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Chapter 6
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 6.1 15. sin −1 ( −1)
1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2
Range: { y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1} whose sine equals −1 .
π π
2. { x | x ≥ 1} or { x | x ≤ 1} sin θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤
2 2
π
3. [3, ∞ ) θ =−
2
π
4. True sin −1 ( −1) = −
2
3
5. 1;
2 16. cos −1 ( −1)
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
1 cosine equals −1 .
6. − ; −1
2 cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
7. x = sin y θ =π
cos −1 ( −1) = π
8. 0 ≤ x ≤ π
9. −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ 17. tan −1 0
π π
10. False. The domain of y = sin −1 x is −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 . We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2
tangent equals 0.
11. True π π
tan θ = 0, − <θ <
12. True 2 2
θ =0
13. sin −1 0 −1
tan 0 = 0
π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 18. tan −1 ( −1)
sine equals 0.
π π π π
sin θ = 0, − ≤ θ ≤ We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 2 2
tangent equals −1 .
θ =0
π π
sin −1 0 = 0 tan θ = −1, − <θ <
2 2
π
14. cos −1 1 θ =−
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose 4
cosine equals 1. π
tan −1 (−1) = −
cos θ = 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 4
θ =0
cos −1 1 = 0
686
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
2  3
19. sin −1 22. sin −1  − 
2  2 
π π π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 2 2
2 3
sine equals . sine equals − .
2 2
2 π π 3 π π
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2
π π
θ= θ =−
4 3
2 π  3  π
sin −1 = sin −1  −
2 4 2  = − 3
 
3
20. tan −1  3
3 23. cos −1  − 
π π  2 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
3 3
tangent equals . cosine equals − .
3 2
3 π π 3
tan θ = , − <θ < cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
3 2 2 2
π 5π
θ= θ=
6 6
3 π  3  5 π
tan −1 = cos −1  −  =
3 6  2  6
21. tan −1 3  2
π π 24. sin −1  − 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose  2 
2 2
π π
tangent equals 3 . We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2
π π
tan θ = 3, − < θ < 2
2 2 sine equals − .
π 2
θ= 2 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
−1 π 2 2 2
tan 3= π
3 θ =−
4
 2 π
sin −1  −  = −
 2  4
687
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry
25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

39. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  8 
26. cos −1 0.6 ≈ 0.93
−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . Since
27. tan 5 ≈ 1.37 3π  π π
− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
28. tan −1 0.2 ≈ 0.20
8  2 2
the equation directly and get
7   3π   3π
29. cos −1 ≈ 0.51 tan −1  tan  −   = − .
8   8  8
1
30. sin −1 ≈ 0.13   3π
8 
40. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
31. tan −1 (− 0.4) ≈ − 0.38   7 
−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
32. tan (− 3) ≈ −1.25 3π  π π
7  2 2
33. sin −1 (− 0.12) ≈ − 0.12
the equation directly and get
  3π   3π
34. cos −1 (− 0.44) ≈ 2.03 sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  7  7
2
35. cos −1 ≈ 1.08
3   9π 
41. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
3   8 
36. sin −1 ≈ 0.35
5 ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
 4π  9π
37. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation cannot use the formula directly since is not
 5  8
4π  π π
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
5
is in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation  π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which
 4π  4π  2 2
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 5  5 9π 9π
sin = sin θ . The angle is in quadrant III
8 8
  π  9π
38. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the so sine is negative. The reference angle of is
  10   8
π
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
8
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV so sine
π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

10  2 2 9π  π π
sin = sin  −  . Since − is in the interval
the equation directly and get 8  8 8
  π  π  π π
sin −1  sin  −   = − .  − 2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
  10  10  
 9π  −1   π  π
get sin −1  sin  = sin  sin  −   = − .
 8    8  8
688
  5π    2π 
42. cos −1  cos  −   follows the form of the 44. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  3    3 
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x , but ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . but we
5π 2π
we cannot use the formula directly since − is cannot use the formula directly since − is not
3 3
not in the interval 0, π  . We need to find an  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an angle
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which  2 2
 π π
 5π  5π θ in the interval  − ,  for which
cos  −  = cos θ . The angle − is in  2 2
 3  3
 2π  2π
5π π tan  −  = tan θ . The angle − is in
quadrant I so the reference angle of − is .  3  3
3 3
quadrant III so tangent is positive. The reference
 5π  π π
Thus, we have cos  −  = cos . Since is 2π π
 3  3 3 angle of − is and we want θ to be in
3 3
in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation quadrant I so tangent will still be positive. Thus,
above and get  2π  π  π
we have tan  −  = tan   . Since is in the
  5π   −1  π π  3  3
  3
cos −1  cos  −   = cos  cos  = .
  3   3 3  π π
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2
  4π   
43. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the above and get tan −1  tan  − 2π   = tan −1  tan π  = π .
  3 
  5     3 3
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x , but
 1
4π 45. sin  sin −1  follows the form of the equation
we cannot use the formula directly since is  4
5
 π π
not in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since
1
4
is in
 2 2 the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
 π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which  1 1
 2 2 directly and get sin  sin −1  = .
 4 4
 4π  4π
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 5  5   2 
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of 46. cos  cos −1  −   follows the form of the
  3 
4π π
5
is
5
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
( ) (
equation f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . )
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have 2
 4π   π π Since − is in the interval  −1,1 , we can
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the 3
 5   5  5 apply the equation directly and get
 π π   2  2
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation cos  cos −1  −   = − .
 2 2   3  3
above and get
  4π   −1   π  π
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  5    5  5
689
( )
47. tan tan −1 4 follows the form of the equation we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x−2
function is and that it must lie in the
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 4 is a ) 5
real number, we can apply the equation directly interval  −1,1 . That is,
(
and get tan tan −1 4 = 4 . ) −1 ≤
x−2
≤1
5
( )
48. tan tan −1 ( −2 ) follows the form of the equation −5 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 5
−3 ≤ x ≤ 7
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since −2 is a ) The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 7} , or
real number, we can apply the equation directly  −3, 7  in interval notation. Recall that the
(
and get tan tan −1 ( −2 ) = −2 . ) domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the
49. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = 1.2 , domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
the quantity cos −1 1.2 is not defined. Thus, also  −3, 7  .
( )
cos cos −1 1.2 is not defined.
54. f ( x ) = 2 tan x − 3
50. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −2 , y = 2 tan x − 3
the quantity sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined. Thus, x = 2 tan y − 3
2 tan y = x + 3
( )
sin sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined.
tan y =
x+3
2
( )
51. tan tan −1 π follows the form of the equation
y = tan −1
x+3
= f −1 ( x )
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since π is a ) 2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of f −1 ( x)
real number, we can apply the equation directly
π π  π π
(
and get tan tan −1 π = π . ) and is −
2
<x<
2
or  − ,  in interval
 2 2
52. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −1.5 , notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
the quantity sin −1 ( −1.5) is not defined. Thus, that the argument of the inverse tangent function
can be any real number. Thus, the domain of
( )
sin sin −1 ( −1.5 ) is not defined.
f −1 ( x ) is all real numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in
interval notation. Recall that the domain of a
53. f ( x ) = 5sin x + 2
function equals the range of its inverse and the
y = 5sin x + 2 range of a function equals the domain of its
x = 5sin y + 2 inverse. Thus, the range of f is ( −∞, ∞ ) .
5sin y = x − 2
55. f ( x ) = −2 cos ( 3 x )
x−2
sin y = y = −2 cos ( 3 x )
5
x−2
y = sin −1= f −1 ( x )
5
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
π π  π π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ or  − ,  in
2 2  2 2
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )
690
x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

x x
cos ( 3 y ) = − −1 ≤ ≤ 1
2 3
 x −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
3 y = cos −1  − 
 2 The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or
1  x
y = cos −1  −  = f −1 ( x )  −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the
3  2 domain of a function equals the range of its
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
π  π  −3,3 .
f −1 ( x ) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ , or 0, 3  in interval
3  
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note 57. f ( x ) = − tan ( x + 1) − 3
that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3
is
−x
and that it must lie in the interval  −1,1 . x = − tan ( y + 1) − 3
2
That is, tan ( y + 1) = − x − 3
x
−1 ≤ − ≤ 1 y + 1 = tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2
y = −1 + tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2 ≥ x ≥ −2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 = −1 − tan −1 ( x + 3) = f −1 ( x )
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or (note here we used the fact that y = tan −1 x is an
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the odd function).
domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the π π
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is f −1 ( x) and is −1 − ≤x≤ − 1 , or
2 2
 −2, 2  .  π π 
 −1 − 2 , 2 − 1 in interval notation. To find the
56. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x )  
domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
y = 3sin ( 2 x )
the inverse tangent function can be any real
x = 3sin ( 2 y ) number. Thus, the domain of f −1 ( x ) is all real
x
sin ( 2 y ) = numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in interval notation. Recall
3
x that the domain of a function equals the range of
2 y = sin −1 its inverse and the range of a function equals the
3
1 x
y = sin −1 = f −1 ( x ) ( −∞, ∞ ) .
2 3
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of 58. f ( x ) = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
π π  π π y = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
f −1 ( x) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
4 4  4 4 x = cos ( y + 2 ) + 1
cos ( y + 2 ) = x − 1
we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x y + 2 = cos −1 ( x − 1)
function is and that it must lie in the interval
3 y = cos −1 ( x − 1) − 2
691
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
 −3,3 .
f −1 ( x) and is −2 ≤ x ≤ π − 2 , or  −2, π − 2  in
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) 60. f ( x ) = 2 cos ( 3 x + 2 )
we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

function is x − 1 and that it must lie in the
x = 2 cos ( 3 y + 2 )
interval  −1,1 . That is, −1 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1
x
0≤ x≤2 cos ( 3 y + 2 ) =
2
The domain of f ( x ) is { x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
−1
x
3 y + 2 = cos −1  
0, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the 2
domain of a function equals the range of its x
inverse and the range of a function equals the 3 y = cos −1   − 2
2
1 x 2
0, 2  . y = cos −1   − = f −1 ( x )
3 2 3
59. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x + 1)
y = 3sin ( 2 x + 1) 2 2 π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
x = 3sin ( 2 y + 1) 3 3 3
x  2 2 π
sin ( 2 y + 1) =  − 3 , − 3 + 3  in interval notation. To find the
3  
x domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
2 y + 1 = sin −1
3 x
x the inverse cosine function is and that it must
2 y = sin −1   − 1 2
3 lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
1  x 1
y = sin −1   − = f −1 ( x ) x
2 3 2 −1 ≤ ≤1
2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 π 1 π The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
f −1 ( x) and is − − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
2 4 2 4  −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
 1 π 1 π domain of a function equals the range of its
 − 2 − 4 , − 2 + 4  in interval notation. To find
  inverse and the range of a function equals the
the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
x  −2, 2  .
of the inverse sine function is and that it must
3
lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
61. 4sin −1 x = π
x π
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 sin −1 x =
3 4
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3 π 2
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or x = sin
4 2
=
 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

The solution set is   .
domain of a function equals the range of its  2 
inverse and the range of a function equals the
692
62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

π 2 cos −1 x − 2π = 0
cos −1 x =
2 2 cos −1 x = 2π
π
x = cos=0 cos −1 x = π
2
The solution set is {0} . x = cos π = −1
The solution set is {−1} .
63. 3cos −1 ( 2 x ) = 2π
68. 5sin −1 x − 2π = 2sin −1 x − 3π
2π
cos ( 2 x ) =
−1
3sin −1 x = −π
3
2π π
2 x = cos sin −1 x = −
3 3
1  π 3
2x = − x = sin  −  = −
2  3 2
x=−
1  3 
The solution set is − .
4
 2 
 1
The solution set is −  .
 4 69. Note that θ = 29°45′ = 29.75° .
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
64. −6sin −1 ( 3x ) = π a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 π 
π
sin −1 ( 3x ) = − ≈ 13.92 hours or 13 hours, 55 minutes
6
 π  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 x = sin  −  b. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 6  π 
1 ≈ 12 hours
3x = −
2
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
1 c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
x=− π
6  
 1 ≈ 13.85 hours or 13 hours, 51 minutes
The solution set is −  .
 6
70. Note that θ = 40°45′ = 40.75° .
−1
65. 3 tan x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x =  
3 ≈ 14.93 hours or 14 hours, 56 minutes
π
x = tan = 3  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
 
The solution set is { 3} . 
π

≈ 12 hours
66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x = −  
4 ≈ 14.83 hours or 14 hours, 50 minutes
 π
x = tan  −  = −1
 4
The solution set is {−1} .
693
71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
−1 π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  

π 

a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
  ≈ 12 hours
≈ 13.30 hours or 13 hours, 18 minutes
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −  π 
 π   
 
≈ 22.02 hours or 22 hours, 1 minute
≈ 12 hours
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  d. The amount of daylight at this location on the
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − winter solstice is 24 − 24 = 0 hours. That is,
 π 
  on the winter solstice, there is no daylight. In
≈ 13.26 hours or 13 hours, 15 minutes general, for a location at 66°30 ' north latitude,
it ranges from around-the-clock daylight to no
72. Note that θ = 61°10′ ≈ 61.167° . daylight at all.
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 75. Let point C represent the point on the Earth’s
 π 
  axis at the same latitude as Cadillac Mountain,
≈ 18.96 hours or 18 hours, 57 minutes and arrange the figure so that segment CQ lies
along the x-axis (see figure).
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 − y
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours
P D (x,y )
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − s
 π  θ
  22710 x
C 71 0 mi
≈ 18.64 hours or 18 hours, 38 minutes 2710
Q (2 71 0,0)
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
73. a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours At the latitude of Cadillac Mountain, the effective
radius of the earth is 2710 miles. If point D(x, y)
b.
 cos
D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
−1
( tan ( 0 ⋅ ) tan ( 0 ⋅ ) ) 
π
180
π
180 represents the peak of Cadillac Mountain, then the
 π  length of segment PD is
 
≈ 12 hours 1 mile
1530 ft ⋅ ≈ 0.29 mile . Therefore, the
5280 feet
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) )  point D( x, y ) = (2710, y ) lies on a circle with
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π  radius r = 2710.29 miles. We now have
 
