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quantum theory of atom
quantum theory of atom
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
ATOMIC SPECTRA
· To understand the nature and origin of the light emitted by the flame tests, the nature and properties of
light will be investigated.
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
LIGHT:
Ø is a form of energy
Ø is considered sometimes to travel as waves
Ø consists of oscillations in electric and magnetic fields that can travel through space at a speed of
3.00 x 108 m/s (in vacuum)
Ø is referred to as a form of ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
NOTE: Visible light, X rays, gamma rays, radio waves are all forms of electromagnetic
radiation.
PROPERTIES OF WAVES
l (lambda) = Wavelength
Ø is the distance between any two adjacent identical points of a wave
Ø is measured in units of length (m, cm, nm, Angstroms)
1
¾¾ = s-1 = 1 Hertz = 1 Hz
s
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
WAVE 1 WAVE 2
l1 , n1, E1 l2 , n2, E2
speed of light (c) speed of light (c)
distance 1
Speed = ¾¾¾¾ Speed = (distance) x ¾¾
time time
c= l x n
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
· Visible Light is only a very narrow portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum which also contains other
types of light radiations which are not visible to the human eye.
Wavelength increases
Frequency increases
Energy increases
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
Meaning: the light must have been emitted by H atoms that have been energized
the H atoms can only emit specific amounts of light energy
it follows that the H atoms can only absorb specific amounts of energy
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
· The source of lines in the emission spectrum of Hydrogen baffled scientists for many years.
· In 1885 Rydberg (a mathematician) and Balmer (a physicist) empirically discovered an equation
which related mathematically the wavelengths of the 4 bright lines observed in the emission
spectrum of Hydrogen.
· This equation is known as RYDBERG’S EQUATION:
1 1 1 1
¾ = 1.097 x10 ( ¾ - ¾ ) m -1
7
¾ = 0.25
l 22 n2 22
· Later Rydberg generalized his equation to include the wavelengths of those spectral lines whose
wavelengths are not in the range of visible light.
λ n1 n 22 n2 >n1
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
Background:
· THE LIGHT GIVEN OFF BY A HOT SOLID VARIES WITH TEMPERATURE
At higher temperatures (1200 °C) yellow and blue light is also emitted and mixes with the
red light (the heated solid glows white)
Planck’s Explanation:
1. The atoms of the solid vibrate with a specific frequency which depends on the:
type of solid, and
temperature of the solid
where: E = energy
n = an integer, called quantum number (can be 1, 2, 3…)
n = frequency of vibration
h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J . s
3. The only energies a vibrating atom can have are: hn, 2hn, 3hn, 4hn…)
PLANCK’S CONCLUSION:
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
CONCLUSION
LIGHT HAS A DUAL NATURE
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
Examples:
1. What is the energy of a photon corresponding to radio waves of frequency 1.255 x 106 s–1?
2. Light with a wavelength of 465 nm lies in the blue region of the visible spectrum. Calculate the
frequency of this light.
l = 465 nm c=l x u
c
c = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s υ=
λ
m
3.00 x 108
u=? υ= s = 6.45 x 1014 s 1
1 m
465 nm x 9
10 nm
3. What is the wavelength of microwave radiation whose frequency is 1.145 x 1010 s–1?
c
u = 1.145 x 1010 s–1 c=lx u λ=
υ
m
3.00 x 108
c = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s λ= s = 2.62 x 10 2
m
10 1
1.145 x 10
s
l=?
4. The green line in the atomic spectrum of thallium has a wavelength of 535 nm. Calculate the energy
of a photon of this light.
1m
λ = 535 nm x = 5.35 x 10 7
m E=hx u c= lx u
109 nm
c c
c = 3.00 x 108 m/s υ= E=hx
λ λ
h = 6.63 x 10-34 J . s
34
(6.634x10 J s )(3.00x108 m / s )
E=? E=
5.35x10 7 m
E = 3.72 x 10-19 J
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
BOHR’S POSTULATES
· Bohr tried to account for two phenomena that were unaccounted for in his time:
1. The electron in the H atom does not spiral into the nucleus (the electron would
continuously give off energy as it spirals into the nucleus)
2. The line spectrum of the H atom.
Bohr’s Postulates:
1. ENERGYLEVEL POSTULATE
An electron can have only specific energy values in atom, called energy levels
Consequence:
· The atom can have only specific energy values.
· Bohr derived a formula which can be used to calculate the energy values for the electron
in the H atom
RH
E = - -¾¾
n2
where:
RH = constant = 2.179 x 10-18 J
n = an integer, which can have the follow values: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5….¥
(also called the principal quantum number)
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
· To get into a higher energy level, the electron must gain energy or get excited.
E2 (final)
e Energy absorbed = Ef - Ei = E2 - E1 = hn
E1 (initial)
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
Using the concept of electron transitions, Bohr was able to reproduce Rydberg’s (Balmer’s) equation:
RH R
Energy of the emitted photon = hυ = E i Ef = ( 2
) ( 2H )
ni nf
RH RH 1 1
hυ = 2
2 = RH ( 2 2 )
nf ni nf ni
c
Recall: c = u l and therefore υ=
λ
c 1 1 1 R 1 1
h = RH ( 2 2 ) By rearrangement: = H ( 2 2)
λ nf ni λ hc n f ni
By substituting:
1 1 1 RYDBERG’S GENERALIZED
= 1.097 x 107 ( 2 2 ) m 1 EQUATION IS OBTAINED.
λ nf ni
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
Examples:
1. An electron in a hydrogen atom in the level n = 5 undergoes a transition to level n = 3. What is
the frequency of the emitted radiation?
1 1 1
ni = 5 = 1.097 x 107 ( 2 2 ) m 1
λ nf ni
nf = 3
1 1 1
l = ??? = 1.097 x 107 ( 2 2 ) m 1 l=
λ 3 5
u = ???
c
υ=
λ
2. What is the difference in energy between the two levels responsible for the violet emission line of
the calcium atom at 422.7 nm?
l = 422.7 nm x ¾¾¾¾ = m
c
υ= =
λ
E=hu=
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
QUANTUM MECHANICS
· Quantum mechanics is a theory that applies to extremely small particles, such as electrons.
then
Matter exhibits Wave Properties
(traditionally considered
made of Particles)
hc
Eparticle = mc2 (Einstein) Ewave = h n = (Planck)
λ
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
· It follows:
hc h
mc 2 = mc =
λ λ
h h
λ= λ=
mc mv
NOTE:
1. Wave properties of common forms of matter are not observed because their relatively large
mass results in a very short wavelengths, which cannot be detected. (in the range of 10-34 m)
2. Electrons, with a very small mass produce longer wavelengths which can be detected (in the
range of 10-9)
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Chemistry 101 Chapter 7
WAVE FUNCTIONS
· Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle states that for particles of very small mass and moving
at high speeds, it is impossible to predict:
Ø the exact location of the particle at any particular time,
Ø the direction in which the particle is moving
· In Bohr’s theory, the electron was thought of as orbiting around the nucleus, in the way the
earth orbits the sun.
· Quantum Mechanics completely invalidates this view of the motion of the electron
2. We can obtain the probability of finding the electron at a certain point in a H atom; we can say
that the electron is likely (or not likely) to be at this position.
3. Information about the probability of finding the electron at a certain point is given by a
mathematical expression called a wave function.
4. The wave function indicates that the probability of finding the electron at a certain position is
high at some distance away from the nucleus
CONCLUSION
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