to it.
It may be more quickly prepared by substituting vermicelli,
semoulina, or soujee for the rice, as this last will require three
quarters of an hour or more of stewing after it begins to boil, and the
three other ingredients—either of which must be dropped gradually
into the soup when it is in full ebullition—will be done in from twenty
to thirty minutes; and two ounces will thicken sufficiently a quart of
broth.
A large tablespoonful of Captain White’s currie-paste, and a small
one of flour, diluted with a spoonful or twos of the broth, or with a
little milk or cream, if perfectly mixed with the rice and stewed with it
for fifteen or twenty minutes before it is dished, render it excellent:
few eaters would discover that it was made without meat.
Good beef or mutton broth can be used instead of water for the
above soup, and in that case the vegetables sliced small, or rubbed
through a strainer, may be added to it before it is served.
CARROT SOUP MAIGRE.
Throw two ounces of salt into a gallon of boiling water, then add
three or four carrots quartered or thickly sliced, one onion or more
according to the taste, and a faggot of parsley, or some parsley
roots. When these have boiled gently for upwards of an hour, strain
off the liquor and put it back into the saucepan. Have ready more
carrots, nicely scraped and washed; split them down into strips about
the size of large macaroni and cut them into half finger lengths. Two
quarts of these will not be too much for persons who like the soup
well filled with the vegetable; boil them perfectly tender, and turn
them with their liquor into the tureen, first adding pepper sufficient to
season it properly, and more salt if needed. The proportion of carrots
may be diminished, and a quart or more of Brussels sprouts, boiled
and drained, may be substituted for part of them. Some persons
have these soups thickened, or enriched as they think, with flour and
butter; but the latter ingredient should at least be sparingly used; and
any other kind of thickening is more wholesome. A few ounces of
vermicelli stewed in them for twenty minutes or rather longer, will be
found a very good one. Celery, leeks, and turnips may be boiled
down in the carrot-stock, or added when the fresh vegetables have
been stewed in it for about ten minutes.
CHEAP FISH SOUPS.
An infinite variety of excellent soups may be made of fish, which

may be stewed down for them in precisely the same manner as
meat, and with the same addition of vegetables and herbs. When the
skin is coarse or rank it should be carefully stripped off before the
fish is used; and any oily particles which may float on the surface
should be entirely removed from it.
In France, Jersey, Cornwall, and many other localities, the conger
eel, divested of its skin, is sliced up into thick cutlets and made into
soup, which we are assured by English families who have it often
served at their tables, is extremely good. A half-grown fish is best for
the purpose. After the soup has been strained and allowed to settle,
it must be heated afresh, and rice and minced parsley may be added
to it as for the turkey soup of page 32; or it may be thickened with
rice-flour only, or served clear. Curried fish-soups, too, are much to
be recommended.
When broth or stock has been made as above with conger eel,
common eels, whitings, haddocks, codlings, fresh water fish, or any
common kind, which may be at hand, flakes of cold salmon, cod fish,
John Dories, or scallops of cold soles, plaice,[41] &c., may be
heated and served in it; and the remains of crabs or lobsters mingled
with them. The large oysters sold at so cheap a rate upon the coast,
and which are not much esteemed for eating raw, serve admirably
for imparting flavour to soup, and the softer portions of them may be
served in it after a few minutes of gentle simmering. Anchovy or any
other store fish-sauce may be added with good effect to many of
these pottages if used with moderation. Prawns and shrimps likewise
would generally be considered an improvement to them.
41. Some persons prefer the vegetables slowly fried to a fine brown, then
drained on a sieve, and well dried before the fire; but though more savoury
so, they do not improve the colour of the soup.
For more savoury preparations, fry the fish and vegetables, lay
them into the soup-pot, and add boiling, instead of cold water to
them.
BUCHANAN CARROT SOUP.
(Excellent.)
Make two quarts of soup by either of the foregoing receipts, using
for it good brown stock (for a common family dinner strong beef
broth will do). Mix smoothly with a little liquid, a tablespoonful of fine
currie-powder, and boil it in the soup for ten minutes; or instead of
this, season it rather highly with cayenne pepper, and then stir into it
from six ounces to half a pound of Patna rice boiled dry and tender
as for a currie. The whole may then remain by the side of the fire
without even simmering for ten minutes longer, and then be served
immediately. As a winter potage this is generally much liked. A
spoonful of Captain White’s currie-paste will flavour it very agreeably
if smoothly diluted, and simmered in it for two or three minutes: we
prefer it always to the powder. Three or four ounces of pearl-barley
well washed, soaked for some hours, and boiled extremely tender in
broth or water, may on occasion be substituted for the rice.
Obs.—This receipt was, from inadvertence, omitted at its proper
place, page 20, where it ought to have been inserted after the carrot
soups which will be found there, and to which the reader is referred
for the method of preparing the present one in part.
OBSERVATION.
The present chapter already so far exceeds the limits within which
it ought to have been confined, that we are obliged to reserve
several additions which we were desirous of making to it, for the
chance of being able to insert them in an appendix.

Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry 4th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual instant download all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry 4th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual instant download all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Precalculus Concepts Through

Functions A Unit Circle Approach to

Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle

Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle

Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle

Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Right Triangle

Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Right Triangle

Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

Precalculus A Unit Circle Approach 3rd Edition Ratti

Precalculus A Unit Circle Approach 3rd Edition Ratti

7. x  sin y 18. cos 1  1

27. sin 1 0.1  0.10   3 

    will still be negative. Thus, we have

above and get  2    

in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation   3  

62. Since there is no angle  such that sin   1.5 ,     

notation. To find the domain of f 1  x  we note 67. f  x    tan  x  1  3

x  3sin  2 y  the inverse tangent function can be any real

domain of a function equals the range of its 70. f  x   2 cos  3 x  2 

72. 2 cos 1 x   77. 4 cos 1 x  2  2 cos 1 x

76. 4 tan 1 x    cos 1  tan  22.8  180

81. Note that   2118  21.3 .  cos 1  tan  0  180

 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 cos 1  tan  23.5  180

2   157   . Substituting these values, and

r  3960 , into our equation gives d  4250

90. Here we have 1  2118' , 1  15750 ' ,    1  3 3

2  144   . Substituting these values, and

r  3960 , into our equation gives d  5518 Section 6.2

91. 103 x  4  11 Range:  y y  1 or y  1

17. sin  tan 1 (1)    3 

Let   tan 1 ( 2) . Since tan    2 and  2 5

22  1  r 2   0 , whose cosecant equals 2.

 1  60. Let   cos 1 u so that cos   u , 0     ,

65. Let   cot 1 u so that cot   u , 0     ,        

  12    12  x  1 and r  4 . Solve for y:

85 – 86. Answers will vary. 3. 4 x2  x  5  0

7. False because of the circular nature of the

9. True 17. tan   1  0

22. 4sin   3 3  3 26. 4 cos 2   3  0

On the interval 0    2 , the solution set is   

52. sin   0.2 57. 3sin   2  0

61. 2sin 2   sin   1  0 65. sin 2   cos 2   1  cos 

68. 2sin 2   3 1  cos     71. tan   2sin 

74. sin 2   2 cos   2 78. 4(1  sin  )  cos 2 

82. sec   tan   cot  85. 22 x  17 sin x  3

87. sin x  cos x  x

89. x 2  2 cos x  0 93. 6sin x  e x  2, x  0

b. f  x  g  x c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

  107. d  x   70sin  0.65 x   150

119. If  is the original angle of incidence and  is 10 3 10

 ( 9)  ( 9) 2  4(2)(8) Section 6.4

 sin  cos   34. (1  cos 2  )(1  cot 2  )  sin 2   csc2 

 sin 2 u 38. csc 4   csc2   csc2  (csc2   1)

32. (csc   cot  )(csc   cot  )  csc2   cot 2   1

33. cos 2  (1  tan 2  )  cos 2   sec2 

1 sin u sin 2  1  cos 2 

1 cos v 1  sin v cos 2 v  (1  sin v) 2

58. (csc   cot  ) 2 cot  tan 

sin   sin 2   cos 2 

sin  (sin  cos   1) sin 

1 sec   sec    1  sin  

sec2 v  tan 2 v  tan v 1  tan v sin 3   cos3 

 sin   cos   sin  cos 