≈ 12 hours x 2710
cos θ = =
d. There are approximately 12 hours of r 2710.29
daylight every day at the equator.  2710 
θ = cos −1   ≈ 0.01463 radians
 2710.29 
74. Note that θ = 66°30′ = 66.5° . Finally, s = rθ = 2710(0.01463) ≈ 39.64 miles ,
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅  1 − 2π (2710) 39.64
 π  and = , so
  24 t
≈ 24 hours 24(39.64)
t= ≈ 0.05587 hours ≈ 3.35 minutes
2π (2710)
694
Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

see the first rays of sunlight about 3.35 minutes
sooner than a person standing below at sea level.
 34  6
76. θ ( x ) = tan −1   − tan −1   .
 x x 0 50
 34   6 0°
a. θ (10 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.6°
 10   10  The maximum viewing angle will occur
If you sit 10 feet from the screen, then the when x ≈ 14.3 feet.
viewing angle is about 42.6° .
 34   6 77. a. a = 0 ; b = 3 ; The area is:
θ (15 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 44.4° tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 3 − tan −1 0
 15   15 
If you sit 15 feet from the screen, then the π
= −0
viewing angle is about 44.4° . 3
 34   6  π
θ ( 20 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.8° = square units
 20   20  3
If you sit 20 feet from the screen, then the
viewing angle is about 42.8° . 3
b. a=− ; b = 1 ; The area is:
3
b. Let r = the row that result in the largest
viewing angle. Looking ahead to part (c),  3
tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 1 − tan −1  − 
we see that the maximum viewing angle  3 
occurs when the distance from the screen is
π  π
about 14.3 feet. Thus, = −− 
5 + 3(r − 1) = 14.3 4  6
5 + 3r − 3 = 14.3 5π
= square units
3r = 12.3 12
r = 4.1 3
Sitting in the 4th row should provide the 78. a. a = 0; b = ; The area is:
2
largest viewing angle.
 3
c. Set the graphing calculator in degree mode sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1  −1
 − sin 0
 2 
 34  6
and let Y1 = tan −1   − tan −1   : π
 x  x = −0
90° 3
π
= square units
3
0 50
0°
Use MAXIMUM:
695
1 1 point.
b. a = − ; b = ; The area is:
2 2
1  1
sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1   − sin −1  − 
2  2
π  π
= −− 
6  6
π
=
square units
3
79. Here we have α1 = 41°50 ' , β1 = −87°37 ' ,
α 2 = 21°18' , and β 2 = −157°50 ' .
Converting minutes to degrees gives
( ) (
α1 = 41 56 ° , β1 = −87 37
60 )
° , α 2 = 21.3° , and 83. f ( x) = 1 + 2 x
β2 = ( −157 ) ° . Substituting these values, and
5
6
y = 1 + 2x
x = 1+ 2y
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 4250
miles. The distance from Chicago to Honolulu is x −1 = 2y
about 4250 miles. log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 2 y
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
log 2 ( x − 1) = y log 2 2
80. Here we have α1 = 21°18' , β1 = −157°50 ' , log 2 ( x − 1) = y
α 2 = −37°47 ' , and β 2 = 144°58' . f −1 ( x) = log 2 ( x − 1)
Converting minutes to degrees gives α1 = 21.3° ,
( ) ( )
− 12 − 12 − 32 1
β1 = −157 56 ° , α 2 = −37 47 ° , and 84. (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) − ( x 2 + 3) ⋅ x(2 x + 1) 2
60
− 12 −3
= (144 ) ° . Substituting these values, and = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) − x(2 x + 1)
2
β2 29
30
− 12 − 32
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 5518 = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( − x 2 − x + 3)
miles. The distance from Honolulu to
Melbourne is about 5518 miles.
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
Section 6.2
81. 3x − 2 + 5 ≤ 9
 π
3x − 2 ≤ 4 1. Domain:  x x ≠ odd integer multiples of  ,
 2
2
− ≤ 3x ≤ 2 Range: { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}
3
2
So the solution is: − , 2 2. True
3
1 5
82. The function f is one-to-one because every 3. =
5 5
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
4. x = sec y , ≥ 1 , 0 , π
5. cosine
6. False
7. True
8. True
696
Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)
 2   1 
9. cos  sin −1  12. tan sin −1  −  
 2    2 
π π π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 2 2
2 1
equals . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
2 π π sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ 2 2 2
2 2 2
π
π θ =−
θ= 6
4
  1   π 3
 2  π 2 tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = −
cos  sin −1  = cos =   2   6  3
 2  4 2
 1
 1 13. sec  cos −1 
10. sin  cos −1   2
 2 Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
1
1 equals .
equals . 2
2 1
1 cos θ = , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
cos θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2
2 π
θ=
π 3
θ=
3 π
 1
 −1 1  π 3 sec  cos −1  = sec = 2
sin  cos  = sin =  2  3
 2 3 2
  1 
 14. cot sin −1  −  
 3    2 
11. tan cos −1  −  
  2   π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine 2 2
3 1
equals − . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π 2 2 2
2
π
5π θ =−
θ= 6
6
 −1  1    π
 −1  3   5π 3 cot sin  −   = cot  −  = − 3
tan cos  −   = tan =−   2   6
  2   6 3
697
(
15. csc tan −1 1 )   1 
19. sec sin −1  −  
π π   2 
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2 π π
equals 1. 2 2
π π 1
tan θ = 1, − <θ < equals − .
2 2 2
π 1 π π
θ= sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
4 2 2 2
π π
( )
csc tan −1 1 = csc
4
= 2 θ =−
6
  1   π 2 3
(
16. sec tan −1 3 ) sec sin −1  −   = sec  −  =
  2   6 3
π π
2 2   3 
20. csc  cos −1  −  
equals 3.
  2  
π π
tan θ = 3, − <θ < Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
2 2
π 3
θ= equals − .
3 2
π 3
(
sec tan −1 3 = sec) 3
=2 cos θ = −
2
0 ≤θ ≤ π
5π
17. sin  tan −1 (−1) 
θ=
6
π π   3  5π
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent csc  cos −1  −   = csc =2
2 2   2   6
equals −1 .
π π
tan θ = −1, − <θ <  5π   2
2 2 21. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  − 
π  4   2 
θ =− Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
4
 π 2 2
sin  tan −1 (−1)  = sin  −  = − equals − .
 4 2 2
2
  3  cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
18. cos sin −1  −   2
  2   3π
θ=
π π 4
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine 5π  3π
2 2 −1 
cos  sin  =
3  4  4
equals − .
2
3 π π
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
π
θ =−
3
  3   π 1
cos sin −1  −   = cos  −  =
  2    3 2
698
 2π   1   1
22. tan −1  cot  = tan −1  −  25. tan  sin −1 
 3   3   3
π π 1 1
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
2 2 3 3
1 π π
equals − . − ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
3 2 2
y = 1 and r = 3 .
1 π π
tan θ = − , − <θ < Solve for x:
3 2 2
x2 + 1 = 9
π
θ =− x2 = 8
6
 2π  π x = ± 8 = ±2 2
tan −1  cot =−
 3  6 Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 2 .
 1 y 1 2 2
tan  sin −1  = tan θ = = ⋅ =
  7π    3  3 x 2 2 2 4
23. sin −1 cos  −   = sin −1  − 
  6   2 
 1
π π 26. tan  cos −1 
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine  3
2 2
1 1
3 Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
equals − . 3 3
2
θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 1 and r = 3 .
3 π π Solve for y:
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 1 + y2 = 9
π
θ =− y2 = 8
3
  7π   π y = ± 8 = ±2 2
sin −1 cos  −  = −
  6  3 Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 2 2 .
 1 y 2 2
  π  tan  cos −1  = tan θ = = =2 2
24. cos  tan  −   = cos −1 ( −1)
−1  3  x 1
  3 
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine  1
27. sec  tan −1 
equals −1 .  2
cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 1 1
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
π 2 2
θ=
3 π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
  π   2 2
cos −1  tan  −   = π x = 2 and y = 1 .
  3 
Solve for r:
22 + 1 = r 2
r2 = 5
r= 5
θ is in quadrant I.
 1 r 5
sec  tan −1  = sec θ = =
 2 x 2
699
 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

28. cos  sin −1 
 3  Let θ = tan −1 (−3) . Since tan θ = −3 and
2 2 π π
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and − < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
3 3 2 2
π π x = 1 and y = −3 .
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2 Solve for r:
y = 2 and r = 3 . 1+ 9 = r2
Solve for x: r 2 = 10
x2 + 2 = 9 r = ± 10
2
x =7 Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 10 .
x=± 7 y
sin  tan −1 (−3)  = sin θ =
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 7 . r
 2 x 7 −3 10 3 10
cos  sin −1  = cos θ = = = ⋅ =−
3 r 3 10 10 10
 
  2    3 
29. cot sin −1  −   32. cot  cos −1  −
  3    
  3  
 2 2  3 3
Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
 3  3  3  3
π π 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
2 2 x = − 3 and r = 3 .
y = − 2 and r = 3 . Solve for y:
Solve for x: 3 + y2 = 9
x2 + 2 = 9 y2 = 6
x2 = 7 y=± 6
x=± 7 Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 6 .
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 7 .   3  x
 cot cos −1  −   = cot θ =
 2  x 7 2 14
cot sin −1  −   = cot θ = = ⋅ =−   3   y
  3   y − 2 2 2
− 3 −1 2 2
= = ⋅ =−
30. csc  tan −1 (− 2)  6 2 2 2
Let θ = tan −1 ( − 2) . Since tan θ = − 2 and
 2 5
π π 33. sec  sin −1 
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let  5 
2 2
x = 1 and y = − 2 . 2 5 2 5
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
Solve for r: 5 5
1+ 4 = r2 π π
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2
r =5 2 2
y = 2 5 and r = 5 .
r=± 5
Solve for x:
Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 5 .
r 5 5
csc  tan −1 (− 2)  = csc θ = = =−
y −2 2
700
x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

x2 = 5 π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
x=± 5 2 2
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals −1 .
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
π π
 2 5 r 5 csc θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
sec  sin −1  = sec θ = = = 5 2 2
 5  x 5 π
θ =−
2
 1 π
34. csc  tan −1  −1
csc (−1) = −
 2 2
1 1
2 2 40. csc −1 2
π π π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2 2 2
x = 2 and y = 1 . θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals 2 .
Solve for r: π π
csc θ = 2, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
22 + 1 = r 2 2 2
r2 = 5 π
θ=
r= 5 4
π
θ is in quadrant I. csc −1
2=
4
 1 r 5
csc  tan −1  = csc θ = = = 5
 2  y 1 2 3
41. sec −1
3
 3π   2 π
35. sin −1  cos  = sin −1  −  = − π
 4  We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
 2  4
2
 7π   1  2π 2 3
36. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  −  = whose secant equals .
 6   2 3 3
2 3 π
sec θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
37. cot −1 3 3 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
θ=
cotangent equals 3. 6
cot θ = 3, 0 <θ < π 2 3 π
sec −1 =
π 3 6
θ=
6
π 42. sec −1 ( − 2 )
−1
cot 3=
6 π
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
2
38. cot −1 1 whose secant equals −2 .
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
sec θ = − 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
cotangent equals 1. 2
cot θ = 1, 0 < θ < π 2π
θ=
π 3
θ= 2 π
4 sec −1 ( − 2 ) =
−1 π 3
cot 1 =
4
701
 3 1
43. cot −1  −  46. csc −1 5 = sin −1
5
 3 
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2
3
cotangent equals − . 1 1
3 equals . Now sin θ = , so θ lies in
5 5
3 1
cot θ = − , 0 <θ < π quadrant I. The calculator yields sin −1 ≈ 0.20 ,
3 5
2π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ=
3 csc−1 5 ≈ 0.20 .
 3  2π
cot −1  −  =
 3  3
 2 3
44. csc −1  − 
 3  1
47. cot −1 2 = tan −1
π π 2
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ ,
2 2 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
2 3 1 1
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals − . equals . Now tan θ = , so θ lies in
3 2 2
2 3 π π 1
csc θ = − , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0 quadrant I. The calculator yields an −1 ≈ 0.46 ,
3 2 2 2
π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ =− cot −1 ( 2 ) ≈ 0.46 .
3
 2 3 π
csc −1  −  = −
 3  3
1
45. sec −1 4 = cos −1
4  1
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine 48. sec −1 (−3) = cos −1  − 
 3
1 1 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in quadrant
4 4 1 1
1 equals − . Now cos θ = − , θ lies in
I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.32 , which is 3 3
4 quadrant II. The calculator yields
an angle in quadrant I, so sec−1 ( 4 ) ≈ 1.32 .  1
cos −1  −  ≈ 1.91 , which is an angle in
 3
quadrant II, so sec−1 ( − 3) ≈ 1.91 .
702
 1  1 
49. csc −1 ( −3) = sin −1  −  52. cot −1 ( −8.1) = tan −1  − 
 3  8.1 
π π We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in
1 1 8.1 8.1
equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ lies in
3 3 quadrant II. The calculator yields
quadrant IV. The calculator yields  1 
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.12 , which is an angle in
 1  8.1 
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.34 , which is an angle in
 3 quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
quadrant IV, so csc−1 ( −3) ≈ −0.34 . θ ≈ −0.12 + π ≈ 3.02 . Thus, cot −1 ( −8.1) ≈ 3.02 .
 1  3  2
50. cot −1  −  = tan −1 (− 2) 53. csc −1  −  = sin −1  − 
 2  2  3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠0,
equals −2 . Now tan θ = −2 , so θ lies in 2 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 2 2
whose sine equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ
tan −1 ( − 2 ) ≈ −1.11 , which is an angle in 3 3
quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II, lies in quadrant IV. The calculator yields
θ ≈ −1.11 + π ≈ 2.03 . Therefore,  2
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.73 , which is an angle in
 1  3
cot −1  −  ≈ 2.03 .
 2  3
quadrant IV, so csc−1  −  ≈ −0.73 .
 2
 1 
( )
51. cot −1 − 5 = tan −1  −
 5

 4  3
54. sec −1  −  = cos −1  − 
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent  3  4
1 1 π
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
5 5 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 3 3
whose cosine equals − . Now cos θ = − , so
 1  4 4
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.42 , which is an angle in θ lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
 5
 3
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42 , which is an angle in
θ ≈ −0.42 + π ≈ 2.72 . Therefore,  4
( )
cot −1 − 5 ≈ 2.72 .  4
quadrant II, so sec −1  −  ≈ 2.42 .
 3
703
 3  2 π π
55. cot −1  −  = tan −1  −  59. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
 2   3 2 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
tangent equals −
2 2
. Now tan θ = − , so θ ( )
tan sin −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
3 3
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields sin θ sin θ
= =
2
 2 cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
 3 u
=
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, 1− u2
 3
θ ≈ −0.59 + π ≈ 2.55 . Thus, cot −1  −  ≈ 2.55 .
 2 60. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
( )
tan cos −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
= =
 1  cos θ cos θ
( )
56. cot −1 − 10 = tan −1  −
 10 

1− u2
=
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose u
1 1
tangent equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ 61. Let θ = sec −1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
10 10
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then,
 1  2
tan −1  −
 10 
 ≈ −0.306 , which is an angle in
( )
sin sec −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
1 sec 2 θ − 1
(
θ ≈ −0.306 + π ≈ 2.84 . So, cot −1 − 10 ≈ 2.84 . ) = 1−
sec θ2
=
sec 2 θ
u2 −1
=
u
62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

−1 π π −∞ < u < ∞ . Then,
57. Let θ = tan u so that tan θ = u , − <θ < ,
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then, ( )
sin cot −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ =
1
csc2 θ
1 1
( −1
)
cos tan u = cos θ =
sec θ
= 1 1
sec 2 θ = =
2
1 1 1 + cot θ 1+ u2
= =
2
1 + tan θ 1+ u2
58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
( )
sin cos −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − u 2
704
π π Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
63. Let θ = csc−1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2   12    12  x 5
g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  = cos θ = =
u ≥ 1 . Then,   13    13  r 13
sin θ
( )
cos csc−1 u = cos θ = cos θ ⋅
sin θ
= cot θ sin θ
68.
  5   5
f  g −1    = sin  cos −1 
  13    13 
cot θ cot 2 θ csc 2 θ − 1
= = = 5 5
csc θ csc θ csc θ Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and
13 13
u2 −1 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 5
=
u and r = 13 . Solve for y:
52 + y 2 = 132
64. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
25 + y 2 = 169
π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then, y 2 = 144
2
( )
cos sec −1 u = cos θ =
1
=
sec θ u
1 y = ± 144 = ±12
Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 12 .
  5   5 y 12
65. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π , f  g −1    = sin  cos −1  = sin θ = =
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then,   13    13  r 13
(
tan cot −1 u = tan θ =) 1
=
cot θ u
1

