MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS -

DIVISHA
ATHARVA
 MORPHOLOGY of PLANTS ISHITA 4 U
.
ISHITA KHURANA

Angiosperm in
→
large diversity
show
characterised
morphology ,
all

leaves ,
by presence of
roots stems
, ,
$
flowers fruits .

Root
•
system underground)
Flowering plant
> shoot system ( above
the
ground )

Root ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

& d
TAPROOTSYS-t-M-mww-sp.si mary root and its branches .

Primary secondary ↳
d d majority of Dicots .

Direct
elongation lateral roots E¥ mustard !
of radicle .

of several
FlBR0USR00-sYSTEÑ-www
Orders
→
Originate from the base
of stem .

↳ in monocots
↳
.

Functions of the root system Primary roots are short lived $ replaced
Egg wheat
plant by fibres .
.

→
Absoopn OF H2O and minerals
from soil .

→
Providing proper anchorage to the plant parts .

→ store reserve

synthesize plant
food material .

ftp.vc-N-i-IOUSROO-SM3.gl → Arise
from plant parts other
growth regulators
→

than Radicle
.

Egg Grass
; Monstera ; Banyan tree .

ISHITA 4 U

TAP ISHITA KHURANA

ROOT

Regions of root

A) ROOTCAP_ root at the ISHITA 4 U

: cover
apex
-
.

f ↳ Thimble like structure .

ISHITA KHURANA
Protect the tinder root
apex of the .

B)
Region of Meoistamatic

activity : -
Few mm above the root
cap
.

↳ cells small thin walled with

f
are
very ,

dense
protoplasm
.

Divide
repeatedly .

c) Region of Elongation :-

Proximal to meristem atic

region .

=) d ↳ cells
undergo rapid elongation $

enlargement
ee , ,

foringrowth
.

gradually Responsible
differentiate $
mature
Of roots '
length .

z
d)
Region of maturation : -
Root
d
hair arises
from this
region .

absorbs water £ thread like structures

$ minerals which $ delicate
are
very fine
by epidermal
the soil
from formed cells
.
.
 Modification of root Taproot of carrot
>
,

d turnip $ adventitious
f By changing shape $ structure .

of sweet potato
.

I
support , storage of food Get swollen $ stores
and
respiration .
food !

ISHITA 4 U
PROP ROOT STILT ROOT Pneumatophore
ISHITA KHURANA
& I d
Roots come out
Are the
hanging
Are the
supporting of the

structures
roots
coming Ground $
grows vertically
.

out of the power

nodes of the stem Upwards .

EI
.

Banyan Tree
get oxygen for
.

Helps to
•

E- sugarcane ; maize respiration .

E Rhizophora [ swampy
in
area ]

ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

* FUNCTIONS
out branches T
spreading conducts water minerals $ photosynthesis
→

/
.

$←→
,

bearing waves
flowers vegetative
some
perform storage ; Protection ; supports Propagation
, →

fruits .
.

Generally
> develops
from plumule of embryo of
Green
,
germinating
a seed .

g- Stem >
Ascending part of axis .

When
young
.

Woody $
steams branches
flowers $
leaves
dartbrown , ,

fruits
•
a- .

when old .
beak blares nodes ISHITA 4 U
buds .

internodes
$
G- ISHITA KHURANA
.

be terminal
may OI
Axillary .

Modification of stem • UNDERGROUND STEM

A) UNDERGR0UNEM
↳ spread to new niches $ when older pants dies

↳ of : -

Potato ; Ginger ; turmeric ; zamikanoijcoeacasia

E_±d Grass $ strawberry .
new
plants formed
.
2

.d
Modified to store
food
Penetration
→ Act as
organ of 2
.

SUCKER STOLON OFFSET RUNNER

to hide over conditions →
unfavourable
for growth
✓
.

B) sTEMTENL§ →

↳ slender
develop from
coiled
axillary bud .

\ Iff Iff 4th

,

↳ spirally
iueuode
,
a-
helps plant to climb .
such as : -

Banana , Jasmine short internode

Gourds [ Cucumber Mint
'

,
Pineapple ,
pistia Poacaeae ,
watermelon]
Pumpkin ;
churysarthe
graminis
me ,

eichonia
Grapevines .

LATERAL BRANCH arises main axis

c) TH0RNS_ SLENDER
from the base
of the
→

pointed
•

straight
.

