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CHAPTER 1: Project Management Concepts
Chapter Concepts ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Learning Outcomes .................................................................................................................................. 3
Project Management Knowledge Areas from PMBOK® Guide ............................................................... 3
Teaching Strategies .................................................................................................................................. 3
Lecture Notes ........................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Real-World Project Management Examples ..................................................................................... 4
Vignette A: World Bank Success Factors ......................................................................................... 4
Vignette B: Hoover Dam Generates Project Management Techniques in Addition to
Hydroelectricity .................................................................................................................................. 5
2. Project Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 6
A. Definition of a Project .................................................................................................................... 6
B. Examples of Projects .................................................................................................................... 6
3. Balancing Project Constraints ........................................................................................................... 7
A. Project Constraints ........................................................................................................................ 7
B. Unforeseen Circumstances ........................................................................................................... 7
4. The Project Life Cycle ....................................................................................................................... 8
A. Overview of a Project Life Cycle ................................................................................................... 8
B. Initiating Phase.............................................................................................................................. 8
C. Planning Phase ............................................................................................................................. 9
D. Performing Phase ......................................................................................................................... 9
E. Closing Phase ............................................................................................................................. 10
5. Project Management Process ......................................................................................................... 10
A. Project Planning Process ............................................................................................................ 10
B. Baseline Plan .............................................................................................................................. 11
C. Executing the Project Plan .......................................................................................................... 11
6. Stakeholder Engagement ............................................................................................................... 11
7. Global Project Management ........................................................................................................... 11
8. Project Management Associations .................................................................................................. 12
A. Project Management Institute (PMI) ........................................................................................... 12
B. Project Management Associations around the Globe................................................................. 12
9. Benefits of Project Management ..................................................................................................... 12
10. Critical Success Factors ............................................................................................................... 13
11. Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Questions ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Internet Exercises ............................................................................................................................... 17
Case Study #1 A Not-For-Profit Organization ..................................................................................... 17
Answers to Case Questions ............................................................................................................ 17
Group Activity .................................................................................................................................. 17
Case Study #2 E-Commerce for a Small Supermarket ...................................................................... 17
Answers to Case Questions ............................................................................................................ 18
Group Activity .................................................................................................................................. 18
Optional Activity ............................................................................................................................... 18
Optional Supplemental Activities ........................................................................................................ 18
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
Chapter Concepts
This chapter presents an overview of project management concepts. Based upon this chapter,
students will become familiar with the
 Definition of a project and its attributes
 Key constraints within which a project must be managed
 Life cycle of a project
 Definition of project management
 Elements of the project management process
 Identification and engagement of stakeholders
 Implications of global project management
 Project Management Institute
 Benefits of project management
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, the learner should be able to:
 Define what a project is
 List and discuss the attributes of a project
 Explain what is meant by project objective
 Define what is meant by project deliverable
 Provide examples of projects
 Discuss project constraints
 Describe the phases of the project life cycle
 Define and apply project management
 Discuss the steps of the planning process
 Identify the three elements of the executing process
 Create a stakeholder register
 Discuss stakeholder engagement
 Discuss some implications of global project management
 Discuss the Project Management Institute
 List benefits of project management techniques
Project Management Knowledge Areas from PMBOK® Guide

Concepts in this chapter support the following Project Management Knowledge Areas of
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide):
 Project Integration Management
 Project Stakeholder Management
Teaching Strategies
1. Let the students know that this course isn’t only for project managers. It is also for anyone
involved in working on a project.
1. Stress to them that what makes projects successful are the people involved. In order for this
class to be successful they must actively be involved.
2. Encourage all students to participate by asking them to identify projects they have been
involved in during their life.
3
3. For each project ask them what the objective was, what the constraints were, what the
schedule was, and what resources were used.
4. Ask them if they can identify any project managers in the real world. If they get stuck, give
them some hints to think about, like sports or music.
5. Ask your students to discuss something they did during the past summer or winter break,
such as take a vacation, go to a concert, or watch a play.
6. Ask them how those activities relate to project management.
7. The Internet exercises in this chapter are very important. They involve the investigation of
the Project Management Institute’s website. Inform the class that since it was founded in
1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) membership is approaching 500,000
members in nearly 200 countries and has about 270 chapters in more than 80 countries.
The association has over 30 online communities of practice. Pennsylvania-based PMI is, by
far, the leading nonprofit professional association in the area of project management. It
establishes standards, sponsors seminars, develops educational programs, has a
professional certification program, and publishes Project Management Journal and PM
Network. It has an excellent website for project management. Students can have some fun
with this site.
Lecture Notes
1. Real-World Project Management Examples
Vignette A: World Bank Success Factors
Many World Bank project have failed in the past, nearly half. International development projects
are complex. Critical success factors were found to lead to increased probability of success of
international development projects.
 International development projects are undertaken by the World Bank through partner
organizations to prepare, implement, and evaluate complex projects.
o Strict guidelines are overseen by the World Bank project supervisor and the
national Project Management unit national project coordinator.
o Day-to-day project management of the international development projects is the
responsibility of the partner organization.
o An independent evaluation group completes an assessment two years after a
project is completed or aborted to determine the relevance, efficiency, and
effectiveness of the terminated project.
 Project success is measured by the relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness.
o Relevance -- how well the project outcomes meet the priorities of the target
group
o Efficiency -- the use of the least costly resources to achieve the desired results
indicated in the project plan
o Effectiveness -- extent the project objectives, those proposed and those created
through change management of the project during its implementation, are met
 Other evaluation measures
o Sustainability of the project
o Project’s impact for making change for the target group
 Causes for lack of successful projects
o Managerial and organizational issues
o Project design
o Stakeholder management
o Implementation delays
4
o Cost overrun
o Lack of coordination
o Misunderstanding of the political, cultural, technical, and environmental
conditions of the project location
 Critical Success Factors
o Monitoring -- well documented project progress and Stringent reporting and
controlling the project’s performance
o Coordination -- increased communication and level of involvement of the World
Bank project supervisors and coordinators
o Design -- develop increasingly rigorous project plans to emphasize results-
based management
o Training -- the complexity of the environment
o Institutional environment
Vignette B: Hoover Dam Generates Project Management Techniques in Addition to
Hydroelectricity
The Hoover Dam project is probably the largest infrastructure project in the U.S. The project
finished 2 years ahead of schedule and $15 million below budget. Rigorous and aggressive
scheduling and implementation of innovative technology under the guidance of an experienced
project manager made the project successful. Many of the techniques developed for the Hoover
Dam project are still in use for DOE projects today.
 Issues related to flooding and silt accumulation in canals influenced the study and
approval to complete the construction of the Hoover Dam in Black Canyon.
o $165 million project finished two years ahead of schedule and $15 million under
budget.
o Collaboration of Six Companies, Inc. successfully balanced resources to
manage the challenges of completing one of the largest infrastructure projects
ever built in the United States.
o The 1930s in the United States was experiencing a time of depression, limited
project implementation, and reduced production of goods and services.
 Why successful
o Thorough analysis of the need
o Development of the proposed solution to establish the feasibility
o Strong oversight of the project performance
o Innovative funding to secure adequate resources
 Project details
o Financial planning -- overbid the creation of the tunnels and the rock removal
and a low bid for concrete installation allowed for increased cash income up
front to fund the surety bond required for the project
o Project planning -- 119 separate projects
o Incentives -- $3,000 per day fine was imposed for any delays and incentive
bonus for completing the project early and under budget
o Workers -- salaries paid to the workers were greater than other skilled workers
in the United States in the 1930s
o Management - timesaving and efficient construction methods using workers
and machinery, and outsourcing where appropriate
 Lessons Learned
o Project sponsors must know what they can afford
5
o
Project sponsors must have open communications, trust, and coordination with
the contractor
o Project leaders must be dedicated to the success of the project
o Contract incentives must be clear and provide adequate compensation for risks
and resources used
These are great short stories that can get the class discussion moving forward. Each of these
projects (successes or failures) should have included serious planning, scheduling,
organization, teamwork, communications, and leadership—all of which will be discussed in
detail in this course.
2. Project Attributes
A. Definition of a Project
A project is an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated
activities and the effective utilization of resources. The following attributes help define a project:
 A project has a clear objective that establishes what is to be accomplished. It is the
tangible end product that the project team must produce and deliver. The project
objective is usually defined in terms of end product or deliverable, schedule, and
budget. Furthermore, it is expected that the work scope will be accomplished in a
quality manner and to the customer’s satisfaction.
 A project is carried out through a set of interdependent activities (also referred to as
tasks) in a certain sequence in order to achieve the project objective.
 A project utilizes various resources to carry out the activities.
 A project has a specific time frame, or finite life span -- a start time and a date by which
the objective must be accomplished.
 A project may be a unique or one-time endeavor such as developing a new product,
designing and building a space station, building a house, or planning a wedding.
 A project has a sponsor or customer that provides the funds necessary to accomplish
the project. In a business setting, the customer can be internal or external to your
organization.
 Finally, a project involves a degree of uncertainty based on certain assumptions and
estimates the project budget, schedule, and work scope.
B. Examples of Projects
Get your students to list as many examples of real projects as they can. For each example
listed, discuss some of the attributes listed above. Some examples are:
 Staging a theatrical production
 Developing and introducing a new product
 Developing a set of Apps for mobile business transactions
 Planning a wedding
 Modernizing a factory
 Designing and implementing a computer system
 Converting a basement to a family room
 Organizing and hosting a conference
 Designing and producing a brochure
 Executing an environmental cleanup of a contaminated site
 Holding a high school reunion
 Building a shopping mall
 Performing a series of surgeries on an accident victim
6
 Organizing a community festival