69. g −1 
 7π   −1  7π 
f   = cos  sin 
  4   4 
66. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and  2  3π
π = cos −1  −  =
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Note that sin θ ≥ 0 . Then,  2  4
2
( )
tan sec −1 u = tan θ = sin θ sec θ   5π
f −1  g 
 −1  5π 
70.   = sin  cos 
= sec θ 1 − cos 2 θ   6   6 
 3 π
1 u2 −1 = sin −1  −  = − 3
= u 1− =u  2 
u2 u2
The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

71. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
positive or negative.   5    5 
  12    12   3 3
67. g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
13 13   5  5
   
12 12 π π
− , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and 2 2
13 13
y = −3 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
≤θ ≤ x 2 + (−3) 2 = 52
2 2
y = 12 and r = 13 . Solve for x: x 2 + 9 = 25
x 2 + 122 = 132 x 2 = 16
x 2 + 144 = 169 x = ± 16 = ±4
x = 25  x = ± 25 = ±5
2
705
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 4 . r 2 = 122 + 52

  3    3  r 2 = 144 + 25 = 169
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
r = ± 169 = ±13
y −3 3 Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 .
= tan θ = = =−
x 4 4
  5   5 y 5
f  h −1    = sin  tan −1  = sin θ = =
  4    4    12    12  r 13
72. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5 
  4π  −1   4π 
 4  4 75. g −1  f −   = cos  sin  − 
Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and   3    3 
 5 5
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let 3 π
= cos −1 =
x = −4 and r = 5 . Solve for y: 2 6
(−4) 2 + y 2 = 52
  5π   −1   5π  
16 + y 2 = 25 76. g −1  f  −   = cos  sin  − 
  6    6 
y2 = 9
 1  2π
= cos −1  −  =
y = ± 9 = ±3  2 3
Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 3 .
  4    4    1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −   77. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5    4    4 
y −3 3  1 1
= tan θ = = =− Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
x 4 4  4 4
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
  12    12  x = −1 and r = 4 . Solve for y:
73. g  h −1    = cos  tan −1 
  5   5 (−1) 2 + y 2 = 42
12 12 1 + y 2 = 16
5 5 y 2 = 15
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let y = ± 15
2 2
x = 5 and y = 12 . Solve for r: Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 15 .
r 2 = 52 + 122   1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  4    4 
r 2 = 25 + 144 = 169
y 15
r = ± 169 = ±13 = tan θ = = = − 15
Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 . x −1
  12    12  x 5
g  h −1    = cos  tan −1  = cos θ = =   2    2 
   5  5  r 13 78. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
  5   2 2
 5 Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
74. f  h −1    = sin  tan −1   5  5
  12    12 
π π
5 5 − , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and 2 2
12 12
y = −2 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
x = 12 and y = 5 . Solve for r:
706
x 2 + (−2)2 = 52 4
Thus, h = = 4.79 feet. The
2
x + 4 = 25 cot ( 50.14° )
x 2 = 21 bunker will be 4.79 feet high.
x = ± 21  4.22 
c. θTG = cot −1   = 54.88°
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 21 .  6 
  2    2  From part (a) we have θUSGA = 50.14° . For
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −   steep bunkers, a larger angle of repose is
  5    5 
required. Therefore, the Tour Grade 50/50
y −2 2 21 sand is better suited since it has a larger
= tan θ = = =−
x 21 21 angle of repose.
2x
79. a. Since the diameter of the base is 45 feet, we 81. a. cot θ =
45 2 y + gt 2
have r = = 22.5 feet. Thus,
2  2x 
θ = cot −1 
 22.5   2 y + gt 2 
θ = cot −1   
 = 31.89° .
 14  The artillery shell begins at the origin and
r lands at the coordinates ( 6175, 2450 ) . Thus,
b. θ = cot −1
h  
2 ⋅ 6175
r θ = cot −1  
cot θ = → r = h cot θ  2 ⋅ 2450 + 32.2 2.27 2 
h  ( ) 
Here we have θ = 31.89° and h = 17 feet. ≈ cot −1 ( 2.437858 ) ≈ 22.3°
Thus, r = 17 cot ( 31.89° ) = 27.32 feet and The artilleryman used an angle of elevation
the diameter is 2 ( 27.32 ) = 54.64 feet. of 22.3° .
v0 t
r b. sec θ =
c. From part (b), we get h = . x
cot θ
122 x sec θ ( 6175 ) sec ( 22.3° )
The radius is = 61 feet. v0 = =
2 t 2.27
r 61 = 2940.23 ft/sec
h= = ≈ 37.96 feet.
cot θ 22.5 /14
x
Thus, the height is 37.96 feet. 82. Let. y = cot −1 x = cos −1
2
x +1
80. a. Since the diameter of the base is 6.68 feet, 3π
6.68 2
we have r = = 3.34 feet. Thus,
2
 3.34 
θ = cot −1   = 50.14°
 4  −10 10
r π
b. θ = cot −1 −
2
h
r r Note that the range of y = cot −1 x is ( 0, π ) , so
cot θ = → h=
h cot θ 1
tan −1 will not work.
Here we have θ = 50.14° and r = 4 feet. x
707
83. y = sec −1 x = cos −1

1 Section 6.3
x
π 1. 3x − 5 = − x + 1
4x = 6
6 3
x= =
4 2
−5 5 3
0 The solution set is   .
2
1
84. y = csc −1 x = sin −1 2 1
x 2. , −
_π 2 2
2
3. 4 x2 − x − 5 = 0
−10 10
( 4 x − 5)( x + 1) = 0
4 x − 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
5
_π x= or x = −1
−
2
4
 5
The solution set is −1,  .
85 – 86. Answers will vary.  4
87. f ( x) = 4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100
4. x 2 − x − 1 = 0
4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100 = 0
− ( −1) ± ( −1) − 4 (1)( −1)
2
( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 25) = 0 x=
2 2
2 (1)
x − 4 = 0 or x + 25 = 0
1± 1+ 4
x = ±2 or x = ±5i =
So the solution set is: {−2, 2, −5i,5i} 2
1± 5
=
88. f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x ) 2
= − x3 + x 2 + x ≠ f ( x) 1 − 5 1 + 5 
The solution set is  , .
So the function is not even.  2 2 
f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x )
= −( x3 − x 2 − x) ≠ − f ( x) 5. (2 x − 1) 2 − 3(2 x − 1) − 4 = 0
So the function is not odd. [(2 x − 1) + 1][(2 x − 1) − 4] = 0
π 7π 2 x(2 x − 5) = 0
89. 315 = radians 2 x = 0 or 2 x − 5 = 0
180 4
5
5π x = 0 or x=
90. 75° = 2
12  5
s = rθ The solution set is 0,  .
 2
5π
=6
12 6. 5 x3 − 2 = x − x 2
5π Let y1 = 5 x3 − 2 and y2 = x − x 2 . Use
= ≈ 7.85 in.
2 INTERSECT to find the solution(s):
708
Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations
6
13. 4 cos 2 θ = 1
1
cos 2 θ =
−6 6 4
1
cos θ = ±
2
−6
π 2π
In this case, the graphs only intersect in one θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
location, so the equation has only one solution. 3 3
Rounding as directed, the solutions set is {0.76} . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
π 5π 3 3 3 3 
7. ,
6 6
1
14. tan 2 θ =
 π 5π  3
8. θ θ = + 2π k , θ = + 2π k , k is any integer 
 6 6  1 3
tan θ = ± =±
3 3
9. False because of the circular nature of the π 5π
functions. θ = + k π or θ = + k π, k is any integer
6 6
10. False, 2 is outside the range of the sin function. On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
11. 2sin θ + 3 = 2  , , , .
6 6 6 6 
2sin θ = −1
1 15. 2sin 2 θ − 1 = 0
sin θ = −
2 2sin 2 θ = 1
7π 11π 1
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer sin 2 θ =
6 6 2
 7 π 11π  1 2
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , . sin θ = ± =±
6 6  2 2
π 3π
1 θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer
12. 1 − cos θ = 4 4
2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
1  π 3π 5π 7 π 
1 − cos θ =
2  , , , .
4 4 4 4 
1
= cos θ
2 16. 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0
π 5π
θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer 4 cos 2 θ = 3
3 3
3
 π 5π  cos 2 θ =
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4
3 3 
3
cos θ = ±
2
π 5π
θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
6 6
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
 , , , .
6 6 6 6 
709
17. sin ( 3θ ) = −1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is

3π  4π 8π 16π 
3θ = + 2k π  , , .
2 9 9 9 
π 2k π
θ= + , k is any integer 2θ
2 3 22. cot =− 3
3
2θ 5π
 π 7 π 11π  = + kπ , k is any integer
 , , . 3 6
2 6 6  5π 3kπ
θ= + , k is any integer
4 2
θ 
18. tan   = 3  5π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
4
θ π
=+ kπ , k is any integer
2 3 23. 2sin θ + 1 = 0
2π 2sin θ = −1
θ= + 2π k , k is any integer
3 1
 2π  sin θ = −
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   . 2
3  7π 11π
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
6 6
1
19. cos ( 2θ ) = −  7 π 11π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
2π 4π 6 6 
2θ = + 2kπ or 2θ = + 2kπ
3 3 24. cos θ + 1 = 0
π 2π
θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer cos θ = −1
3 3
θ = π + 2k π , k is any integer
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is {π } .
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
3 3 3 3  25. tan θ + 1 = 0
20. tan ( 2θ ) = −1 tan θ = −1
3π
3π θ = + k π , k is any integer
2θ = + k π, k is any integer 4
4
3π k π  3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ = + , k is any integer 4 4 
8 2
26. 3 cot θ + 1 = 0
 3π 7π 11π 15π 
 , , , . 3 cot θ = −1
8 8 8 8 
1 3
3θ cot θ = − =−
21. sec = −2 3 3
2 2π
3θ 2π 3θ 4π θ= + k π , k is any integer
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ 3
2 3 2 3
 2π 5π 
4π 4kπ 8π 4kπ On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ= + or θ = + , 3 3
9 3 9 3
k is any integer
710
27. 4sec θ + 6 = − 2  π
32. sin  3θ +  = 1
4sec θ = − 8  18 
sec θ = − 2 π π
3θ + = + 2k π
2π 4π 18 2
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
4π
3 3 3θ = + 2k π
 2π 4 π  9
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4π 2k π
3 3 θ= + , k is any integer
27 3
28. 5csc θ − 3 = 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
5csc θ = 5  4π 22π 40π 
 , , .
csc θ = 1  27 27 27 
π
θ = + 2k π , k is any integer θ π 
2 33. tan  +  = 1
π 2 3
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
2 θ π π
+ = + kπ
2 3 4
29. 3 2 cos θ + 2 = −1 θ π
= − + kπ
3 2 cos θ = − 3 2 12
π
1 2 θ = − + 2k π , k is any integer
cos θ = − =− 6
2 2
11π 
3π 5π On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  .
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer  6 
4 4
 3π 5π  θ π  1
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 34. cos  −  =
4 4 3 4 2
θ π π θ π 5π
30. 4sin θ + 3 3 = 3 − = + 2k π or − = + 2k π
3 4 3 3 4 3
4sin θ = − 2 3 θ 7π θ 23π
= + 2k π or = + 2k π
2 3 3 3 12 3 12
sin θ = − =−
4 2 7π 23π
θ= + 6k π or θ= + 6k π ,
4π 5π 4 4
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer k is any integer.
3 3
 4 π 5π   7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
3 3 4 
π 1
 35. sin θ =
31. cos  2θ −  = −1 2
 2
 π 5π 
π
2θ − = π + 2k π θ θ = + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 6 6 
2
3π integer. Six solutions are
2θ = + 2k π π 5π 13π 17 π 25π 29π
2 θ= , , , , , .
3π 6 6 6 6 6 6
θ = + k π , k is any integer
4
 3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
4 4
711
36. tan θ = 1 42. sin ( 2θ ) = −1

 π  3π
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
 4  2
π 5π 9π 13π 17 π 21π  3π 
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer
4 4 4 4 4 4  4 
Six solutions are
3 3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
37. tan θ = − θ= , , , , , .
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
 5π 
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer θ 3
 6  43. sin =−
2 2
Six solutions are
θ 4π θ 5π
5π 11π 17 π 23π 29π 35π = + 2k π or = + 2k π, k is any integer
θ= , , , , , . 2 3 2 3
6 6 6 6 6 6
 8π 10π 
θ θ = + 4k π or θ = + 4k π  , k is any
3  3 3 
38. cos θ = −
2 integer. Six solutions are
 5π 7π  8π 10π 20π 22π 32π 34π
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any θ= , , , , , .
 6 6  3 3 3 3 3 3
integer. Six solutions are θ
5π 7 π 17 π 19π 29π 31π 44. tan = −1
θ= , , , , , . 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 θ 3π
= + kπ , k is any integer
2 4
39. cos θ = 0
 3π 
 π 3π  θ θ = + 2kπ  , k is any integer
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any  2 
 2 2  Six solutions are
integer
3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
π 3π 5π 7 π 9π 11π θ= , , , , , .
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
45. sin θ = 0.4
40. sin θ =
2 θ = sin −1 ( 0.4 ) ≈ 0.41
2 θ ≈ 0.41 or θ ≈ π − 0.41 ≈ 2.73 .
 π 3π  The solution set is {0.41, 2.73} .
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 4 4 
integer 46. cos θ = 0.6
π 3π 9π 11π 17π 19π θ = cos−1 ( 0.6 ) ≈ 0.93
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 θ ≈ 0.93 or θ ≈ 2π − 0.93 ≈ 5.36 .
1 The solution set is {0.93, 5.36} .
41. cos ( 2θ ) = −
2
2π 4π 47. tan θ = 5
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
3 3 θ = tan −1 ( 5 ) ≈ 1.37
 π 2π  θ ≈ 1.37 or θ ≈ π + 1.37 ≈ 4.51 .
θ θ = + k π or θ = + k π  , k is any integer
The solution set is {1.37, 4.51} .
 3 3 
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3
712
48. cot θ = 2 54. 4 cot θ = −5