→
$
.

t ↳ Grows

( modified from axillary

↳
f buds
of stem .

to
aerially for
touch the
some time arch down
wards
-

s mint $ ground
.
-

Protect plants from animals

browsing
.

c Citrus
,
Bougainvillea .
Jasmin

@ flattened !

.JP
→
d) Ipuntia / Euphorbia cylindrical •
LATERAL BRANCH WITH SHORT INTERNODES y
"" " ° "" "
Pistia $ Each node bears
modified
stems
from arid region of plants ⇐ f
→
↳
rosette
•
contains chlorophyll and
canny out photosynthesis
.
EÑh0Ña .

Found in $ theft of roots

of leaves
.

aquatic plants
Modif
.

CLADODE Internode RUSI

" :
→
 ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

[
Leaf > lateral
, generally flattened
Most
imp .

<

vegetative organ
for photosynthesis e
r
s
develops at node $ bear bud

pnakhanged originate
in its anil .

axillary bud .

acropetal from shoot

,
Order .

ap.uaem.gg.am ,

into branch
develops

a-
ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

LEAF -BASE PETIOLE LAMINA / LEAF BLADE

d
Attached to stem holds blade to
→
green expanded part of
by leaf base
light leaf with veins $
→ Parallel
.
.

vein lets .

may bear lateral allows

leaf blade
→
2 →

consist :

[
small
leaf stipules
-

to in wind
flutter
.

their by middle
•
In monocots →
expand leaf to$
cooling air
→
prominent vein cia

bringing fresh ✓ midrib .

into sheath
covering "
at
•
Provide
rigidity to
leaf blade .

stem
partially @ wholly .

Reticulate
• act as transport for water ~
• In
leguminous Leaf minerals $ food materials .

plants base
swollen •

Shape , margin apex surface

, ,
Cla
$ extent
of leaf
PULVINUS

Venation →

arrangement of veins
and--
vein lets .

RETICULATE

|
PARALLEL

| /
f 2
vein lets veins run parallel
forma to each other .

network

in monocots
generally
ISHITA 4 U
in Dicots
generally
.

ISHITA KHURANA
 Types Of leaves
SIMPLE COMPOUND
Lamina Entire incision reaches
when incision midrib .
upto
↳ break into
Not reaches midrib → no
of leaflets bud
.

in anil
present
but not
of petiole
leaflet
.

ISHITA 4 U
COMPOUND
ISHITA KHURANA

Silk Colton
peg
.
.

☒ Neem .

9 & µ
PINNATELY PALMATELY
Amn '

↳ ↳
Leaflets Knt ) altatch
Leaves
leaflets
point
Manis
on common at common

on Stern / → Rachis at tip of petioles

Steve
Branch Phyllatoxy
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE WHORLED
G s s
single leaf Pair
ofleaves at each more than 2 leaves
arise at each node lie opposite arise at anode $ -

node in alternate
manner .
form a whorl
whorled
Cla
.

China
⇐ Calotropis ,
rose
,
Guava Egg Antonia .

Mustard ,

Sunflower
ISHITA 4 U

Modification of leaves ISHITA KHURANA

INSECTIVOROUS
• PLANTS
r r µ ↳
TENDRILS SPINES
d
FLESHY LEAVES SHORT LIVED VENUS
flytrap
g a Pitcher plant
Onion ,
climbing Defence PETIOLE →
expand ,
→
Modified leaves .

Peas
E⇐ ⇐ cacti
Garlic become
green $
synthesize food .

ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA
 •
Flowers are borne in a
Acropetalorder .

I Aron of flowers SternStern

on

Branch
. or

Racemose
(
Inflorescence
<

Flower is
modified shoot
>
main axis →
a
continue to Grow
f-
.

the cymose meristem

limited
main axis
terminates in flower .
shoot
in
apical
floral meristem .
changes
ingrowth !

Arrangement ofAxisflowers
flowers borne in
are
basipetal order
•
.

floral
-

on

Internodes do not
elongate $ axis
get condensed
• → .

Apex Produces → Floral

appendages laterally
d
at each nodes
•
shoot tips
instead leaves )
↳
(
of
transforms → in Flower
(
always solitary ) ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA
In
Flower
some like
flowers
CALYX$ COROLLA are not
distinct $ Cla perianth
/ ↳ its
reproductive unit →

Angiosperms
.