 Consolidating two manufacturing plants
 Rebuilding a town after a natural disaster
 Hosting a dinner for 20 relatives
 Designing a business internship program for high school students
 Building a tree house
3. Balancing Project Constraints

A. Project Constraints
The successful accomplishment of the project objective is usually constrained by many factors,
including scope, quality, schedule, budget, resources, risks, customer satisfaction, and
stakeholder support.
 Project scope is all the work that must be done in order to produce all the project
deliverables (the tangible product or items to be provided), satisfy the customer that the
deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria, and accomplish the project
objective.
 Quality expectations must be defined from the onset of the project. The project work
scope must be accomplished in a quality manner and meet specifications.
 The schedule for a project is the timetable that specifies when each activity should start
and finish. The project objective usually states the time by which the project scope must
be completed in terms of a specific date agreed upon by the sponsor and the
organization performing the project.
 The budget of a project is the amount the sponsor or customer has agreed to pay for
acceptable project deliverables. The project budget is based on estimated costs
associated with the quantities of various resources that will be used to perform the
project.
 Various resources are needed to perform the project activities, produce the project
deliverables, and accomplish the project objective. Resources include people,
materials, equipment, facilities, and so forth.
 Risks adversely affect accomplishing the project objective
 Customer’s satisfaction goes beyond just completing the project scope within budget
and on schedule or asking if the customer is satisfied at the end of the project. It means
not only meeting the customer’s expectations but also developing and maintaining an
excellent working relationship throughout the project.
 The project manager and team need to build relationships with, and engage, the various
stakeholders who may influence or may be affected by the project, in order to gain their
support.
During the project, it is sometimes challenging to balance or juggle these
factors, which often constrain one another and could jeopardize accomplishing
the project objective. See Figure 1.1. To help ensure the achievement of the
project objective, the project team should develop a plan before starting the
project work rather than jumping in and starting without a plan. Lack of a plan
decreases the chances of successfully accomplishing the full project scope
within budget and on schedule.
B. Unforeseen Circumstances
Once a project has started, unforeseen circumstances may jeopardize the achievement of the
project objective with respect to scope, cost, or schedule.
 Examples:
o Some materials cost more than originally estimated.
7
o Inclement weather causes a delay.

o Additional redesign and modifications to a sophisticated new medical
instrument are required to get it to meet the performance specifications and
government testing requirements.
o Delivery of a critical component for an aviation control system is delayed
several months.
o Environmental contaminants are discovered when excavating for a new
building.
o A key project team member with unique technical knowledge decides to retire,
which creates a gap in critical expertise.
 Actions by the project manager
o Prevent, anticipate, and/or overcome such circumstances in order to complete
the project scope on schedule, within budget, and to the customer’s
satisfaction.
o Have good planning and communication -- essential to prevent problems from
occurring and to minimize their impact.
o Be responsible for ensuring the customer is satisfied. This goes beyond just
completing the project scope within budget and on schedule. It requires
ongoing communication with the customer.
4. The Project Life Cycle

A. Overview of a Project Life Cycle
The generic project life cycle has four phases: initiating, planning,
performing, and closing the project. See Figure 1.2
 The time span of each phase and the associated level of
effort will vary depending on the specific project.
 Project life cycles vary in length from a few weeks to several years, depending on the
content, complexity, and magnitude of the project.
B. Initiating Phase
In the initiating phase, projects are identified and selected, and then authorized using a
document referred to as a project charter.
 First phase of the project life cycle
 Involves the identification of a need, problem, or opportunity and can result in the
sponsor’s authorizing a project to address the identified need or solve the problem
o May take several months to identify the need, gather data, and define the
project objective
o Important to define the right need
o Needs are often defined as part of an organization's strategic planning process
 Organizations must have a project selection process to determine what projects to
pursue
 Project charter includes:
o Rationale or justification for the project
o Project objective and expected benefits
o General requirements and conditions such as amount of funds authorized,
required completion date, major deliverables, and required reviews and
approvals, and key assumptions
8
 If external resources will be used, organizations develop a request for proposals asking
contractors to submit proposals describing how address need, associated costs, and
schedule
C. Planning Phase
The planning phase includes defining the project scope, identifying resources, developing a
schedule and budget, and identifying risks, all of which make up the baseline plan for doing the
project work.
 Second phase of the project life cycle
 Show how the project scope will be accomplished within budget and on schedule
 Plan the work and work the plan
 Detailed plan results in a baseline plan
o What needs to be done -- scope, deliverable
o How it will get done -- activities, sequence
o Who will do it -- resources, responsibilities
o How long it will take -- durations, schedule
o How much it will cost -- budget
o What the risks are
 Benchmark the baseline plan for comparison with actual progress
 Include the people that will actually do the work in the planning process
o They have knowledge of detailed activities to be done
o Participation builds commitment
D. Performing Phase
In the performing phase, the project plan is executed and work activities are carried out to
produce all the project deliverables and to accomplish the project objective. The project
progress is monitored and controlled to ensure the work remains on schedule and within
budget, the scope is fully completed according to specifications, and all deliverables meet
acceptance criteria. Also, any changes need to be documented, approved, and incorporated
into an updated baseline plan if necessary.
 Third phase of the project life cycle
 Project manager leads project team to complete project
 Pace of the project increases as more and various resources are involved in the project
 It is necessary to monitor and control the project's progress by comparing
accomplishments to the baseline plan
 Corrective actions are taken if a project is off track
 Changes are managed and controlled through documentation, approval, and
communication with agreement between the sponsor and the contractor
o Some change is trivial
o Several alternative actions may be evaluated to determine the best approach to
bring the project back within the scope, schedule, and budget constraints
o Determine whether any sacrifices to scope, budget, schedule, or quality are
necessary to accomplish the project
o The cost of change varies with the timing in the project -- generally, the later in
the project that changes are identified, the greater their effect on accomplishing
the project objective
 The end of the phase, customer satisfaction, is achieved when the work and
deliverables have been accepted by the customer and the project objective has been
accomplished
9
E. Closing Phase
In the closing phase, project evaluations are conducted, lessons learned are identified and
documented to help improve performance on future projects, and project documents are
organized and archived.
 The final phase of the project life cycle
 Includes a variety of actions such as:
o Collecting and making final payments
o Recognizing and evaluating staff
o Conducting a post project evaluation
o Documenting lessons learned
o Archiving project documents
 Using a knowledge base to record lessons learned and post-project evaluation is helpful
to retrieve the lessons and information that could support future business with the
customer or other customers
5. Project Management Process