1 5
tan θ = cot θ = −
2 4
1 4
θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.46 tan θ = −
 2 5
θ ≈ 0.46 or θ ≈ π + 0.46 ≈ 3.61 .  4
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −0.675
The solution set is {0.46, 3.61} .   5
θ ≈ −0.675 + π or θ ≈ −0.675 + 2π .
49. cos θ = −0.9 ≈ 2.47 ≈ 5.61
θ = cos −1 ( −0.9 ) ≈ 2.69 The solution set is {2.47, 5.61} .
θ ≈ 2.69 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.69 ≈ 3.59 .
The solution set is {2.69, 3.59} . 55. 3sin θ − 2 = 0
3sin θ = 2
50. sin θ = −0.2
2
θ = sin −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ −0.20 sin θ =
3
θ ≈ −0.20 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.20 ) . 2
θ = sin −1   ≈ 0.73
≈ 6.08 ≈ 3.34  3
The solution set is {3.34, 6.08} . θ ≈ 0.73 or θ ≈ π − 0.73 ≈ 2.41 .
51. sec θ = −4
1 56. 4 cos θ + 3 = 0
cos θ = −
4 4 cos θ = −3
 1 3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 1.82 cos θ = −
 4 4
θ ≈ 1.82 or θ ≈ 2π − 1.82 ≈ 4.46 .  3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42
The solution set is {1.82, 4.46} .  4
θ ≈ 2.42 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.42 ≈ 3.86 .
52. csc θ = −3
1
sin θ = −
3
57. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
 1
−1
θ = sin  −  ≈ −0.34 cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) = 0
 3
cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
θ ≈ −0.34 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.34 ) .
π 3π 2 cos θ = −1
≈ 5.94 ≈ 3.48 θ= ,
2 2 1
The solution set is {3.48, 5.94} . cos θ = −
2
2π 4π
53. 5 tan θ + 9 = 0 θ= ,
3 3
5 tan θ = −9
 π 2π 4π 3π 
9 The solution set is  , , , .
tan θ = − 2 3 3 2 
5
 9
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −1.064
  5
θ ≈ −1.064 + π or θ ≈ −1.064 + 2π
≈ 2.08 ≈ 5.22
713
58. sin 2 θ − 1 = 0  1
62. (cot θ + 1)  csc θ −  = 0
(sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0  2
sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 1
cot θ + 1 = 0 or csc θ − =0
sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 2
cot θ = −1
1
3π π 3π 7 π csc θ =
θ= θ= θ= , 2
2 2 4 4 (not possible)
 π 3π 
The solution set is  , .  3π 7π 
2 2  The solution set is  , .
 4 4 
59. 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
63. sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ = 1 + cos θ
(2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 (1 − cos θ ) − cos
2 2
θ = 1 + cos θ
2sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 1 − 2 cos θ = 1 + cos θ
2
1 π 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
sin θ = − θ=
2 2 ( cos θ )( 2 cos θ + 1) = 0
7 π 11π
θ= , cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
6 6
π 3π 1
 π 7π 11π  θ= , cos θ = −
The solution set is  , , . 2 2 2
2 6 6 
2π 4π
, θ=
3 3
60. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0
 π 2π 4π 3π 
(cos θ + 1)(2 cos θ − 1) = 0 The solution set is  , , , .
2 3 3 2 
cos θ + 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ − 1 = 0
cos θ = −1 2 cos θ = 1 64. cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ =π 1
cos θ =
2
(1 − sin θ ) − sin
2 2
θ + sin θ = 0
π 5π 1 − 2sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ= ,
3 3 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
 π 5π  ( 2sin θ + 1)( sin θ − 1) = 0
The solution set is  , π , .
3 3  2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0
1 sin θ = 1
61. (tan θ − 1)(sec θ − 1) = 0 sin θ = −
2 π
tan θ − 1 = 0 or sec θ − 1 = 0 θ=
7π 11π 2
tan θ = 1 sec θ = 1 θ= ,
6 6
π 5π  π 7π 11π 
θ= , θ =0 The solution set is  ,
4 4 , .
2 6 6 
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , .
 4 4 
714
65. sin 2 θ = 6 ( cos ( −θ ) + 1) 68. cos θ − sin ( −θ ) = 0

sin θ = 6 ( cos (θ ) + 1)
2 cos θ − ( − sin (θ ) ) = 0
1 − cos 2 θ = 6 cos θ + 6 cos θ + sin θ = 0

cos 2 θ + 6 cos θ + 5 = 0 sin θ = − cos θ
sin θ
( cos θ + 5)( cos θ + 1) = 0 = −1
cos θ
cos θ + 5 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0
tan θ = −1
cos θ = −5 cos θ = −1
3π 7π
(not possible) θ =π θ= ,
4 4
The solution set is {π } .  3π 7π 
 4 4 
66. 2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos ( −θ ) )
69. tan θ = 2sin θ
2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ )
sin θ
( )
2 1 − cos 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ ) cos θ
= 2sin θ
2 − 2 cos 2 θ = 3 − 3cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 1 = 0 0 = 2sin θ cos θ − sin θ
( 2 cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 1) = 0 0 = sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0
1 θ = 0, π
1 cos θ = 1 cos θ =
cos θ = 2
2 θ =0
π 5π
π 5π θ= ,
θ= , 3 3
3 3
 π 5π   π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
The solution set is 0, , .  3 3 
 3 3 
70. tan θ = cot θ
67. cos θ = − sin ( −θ )
1
cos θ = − ( − sin θ ) tan θ =
tan θ
cos θ = sin θ tan 2 θ = 1
sin θ tan θ = ±1
=1
cos θ π 3π 5π 7 π
tan θ = 1 θ= , , ,
4 4 4 4
π 5π  π 3π 5π 7π 
θ= , The solution set is  , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 
 π 5π 
4 4 
715
71. 1 + sin θ = 2 cos 2 θ 75. 3(1 − cos θ ) = sin 2 θ

1 + sin θ = 2(1 − sin 2 θ ) 3 − 3cos θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
1 + sin θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 2 = 0
2sin 2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0 ( cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 2 ) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ + 1) = 0 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 2 = 0
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ + 1 = 0 cos θ = 1 cos θ = 2
1 sin θ = −1 θ =0 (not possible)
sin θ =
2 3π The solution set is {0} .
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6 76. 4(1 + sin θ ) = cos 2 θ
 π 5π 3π  4 + 4sin θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
The solution set is  , , .
6 6 2 
sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 3 = 0
72. sin 2 θ = 2 cos θ + 2 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 3) = 0
1 − cos θ = 2 cos θ + 2
2 sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ + 3 = 0
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1 = 0 sin θ = −1 sin θ = −3
3π (not possible)
( cos θ + 1)
2
=0 θ=
2
cos θ + 1 = 0
 3π 
cos θ = −1 The solution set is   .
 2 
θ =π
The solution set is {π } . 77. tan 2 θ =
3
sec θ
2
73. 2sin 2 θ − 5sin θ + 3 = 0 3
sec 2 θ − 1 = sec θ
( 2sin θ − 3)( sin θ + 1) = 0 2
2sin θ − 3 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2sec 2 θ − 2 = 3sec θ
3 π 2sec 2 θ − 3sec θ − 2 = 0
sin θ = (not possible) θ=
2 2 (2sec θ + 1)(sec θ − 2) = 0
π  2sec θ + 1 = 0 or sec θ − 2 = 0
The solution set is   .
2 1 sec θ = 2
sec θ = −
74. 2 cos θ − 7 cos θ − 4 = 0
2
2 π 5π
θ= ,
( 2 cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 4 ) = 0 (not possible) 3 3
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 4 = 0  π 5π 
1 cos θ = 4 3 3 
sin θ = −
2 (not possible) 78. csc2 θ = cot θ + 1
2π 4 π
θ= , 1 + cot 2 θ = cot θ + 1
3 3
 2π 4π  cot 2 θ − cot θ = 0
 3 3  cot θ (cot θ − 1) = 0
cot θ = 0 or cot θ = 1
π 3π π 5π
θ= , θ= ,
2 2 4 4
 π π 5π 3π 
The solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
716
10 10
79. sec 2 θ + tan θ = 0
tan 2 θ + 1 + tan θ = 0
This equation is quadratic in tan θ . −3π 3π −3π 3π
2`
The discriminant is b − 4ac = 1 − 4 = −3 < 0 .
The equation has no real solutions.
−10 −10
10
80. sec θ = tan θ + cot θ
1 sin θ cos θ
= + −3π 3π
cos θ cos θ sin θ
1 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ −10
1 1 x ≈ − 2.47, 0, 2.47
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ
83. 22 x − 17 sin x = 3
sin θ cos θ
=1 Find the intersection of Y1 = 22 x − 17 sin x and
cos θ
Y2 = 3 :
sin θ =1
π 5
θ=
2
π π −π π
Since sec   and tan   do not exist, the
2
  2
equation has no real solutions.
−5
81. x + 5cos x = 0 x ≈ 0.52
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x + 5cos x :
10 10 84. 19 x + 8cos x = 2
Find the intersection of Y1 = 19 x + 8cos x and
Y2 = 2 :
−3π 3π −3π 3π
5
−10 −10
10 −π π
−3π 3π −5
x ≈ − 0.30
−10
x ≈ −1.31, 1.98, 3.84 85. sin x + cos x = x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x + cos x and
82. x − 4sin x = 0 Y2 = x :
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x − 4sin x :
3
−π π
−3
x ≈ 1.26
717
86. sin x − cos x = x 90. x 2 = x + 3cos(2 x)

Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x − cos x and
Find the intersection of Y1 = x 2 and
Y2 = x :
Y2 = x + 3cos(2 x) :
3
10 10
−π π
−2π 2π −2π 2π
−3
−5 −5
x ≈ −1.26
x ≈ − 0.62, 0.81
2
87. x − 2 cos x = 0
91. 6sin x − e x = 2, x > 0
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 − 2 cos x :
Find the intersection of Y1 = 6sin x − e x and
3 3
Y2 = 2 :
6 6
−π π −π π
0 2π 0 2π
−3 −3
x ≈ −1.02, 1.02
−6 −6
2
88. x + 3sin x = 0 x ≈ 0.76, 1.35
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 + 3sin x :
92. 4 cos(3 x) − e x = 1, x > 0
3 3
Find the intersection of Y1 = 4 cos(3 x) − e x and
Y2 = 1 :
−π π −π π
6
−3 −3
0 π
x ≈ −1.72, 0
89. x 2 − 2sin ( 2 x ) = 3 x −6
Find the intersection of Y1 = x − 2sin ( 2 x ) and
2 x ≈ 0.31
Y2 = 3 x :
93. f ( x) = 0
12 12 4sin 2 x − 3 = 0
4sin 2 x = 3
3
sin 2 x =
−π __
3π −π __
3π 4
2 2
−3 −3
3 3
sin x = ±
=±
4 2
x ≈ 0, 2.15 π 2π
x = + kπ or x = + kπ , k is any integer
3 3
718
On the interval [ 0, 2π] , the zeros of f are On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
π 2π 4π 5π  11π 7π π 5π 13π 17 π 
, , , . − ,− , , , , .
3 3 3 3  6 6 6 6 6 6 
d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
94. f ( x) = 0
3
2 cos ( 3 x ) + 1 = 0 part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) > on the
2
2 cos ( 3 x ) = −1  11π 7π
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
1  6 6
cos ( 3 x ) = −
2 π 5π 13π 17π 
or <x< or <x< .
2π 4π 6 6 6 6 
3x = + 2kπ or 3x = + 2kπ
3 3
2π 2kπ 4π 2kπ 96. a. f ( x) = 0
x= + or x = + ,
9 3 9 3 2 cos x = 0
k is any integer
cos x = 0
On the interval [ 0, π] , the zeros of f are
π 3π
2π 4π 8π x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
, , . 2 2
9 9 9 integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
95. a. f ( x) = 0
3π π π 3π 5π 7π
3sin x = 0 − ,− , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin x = 0
b. f ( x ) = 2 cos x
x = 0 + 2kπ or x = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
−2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π .
b. f ( x ) = 3sin x
c. f ( x) = − 3
2 cos x = − 3
3
cos x = −
2
3 5π 7π
c. f ( x) = x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
2 6 6
3 integer
3sin x = On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
2
1  7π 5π 5π 7π 17π 19π 
sin x = − , − , , , , .
2  6 6 6 6 6 6 
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any integer d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
6 6
part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) < − 3 on the
719
 7π 5π 6
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
 6 6
5π 7π 17 π 19π  0 π
or <x< or <x< .
6 6 6 6 
−6
97. f ( x ) = 4 tan x
a. f ( x ) = −4 7
99. a, d. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 ; g ( x ) =
4 tan x = −4 2
tan x = −1
 π 
 x x = − + kπ  , k is any integer
 4 
b. f ( x ) < −4
4 tan x < −4
tan x < −1
Graphing y1 = tan x and y2 = −1 on the
 π π
interval  − ,  , we see that y1 < y2 for b. f ( x) = g ( x)
 2 2
π π  π π 7
− < x < − or  − , −  . 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 =
2
2 4  2 4
6 3
3sin ( 2 x ) =
2
_ 1
−_
π π sin ( 2 x ) =
2 2 2
π 5π
2x = + 2kπ or 2 x = + 2kπ
−6 6 6
π 5π
98. f ( x ) = cot x x= + kπ or x= + kπ ,
12 12
a. f ( x) = − 3 k is any integer
 π 5π 
cot x = − 3 On [ 0, π] , the solution set is  ,  .
12 12 
 5π 
x x = + kπ  , k is any integer c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
 6 
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
b. f ( x) > − 3  π 5π   π 5π 
[0, π] is  x < x <  or  , .
cot x > − 3  12 12   12 12 
1
Graphing y1 = and y2 = − 3 on the x
tan x 100. a, d. f ( x ) = 2 cos + 3 ; g ( x ) = 4
interval ( 0, π ) , we see that y1 > y2 for 2
5π  5π 
0< x< or  0, .
6  6 
720
b. f ( x) = g ( x) c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

x part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
2 cos + 3 = 4
2  2π 4π   2π 4π 
x
[0, 2π ] is x <x<  or  , .
2 cos = 1  3 3   3 3 
2
x 1 102. a, d. f ( x ) = 2sin x ; g ( x ) = −2sin x + 2
cos =
2 2
x π x 5π
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
2 3 2 3
2π 10π
x= + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ ,
3 3
k is any integer
 2π 10π 
On [ 0, 4π ] , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) < g ( x ) on
2sin x = −2sin x + 2
 2π 10π   2π 10π 
[0, 4π] is  x <x<  or  , . 4sin x = 2
 3 3   3 3 
2 1
sin x = =
101. a, d. f ( x ) = −4 cos x ; g ( x ) = 2 cos x + 3 4 2
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,
6 6
k is any integer
 π 5π 
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  ,  .
6 6 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
 π 5π   π 5π 
[0, 2π] is  x < x <  or  , .
 6 6 6 6 
 7π 
103. P ( t ) = 100 + 20sin  t
 3 
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
a. Solve P ( t ) = 100 on the interval [ 0,1] .
−4 cos x = 2 cos x + 3
 7π 
−6 cos x = 3 100 + 20sin  t  = 100
 3 
3 1
cos x = =−  7π 
−6 2 20sin  t = 0
 3 
2π 4π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,  7π 
3 3 sin  t = 0
k is any integer  3 
 2π 4π  7π
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  , . t = kπ , k is any integer
 3 3  3
3
t = k , k is any integer
7
We need 0 ≤ 73 k ≤ 1 , or 0 ≤ k ≤ 7 .
3
721
For k = 0 , t = 0 sec. the results from part (a), the blood pressure
3 will be between 100 mmHg and 105 mmHg
For k = 1 , t = ≈ 0.43 sec. for values of t (in seconds) in the interval
7
6
[0, 0.03] ∪ [0.39, 0.43] ∪ [0.86, 0.89] .
For k = 2 , t = ≈ 0.86 sec.
7  π
The blood pressure will be 100 mmHg after 104. h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125
 2
0 seconds, 0.43 seconds, and 0.86 seconds.
 π
a. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
b. Solve P ( t ) = 120 on the interval [ 0,1] .  2
 7π  on the interval [ 0, 40] .
100 + 20sin  t  = 120
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
 7π   2
20sin  t  = 20
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  = 0
 7π   2
sin  t =1
 3   π
sin  0.157t −  = 0
7π π  2
t = 2π k + , k is any integer
3 2 π
0.157t − = kπ , k is any integer
3 ( 2k + 12 ) 2
t= , k is any integer π
7 0.157t = kπ + , k is any integer
We need 2
3 ( 2k + 12 ) π
kπ +
0≤ ≤1 2 , k is any integer
7 t=
0.157
0 ≤ 2k + 12 ≤ 73 π
0+
− 12 ≤ 2k ≤ 11
6 For k = 0, t = 2 ≈ 10 seconds .
0.157
1 11
− 4 ≤ k ≤ 12 π
π+
3 For k = 1, t = 2 ≈ 30 seconds .
For k = 0 , t = ≈ 0.21 sec 0.157
14
The blood pressure will be 120mmHg after π
2π +
0.21 sec . 2 ≈ 50 seconds .
For k = 2, t =
0.157
c. Solve P ( t ) = 105 on the interval [ 0,1] .
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual
 7π  on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 125 feet above
100 + 20sin  t  = 105
 3  the ground when t ≈ 10 seconds and again
 7π  when t ≈ 30 seconds .
20sin  t = 5
 3   π
b. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
 7π  3  2
sin  t =
 3  4 on the interval [ 0,80] .
7π 3  π
t = sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
3 4  2
3 3  π
t= sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  = 125
7π 4  2
On the interval [ 0,1] , we get t ≈ 0.03  π
sin  0.157t −  = 1
seconds, t ≈ 0.39 seconds, and t ≈ 0.89  2
seconds. Using this information, along with
722
π π 105. d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150