[
CALYX <
Accessory
Organs corona <
[meant for sexual
Reproduction]
Has 4 Kind
difft
(
.

ANDROECIUM '

Repro Of Whorls Reduce

On
leaf
.

z
organs Gynoecium <

Thallus / Receptabk at base of

7 Pedicle
Kanhangad successively on
.

end the slalith Bracts

# Either stamen OI the swollen of
↳ bactereate
carpel Unisexual .

stalk / Pedicle )
without Bracts
↳ c-bactereate

Symmetry of flower Fiybe

trimerous (3)

ISHITA 4 U
stetoamerous (4)
ISHITA KHURANA

Actinomorphic zygomorphic Assy metric >

pentamerous (5)
radial bilateral
irregular
• .
• •

symmetry .

symmetry •
can't be divided
• divided into •
2 similar into halves
2
equal
halves
2
equal halves only
in any radian in one plane .

plane . Canna .

Pea ,
Mustard Giulmohar ,
,

Datura bean
,

chilli Cassia
 Based on the position of calyx, corolla androecium in
respect of the ovary on thalamus,
flower described as

r n n

HYPOGYNOUS PERIGYNOUS EPIGYNOUS

Gynoecium →
occupy gynoceium → centre ↳
margin of thalamus

highest position .

. grows upward
Other rim
parts on of
•
→
$ Other Other
parts → below it
thalamus .
→
pants →
above
ISHITA 4 U
•

Ovary
→
superior •

ovary →
half inferior ovary
.

Guava , ISHITA KHURANA

Egf Mustard
China Rose ,
, Egg Plum , Rose ,
Egg Cucumber
peach ,

Brinjal Ray florets of

sunflower
.

Gamosepalous
↳ lsepals united ]
←

Gamopetalous Corolla '

composed of petals
Calyx
.

→ Outermost whorl ,
( Petals united)
↳ Polysepaloeeg ←

(
sepals free ) er remembers called sepal '

polypetalous
' '
Peiotect
-

Flom
Green ,
leaflike ( Petals
free) brightly coloured z
attract insects
in bud
stage .
,

tubular bell
shaped ,
, I
wheel
ISHITA 4 U funnel shaped OI
P0LHNAY
shaped
.

ISHITA KHURANA
Aestivation → mode
of arrangement
of sepals $ petals in

floral bud .

&
-
u

Valvate
Twisted
a Imbricate
v
Vexillary
d
d
one
margin d there are 5

sepals $ of the margin petals $ ISHITA 4 U

in
petals appendages overlap the
ISHITA KHURANA
a whorl
just overlaps next
one another LARGEST
touch , not but not in any (Stanaland)
One &
overlap particular dieen
'

EX China Rose , overlaps

¥
'

Cassia
E-I-calotrop.is
=

ladyfinger the 2. lateral

,
,
Gilmohasr
$ cotton . petals (
wings )
which in turn
2 smallest
overlap
petals .

Egg Pea
; bean

stamens altatch
to
perianth Androecium composed of stamen .

⇐ brinjal
stamens
atatch to
petals Each anther
Pollen
grains produced in
⇐ "
Y is bilobed consist stalk
Pollen sac .

of
filaments anther ISHITA 4 U
$ each lobe .

has 2 ISHITA KHURANA

steal stamen CIA STAMINODE
chambers
 Stamens

< N s

MONOADELPHOUS DIADELPHOUS POLYDELPHOUS

tr tr tr
stamen : Stamen united
Starnes
in
-

: -

United United in more than

in 1 BUNCH 2 BUNCHES 2 bunches .

E¥ China E¥ Pea
Cef citrus
ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

✓
Gynoecium → FEMALE REPRO .
PART
to •
After fertilisation
the
1) $ Okay
,

Apocarpous consist : -

stigma , style .

developers
ovules into
d-
its
seeds $ the matures
↳ ovary
carpets are
is
usually basal
the
enlarged
into
afuuit .

free atip of stye leaf .

¥ lotus $ Rose
sluespective
surface for pollen grain
.

2) Syncarpous
↳ ISHITA 4 U
carpets fused
are

ISHITA KHURANA BASAlPlATA90N

Egf Mustard ,
Tomato .