Project management is planning, organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling resources to
accomplish the project objective. The project management process involves planning the work
(establishing the plan) and then working the plan (executing that plan).
A. Project Planning Process
1. Establish project objective -- get agreement from sponsor and contractor
2. Define scope -- include customer requirements, define
major work activities, list deliverables and associated
acceptance criteria
3. Create a work breakdown structure -- translate a
hierarchical decomposition of the project scope into work
elements to be executed by the project team and produce
the project deliverables. See Figure 1.3.
4. Assign responsibility -- identify the person or organization responsible for each work item.
See Figure 1.3.
5. Define specific activities -- develop a list of detailed activities
needed to perform each work package and produce any
required documents
6. Sequence activities -- create a network diagram that shows
the necessary sequence and dependent relationships. See
Figure 1.4.
7. Estimate activity resources -- determine the types of resources needed
for each activity, these may include people, materials, or equipment
that are internal or external to the contractor
8. Estimate activity durations -- make time estimates for how long each
activity will take to be completed based on the estimate of resources
available applied to each activity
9. Develop project schedule -- determine the start and finish times for each activity to complete
the project by its required completion date. See Figure 1.5.
10. Estimate activity costs -- use the appropriate labor cost or unit cost rate for each type of
resource to determine the cost of each activity
11. Determine budget -- aggregate the costs associated with each activity
and each work package and add indirect costs and profits to determine
10
the costs of completing the project. Allocate the costs over time to determine the time-
phased budget as shown in Figure 1.6.
B. Baseline Plan
The result of the planning process is a baseline plan. Taking the time to develop a well thought
out plan is critical to the successful accomplishment of any project.
 Many projects overrun their budgets, missed their completion dates, or only partially
met their requirements because there was no viable baseline plan before the project
was started.
 The baseline plan for a project can be displayed in graphical or tabular format for each
time period (week, month) from the start of the project to its completion.
o The start and completion dates for each activity
o The amounts of the various resources that will be needed during each time
period
o The budget for each time period as well as the cumulative budget from the start
of the project through each time period
C. Executing the Project Plan
Once a baseline plan has been established, the plan must be executed. The executing process
involves performing the work according to the plan, monitoring and controlling the work, and
managing changes so that the project scope is achieved within the budget and schedule, to the
customer’s satisfaction.
1. Perform the work -- all activities are performed to produce the deliverables and meet their
acceptance criteria with regular communication with stakeholders and the customer
2. Monitor and control progress -- monitor the progress to see whether it is going according to
plan, measure actual progress, take corrective action if activities are behind schedule
3. Control changes -- changes to the work activities and to the project scope will occur for a
variety of reasons and need to be agreed upon by the sponsor and the contractor
6. Stakeholder Engagement
Project stakeholders are individuals and entities involved in, or who may influence, or may be
affected by a project, such as the customer/sponsor; project team, including the project manager,
subcontractors, and consultants; end users or consumers; and advocacy groups.
 Stakeholders include
o Customer/sponsor and the project team including subcontractors and suppliers
o Organizations or groups of people who may be supportive or adversarial or may
want to be kept informed about the project because of potential impact
 Create a stakeholder register as potential stakeholders are identified and include key
contact information, role or specific topics of interest, expectations, any known issues,
and areas of potential influence for each stakeholder.
 Maintain in issue log of specific issues or concerns or questions that various
stakeholders identify so that the project manager, project team, or sponsor/customer
can address them and make sure they are not forgotten or dismissed without an
adequate follow up and response.
7. Global Project Management

Globalization adds a unique dimension to managing projects. It changes the dynamics of the project
and adds a layer of complexity that can adversely affect the project outcome if the project
participants are not aware of what they might encounter regarding cultural differences and
multinational economic transactions.
11
 Factors can create a dynamic and perhaps unstable environment over the life of a
project and include:
o Currency fluctuations and exchange rates
o Country-specific work codes and regulations, such as hours per day, holidays,
and religious observances
o Corporate joint ventures and partnerships creating entities with a presence and
facilities in multiple countries
o Political relations between countries
o Availability of high-demand workforce skills
 Competencies that are required or helpful for global project management success
include:
o Foreign language skills
o Knowledge and understanding of other countries and cultures, geography,
world history, and international economics
o Awareness and understanding of cultures, customs, and etiquette
o Awareness of the geopolitical environment
o Technology adoption of translation software
8. Project Management Associations

A. Project Management Institute (PMI)
 The Project Management Institute (PMI) is a premier worldwide not-for-profit
association for practitioners in the project management profession and individuals who
want to learn more about the profession.
o Founded in 1969, PMI is approaching 500,000 members in more than 170
countries and has about 270 chapters in more than 80 countries.
o Has over 30 online communities of practice where peers can collaborate on
specific topics of interest
o Publishes A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®
Guide), which provides a framework of processes and guidelines for the
application of project management concepts, practices, and techniques
o Created the PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, which sets
standards and establishes expectations for professional behavior
o Offers a certification program that provides the opportunity to earn credentials
in various project management disciplines
 Additional and current information about the Project Management Institute can be found
at www.pmi.org.
B. Project Management Associations around the Globe
 Many other project management associations exist around the globe.
 Appendix C provides a list of approximately 60 such associations.
 Website addresses can be found on this book’s student companion website,
www.cengagebrain.com, and through the link found by searching for the ISBN of
Successful Project Management 6e (from the back cover of the book), using the search
box at the top of the page
9. Benefits of Project Management

The ultimate benefit of implementing project management techniques is having a satisfied
customer—whether you are the customer of your own project, such as remodeling your basement,
or a business (contractor) being paid by a customer to perform a project.
12
 Completing the full project scope in a quality manner, on time, and within budget
provides a great feeling of satisfaction and/or referrals for more business
 Project managers have satisfaction, enhanced reputation, and expanded career
opportunities
 Project team members have contributed to the project's success, expanded knowledge,
and enhanced skills
 When projects are successful, everyone wins!
10. Critical Success Factors