0.157t − = + 2kπ , k is any integer
2 2 a. d ( 0 ) = 70sin ( 0.65 ( 0 ) ) + 150
0.157t = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
= 70sin ( 0 ) + 150
π + 2kπ
t= , k is any integer = 150 miles
0.157
For k = 0, t =
π
≈ 20 seconds . b. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100 on
0.157 the interval [ 0, 20] .
π + 2π
For k = 1, t = ≈ 60 seconds . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100
0.157
π + 4π 70sin ( 0.65 x ) = −50
For k = 2, t = ≈ 100 seconds .
0.157 5
sin ( 0.65 x ) = −
So during the first 80 seconds, an individual 7
on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 250 feet above  5
the ground when t ≈ 20 seconds and again 0.65 x = sin −1  −  + 2π k
 7
when t ≈ 60 seconds .
 5
sin −1  −  + 2π k
 π  7
c. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 x=
 2 0.65
on the interval [ 0, 40] . 3.94 + 2π k 5.94 + 2π k
x≈ or x ≈ ,
 π 0.65 0.65
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 k is any integer
 2
π 3.94 + 0 5.94 + 0
 For k = 0 , x ≈ or x ≈
125sin  0.157t −  > 0 0.65 0.65
 2
≈ 6.06 min ≈ 8.44 min
 π 
sin  0.157t −  > 0 3.94 + 2π 5.94 + 2π
 2 For k = 1 , x ≈ or x ≈
π 0.65 0.65

Graphing y1 = sin  0.157 x −  and y2 = 0 ≈ 15.72 min ≈ 18.11 min
 2
on the interval [ 0, 40] , we see that y1 > y2 for For k = 2 ,
3.94 + 4π 5.94 + 4π
10 < x < 30 . x≈ or x ≈
1.5 0.65 0.65
≈ 25.39 min ≈ 27.78 min
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding
pattern, the plane is exactly 100 miles from
0 40
the airport when x ≈ 6.06 minutes ,
x ≈ 8.44 minutes , x ≈ 15.72 minutes , and
x ≈ 18.11 minutes .
−1.5
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual c. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100 on
on the Ferris Wheel is more than 125 feet the interval [ 0, 20] .
above the ground for times between about 10
and 30 seconds. That is, on the interval 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100
10 < x < 30 , or (10, 30 ) . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) > −50
5
sin ( 0.65 x ) > −
7
5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 0.65 x ) and y2 = − on
7
723
the interval [ 0, 20] , we see that y1 > y2 for b. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 540 on the
0 < x < 6.06 , 8.44 < x < 15.72 , and  π
18.11 < x < 20 . interval  0,  .
 2
1.5
672sin ( 2θ ) = 540
540 135
0 20 sin ( 2θ ) = =
672 168
 135 
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ
−1.5  168 
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding  135 
pattern, the plane is more than 100 miles sin −1   + 2kπ
from the airport before 6.06 minutes, θ=  168 
between 8.44 and 15.72 minutes, and after 2
18.11 minutes. 0.9333 + 2kπ 2.2083 + 2kπ
θ≈ or θ ≈ ,
d. No, the plane is never within 70 miles of the 2 2
airport while in the holding pattern. The k is any integer
minimum value of sin ( 0.65 x ) is −1 . Thus, 0.9330 + 0 2.2083 + 0
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
the least distance that the plane is from the 2 2
airport is 70 ( −1) + 150 = 80 miles. ≈ 0.46665 ≈ 1.10415
≈ 26.74° ≈ 63.26°
106. R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ )
0.9330 + 2π 2.2083 + 2π
a. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 on the For k = 1 , θ = or θ =
2 2
 π ≈ 3.608 ≈ 4.246
interval 0,  .
 2 ≈ 206.72° ≈ 243.28°
672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 26.74° or 63.26° .
450 225
sin ( 2θ ) = = c. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480 on the
672 336
 225   π
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ interval  0,  .
 336   2
 225  672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480
sin −1   + 2kπ
θ=  336  480
sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 672
0.7337 + 2kπ 2.408 + 2kπ 5
θ≈ or θ ≈ , sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 2 7
k is any integer 5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 2 x ) and y2 = on the
0.7337 + 0 2.408 + 0 7
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
2 2  π
interval  0,  and using INTERSECT, we
≈ 0.36685 ≈ 1.204  2
≈ 21.02° ≈ 68.98° see that y1 ≥ y2 when 0.3978 ≤ x ≤ 1.1730
radians, or 22.79° ≤ x ≤ 67.21° .
0.7337 + 2π 2.408 + 2π
For k = 1 , θ = or θ = 1.5
2 2
≈ 3.508 ≈ 4.3456
≈ 200.99° ≈ 248.98° 0 _
π
2
So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 21.02° or 68.98° .
−1.5
724
1.5 3 4
c. Graph Y1 = + and use the
cos x sin x
0 _
π MINIMUM feature:
2
20
−1.5
So, the golf ball will travel at least 480 feet
if the angle is between about 22.79° and
67.21° . 0 90
0
d. No; since the maximum value of the sine
function is 1, the farthest the golfer can hit An angle of θ ≈ 47.74° minimizes the
the ball is 672 (1) = 672 feet. length at L ≈ 9.87 feet .
107. Find the first two positive intersection points of d. For this problem, only one minimum length
Y1 = − x and Y2 = tan x . exists. This minimum length is 9.87 feet,
and it occurs when θ ≈ 47.74° . No matter
2 2 if we find the minimum algebraically (using
0 2π 0 2π calculus) or graphically, the minimum will
be the same.
(34.8) 2 sin ( 2θ )
109. a. 107 =
−12 −12 9.8
The first two positive solutions are x ≈ 2.03 and 107(9.8)
sin ( 2θ ) = ≈ 0.8659
x ≈ 4.91 . (34.8) 2
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.8659 )
108. a. Let L be the length of the ladder with x and
y being the lengths of the two parts in each 2θ ≈ 60º or 120º
hallway. θ ≈ 30º or 60º
L = x+ y
b. Notice that the answers to part (a) add up to
3 4 90° . The maximum distance will occur
cos θ = sin θ =
x y when the angle of elevation is 90° ÷ 2 = 45° :
x=
3 4 (34.8) 2 sin  2 ( 45° ) 
y= R ( 45° ) = ≈ 123.6
cos θ sin θ 9.8
3 4 The maximum distance is 123.6 meters.
L(θ ) = + = 3sec θ + 4 csc θ
cos θ sin θ
(34.8) 2 sin(2 x)
c. Let Y1 =
3sec θ tan θ − 4 csc θ cot θ = 0 9.8
125
3sec θ tan θ = 4 csc θ cot θ
sec θ tan θ 4
=
csc θ cot θ 3
4
tan 3 θ = 0 90
3 0
4 d.
tan θ = 3 ≈ 1.10064
3
θ ≈ 47.74º
3 4
b. L ( 47.74º ) = +
cos ( 47.74º ) sin ( 47.74º )
≈ 9.87 feet
725
sin 50°
112. = 1.66
sin θ 2
1.66sin θ 2 = sin 50°
sin 50°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4615
(40) sin(2θ )
2
1.66
110. a. 110 =
9.8 θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4615 ) ≈ 27.48°
110 ⋅ 9.8
sin(2θ ) = ≈ 0.67375 113. Calculate the index of refraction for each:
402
v1 sin θ1
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.67375 ) θ1 θ2 =
v2 sin θ 2
2θ ≈ 42.4º or 137.6º sin10º
10º 8º ≈ 1.2477
θ ≈ 21.2º or 68.8º sin 8º
sin 20º
b. The maximum distance will occur when the 20º 15º 30 ' = 15.5º ≈ 1.2798
angle of elevation is 45° : sin15.5º
sin 30º
(40) 2 sin [ 2(45°) ] 30º 22º 30 ' = 22.5º ≈ 1.3066
R ( 45° ) = ≈ 163.3 sin 22.5º
9.8 sin 40º
The maximum distance is approximately 40º 29º 0 ' = 29º ≈ 1.3259
sin 29º
163.3 meter sin 50º
50º 35º 0 ' = 35º ≈ 1.3356
(40) 2 sin(2 x) sin 35º
c. Let Y1 = : sin 60º
9.8 60º 40º 30 ' = 40.5º ≈ 1.3335
170 sin 40.5º
sin 70º
70º 45º 30 ' = 45.5º ≈ 1.3175
sin 45.5º
sin 80º
80º 50º 0 ' = 50º ≈ 1.2856
sin 50º
0 90 Yes, these data values agree with Snell’s Law.
0
The results vary from about 1.25 to 1.34.
d.
v1 2.998 × 108
114. = ≈ 1.56
v2 1.92 × 108
The index of refraction for this liquid is about
1.56.
115. Calculate the index of refraction:
sin θ1 sin 40º
θ1 = 40º , θ 2 = 26º ; = ≈ 1.47
sin θ 2 sin 26º
116. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.

sin 40° sin 30º
111. = 1.33 ≈ 1.52
sin θ 2 sin θ 2
1.33sin θ 2 = sin 40° 1.52sin θ 2 = sin 30°
sin 40° sin 30°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4833 sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.3289
1.33 1.52
θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4833) ≈ 28.90° θ 2 ≈ sin −1 ( 0.3352 ) ≈ 19.20°
The angle of refraction is about 19.20° .
726
Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities
117. If θ is the original angle of incidence and φ is 10 3 10

123. sin θ = − , cos θ =
sin θ 10 10
the angle of refraction, then = n2 . The
sin φ 10
angle of incidence of the emerging beam is also −
sin θ 10 10 10 1
1 tan θ = = =− ⋅ =−
φ , and the index of refraction is . Thus, θ is cos θ 3 10 10 3 10 3
n2
10
the angle of refraction of the emerging beam.
The two beams are parallel since the original 1 1 10 10
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of csc θ = = =1 − = − 10
sin θ 10 10 10
the emerging beam are equal. −
10
1 1 10 10 10
sec θ = = = ⋅ =
cos θ 3 10 3 10 10 3
10
1
cot θ = = −3
tan θ
124. y = 2sin ( 2 x − π )
118. Here we have n1 = 1.33 and n2 = 1.52 .
Amplitude: A = 2 =2
n1 sin θ B = n2 cos B
2π 2π
sin θ B n2 Period: T= = =π
= ω 2
cos θ B n1
φ π π
n2 Phase Shift: = =
tan θ B = ω 2 2
n1
n2  1.52 
θ B = tan −1 = tan −1   ≈ 48.8°
n1  1.33 
119. Answers will vary.
120. Since the range of y = sin x is −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 , then
y = 5sin x + x cannot be equal to 3 when
x > 4π or x < −π since you are multiplying the
result by 5 and adding x.
121. 6 x = y ↔ x = log 6 y
− ( −9) ± ( −9) 2 − 4(2)(8) Section 6.4
122. x =
2(2)
1. True
9 ± 81 − 64
=
4 2. True
9 ± 17
= 3. identity; conditional
4
9 − 17 9 + 17 4. −1
So the solution set is: , .
4 4 5. 0
6. True
727
7. False, you need to work with one side only. ( sin θ + cos θ )( sin θ + cos θ ) − 1
15.
8. True sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1
2
=
sin θ 1 1 sin θ cos θ
9. tan θ ⋅ csc θ = ⋅ =
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
=
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 1
10. cot θ ⋅ sec θ = ⋅ = 1 + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
sin θ cos θ sin θ =
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2sin θ cos θ
11. ⋅ = =
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) =2
=
cos 2 θ ( tan θ + 1)( tan θ + 1) − sec2 θ
1 + sin θ 16.
= tan θ
cos θ
tan θ + 2 tan θ + 1 − sec 2 θ
2
=
sin θ 1 − cos θ sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
12. ⋅ = tan θ + 1 + 2 tan θ − sec2 θ
2
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos 2 θ =
sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
= sec θ + 2 tan θ − sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 θ =
1 − cos θ tan θ
= 2 tan θ
sin θ =
tan θ
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ =2
13. +
cos θ sin θ
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos θ ( cos θ − sin θ )
2 3sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 1 ( 3sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
= 17. =
sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − cos θ sin θ
2 3sin θ + 1
= =
sin θ cos θ sin θ + 1
sin θ + cos θ + sin θ cos θ − cos θ sin θ
2 2
= cos 2 θ − 1 ( cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 1)
sin θ cos θ 18. =
cos 2 θ − cos θ cos θ ( cos θ − 1)
1
= cos θ + 1
sin θ cos θ =
cos θ
1 1 1 + cos v + 1 − cos v
14. + = 1 cos θ
1 − cos v 1 + cos v (1 − cos v )(1 + cos v ) 19. csc θ ⋅ cos θ = ⋅ cos θ = = cot θ
sin θ sin θ
2
=
1 − cos 2 v 1 sin θ
2 20. sec θ ⋅ sin θ = ⋅ sin θ = = tan θ
= cos θ cos θ
sin 2 v
21. 1 + tan 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− tan θ ) 2 = 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
22. 1 + cot 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− cot θ ) 2 = 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ
728
 sin θ cos θ  32. (1 − cos 2 θ )(1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc 2 θ