↳ Placenta
s develops at the
base
of ⑧ vary $ single ovule
Placentation is attached to it .

Egg sunflower ;

↳
Marigold .

arrangement of ovules within the

ovary .

[É
Egg mustards Argemone

marginal
placenta
Axile
the ovules
Parietal
Ovuled
develop
free central
ovules are borne
form are altatch on inner wall on central axis
ridge along ventral toitina of
ovary @ and Septa are
Str of multi locular on absent
ovary peripheral
. .
.

Ovary pot Egg Dianthus

.
.

Ovules born on
ridge E¥⑦mato ,
ovary → one chambered $ Primrose .

④ mon ,
forming 2 rows Ina
.
, becomes 2. chambered
Rose -

↳ due to Formnof False septum .

 www.ggaay.ayguan.a.a.ee#
Fruits → characteristic
feature of flowering
[ "
Plant .

Iffruit
is a matured OI ripened ovary developed ,

formed after fertilisation .

without
fertilisation
of the
ovary
→ called Parthenocaeepic fruit ISHITA 4 U
-

consist wall OI pericarp $ seeds ISHITA KHURANA

of :
-
•

d
f
may
be
day or
fleshy .

into outer
epicarp ,

mesocarp $ inner z

endocarp .

Drupe develop from mono

canpellary superior ovaries
→

$ are one seeded .

In
Mango
* : -

into
pericarp is well
differentiated the :
-

outer then
ISHITA 4 U
→
epicarp ,
middle edible
a
fleshy
→

ISHITA KHURANA * In coconut :

mesocarp
-

↳
mesocarp is $ inner hand
an
stony
→

fibrous .

endocarp .

Dicotyledonous seed Monocotyledonous seed

A
→ outermost
seed
covering
coat .
called
are
Endosperm:c
& ( but some in orchids are
,
tent )
endosperm ie)
2
layers Non -

seeds cereals such as maize

of coat
→
e , ,
outer Testa inner the seed is membraneous and
Tegmen
generally fused with
fruit wall
.

LUM SCAR → on the seed coat

through developing which seeds

attached to the
fruits Endosperms store
food
•

were
.

Hilum is da
covering
small Outer
of endosperms
a
pone •

micropyle .

separates the
embryo
layer Cla aleurone layer
.

within seed coat

m u r m u rs
$ situated in
d
is
°

Embryoatis small
embryo
there end of
an
groove
one the
endosperm -

d
consist
consisting of large cotyledon cia
•

:
-

axis scutellum
embryonal
.

$ 2
cotyledons
.

$ a shoot axis with plumule

d and radicle
f
.

cotyledons Plemllle $ Radicle are enclosed

are often fleshy
•

$ full of reserve in sheaths which are called

coleoohiza
food materials .
Cleoptile $ .

At the 2 ends
of the
embryonal
•

axis Radicle $ plumule

are
present .

→ some seeds : -
such as Castor
the ]
endosperm
formeddouble as a result
fertilisation
of
.

Food tissue $
storing
-

called Endospermice
seeds .

•
In plants → such as Peas , Gram :
-

is
Endosperm
Not
present ( in mature seeds) ISHITA 4 U
d
And such seeds 4a
ISHITA KHURANA
Non -

Endosperms !
?⃝
 FAMILIES ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

FAB SOLAN LILI

(5) (5)

|P(
K
3+3
)
c 1+2+4 ) (5)

A (9) + I 5 A 3+3

G G- I ↳ (2) 913 )

zygomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic

Racemose
cymose cymose
legume /
capsule Berry capsule ,

Rarely bony
Non
endogamic Endogamous Endogamous
-

Potato
Pulses
gram
Tomato
Brinjal vegetables Asparagus
-
-

,
, ,
arhar ,
chilli
seem ,
mooing , Spice :
colchicine .

Soyabean Medicine Belladonna-

.

Ashwagandha
.

Edible oil
soyabeow
-

groundnut Fumigating
-

tobacco .

S I T ornamental -

ornamental -

\ Petunia tulip globosa

\
.

✓ /
.

Sesbania enfold
Indigo Medicine -
Aloe

ornamentals
lupin
:
, ISHITA 4 U

sweet ISHITA KHURANA

pea
.

Medicine -
Mulaitui
DETAILED
live
Explanation
on Youtube channel
-
Ishita Khurana .

10pm
3rd
August