 Planning and communication are critical to successful project management. They
prevent problems from occurring or minimize their impact on the achievement of the
project objective when they do occur.
 Taking the time to develop a well thought-out plan before the start of the project is
critical to the successful accomplishment of any project.
 A project must have a clear objective of what is to be accomplished and defined in
terms of end product or deliverable, schedule, and budget, and agreed upon by the
customer.
 Involve the sponsor or customer as a partner in the successful outcome of the project
through active participation during the project.
 Achieving customer satisfaction requires ongoing communication with the customer to
keep the customer informed and to determine whether expectations have changed.
 The key to effective project control is measuring actual progress and comparing it to
planned progress on a timely and regular basis and taking any needed corrective action
immediately.
 After the conclusion of a project, the project performance should be evaluated to learn
what could be improved if a similar project were to be done in the future. Feedback
should be obtained from the sponsor or customer and the project team.
 Learning and understanding the culture and customs of other project participants will
demonstrate respect, help build trust, and aid in developing an effective project team,
and it is critical for successful global project management.
11. Summary
 A project is an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of
interrelated activities and the effective utilization of resources.
 The successful accomplishment of the project objective could be constrained by many
factors, including scope, quality, schedule, budget, resources, risks, customer
satisfaction, and stakeholder support.
 The project life cycle has four phases: initiating, planning, performing, and closing the
project.
 Project management is planning, organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling
resources to accomplish the project objective. The project management process
involves two major functions: first establishing a plan and then executing that plan to
accomplish the project objective.
 Project stakeholders are individuals and entities involved in, or who may influence, or
may be affected by a project. Stakeholder engagement and support is important to the
successful performance of a project and accomplishment of the project objective.
 Globalization changes the dynamics of a project and adds a layer of complexity that can
adversely affect the project outcome if the project participants are not aware of what
they might encounter regarding cultural differences and multinational economic
transactions.
13
 The Project Management Institute is a premier worldwide not-for-profit association for

practitioners in the project management profession.
 The ultimate benefit of implementing project management techniques is having a
satisfied customer—whether you are the customer of your own project or a business
(contractor) being paid by a customer to perform a project.
Questions
1. Define project.
A project is an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated
activities and the effective utilization of resources.
2. Define the term project objective and give some examples.
A project has a well-defined objective—an expected result or product. The objective of a project
is usually defined in terms of scope, schedule, and cost. Furthermore, it is expected that the
work scope will be accomplished in a quality manner and to the customer’s satisfaction.
An example is to produce 5,000 two-page, marketing brochures by July 1 for a cost of $15,000.
3. List some examples of resources that are used on a project.
People, equipment, money, materials, etc.
4. What role does a customer have during the project life cycle? Why is it important to
satisfy the customer?
The customer should be involved throughout the project life cycle.
The customer is the one who is paying for the project. Unsatisfied customers have been known
to withhold payments, never call you again for repeat business, and spread word of their
dissatisfaction. On the other hand, a satisfied customer will do the opposite of those things.
5. What aspects of a project might involve some degree of uncertainty? Why?
Many aspects can have some degree of uncertainty, such as the schedule or the budget. An
unexpected snowstorm may delay a highway construction project and increased lumber prices
may increase the cost of building a new home.
Not everything in a project can be planned, scheduled, or budgeted.

6. Define scope, schedule, cost, and customer satisfaction. Why are these considered to be
constraints?
The scope of a project is all the work that must be done in order to satisfy the customer that the
deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria agreed upon at the onset of the
project.
The cost of a project is the amount the customer has agreed to pay for acceptable project
deliverables. The project cost is based on a budget that includes an estimate of the costs
associated with the various resources that will be used to accomplish the project.
The schedule for a project is the timetable that specifies when each activity should start and
finish. The project objective usually states the time by which the project scope must be
completed in terms of a specific date agreed upon by the customer and the individual or
organization performing the work.
Customer Satisfaction is the level to which the customer is pleased with the end result of the
project.
14
The objective of any project is to complete the scope within budget by a certain time to the
customer’s satisfaction. Any of these four factors can put limitations on the final product.
7. List and describe the main phases of the project life cycle.
The first is the initiating phase, when projects are identified and selected. They are then
authorized, using a document referred to as a project charter.
The second phase of the project life cycle is the planning phase and includes defining the
project scope, identifying resources, developing a schedule and budget, and identifying risks, all
of which make up the baseline plan for doing the project work.
In the third phase, the performing phase, the project plan is executed, and work activities are
carried out to produce all the project deliverables and to accomplish the project objective.
During this phase, the project progress is monitored and controlled to assure the work remains
on schedule and within budget, the scope is fully completed according to specifications, and all
deliverables meet acceptance criteria. Also, any changes need to be documented, approved,
and incorporated into an updated baseline plan, if necessary.
The final phase of the project life cycle is the closing phase. Project evaluations are conducted,
lessons learned are identified and documented to help improve performance on future projects,
and project documents are organized and archived.
8. List and describe the steps required to develop a baseline plan.
1. Establish project objective -- clearly define the project objective and have it agreed upon by
the sponsor or customer.
2. Define scope -- include customer requirements, define the major work activities or elements,
and provide a list of deliverables and associated acceptance criteria that can be used to
verify that the work and deliverables meet specifications
3. Create a work breakdown structure -- divide and subdivide the project scope into pieces or
work packages.
4. Assign responsibility -- identify the person or organization responsible for each work item in
the work breakdown structure
5. Define the specific activities -- develop the list of detailed activities that need to be
performed for each work package to produce any required deliverables.
6. Sequence activities -- graphically portray the activities in a network diagram to display the
sequence and dependent relationships of the detailed activities.
7. Estimate activity resources -- determine which types and skills or expertise of resources and
how many of each resource are needed for each activity with consideration of the
availability of the resources.
8. Estimate activity durations -- make a time estimate for how long it will take to complete each
activity, based on the estimate of the resources that will be applied.
9. Develop the project schedule -- develop the overall project schedule, including when each
activity is expected to start and finish, as well as the latest times that each activity must start
and finish in order to complete the project by the project required completion date.
10. Estimate activity costs -- determine the costs for the types and quantities of resources
estimated for each activity using the appropriate labor cost rate or unit cost for each type of
resource.
11. Determine budget -- aggregate the cost estimates for each activity.
9. Why must a manager monitor the progress of a project? What can be done if a project is
not proceeding according to plan?
A manager must monitor progress to ensure that everything is going according to plan. It is also
necessary to measure actual progress and compare it to planned progress.
15
If at any time during the project the comparison of actual to planned progress reveals that the
project is behind schedule, overrunning the budget, or not meeting the technical specifications,
corrective action must be taken to get the project back on track within the scope, schedule, and
budget constraints of the project objective. These actions include adding or changing resources
to make up time and get back on schedule.
10. Think of a project in which you were involved and identify the stakeholders and what
“stake” each had in the project.
Answers to this question will vary depending on the student. Check responses to be sure they
include the individuals and entities involved in, or who may influence, or may be affected by a
project and what stake each had in the project.
11. Describe how a global project can be more complex than a project performed within just
one country. How might these elements affect the successful outcome of the global
project?
Global projects have several unique influencing factors such as currency fluctuations and
exchange rates, country-specific work codes and regulations, corporate joint ventures and
partnerships creating entities with a presence and facilities in multiple countries, political
relations between countries, and availability of high-demand workforce skills.
Globalization changes the dynamics of the project and adds a layer of complexity that can
adversely affect the project outcome if the project participants are not aware of what they might
encounter in the way of cultural differences and multinational economic transactions.
12. List some benefits of using project management techniques.
 The ultimate benefit of implementing project management techniques is having a
satisfied customer.
 Completing the full project scope in a quality manner, on time, and within budget
provides a great feeling of satisfaction.
 It could lead to additional business.
 Successful projects can expand career opportunities.
 A feeling of satisfaction comes from being on a winning team.
 Project management can expand knowledge, enhance skills, and make it easier to
undertake more complicated projects.
 When projects are successful, everybody wins!
13. Consider a project in which you are currently involved (or in which you have recently
been involved).
a. Describe the objectives, scope, schedule, cost, and any assumptions made.
b. Where are you in the project life cycle?
c. Does this project have a baseline plan? If yes, describe it. If not, create it.
d. Are you or is anyone else monitoring the progress of the project? If so, how? If not,
how could you do so?
e. Describe some unexpected circumstances that could jeopardize the success of the
project.
f. Describe the anticipated benefits of the project.
Answers to this question will vary depending on the student. Check responses to be sure they
include the definition of a project, an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a
unique set of interrelated activities and the effective utilization of resources.
16
Internet Exercises
The Internet Exercises can be a very valuable part of this course. Assignment of these exercises to
your students as homework or complete them with students in a computer lab reinforces the
concepts in the chapter and exposes the students to additional resources that are available through
the Internet. Examination of broad field of project management will reinforce the growth of the
project management field. Many organizations are realizing the value of employees having project
management training and certifications. Exploration of the project management information could
motivate the students to seek additional education or certifications.
Case Study #1 A Not-For-Profit Organization