23. cos θ (tan θ + cot θ ) = cos θ  + 
 cos θ sin θ  1
= sin 2 θ ⋅ 2
 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  sin θ
= cos θ  
 cos θ sin θ  =1
 1 
= cos θ   33. (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 + (sin θ − cos θ ) 2
 cos θ sin θ 
= sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
1
= + sin 2 θ − 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ
= csc θ = 2sin 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
= 2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
 cos θ sin θ 
24. sin θ (cot θ + tan θ ) = sin θ  +  = 2 ⋅1
 sin θ cos θ 
=2
 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 
= sin θ  
 sin θ cos θ  34. tan 2 θ cos 2 θ + cot 2 θ sin 2 θ
 1  sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ   = ⋅ cos 2 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ
 sin θ cos θ  cos θ2
sin 2 θ
1 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ =1
= sec θ
35. sec 4 θ − sec 2 θ = sec 2 θ (sec 2 θ − 1)
1
25. tan u cot u − cos 2 u = tan u ⋅ − cos 2 u = (tan 2 θ + 1) tan 2 θ
tan u
= 1 − cos 2 u = tan 4 θ + tan 2 θ
= sin 2 u 36. csc 4 θ − csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ (csc 2 θ − 1)
2 1 = (cot 2 θ + 1) cot 2 θ
26. sin u csc u − cos u = sin u ⋅ − cos 2 u
sin u = cot 4 θ + cot 2 θ
= 1 − cos 2 u
37. csc3 x = cos x cos 2 x
= sin 2 u
= cos x(1 − sin 2 x)
27. (sec θ − 1)(sec θ + 1) = sec θ − 1 = tan θ
2 2
= cos x − sin 2 x cos x
28. (csc θ − 1)(csc θ + 1) = csc 2 θ − 1 = cot 2 θ 38. tan 3 x + tan x = (tan 2 x + 1) tan x
= sec2 x tan x
29. (sec θ + tan θ )(sec θ − tan θ ) = sec θ − tan θ = 1
2 2
30. (csc θ + cot θ )(csc θ − cot θ ) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1
31. cos 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) = cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ

1
= cos 2 θ ⋅
cos 2 θ
=1
729
1 sin u sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ

39. sec u − tan u = − 44. 1 − = 1−
cos u cos u 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
 1 − sin u   1 + sin u  (1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
= ⋅  = 1−
 cos u   1 + sin u  1 − cos θ
1 − sin 2 u = 1 − (1 + cos θ )
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) = 1 − 1 − cos θ
cos 2 u = − cos θ
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) 1
1+
cos u 1 + tan v cot v
= 45. =
1 + sin u 1 − tan v 1 − 1
cot v
1 cos u  1 
40. csc u − cot u = − 1 +  cot v
sin u sin u =  cot v 
 1 − cos u   1 + cos u   1 
= ⋅  1 −  cot v
 sin u   1 + cos u   cot v 
1 − cos 2 u cot v + 1
= =
sin u (1 + cos u ) cot v − 1
sin 2 u 1
= −1
sin u (1 + cos u ) csc v − 1 sin v
46. =
sin u csc v + 1 1
= +1
1 + cos u sin v
 1 
41. 3sin 2 θ + 4 cos 2 θ = 3sin 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ  − 1 sin v
=  sin v 
= 3(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + cos 2 θ  1 
 + 1 sin v
= 3 ⋅1 + cos 2 θ  sin v 
= 3 + cos 2 θ 1 − sin v
=
1 + sin v
42. 9sec 2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ = 4sec 2 θ + 5sec2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5(sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ ) 1
sec θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5 ⋅1 47. + = +
csc θ cos θ 1 cos θ
= 5 + 4sec 2 θ sin θ
cos 2 θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ sin θ
43. 1 − = 1− = +
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ cos θ cos θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) = tan θ + tan θ
= 1− = 2 tan θ
1 + sin θ
= 1 − (1 − sin θ )
csc θ − 1 csc θ − 1 csc θ + 1
= 1 − 1 + sin θ 48. = ⋅
cot θ cot θ csc θ + 1
= sin θ csc 2 θ − 1
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot 2 θ
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot θ
=
csc θ + 1
730
1 cos v 1 + sin v cos 2 v + (1 + sin v) 2

1+ 52. + =
1 + sin θ csc θ 1 + sin v cos v cos v(1 + sin v)
49. =
1 − sin θ 1 − 1
cos 2 v + 1 + 2sin v + sin 2 v
csc θ =
csc θ + 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
2 + 2sin v
= csc θ =
csc θ − 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
csc θ 2(1 + sin v)
=
csc θ + 1 csc θ cos v(1 + sin v)
= ⋅
csc θ csc θ − 1 2
csc θ + 1 =
= cos v
csc θ − 1 = 2sec v
1 1
+1
cos θ + 1 sec θ sin θ sin θ
50. = 53. = ⋅ sin θ
cos θ − 1 1 1
−1 sin θ − cos θ sin θ − cos θ
sec θ sin θ
1 + sec θ 1
=
= sec θ cos θ
1 − sec θ 1−
sin θ
sec θ
1
1 + sec θ =
= 1 − cot θ
1 − sec θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
1 − sin v cos v (1 − sin v) 2 + cos 2 v 54. 1 − = 1−
51. + = 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
cos v 1 − sin v cos v(1 − sin v)
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + sin 2 v + cos 2 v = 1−
= 1 + cos θ
cos v(1 − sin v) = 1 − (1 − cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + 1 = cos θ
=
cos v(1 − sin v)
2 − 2sin v 55. (sec θ − tan θ ) 2
=
cos v(1 − sin v) = sec2 θ − 2sec θ tan θ + tan 2 θ
2(1 − sin v) 1 1 sin θ sin 2 θ
= = − 2⋅ ⋅ +
cos v(1 − sin v) cos θ
2
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
2 1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ
= =
cos v cos 2 θ
= 2sec v (1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
1 − sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
1 − sin θ
=
1 + sin θ
731
56. (csc θ − cot θ ) 2 cot θ tan θ

58. +
= csc θ − 2 csc θ cot θ + cot θ
2 2 1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ
cos θ sin θ
1 1 cos θ cos 2 θ
=
sin 2 θ
− 2 ⋅ ⋅ +
sin θ sin θ sin 2 θ = sin θ + cos θ
sin θ cos θ
1− 1−
1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) sin θ cos θ
= = +
1 − cos 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) cos θ sin θ
=
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ ) cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= +
1 − cos θ sin θ (cos θ − sin θ ) cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
=
1 + cos θ − cos 2 θ ⋅ cos θ + sin 2 θ ⋅ sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
57. + sin 3 θ − cos3 θ
1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ =
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
= + (sin θ − cos θ )(sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
sin θ cos θ =
1− 1−
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
= + =
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ sin θ sin θ
2
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= + +
cos θ2
sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +1+
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
cos θ − sin θ = 1 + tan θ + cot θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ )
= cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ − sin θ 59. tan θ + = +
= sin θ + cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ 1 + sin θ
sin θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ + sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
sin θ + 1
=
1
=
cos θ
= sec θ
732
1 sin θ cos θ
(sin θ cos θ ) ⋅ −
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ tan θ − cot θ cos θ sin θ
60. = 63. =
cos θ − sin θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅ 1
2 2
tan θ + cot θ sin θ + cos θ
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= cos θ2 = cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
1−
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
tan θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= =
1 − tan 2 θ 1
= sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
tan θ + sec θ − 1
61.
tan θ − sec θ + 1 1 cos 2 θ
tan θ + (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) −
= ⋅ sec θ − cos θ cos θ cos θ
64. =
tan θ − (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) sec θ + cos θ 1 cos 2 θ
+
tan 2 θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 cos θ cos θ
=
tan 2 θ − (sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1) 1 − cos 2 θ
=
sec 2 θ − 1 + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 = cos θ2
sec2 θ − 1 − sec 2 θ + 2sec θ − 1 1 + cos θ
2sec θ − 2sec θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1)
2 cos θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ
2sec θ − 2 =
2sec θ (sec θ − 1) + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2sec θ − 2 sin 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)(sec θ + tan θ ) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)
sin u cos u
= tan θ + sec θ −
tan u − cot u
65. + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
sin θ − cos θ + 1 +
62. cos u sin u
sin θ + cos θ − 1
(sin θ − cos θ ) + 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= ⋅
(sin θ + cos θ ) − 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ − cos θ + 1 cos u sin u
=
(sin θ + cos θ ) 2 − 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= +1
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 1
=
sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1 = sin 2 u − cos 2 u + 1
sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ + 1 = sin 2 u + (1 − cos 2 u )
=
2sin θ cos θ + 1 − 1
= sin 2 u + sin 2 u
2sin 2 θ + 2sin θ
= = 2sin 2 u
2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ (sin θ + 1)
=
2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 1
=
cos θ
733
sin u cos u 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ

− 69. +1 = +
tan u − cot u
+ 2 cos 2 u = cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u 1 + tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ
2
66.
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
+ 1 − tan 2 θ + 1 + tan 2 θ
cos u sin u =
1 + tan 2 θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u 2 2
= =
= cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u
1 + tan θ sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
1
cos u sin u = 2⋅ 2
sec θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= + 2 cos 2 u = 2 cos 2 θ
1
= sin 2 u + cos 2 u 1 − cot 2 θ 1 − cot 2 θ
70. + 2 cos 2 θ = + 2 cos 2 θ
=1 1 + cot θ
2
csc θ
2
1 cot 2 θ
1 sin θ = − + 2 cos 2 θ
+ csc 2 θ csc 2 θ
sec θ + tan θ cos θ cos θ
67. = cos 2 θ
cot θ + cos θ cos θ + cos θ
= sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
sin θ
1 + sin θ 1
cos θ sin 2 θ
=
cos θ + cos θ sin θ = sin θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
sin θ = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

1 + sin θ sin θ =1
= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ 1 sec θ − csc θ sec θ csc θ
= ⋅ 71. = −
cos θ cos θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ
= tan θ sec θ 1 1
= −
csc θ sec θ
1 = sin θ − cos θ
sec θ cos θ
68. =
1 + sec θ 1 + 1 sin 2 θ − tan θ
cos θ 72.
cos 2 θ − cot θ
1 sin θ
sin 2 θ −
= cos θ = cos θ
cos θ + 1 cos θ
cos θ cos θ −
2
sin θ
 1   1 − cos θ  sin θ cos θ − sin θ
2
= ⋅ 
 1 + cos θ   1 − cos θ  cos θ
=
1 − cos θ cos 2 θ sin θ − cos θ
=
1 − cos 2 θ sin θ
1 − cos θ sin 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ
= = ⋅
sin 2 θ cos θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ
2
sin θ (sin θ cos θ − 1) sin θ

= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (cos θ sin θ − 1)
sin 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ
= tan 2 θ
734
1 sec θ  sec θ   1 + sin θ 

73. sec θ − cos θ = − cos θ 77. = ⋅ 
cos θ 1 − sin θ  1 − sin θ   1 + sin θ 
1 − cos 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
sin 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ cos 2 θ
sin θ 1 1 + sin θ
= sin θ ⋅ = ⋅
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ tan θ 1 + sin θ
=
cos3 θ
sin θ cos θ
74. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 + sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
78. =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
=
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 =
= 1 − sin 2 θ
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 1 =
= ⋅ cos 2 θ
cos θ sin θ 2
= sec θ csc θ  1 + sin θ 
= 
 cos θ 
1 1 1 + sin θ + 1 − sin θ  1 sin θ 
2
75. + = = +
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 
 cos θ cos θ 
2 = (sec θ + tan θ ) 2
=
1 − sin 2 θ
2 (sec v − tan v) 2 + 1
= 79.
cos 2 θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
= 2sec 2 θ sec2 v − 2sec v tan v + tan 2 v + 1
=
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
76. −
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v + sec2 v
=
(1 + sin θ ) 2 − (1 − sin θ ) 2 csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 2sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ ) csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
1 − sin 2 θ 2sec v(sec v − tan v)
=
4sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
cos 2 θ 2sec v
=
sin θ 1 csc v
= 4⋅ ⋅
cos θ cos θ 1
2⋅
= 4 tan θ sec θ
= cos v
1
sin v
1 sin v
= 2⋅ ⋅
cos v 1
sin v
= 2⋅
cos v
= 2 tan v
735
sec2 v − tan 2 v + tan v 1 + tan v sin 3 θ + cos3 θ

80. = 84.
sec v sec v 1 − 2 cos 2 θ
sin v (sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
1+ =
= cos v 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
cos v + sin v
(sin θ + cos θ )(1 − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
= (sin θ + cos θ )(sin θ − cos θ )
1
cos v 1
= cos v + sin v 1 − sin θ cos θ cos θ
= ⋅
sin θ − cos θ 1
sin θ + cos θ sin θ − cos θ cos θ
81. −
cos θ sin θ 1
− sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
+ − + = cos θ
cos θ cos θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
−1
sin θ cos θ cos θ
= +1−1+ sec θ − sin θ
cos θ sin θ =
tan θ − 1
sin θ + cos θ
2 2
=
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
85. =
1 1 − tan 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 1−
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ cos θ − sin 2 θ
2
=
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
82. − cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= + − + = ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅
sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
cos θ sin θ = cos 2 θ
= 1+ −1+
sin θ cos θ
cos θ + sin θ − sin 3 θ cos θ sin θ sin 3 θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 86. = + −
= sin θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
1 = cot θ + 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ = cot θ + cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ 2
(2 cos 2 θ − 1)2  2 cos 2 θ − (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) 
sin θ + cos θ
3 3
87. =
83. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
sin θ + cos θ
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ ) (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
= =
sin θ + cos θ (cos θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
2
= sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

2 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=
= 1 − sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − 2sin 2 θ
736
1 − 2 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ 91. (a sin θ + b cos θ ) 2 + (a cos θ − b sin θ ) 2

88. =
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ = a 2 sin 2 θ + 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 cos 2 θ
sin θ − cos 2 θ
2
+ a 2 cos 2 θ − 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 sin 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ
= a 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + b 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= − = a 2 + b2
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
= − 92. (2a sin θ cosθ ) 2 + a 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
cos θ sin θ
= 4a 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= tan θ − cot θ
(
+ a 2 cos 4 θ − 2cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ )
1 + sin θ + cos θ
89.
1 + sin θ − cos θ
(
= a 4sin θ cos θ + cos θ − 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
)
=
(1 + sin θ ) + cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ
⋅
= a2 ( cos θ + 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ )
4 2 2 4
(1 + sin θ ) − cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

( cos θ + sin θ )
2
= a2 2 2
1 + 2sin θ + sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

