PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date 2023-11-09

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METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials and preparation of bamboo

For this study, researchers selected three-year-old bamboo plants with pronounced brown colour and longer, greater
diameter culms, as seen in Figure 1. The cylindrical shells of bamboo culms are divided by solid transversal diaphragms.
Samples measuring 1m each were collected from the bottom of the plant, with four or five nodes. It’s important to allow
bamboo sticks to dry and season for three to four weeks before use. In this sample preparation, the bamboo was allowed
to dry for 30 days and split into suitable dimensions, using 10mm x 20mm x 700mm for beam reinforcement. Due to the
natural properties of bamboo, the thickness of the sample varied throughout its length. To conduct the tensile test, a
diameter and length of 10mm x 300m were used, as shown in Figure 2 for concrete reinforcement samples. The
researchers found that bamboo had high water absorption and low bonding with concrete when used as reinforcement. To
address this issue, a “tack coat” was used one day before using bamboo as a reinforcement in the beam sample to
minimize swelling and increase bonding strength. To compare the performance of standard reinforcement used in concrete
with bamboo reinforcement, high-yield steel deformed (HYSD) was used in this study. Ordinary Portland cement was used
to prepare the beam, with sand as fine aggregates and crushed stones as the coarse aggregate, with a maximum size of
20mm. The concrete is 1:2:4 with a 0.52 water-cement ratio.

Figure 1. Whole bamboo culm

Sample preparation
Bamboo sticks when it comes to construction works, bamboo sticks are more commonly used than whole culms. It's
important to let the bamboo plant dry and season for three to four weeks after cutting it before using it. To prepare the
samples, the bamboo was left to dry for a full month and then split to the desired dimension. The splitting or cutting of
bamboo culms can be done by hand or with the help of machine equipment. In this particular research, the sample size of
the beam reinforcement was 10 mm x 20 mm x 700 mm. It's important to note that the thickness of the sample varies
throughout its length since it's a natural material with properties that can't be strictly controlled. For the tensile test, the
diameter and length used were 10 mm x 300 mm. You can see the specimens for the concrete reinforcement sample in
Figure 2.

Casting of beam
To cast a concrete beam, you need to prepare a beam mould that measures 710mm x 150mm x 150mm. The mould should

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be made of a heavy gauge steel plate, which will help it maintain its shape. It should also be easy to disassemble for
cleaning.

When it comes to mixing the concrete, you should do it by hand on a smooth, clean, and water-tight platform. Here's how
to do it:

1. Spread the required amount of cement and sand evenly on the platform.
2. Mix the sand and cement together using a spade, turning the mixture over and over again.
3. Spread the measured quantity of coarse aggregate on top of the sand and cement mixture.
4. Mix the whole mass at least three times.
5. Make a hollow in the middle of the mixed pile.
6. Add three-quarters of the total amount of water required while turning the materials towards the centre with spades.
7. Add the remaining water and mix thoroughly.
8. Wash the mixing platform at the end of the day. To cast a concrete beam, you need to prepare a beam mould that
measures 710mm x 150mm x 150mm. The mould should be made of a heavy gauge steel plate, which will help it maintain
its shape. It should also be easy to disassemble for cleaning.
3.2.Mechanical properties of bamboo

When designing bamboo-reinforced concrete, it's crucial to first identify the characteristic strength of the bamboo. In this
study, this is achieved by assessing the mechanical properties of the material through tests such as tensile, compressive,
and pull-out testing. With the mechanical property values established, equations and design procedures can be used to
ensure a safe and effective bamboo-reinforced concrete design.

Tensile test of bamboo stick

Several tensile tests were conducted on bamboo specimens without nodes at the centre. To prevent grip failure during the
tension test, the ends of the specimens were covered with galvanized wire, ensuring appropriate gripping for accurate
results. To solve the gripping problem between the bamboo surface and the machine, galvanized wires (2mm diameter)
were spiralled around both ends of the specimens. An illustration of this method is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Galvanized wire spirals around the ends of bamboo specimens.

Compressive strength test of bamboo

In the compressive strength test, the sample bamboo with hollow culms of 150 mm was prepared with a different type of
sample specimen was selected. Two types of specimens were selected - one with nodes and the other without nodes. The
specimens were measured and placed in the UTM machine to determine the compressive strength, which was obtained
from the ultimate load.

Figure 4. Bamboo samples in compressive strength test

Pull out test

The pull-out test was used to identify the bonding strength between the concrete and the bamboo surface, using a UTM
machine. In this experiment, three different types of samples were tested, including coated bamboo, uncoated bamboo,
and steel, to determine the bonding strength between the concrete and the bamboo surface. The bonding length in

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concrete was 150mm, and the schematic diagram is shown in Figure 5. The bond stress was determined using the formula
Zbd = P / π d Lb, where Zbd is the bond stress, P is the ultimate load at failure, d is the diameter of the specimen, and Lb is
the length of bonding.

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