This case study involves a meeting of the officers of the student community service organization
that collects, buys, and distributes food for the needy. Their funds are almost exhausted and the
demand for service is growing.
Answers to Case Questions
1. What are the needs that have been identified?
The students need to find a way to get more funds.
They need more volunteers.
They need more space.
Some students may point out that they don't have a project plan for how to spend their current
funding and need a project plan for their current work.
2. What is the project objective?
At this point they don’t all agree on the objective.
3. What assumptions, if any, should be made regarding the project to be undertaken?
You must always be careful when making assumptions. However, the following statements are
made in the case study. Some may or may not actually be true.
 The service organization will run out of funds in two months.
 The local government is not able to provide additional funds.
 The demand for assistance is increasing.
 The volunteers need more space and more volunteers.
 They get some food donations, but maybe not on a regular basis.
4. What are the risks involved in the project?
If the statements in the story are true, then the risk of not succeeding with this project is that the
organization will have to shut down and members of the community in need of food will not have
this student community service organization as a source of assistance.
Group Activity
Many community service organizations are facing the same issues as this student community
service organization: need for additional funds for operation, need for more volunteers, and
need for more donations. Having students learn about how not-for-profit organizations plan their
projects and complete funding and donation requests will provide an rich learning opportunity
and insight into project management that can only be learned through experience and direct
observation.
Case Study #2 E-Commerce for a Small Supermarket

This case study involves a small supermarket in a rural town with a large and growing elderly
population. The owners are discussing the possibility of putting their operation online.
17
Answers to Case Questions

1. What are the needs that have been identified?
The owners believe that putting their grocery store on-line will bring increased sales. They also
need to repave the parking lot.
2. What is the project objective?
At this point, Matt and Grace haven't decided. They have an idea to create an online ordering
site or just have a page with a picture of themselves and the market.
3. What are some things Matt and Grace should do before they talk with the consultant?
They must list and possibly test some of their assumptions. You must always be careful when
making assumptions. However, the following statements are made in the case study. Some may
or may not actually be true.
 Matt and Grace can increase sales by putting their operation online.
 There is a demand for online services.
 The benefits of doing this will outweigh the costs.
Matt and Grace also need to determine the motivations of the consultant. They need to find out
whether the consultant is selling services for web development or is a technical assistance
specialist who will provide well-informed suggestions.
4. What should the consultant tell Matt and Grace?
An honest consultant would determine the feasibility of this project. It might very well not be
feasible, but it is very possible that the consultant will just give them a price for building the
system.
Group Activity
Have two students act out the parts of Matt and Grace. Then role-play the interaction with the
consultant to let Matt and Grace ask questions. Be sure to have the students focus on the
needs identification step of the potential project for the store.
Optional Activity
Have each course participant, or small groups, contact a business that went online and ask the
business what led it to that decision and whether the project met its initial expectations.
Optional Supplemental Activities