2 2
= = a 2 (1)
2
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + (1 − sin 2 θ ) = a2
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ )
tan α + tan β tan α + tan β
2 + 2sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) 93. =
= cot α + cot β 1 1
2sin θ + 2sin 2 θ +
2(1 + sin θ ) + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ )
tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ ) =
2(1 + sin θ )(1 + cosθ )
tan β + tan α
= tan α tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ )
1 + cosθ  tan α tan β 
= = (tan α + tan β ) ⋅  
sin θ  tan α + tan β 
= tan α tan β
1 + cos θ + sin θ
90.
1 + cos θ − sin θ 94. (tan α + tan β )(1 − cot α cot β )
(1 + cos θ ) + sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= ⋅ + (cot α + cot β )(1 − tan α tan β )
(1 + cos θ ) − sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= tan α + tan β − tan α cot α cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + sin 2 θ
= − tan β cot α cot β + cot α + cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
− cot α tan α tan β − cot β tan α tan β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + 1 − cos 2 θ
= = tan α + tan β − cot β − cot α + cot α
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − (1 − cos 2 θ )
+ cot β − tan β − tan α
2 + 2 cos θ + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= =0
2 cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2(1 + cos θ ) + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= 95. (sin α + cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α )
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
= sin 2 α + 2sin α cos β + cos 2 β + cos 2 β − sin 2 α
2(1 + cos θ )(1 + sin θ )
= = 2sin α cos β + 2 cos 2 β
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
1 + sin θ = 2 cos β (sin α + cos β )
=
cos θ
1 sin θ
= +
cos θ cos θ
= sec θ + tan θ
737
96. (sin α − cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α ) 102. f ( x ) = cos x ⋅ cot x
= sin α − 2sin α cos β + cos β + cos β − sin α
2 2 2 2
cos x
= cos x ⋅
= − 2sin α cos β + 2cos β = − 2cos β (sin α − cos β )
2
sin x
cos 2 x
=
1 −1 sin x
97. ln sec θ = ln = ln cos θ = − ln cos θ
cos θ 1 − sin 2 x
=
sin x
sin θ
98. ln tan θ = ln = ln sin θ − ln cos θ 1 sin 2 x
cos θ = −
sin x sin x
= csc x − sin x
99. ln 1 + cos θ + ln 1 − cos θ
= g ( x)
= ln ( 1 + cos θ ⋅ 1 − cos θ )
= ln 1 − cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ cos θ
103. f (θ ) = −
cos θ 1 + sin θ
= ln sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) cos θ ⋅ cos θ
= 2 ln sin θ = −
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ
1 − sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
100. ln sec θ + tan θ + ln sec θ − tan θ =
= ln ( sec θ + tan θ ⋅ sec θ − tan θ )
1 − ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
= ln sec θ − tan θ
2 2
=
= ln tan 2 θ + 1 − tan 2 θ 1−1
=
= ln 1 cos θ (1 + sin θ )
=0 0
=
101. f ( x ) = sin x ⋅ tan x
=0
sin x
= sin x ⋅ = g (θ )
cos x
sin 2 x 104. f (θ ) = tan θ + sec θ
=
cos x
sin θ 1
1 − cos 2 x = +
= cos θ cos θ
cos x 1 + sin θ
1 cos 2 x =
= − cos θ
cos x cos x 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
= sec x − cos x = ⋅
cos θ 1 − sin θ
= g ( x) 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos θ
=
1 − sin θ
= g (θ )
738
105. 16 + 16 tan 2 θ = 16(1 + tan 2 θ ) = 4 1 + tan 2 θ . b −120

x=− =− = 20
2a 2( −3)
Since sec θ > 0 for − π2 < θ < π2 , then
f (20) = −3(20) 2 + 120(20) + 50 = 1250
4 1 + tan 2 θ = 4 sec 2 θ = 4sec θ
The vertex is (20,1250) so the maximum value
106. 9sec2 θ − 9 = 9(sec 2 θ − 1) = 3 sec 2 θ − 1 . of the function is 1250.
Since tan θ > 0 for π < θ < 3π
2
, then
x +1
3 sec 2 θ − 1 = 3 tan 2 θ = 3 tan θ 114. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 3x − 4
x−2
(3x − 4) + 1
1  2  f g =
(
107. 1200sec θ 2sec2 θ − 1 = 1200 ) 
cos θ  cos θ
2
− 1

(3 x − 4) − 2
3x − 3
1  2 cos 2 θ  =
= 1200  −  3x − 6
cos θ 2
 cos θ cos θ
2
 3( x − 1)
=
 2 − cos 2 θ  3( x − 2)
1
= 1200   x −1
cos θ 2
 cos θ  =
x−2
=
(
1200 1 + 1 − cos 2 θ )
3 115. For the point ( −12,5) , x = −12 , y = 5 ,
cos θ
=
(
1200 1 + sin 2 θ ) r= x 2 + y 2 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13
5 13
cos3 θ sin θ = csc θ =
13 5
108. I t = 4 A2
( cscθ − 1)( secθ + tan θ ) cos θ = −
12
sec θ = −
13
13 12
csc θ sec θ
5 12
csc θ − 1 sec θ + tan θ tan θ = − cot θ = −
= 4 A2 ⋅ 12 5
csc θ sec θ
 1   tan θ  f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) cos (π / 2 ) − cos ( 0 )
= 4 A2  1 − 1+
 csc θ   sec θ  116.
π /2−0
=
π /2
= 4 A (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
2
=
0 −1
=−
2
π /2 π
(
= 4 A2 1 − sin 2 θ ) 2
The average rate of change is − .
= 4 A cos θ = ( 2 A cos θ ) π
2 2 2
110. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ
111 – 112. Answers will vary.
113. Since a is negative then the graph opens up so

the function has a maximum value. To find the
maximum value we can find the vertex.
739
Section 6.5 13. cos

7π  4π 3π 
= cos  + 
12  12 12 
+ (1 − ( −3) )
2
(5 − 2)
2
1. π π π π
= cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
3 4 3 4
= 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
1 2 3 2
= ⋅ − ⋅
3 2 2 2 2
2. −
1
5
=
4
( 2− 6 )
2 1 2
3. a. ⋅ =
2 2 4 7π  3π 4π 
14. tan = tan  + 
12  12 12 
1 1
b. 1− = π π
2 2 tan + tan
= 4 3
4. y = 4, r = 5, x = −3 (Quadrant 2) π π
1 − tan ⋅ tan
x 3 4 3
cos α = = −
r 5 1+ 3
=
1 − 1⋅ 3
5. −
 1+ 3   1+ 3 
6. − =   ⋅  
 1− 3   1+ 3 
7. False
1+ 2 3 + 3
8. False =
1− 3
9. False 4+2 3
=
10. True −2
= −2− 3
5π  3π 2π 
11. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  15. cos165º = cos (120º + 45º )
π π π π = cos120º ⋅ cos 45º − sin120º ⋅ sin 45º
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6
1 2 3 2
2 3 2 1 =− ⋅ − ⋅
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
=
1
(6+ 2 )
=−
4
2+ 6 ( )
4
π 16. sin105º = sin ( 60º + 45º )
 3π 2π 
12. sin = sin  − 
12  12 12  = sin 60º ⋅ cos 45º + cos 60º ⋅ sin 45º
π π π π 3 2 1 2
= sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = ⋅ + ⋅
4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2
1
=
2 3
2 2
⋅ −
2 1
⋅
2 2
=
4
(6+ 2 )
1
=
4
( 6− 2 )
740
Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas
17. tan15º = tan(45º − 30º ) 19π  15π 4π 

20. tan = tan  + 
tan 45º − tan 30º 12  12 12 
=
1 + tan 45º ⋅ tan 30º 5π π
tan + tan
3 = 4 3
1− 5π π
3 3 1 − tan ⋅ tan
= ⋅
3 3 4 3
1 + 1⋅
3 1+ 3
=
3− 3 3− 3 1 − 1⋅ 3
= ⋅
3+ 3 3− 3 1+ 3 1+ 3
= ⋅
9−6 3 +3 1− 3 1+ 3
=
9−3 1+ 2 3 + 3
=
12 − 6 3 1− 3
=
6 4+2 3
=
= 2− 3 −2
= −2− 3
18. tan195º = tan(135º +60º )
tan135º + tan 60º  π 1 1
= 21. sec  −
1 − tan135º ⋅ tan 60º = =
 12  cos  −  cos  − 4π 
π 3 π
   
−1 + 3  12   12 12 
=
1 − (−1) ⋅ 3 1
=
π π π π
−1 + 3 1 − 3 cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin
= ⋅ 4 3 4 3
1+ 3 1− 3 1
=
−1 + 2 3 − 3 2 1 2 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
1− 3 2 2 2 2
−4+ 2 3 1
= =
−2 2+ 6
4
= 2− 3
4 2− 6
= ⋅
17π  15π 2π  2+ 6 2− 6
19. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  4 2 −4 6
=
5π π 5π π 2−6
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6 4 2 −4 6
=
2 3  2 1 −4
=− ⋅ +  − ⋅
2 2  2  2 = 6− 2
1
=−
4
( 6+ 2 )
741
 5π  5π −1 tan 20º + tan 25º

22. cot  −  = − cot = 27. = tan ( 20º +25º )
 12  12 tan 5π 1 − tan 20º tan 25º
12 = tan 45º
−1 =1
=
 3π 2π 
tan  + 
 12 12  tan 40º − tan10º
28. = tan ( 40º −10º )
−1 1 + tan 40º tan10º
=
π π = tan 30º
tan + tan
4 6
π π 3
1 − tan ⋅ tan =
4 6 3
 π π
 1 − tan 4 ⋅ tan 6  π 7π π 7π  π 7π 
= −  29. sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = sin  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
 tan π + tan π 
 4 6   6π 
= sin  − 
1  12 
1 − 1⋅
3⋅ 3
=−  π
1 3 = sin  − 
1+  2
3
= −1
3 −1 3 −1
=− ⋅
3 +1 3 −1 5π 7π 5π 7π  5π 7 π 
30. cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin = cos  + 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
3 − 3 − 3 +1
=− 12π
3 −1 = cos
12
4−2 3
=− = cos π
2
= −1
= −2 + 3
π 5π 5π π  π 5π 
23. sin 20º ⋅ cos10º + cos 20º ⋅ sin10º = sin(20º + 10º ) 31. cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin = cos  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
= sin 30º  4π 
= cos  − 
1  12 
=
2  π
= cos  − 
24. sin 20º ⋅ cos80º − cos 20º ⋅ sin 80º = sin(20º − 80º )  3
π
= sin(− 60º ) = cos
3
= − sin 60º
1
3 =
=− 2
2
π 5π π 5π  π 5π 
25. cos 70º ⋅ cos 20º − sin 70º ⋅ sin 20º = cos(70º + 20º ) 32. sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin = sin  + 
18 18 18 18  18 18 
= cos 90º 6π
=0 = sin
18
π
26. cos 40º ⋅ cos10º + sin 40º ⋅ sin10º = cos(40º − 10º ) = sin
3
= cos 30º
3
3 =
= 2
2
742
3 π c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

33. sin α = , 0 < α <
5 2 3 2 5 4  5
= ⋅ − ⋅  − 
cos β =
2 5 π
, − <β <0 5 5 5  5 
5 2
6 5+4 5
y y =
(x, 3) 2 5 25
x 10 5
β
5 y =
3 5 25
α 2 5
x x (2 5, y ) =
5
x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0 tan α − tan β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
3  1
x=4 −− 
4  2
4 3 =
cos α = , tan α =  3  1 
5 4 1 +   − 
 4  2 
(2 5 )
2
+ y 2 = 52 , y < 0 5
y 2 = 25 − 20 = 5, y < 0 = 4
5
y=− 5 8
5 − 5 1 =2
sin β = − , tan β = =−
5 2 5 2
5 π
34. cos α = , 0<α <
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 5 2
3 2 5 4  5 4 π
= ⋅ + ⋅  − sin β = − , − < β < 0
 5 2
5 5 5  5 
y y
6 5−4 5 x
= ( 5, y ) x
25 β
5
2 5 y −4
5
=
25 α (x, −4)
x
5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
4 2 5 3  5 ( 5)
2
= ⋅ − ⋅  −  + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
5 5 5  5 
y 2 = 25 − 5 = 20, y > 0
8 5 +3 5
= y = 20 = 2 5
25
2 5 2 5
11 5 sin α = , tan α = =2
= 5 5
25
x 2 + (− 4) 2 = 52 , x > 0
x 2 = 25 − 16 = 9, x > 0
x=3
3 −4 4
cos β = , tan β = =−
5 3 3
743
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β (−3, 4) y y

(1, y)
 2 5  3  5   4
=   ⋅   +   ⋅  −  r 2
 5  5  5   5 4 y
6 5−4 5 α β
= −3 x 1 x
25
2 5 r 2 = (−3) 2 + 42 = 25
=
25 r =5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 4 −3 3
sin α = , cos α = =−
 5  3  2 5   4 5 5 5
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  − 
 5  5  5   5 12 + y 2 = 22 , y > 0
3 5 +8 5 y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y > 0
=
25 y= 3
11 5 3 3
= sin β = , tan β = = 3
25 2 1
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 2 5  3  5   4  4  1  3  3 
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  −  =   ⋅   +  −  ⋅  
 5  5  5   5  5   2   5   2 
6 5+4 5 4−3 3
= =
25 10
10 5 b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
25
 3 1  4  3 
2 5 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  5   2   5   2 
5
−3 − 4 3
tan α − tan β =
d. tan(α − β ) = 10
1 + tan α tan β
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 4
2−− 
 3  4 1  3  3 
= =   ⋅   −  −  ⋅  
 4
1+ 2 ⋅ −   5   2   5   2 
 3 4+3 3
10 =
10
= 3
5
−
3
= −2
4 π
35. tan α = − , < α < π
3 2
1 π
cos β = , 0 < β <
2 2
744
tan α − tan β b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  12   3  5   1
=  −  ⋅  −  − − ⋅− 
4
− − 3  13   2   13   2 
= 3 12 3 − 5
 4 =
1+  −  ⋅ 3 26
 3
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
−4−3 3
 5  3   12   1 
= 3 =  −  ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  − 
3− 4 3  13   2   13   2 
3 5 3 − 12
=
 −4−3 3   3+ 4 3  26
=   ⋅   tan α − tan β
 3− 4 3   3+ 4 3  d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
− 48 − 25 3
= 5 3 5−4 3
−39 −
= 12 3 = 12
25 3 + 48 5 3 36 + 5 3
= 1+ ⋅
39 12 3 36
 15 − 12 3   36 − 5 3 
5 3π = 
36. tan α = , π<α <  ⋅  
12 2  36 + 5 3   36 − 5 3 
1 3π 540 − 507 3 + 180
sin β = − , π < β < =
2 2 1296 − 75
y y 720 − 507 3
=
−12 α x β 1221
x x
1 240 − 169 3
−5 r 2 =
407
(x, −1)
(−12,−5)
5 3π
37. sin α = , − < α < −π
13 2
r 2 = (−12) 2 + (−5) 2 = 169 π
tan β = − 3, < β < π
r = 13 2
−5 5 −12 12
sin α = = − , cos α = =− (x, 5) y (−1, 3 ) y
13 13 13 13
x 2 + (−1)2 = 22 , x < 0 13
5 r
2 3
x = 4 − 1 = 3, x < 0
x x β
x=− 3 α
−1 x
3 −13
cos β = − , tan β = =
2 − 3 3 x 2 + 52 = 132 , x < 0
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β x 2 = 169 − 25 = 144, x < 0