1. Contact a local not-for-profit organization in your community. Tell them that you are
interested in learning about their operations. Ask them to describe a project they are
currently working on. What is the objective? What are the constraints? The resources? The
budget? The schedule? If possible, have each team contribute a few hours to the project.
Through this process they will be helping someone in need and learning about a real-world
project at the same time. Have each group prepare a report that summarizes the project
and what they learned from this experience. Give them about three weeks for this effort.
2. Have a project manager be a guest lecturer in class to present the benefits of project
management techniques. If the project manager has had international experience, have him
or her discuss the complexity of managing an international project.
18
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soon in funeral swathes we also at an end shall be; and they
anointed with the fragrant myrrh shall lie of odour ill. How is it they
adorn’d with gold lie unadorn’d and void of form? Therefore, my
brethren well belov’d, musing on our brief life, let us of Christ entreat
for rest for him who hence hath gone, and for great mercy for our
souls.
Verse. O Lord, deliver my soul from unrighteous lips.
Farewell, vain life; farewell, all friends, acquaintances, and
children too; for in a way I go where never have I trod. But come,
remembering my love for you, follow ye me, and give ye to the grave
this clay of mine, and pray ye Christ with tears, who hath to judge my
humble soul, that he may snatch me from the quenchless fire.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
O gate impassable, in mystery seal’d, God-bearing Virgin bless’d;
accept our prayers, and offer them thy Son and God, that he,
through thee, may save our souls.
Stichera idiomela, tone iii.
Lo, brethren mine belov’d, amid you all I silent lie, bereft of
speech; the mouth is listless, still the tongue, impeded are the lips,
the hands are tied, the feet together bound, the countenance is
chang’d, the eyes are dimm’d and see not them that wail, the
hearing takes not in the cry of them that mourn, the nose the fragrant
incense smelleth not; but in nowise true love becometh dead.
Therefore I you beseech, all mine acquaintances and friends,
Remember me before the Lord, that I in day of doom may mercy find
before that fearful judgment-seat.
Verse. I have lifted up mine eyes to the hills, whence cometh my
help.
All human things are vanity which last not after death: riches abide
not, nor doth glory stay; for when death cometh these all disappear.
Then let us cry to the immortal Christ, O rest him who is gone away
from us where is the dwelling-place of all that joy.
Verse. The Lord shall keep thy goings-out and thy comings-in from
henceforth and for evermore.
O men, why do we vainly we ourselves disquiet? the course we
run is quick and hard: life is as smoke: soon vapour, dust, and ashes
we shall be; and as a flower shall fade. Therefore let us to the
immortal Christ exclaim, Rest him remov’d from us where is the
dwelling-place of all that joy.
God-bearing Virgin, we, we tempest-tost upon life’s sea, thee as
salvation’s haven have. Therefore pray God, who seedlessly from
thee incarnate was, and man became unspeakably, to save our
souls.
Stichera, tone iv.
Where is the predilection of the world? where their imaginings who
fade? where is the silver and the gold? where servants’ multitude
and noise? All dust, all ashes, all a shade. But, come ye, let us say
to the immortal King, O Lord, him, who hath been remov’d from us,
of thine eternal blessings worthy count, him resting in thine ageless
happiness.
Verse. I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the
house of the Lord.
Death as a robber came, like as a thief he came, and laid me low;
he came, and me declar’d as one existing not; he came, and, being
earth, I lie as being not. We verily are a dream, O men, a phantom
verily. But, come ye, let us cry to the immortal King, O Lord,
vouchsafe thine everlasting blessings unto him remov’d from us, him
resting in the life that grows not old.
O only pure and spotless Virgin, who without seed didst bring forth
God, pray that our souls be sav’d.
Stichera, tone v.
I remember’d what the prophet said, I am earth and I am dust; and
again I meditated in the graves, and saw the naked bones, and said,
Who now is king, or, warrior, who; or, who is rich, or, who is poor; or,
who the just, or, he that sinn’d? But, with the just, thy servant rest, O
Lord.
Verse. Our feet have stood in thy courts, O Jerusalem.
Thou, Christ, hast said that he in thee believing shall not death
behold: but, as I out of light in light am light, so shall ye also in my
glory be enlightened in me; for I, that am true God, have come to
save them that revere me in true right-belief, me, one Lord God, in
dual nature of deity and flesh, but one in essence. Therefore, thy
faithful servant, who thus confesseth thee, rest in thy countenance’s
light among the Saints, as lover of mankind.
We thee beseech, as Mother of God, O blessed one, Pray thou for
us, that we be sav’d.
Stichera, tone vi.
To me thy life-effecting bidding was substance and origin; for,
willing me to form a living one from nature that unseen is and is
seen, my body thou didst make of earth, and, by thy breathing life-
creating and divine, me gavest soul. Therefore, O Christ, thy servant
rest in tract of them that living are, and in the dwellings of the just.
Verse. Unto thee have I lifted up mine eyes, O thou that dwellest in
heaven.
That which thy hands did frame thou with thine image honour’d
hast, O Word; for, in material form inscribing livingly a mental
essence’s similitude, of this me also thou hast made participant,
placing me on the earth to be, of mine own power, creation’s lord.
Therefore, thy servant, Saviour, rest in tract of them that living are,
and in the dwellings of the just.
God-bearing Virgin, we have understood the God made flesh from
thee, whom do thou pray to save our souls.
Stichera, tone vii.
After thine image and resemblance in the beginning making man,
in paradise thou him didst place to be of thy creation lord; but, by the
devil’s enviousness beguil’d, he ate the fruit, transgressing thy
commands. Therefore again to earth, whence he was taken, thou
hast doom’d him to return, O Lord, and beg for rest.
Verse. How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts.
Death looseth every grief befalling Adam’s nature; for corrupt we
have become, partaking of the food. Then let us learn, form’d out of
earth, we dust and ashes shall become, like as we were before.
Therefore let us with wailing voice our Maker pray pardon and mercy
to bestow on him removed hence.
Thee, O God-bearing one, we faithful have as an unbroken wall
and trust. Therefore, cease not, O Queen, to pray for them thy
servants that in faith have slept, that in the judgment there may
pardon be for them, when he thy Son and God shall sit; for thou dost
nature know, that it with every sin is now commix’d: so may we bless
thee all.
Stichera, tone viii.
I weep and I lament when I reflect on death, and see the
comeliness, according to God’s image, that was shap’d for us lying
in the graves disfigur’d, and bereft of glory and of form. O wonder!
what is this mystery concerning us? how to corruption have we been
assign’d? how unto death conjoin’d? Verily by God’s command, as it
is written, who giveth the departed rest.
Bearing an image incorrupt, and having an immortal soul received
by breath divine, and so become compound, as it is written, why do
we fade away? and why did we God’s bidding overstep? O wonder!
why did we leave the food of life, and eat the fruit that bringeth bitter
death? why, by guile, have we been robb’d of life divine? As for the
rest, let us exclaim to Christ, Him whom thou hast removed hence
place in thy courts.
God-bearing Virgin, thy protection is a spiritual healing place; for
thereunto betaking us, we are set free from ailments of the soul.
Stichera, tone viii. Idiomela.
To them that prodigally live unmeasur’d torment is, gnashing of
teeth, and wailing unconsol’d, gloom unillum’d, and darkness most
profound, the never dying worm, and unavailing tears, and, without
mercy, doom. Therefore let us, before the end, lift up our voice, and
say, O Master Christ, him who thou chosen hast give rest with thine
elect.
Similar.
The trumpet shall give sound, and, as from sleep, the dead shall
rise, desiring to obtain the heavenly life, they who have put their trust
in thee, the Maker and the Lord. Then, O condemn thy servant not;
for thou, immortal one, for our sake mortal didst become. Therefore
let us, before the end, lift up our voice, and say, O Master Christ, him
whom thou chosen hast, give rest with thine elect.
Behold, the elements, the heaven and earth shall be transform’d,
and all creation shall with incorruption clothed be. Corruption shall be
done away, and darkness at thine advent fly; for thou with glory art to
come again, as it is written, to render unto each as he hath done. O
Master Christ, him whom thou chosen hast, give rest with thine elect.
Glory, tone vi.
O come ye all and see a strange and fearful sight made manifest
to all, the image now beheld, and vex yourselves no more with
transient things. To-day divided from the body is a soul, and is
translated to th’ eternal world; for in a way it goeth wherein never yet
it went, and to the Judge who no respect of persons hath, where
stand the Angels’ hosts. My brethren, fearful is that judgment-seat,
where naked all of us shall stand, and some be crown’d and some
be sham’d. Then let us to th’ immortal King exclaim, When thou shalt
try the secrets of mankind, O spare thy servant whom thou hast
receiv’d, Lord, Lover of mankind.
Both now. Theotokion.
Through her entreaties who to thee gave birth, O Christ, and those
of thy Forerunner, and of apostles, prophets, hierarchs, venerables,
and just, and of all Saints, unto thy sleeping servant give thou rest.
Then, It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord.... The whole.
Trisagion. After Our Father....
Our Saviour, rest thy servant with the just, and place him in thy
courts, as it is written, as being good despising his iniquities, both
willing ones and those unwilling, and all those done in knowledge
and in ignorance, O lover of mankind.
In thy resting-place, O Lord, where all thy Saints repose, O rest thy
servant’s soul; for thou alone art lover of mankind.
O holy Mother of describeless Light, revering thee with angels’
songs, we magnify thee piously.
The deacon saith,
Have mercy upon us, O God, according to thy great mercy, we
pray thee, hear and have mercy. Vide page 139.
After the exclamation of the prayer the kiss is given, while the
choir singeth the stichera, tone ii.
Come, brethren, let us give the last kiss....
And the rest, as hath previously been written in the order for
laymen.
Then, Glory, tone vi. Me, lying voiceless....
Both now. The theotokion.
And giving forth to the grave the priests sing the irmi of the great
canon, that is to say,
A help and protection.... And the rest.
Trisagion. After Our Father.... In thy resting-place, O Lord.... O only
pure and spotless Virgin....
Then, Have mercy upon us, O God.... and the rest as customarily.
O God of spirits....
And the remains are buried.
And the full dismissal is made.
Chapter XIX.
THE OFFICE OF THE BURIAL OF A BABE.
After the priest hath given the blessing, the singers sing,
Whoso dwelleth under the defence of the Most High....[48]
And after this, Alleluia, in tone viii.
Verse. Blessed is he whom thou hast chosen....
Verse. And his remembrance is to generation and generation.
Trisagion. And after Our Father.... For thine is the kingdom.
Then, Thou who man-lovingly in depth of wisdom....
Glory.
Our Maker, and our Author, and our God.
Both now.
We have thee as a fortress and a haven....
Then psalm l.
And after this the requiem canon over a departed babe is begun.
Ode i. Tone viii.
Crossing the sea as on dry land....
Refrain. Rest thou the babe, O Lord.
O Word of God, who in the flesh didst poor become, and, without
change, wast pleas’d a babe to be; we pray thee place in Abraham’s
bosom the babe thou hast receiv’d.
Thou wast beheld a babe who ere all ages art, and, as the blessed
one, thy kingdom promis’d hast to babes: O number thou therein the
present babe.
Glory.
The undefiled babe, O Saviour Christ, whom thou received hast
ere earthly pleasures’ trial, vouchsafe eternal blessedness, as lover
of mankind.
Both now.
Thou who unspeakably didst bear him who the Father’s Wisdom is
and Word; heal thou my soul’s sore wound, and my heart’s pain
appease.
Ode iii. Irmos.
O Lord, creator of the vault of heaven and builder of the church;
thou me hast stablish’d in thy love, thou ending of desire, the
faithful’s confirmation, sole lover of mankind.
O thou most perfect Word, who didst appear a perfect babe, thou
hast removed to thyself a babe imperfect in its growth, whom do thou
rest with all the just who have been welcome unto thee, sole lover of
mankind.
Him taken hence, not tasting of the pleasures of the world, of
supermundane blessings make participant we pray, O thou
Compassionate One, even the uncorrupted babe, whom thou hast
chang’d by thy divine command.
Glory.
Of heavenly dwellings, and of shining lot, and of the sacred choir
of Saints, O Lord, make the pure babe participant, even him, whom,
Saviour, as thou wast well-pleas’d, thou hast remov’d.
Both now.
Bereft of all, to thy sole shelter, most pure Queen, I fly, O aid thou
me; for I unto much sinful riches cleave, but with a poverty of virtues
am altogether fill’d.
Then the irmos. And after the irmos the priest saith this ectenia.
Again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord.
Choir. Lord, have mercy.
Furthermore let us pray for the repose of the happy babe, name,
and that to him may be vouchsafed, according to thine undeceiving
promise, thy heavenly kingdom.
Choir. Lord, have mercy, thrice.
That the Lord our God may place his soul where all the just
repose.
Choir. Lord, have mercy, thrice.
The mercy of God, the kingdom of heaven, and repose among the
Saints, for him and for ourselves let us ask of Christ, our immortal
King and God.
Choir. Vouchsafe, O Lord.
Priest. Let us pray to the Lord.
Choir. Lord, have mercy.
Priest.
O Lord Jesus Christ our God, who hast promised to bestow the
kingdom of heaven upon them that are born again of water and of
the spirit and in a blameless life are translated onto thee, and hast
said, Suffer the children to come unto me, for of such is the kingdom
of heaven; we humbly beseech thee to grant, according to thine
undeceiving promise, the inheritance of thy kingdom unto thy
servant, the blameless babe, name, now removed from us; and
count us worthy to continue and end an unblamable and christian
life, and to be stablished in heavenly abiding-places with all thy
Saints.
And he exclaimeth,
For thou art the resurrection, the life, and the repose of all thy
servants, and of thy servant, the babe, name, now removed from us,
O Christ our God, and to thee we ascribe glory, with thine
unbeginning Father, and with thy most holy, and good, and life-
creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages of ages.
Choir. Amen.
Then troparion.
Verily everything is vain, and life a shadow is, a dream; for vainly
every earth-born one disquieteth himself, as saith the scripture.
When we have gain’d the world, then dwell we in the grave, where
kings and beggars, elders and babes together are. Therefore, Christ
God, as lover of mankind, rest the departed babe.
Ode iv. Irmos.
I have heard, O Lord, the mystery of thy dispensation....
We wail not for the babes, but rather for ourselves do we lament,
we, who have always sinn’d, that we may be delivered from
gehenna.
Thou, Master, hast depriv’d the babe of the delights of earth: do
thou, as righteous judge, vouchsafe him heavenly blessings.
Glory.
He hath declared thee a citizen of paradise, O truly happy babe,
he who hath taken thee from earth and ranged thee among the
choirs of Saints.
All we that are illuminated, O all-pure, own thee God-bearing,
thou, O Ever-virgin; for thou the Sun of righteousness hast borne.
Ode v. Irmos.
Why hast thou rejected me....
By thy just dooming, ere he waxed perfectly in growth, thou hast,
as new grown herb, cut down the babe whom thou hast taken, Lord;
but, leading him, O Word, to hill divine of everlasting blessings, plant
him there.
As a young branch the sword of death hath come and cut thee off,
thou who of worldly sweets no trial hast sustain’d, thou happy one!
but, lo, to thee the gates of heaven Christ open’d hath, counting thee
with th’ elect, as being loving-kind.
Glory.
Concerning me, lament ye not; for I in nowise have begun for
weeping to be meet; but rather weep ye alway for yourselves, ye
who have sinn’d, O kinsfolk and O friends, the dead babe cries, so
that of torment ye have no essay.
Both now.
I am despairing of myself when on the number of my deeds I
muse; but when in mind I bear thee, Mother of God, who above mind
didst bear the Lord, I am refresh’d with hope; for we have thee a sole
defence.
Ode vi. Irmos.
I will pour forth a prayer before the Lord, and to him will I tell my
grief; for my soul is full of evils, and my life draweth nigh unto hades,
and I pray as Jonas, O God, raise me out of corruption.
Thou was laid in a manger as a babe, and wast plac’d in an
elder’s arms, who generatest babes in the womb; and ere this one
attain’d perfect growth, thou hast bidden him to thee. Then we with
thanksgiving extol thee.
Thou didst say to the apostles, O Word, Let the children come
unto me; for my kingdom is for them that are such in wiseness. Then
count the babe remov’d to thee of thy light worthy.
Glory.
Thou of earth’s blessings hast depriv’d thy babe, that thou of
heaven’s might’st make him sharer, who hath not overstepp’d thy bid
divine. O Good One, we extol thy judgments’ depth unmeasur’d.
We have thee, Maiden, as a sheltering wall, for souls a full
salvation, and in afflictions ample room; and in thy light we aye
rejoice, and in this save us now, O Queen, from passions and from
dangers.
Then the irmos. And after the irmos the priest saith the previously
written ectenia and the prayer. Page 139.
Then the condakion, tone viii.
Rest with the Saints, O Christ, thy servant’s soul, where is no pain
nor grief, nor sighing, but life that endeth not.
Icos.
Thyself alone immortal art, who madest and didst fashion man; for
out of earth we mortals fashion’d were, and unto that same earth
shall go, as thou who madest me hast given command, and sayest
unto me, Earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return. And thither
all we mortals go, making the funeral wail, even the song, the
Alleluia.
And these following icosi.
More sympathetic than a mother there is none, and than a father
more compassionate none; for vexed are their inward parts when
they the babes accompany hence: great is the sting which for the
children’s sake their hearts receive, and still the more when these
sweet-spoken are, and they their words remember with the song, the
Alleluia.
For oft beside the grave they smite their breasts, and say, O thou
my son and sweetest child! hearest thou not thy mother what she
saith? lo, ’tis the womb that thee hath borne: why dost thou speak
not as thou wert wont to speak to us? But so thou silent art, even to
say with us the Alleluia.
O God, O God, who callest me, be now the comfort of my house,
for great the wailing is befalling them; for they all have regard to me,
even they who have me as a sole-begotten one. But thou who wast
of Virgin Mother born, refresh the bowels of my mother, and bedew
my father’s heart, even with this, the Alleluia.
Then the condakion, tone viii.
Rest with the Saints....
Ode vii. Irmos.
The hebrew children in the furnace.
Write in the book of them that saved be, as lover of mankind
compassionate, thy babe, that he rejoicing may exclaim to thy
might’s glory, Thou art bless’d.
By, O thou Word, thy countenance’s light, illuminate thy babe, who
now to thee in faith, at an untimely age, is gone, and sings to thee,
Thou blessed art, O Lord, O God.
Glory.
Affliction’s cause thy going hence now seemeth unto them that
thee have lov’d, but unto thee procuracy in truth of gladness and of
joy; for thou, O babe, inheritest eternal life.
Behold my grief, O Virgin, which th’ abundance of mine ills doth
bring on me, and ere my going hence give me refreshment by thy
mother prayers to make God merciful to me.
Ode viii. Irmos.
The furnace seven times more....
In Abraham’s bosom, in tabernacles of repose, where is their joy
who ever festal keep, in places of refreshment where living water is,
may Christ thee place, yea, he who for our sake became a child,
even ours who unto him cry ceaselessly, O priests, extol him, and, O
people, set him up for aye.
A constant cause of grief to us, yea, and for tears, thine ever
thought on parting is in truth become; for ere the tasting in this life of
things that give delight thou hast left earth, yea, and thy parents’
breasts. But Abraham’s bosom hath received thee, as babe, and
unparticipant of every stain.
Glory.
Why mourn ye me, a babe, that hence is gone? lying he cries
invisibly: for I am wont not to be mourn’d; for destin’d is the joy of all
the just for babes: to them that works perform not there meetness is
for tears. But those the song upraise to Christ, O priests, extol him,
and, O people, set him up for aye.
To mine assistance, O God-bearing one, arise, attend unto my
prayer, and me deliver from the dreadful doom, the grave essay, the
darkness, and the fire, the gnashing of the teeth, the contumely of
demons, and from every need, thou hope of them that have no hope,
thou, the despairing’s life.
Ode ix. Irmos.
Be thou in dread concerning this, O heaven, and let earth’s limits
be amaz’d: for God hath shewn himself in flesh to men, and wider
than the heavens thy womb becomes. Therefore the principals of
Angels and of men thee magnify, God-bearing one.
Christ, who unchang’d becam’st a babe, and willingly didst bear
the cross, and the maternal pain didst see of her that gave thee birth;
assuage the grief and bitter pain of faithful parents of a babe
deceas’d, that we thy might may glorify.
Master, thou King of all, who from on high didst send and take the
happy babe as a pure bird to heavenly nest, thou hast from diverse
snares preserv’d his soul, and join’d it with the righteous souls thy
kingdom’s sweets that taste.
Glory.
To babes that nothing have perform’d, O Word of God, thou hast
vouchsaf’d a heavenly dwelling-place; for so thou art well-pleas’d, O
blessed one, with these to count up thy creation; and, taking now the
babe to thee, do thou thyself alleviate the parents’ pain, as all-
compassionate and lover of mankind.
The heart’s eyes turn I ever unto thee, who hast maternal prayer
with him who birth receiv’d from thee; for I entreat thee, O All-pure,
Quell thou the passions of my soul, rouse me betimes to penitence,
O maid, and with thy light enlighten me.
Then the little ectenia.
And the exapostilarion.
Now am I at rest, and much forgiveness have receiv’d; for I have
passed from corruption, and am translated unto life: glory to thee, O
Lord.
And the people the same.
Verse. Man is as grass, his day is as a flower of the field.
Verse. For his spirit goeth forth through him, and he shall not be.
Verse. And the mercy of the Lord shall endure to ages.
And to each verse the exapostilarion.
Then, Glory. Both now.
Now have I chosen the maiden Mother of God; for Christ,
redeemer of all, was born of her: glory to thee, O Lord.
And straightway the priest exclaimeth,
For holy art thou, O our God, and thou restest on the Saints, and
to thee we ascribe glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the
Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to ages of ages.
Choir. Amen. And they sing, Holy God....
Prokimenon, tone vi.
Blessed is the way in which thou goest to-day, O soul....
Verse. Return, O my soul, unto thy rest.
The epistle to the Corinthians, section clxii.
Brethren, all flesh is not the same.... ending, a quickening spirit.[49]
Verse. Blessed is he whom thou hast chosen and received, O
Lord.
Verse. His soul shall dwell in good things.
The gospel from John, section xxi.
The Lord spake unto the Jews that came unto him, I am the bread
of life.... ending, at the last day.[50]
And straightway the last kiss is given, while the singers sing these
stichera. Tone viii.
Like, O most glorious wonder!
Who would not weep, my child, because of thy lamented taking
from this life; for thou, a babe unwax’d in growth, from the maternal
arms, like to a bird, hast quickly flown, and unto all things’ Maker
hast betaken thee. O child! who would not weep, beholding faded thy
clear face, which erewhile beauteous as a lily was? Who would not
sigh, my child, and would not cry with wailing because of thy much
comeliness, and for the charm of thine estate? for as a ship that
leaves no track thou quickly from the eyes art gone. Come, ye, my
friends, kinsfolk, and neighbours, and, along with me, let us him kiss
whom send we to the grave.
Death is the freeing of the babes; for unparticipants of ills of life
they are declar’d, and unto rest attain, and they in Abraham’s bosom
with heavenly joys are glad, and now along with holy babes in choirs
divine rejoice, and festal high in faith they keep; for from corruption,
through the love of sin, they, being pure, translated are.
Glory. Tone vi.
On Adam pain befell of old in Eden through the tasting of the tree,
when bane the serpent spued; for thereby death hath come on the
omnigenous man who ate. But the Lord came, subdued the serpent,
and repose bestow’d on us. Then let us cry to him, O Saviour, spare,
and rest with thine elect him whom thou hast receiv’d.
Thou that alleviation art for those in grief, deliverance of the weak,
God-bearing Virgin, save the city and the folk, thou that for those at
enmity art peace, for tempest-tost a calm, the faithful’s sole defence.
Then, Trisagion. O most holy Trinity.... Our Father.... For thine is
the Kingdom....
Then the troparion, With the spirits of the righteous.... Page 138.
And he commemorateth according to custom, saying the
previously written ectenia, and the prayer. Page 139.
Then the deacon. Wisdom.
Choir. The more honourable than the Cherubim.... Glory. Both
now. Lord, have mercy, thrice. Bless.
And the priest maketh this dismissal.
Thou that didst arise from the dead, and hast dominion over quick
and dead, Christ our true God, through the prayers of thy most pure
Mother, and of all thy Saints, place the soul of the babe, name,
removed from us, in holy tabernacles, and number it with the just, as
being good and the lover of mankind.
Choir. Amen.
And after the dismissal the priest saith,
Thy remembrance is everlasting, O thou deservedly blessed and
ever remembered babe, name.
And the choir singeth thrice, Everlasting remembrance.
After this the priest saith this prayer,
the deacon having said, Let us pray to the Lord,
and the singers, Lord, have mercy.
O Lord, who guardest babes in the life that now is, and in the world
to come preparest for them the amplitude of Abraham’s bosom, and,
for their purity, bright angelic places where the souls of the righteous
are established; do thou thyself, O Lord Christ, accept in peace the
soul of thy servant, the babe, name. For thou hast said, Suffer the
children to come unto me, for of such is the kingdom of heaven. For
to thee is due all glory, honour, and worship, with the Father, and
with the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
And, taking up the body, they go to the grave, preceded by the
priests and deacons and all the clergy, singing, Holy God....
And, the remains having been laid in the grave, the presiding
priest, taking a shovel, scattereth earth in the grave, saying,
The earth is the Lord’s, and the fulness thereof, the world and all
they that dwell therein.
And they depart giving thanks unto God.
End of the burial of a babe.

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Successful Project Management Gido

6th Edition Solutions Manual

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