x = −12
 5  3   12   1 
=  −  ⋅  −  + − ⋅−  −12 12 5
 13   2   13   2  cos α = =− , tan α = −
13 13 12
5 3 + 12 12 + 5 3
= =
26 26
745
2
r 2 = (−1) 2 + 3 = 4 1 π
38. cos α = , − <α < 0
r=2 2 2
1 π
3 −1 1 sin β = , 0 < β <
sin β = , cos β = =− 3 2
2 2 2 y y
1
α x
(x, 1)
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β y
2 3
 5   1   12   3  (1, y) 1
=   ⋅  −  +  −  ⋅   β
 13   2   13   2  x x
−5 − 12 3 5 + 12 3
= or − 12 + y 2 = 22 , y < 0
26 26
y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y < 0
y=− 3
 12   1   5   3 
=  −  ⋅  −  −   ⋅   − − 3
 13   2   13   2  sin α =
3
=−
3
, tan α = =− 3
2 2 1
12 − 5 3
= x 2 + 12 = 32 , x > 0
26
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β x 2 = 9 − 1 = 8. x > 0
x= 8=2 2
 5   1   12   3 
=   ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  
 13   2   13   2  cos β =
2 2
, tan β =
1
=
2
3 2 2 4
−5 + 12 3
=
26 a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
tan α − tan β  3   2 2  1 1

d. tan(α − β ) = =  −  ⋅   +   ⋅  
1 + tan α tan β  2   3   2 3
5
− − − 3
12
( ) =
1− 2 6
6
=
 5
1+  −  ⋅ − 3
 12 
( ) b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
−5 + 12 3 1 2 2   3  1
=   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
12  2   3   2   3 
=
12 + 5 3 3+2 2
=
12 6
 −5 + 12 3   12 − 5 3 
=   ⋅   c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 12 + 5 3   12 − 5 3   3   2 2  1 1
− 240 + 169 3 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  2   3   2 3
69
−1 − 2 6
=
6
746
tan α − tan β π
d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  π  tan θ + tan 4
d. tan  θ +  =
 4  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2
− 3− 4
= 4
1
− +1
(
1+ − 3 ⋅ ) 4
2
= 2 2
 1 
−4 3 − 2 1−  −  ⋅1
 2 2
= 4
4− 6 −1 + 2 2
4 = 2 2
 −4 3 − 2   4+ 6  2 2 +1
=   ⋅   2 2
 4− 6   4+ 6 
 2 2 −1   2 2 −1 
−16 3 − 4 2 − 4 18 − 12 =   ⋅  
=
16 − 6  2 2 + 1   2 2 −1 
−18 3 − 16 2 8 − 4 2 +1
= =
10 8 −1
−9 3 − 8 2 9−4 2
= =
5 7
1 1
40. cos θ = , θ in quadrant IV
39. sin θ = , θ in quadrant II 4
3
2 a. sin θ = − 1 − cos 2 θ
1
a. cos θ = − 1 − sin θ = − 1 −  
2
2
3 1
= − 1−  
4
1
= − 1− 1
9 = − 1−
8 16
=− 15
9 =−
2 2 16
=− 15
3 =−
4
 π π π
b. sin  θ +  = sin θ ⋅ cos + cos θ ⋅ sin π π π
 6 6 6 
b. sin  θ −  = sin θ ⋅ cos − cos θ ⋅ sin
 6 6 6
 1  3   2 2  1 
=    +−    15   3   1   1 
 3   2   3   2  =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
3 − 2 2 −2 2 + 3  4   2  4 2
= = −1 − 3 5
6 6 =
8
 π π π
c. cos  θ −  = cos θ ⋅ cos + sin θ ⋅ sin  π π π
 3 3 3 c. cos  θ +  = cos θ ⋅ cos − sin θ ⋅ sin
 3 3 3
 2 2  1   1  3 
=  −   +     1   1   15   3 
 3   2   3   2  =   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
 4   2   4   2 
−2 2 + 3
= 1+ 3 5
6 =
8
747
π 42. From the solution to Problem 41, we have

tan θ − tan
 π 4 1 3 −2 2
d. tan  θ − = sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
 4  1 + tan θ ⋅ tan π 2 2 3
4 1
− 15 − 1 cos β = . Thus,
= 3
(
1 + − 15 ⋅1 ) g (α + β ) = cos (α + β )
 −1 − 15   1 + 15  = cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β
=   ⋅    3  1   1  2 2 
 1 − 15   1 + 15  =     −    − 
 2  3   2  3 
−1 − 2 15 − 15
=
1 − 15 3 2 2 3+2 2
= + =
−16 − 2 15 6 6 6
=
−14
43. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
8 + 15
= 1 3 −2 2
7 sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
41. α lies in quadrant I . Since x 2 + y 2 = 4 , 1
cos β = . Thus,
3
r = 4 = 2 . Now, ( x, 1) is on the circle, so
g (α − β ) = cos (α − β )
x 2 + 12 = 4
= cos α ⋅ cos β + sin α ⋅ sin β
x 2 = 4 − 12
 3  1   1  2 2 
x = 4 − 12 = 3 =     +    − 
 2  3   2  3 
y 1 x 3
Thus, sin α = = and cos α = = . 3 2 2 3−2 2
r 2 r 2 = − =
6 6 6
β lies in quadrant IV . Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 ,
1  44. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
r = 1 = 1 . Now,  , y  is on the circle, so
3  1 3 −2 2
2
sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
1 2
2 2 3
  + y =1 1
3 cos β = . Thus,
2 3
1
y2 = 1−   f (α − β ) = sin (α − β )
3
2 = sin α ⋅ cos β − cos α ⋅ sin β
1 8 2 2
y = − 1−   = − =−  1  1   3   2 2 
3 9 3 =    −   − 
 2  3   2   3 
y −23 2 −2 2
Thus, sin β = = = and 1 2 6 1+ 2 6
r 1 3 = + =
x 1 1 6 6 6
cos β = = 3 = . Thus,
r 1 3 45. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
f (α + β ) = sin (α + β )
1 3 −2 2
= sin α ⋅ cos β + cos α ⋅ sin β sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
 1   1   3  2 2  1
=     +   −  cos β = . Thus,
 2   3   2 
 3  3
1 2 6 1− 2 6
= − =
6 6 6
748
1 π  π π
sin α 1 3 47. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
tan α = = 2 = = and 2  2 2
cos α 3 3 3 = 1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
2 = cos θ
2 2
−
sin β 3 = −2 2 . Finally, π  π π
tan β = = 48. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ
cos β 1 2  2 2
3 = 0 ⋅ cos θ − 1 ⋅ sin θ
tan α + tan β
h (α + β ) = tan (α + β ) = = − sin θ
1 − tan α tan β
49. sin ( π − θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ − cos π ⋅ sin θ
3
3
(
+ −2 2 ) = 0 ⋅ cos θ − ( −1) sin θ
=
1−
3
3
( −2 2 ) = sin θ
3 50. cos ( π − θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ + sin π ⋅ sin θ

−2 2
3 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
2 6 3 = − cos θ
1+
3
3 −6 2 3− 2 6 51. sin ( π + θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ + cos π ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
3+ 2 6 3− 2 6 = 0 ⋅ cos θ + ( −1) sin θ
3 3 − 6 2 − 18 2 + 24 3 = − sin θ
=
9 − 6 6 + 6 6 − 24
52. cos ( π + θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ − sin π ⋅ sin θ
27 3 − 24 2 8 2 − 9 3
= = = −1 ⋅ cos θ − 0 ⋅ sin θ
−15 5
= − cos θ
tan π − tan θ
3 53. tan ( π − θ ) =
tan α = and tan β = −2 2 . Thus, 1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
3
0 − tan θ
tan α − tan β =
h (α − β ) = tan (α − β ) = 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1 + tan α tan β
− tan θ
=
3
3
(
− −2 2 ) 1
= − tan θ
=
1+
3
3
( −2 2 ) tan 2π − tan θ
54. tan ( 2π − θ ) =
3 1 + tan 2π ⋅ tan θ
+2 2 0 − tan θ
3 3
= ⋅ =
2 6 3 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1− − tan θ
3 =
3 + 6 2 3+ 2 6 1
= ⋅ = − tan θ
3− 2 6 3+ 2 6
3 3 + 6 2 + 18 2 + 24 3  3π  3π 3π
= 55. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
9 + 6 6 − 6 6 − 24  2  2 2
27 3 + 24 2 8 2 +9 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= =−
−15 5 = − cos θ
749
 3π  3π 3π sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β

56. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ 63. =
 2  2 2 sin(α − β ) sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 0 ⋅ cos θ − (−1) ⋅ sin θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= sin θ cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
57. sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) cos α cos β
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
+ sin α cos β − cos α sin β cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
= 2sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β
58. cos(α + β ) + cos(α − β ) tan α + tan β
=
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β tan α − tan β
+ cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= 2 cos α cos β cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
64. =
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
59. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β cos α sin β cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= +
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
= 1 + cot α tan β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
=
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β sin α sin β
60. = +
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β
sin α cos β cos α sin β 1 − tan α tan β
= + =
cos α cos β cos α cos β 1 + tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
cos(α + β )
65. cot(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β sin(α + β )
61. =
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= −
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1 − tan α tan β sin α sin β
=
sin α cos β + cos α sin β
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β sin α sin β
62. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α sin β sin α sin β
= + =
sin α cos β sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
= cot α + tan β sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β − 1
=
cot β + cot α
750
cos(α − β ) 69. sin(α − β )sin(α + β )

66. cot(α − β ) =
sin(α − β ) = ( sin α cos β − cos α sin β )( sin α cos β + cos α sin β )
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α cos 2 β − cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β = sin 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − sin 2 α )sin 2 β
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α − sin 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α sin β
= = sin 2 α − sin 2 β
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin α sin β 70. cos(α − β )cos(α + β )
cos α cos β sin α sin β = ( cos α cos β + sin α sin β )( cos α cos β − sin α sin β )
+
sin α sin β sin α sin β
= = cos 2 α cos 2 β − sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α cos β cos α sin β
− = cos 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − cos 2 α )sin 2 β
sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β + 1 = cos 2 α − cos 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
cot β − cot α = cos 2 α − sin 2 β
1 71. sin(θ + k π) = sin θ ⋅ cos k π + cos θ ⋅ sin k π

67. sec(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) = (sin θ )(−1) k + (cos θ )(0)
1 = (−1) k sin θ , k any integer
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 72. cos(θ + k π) = cos θ ⋅ cos k π − sin θ ⋅ sin k π
sin α sin β = (cos θ )(−1) k − (sin θ )(0)
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β = (−1) k cos θ , k any integer
sin α sin β
1 1  1  π π 
⋅ 73. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 0  = sin  + 
sin α sin β  2  6 2
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β  2π 
− = sin 
sin α sin β sin α sin β 
 3 
csc α csc β
= 3
cot α cot β − 1 =
2
1
68. sec(α − β ) =  3  π 
cos(α − β ) 74. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 1 = sin  + 0 
 2   3 
1
= π
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin
3
1
cos α cos β 3
= =
cos α cos β + sin α sin β 2
cos α cos β
 3  4 
1 1 75. sin sin −1 − cos −1  −  
⋅  5  5 
cos α cos β
= 3  4
cos α cos β sin α sin β Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
+ 5
cos α cos β cos α cos β  5
sec α sec β
=
1 + tan α tan β
751
3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
quadrant I; β is in quadrant II. Then sin α = ,
5 2
π 4 π 4 16 9 3
0 ≤ α ≤ , and cos β = − , ≤ β ≤ π . = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 2 5 25 25 5
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α   4 3
sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
2   5  4
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = = sin (α − β )
5
  25 25 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin β = 1 − cos β2
 4  4 3 3
=  − ⋅  −  ⋅ 
2  5  5 5 5
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 16 9 25
 5 25 25 5 =− − =−
25 25 25
 3  4  = −1
sin sin −1 − cos −1  −   = sin (α − β )
 5  5 
 4 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β 77. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13 
3  4  4 3 4 5
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5  5  5 5 3 13
12 12 4
=− − quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
25 25 3
24 π 5 π
=− 0<α < , and cos β = , 0≤β ≤ .
25 2 13 2
  4 3 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
76. sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
  5  4  2
4 16 25 5
 4  3 = 1+   = 1+ = =
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in 3 9 9 3
 5 4
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then 3
cos α =
4 π 3 5
sin α = −
, − ≤ α ≤ 0 , and tan β = ,
5 2 4
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
π
0<β < . 2
2 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5 25 25 5
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
 4 16
2
9 3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5  25 25 5 5 25
2
144 12
= 1−   = 1− = =
 13  169 169 13
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
2
3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1− = =
 
4 16 16 4
4
cos β =
5
752
 4 5 5
cos  tan −1 + cos −1  quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
 3 13  13
= cos (α + β ) π 3 π
0≤α ≤ , and tan β = , 0 < β < .
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 4 2
 3   5   4   12  cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
=  ⋅  −  ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13  2
5 25 144 12
15 48 33 = 1−   = 1− = =
= − =−  13  169 169 13
65 65 65
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
 5  3 
78. cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −   2
 12  5  3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1+ = =
5  3 4 16 16 4
Let α = tan −1 and β = sin −1  −  . α is in
12  5 4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant IV. Then cos β =
5
5 π 3
tan α = , 0 < α < , and sin β = − , sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
12 2 5
π 4
2
16 9 3
− <α < 0. = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 25 25 5
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
 5 3
2 cos sin −1 − tan −1 
 5 25 169 13  13 4
= 1+   = 1+ = =
12
  144 144 12 = cos (α − β )
12 = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
cos α =
13 12 4 5 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
13 5 13 5
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 48 15
2 = +
 12  144 25 5 65 65
= 1−   = 1− = =
13
  169 169 13 63
=
65
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β
 4 12 
 3
2
9 16 4 80. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
= 1−  −  = 1− = =  3 13 
 5 25 25 5
4 12
Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
 5  3  3 13
cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −  
 12  5  4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
= cos (α − β ) 3
= cos α cos β + sin α sin β π 12 π
0<α < , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 13 2
 12   4   5   3  48 15 33
=  ⋅  +  ⋅ −  = − =
 13   5   13   5  65 65 65 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
2
 5 3 4 16 25 5
79. cos  sin −1 − tan −1  = 1+   = 1+ = =
 13 4 3 9 9 3
5 3 3
Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . α is in cos α =
13 4 5
753
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α  3 π
tan  sin −1  + tan
 −1 3 π   5 6
2 tan  sin + =
3 9 16 4  5 6  −1 3  π
= 1−   = 1− = = 1 − tan  sin  ⋅ tan
5 25 25 5  5  6
3 3
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β +
= 4 3
 12 
2
144 25 5 3 3
= 1−   = 1− = = 1− ⋅
4 3
 13  169 169 13
9+ 3
 4 12 
= 12
cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13  12 − 3 3
= cos (α + β ) 12
9 + 3 12 + 3 3
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β = ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
 3   12   4   5 
=  ⋅  −  ⋅  108 + 75 3 + 36
 5   13   5   13  =
144 − 27
36 20
= − 144 + 75 3
65 65 =
117
16
= 48 + 25 3
65 =
39
 3 π
81. tan  sin −1 + 
 5 6 π 3
82. tan  − cos −1 
3  4 5 
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3
Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
3 π 5
sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2 3 π
cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2
2
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = 2
5 25 25 5 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5
  25 25 5
3
sin α 5 3 5 3 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = sin α 5 4 5 4
cos α 4 5 4 4 tan α = = = ⋅ =
5 cos α 3 5 3 3
5
π  3
tan − tan  cos −1 
π 3  4  5 
tan  − cos −1  =
4 5 π  −1 3 
1 + tan ⋅ tan  cos 
4  5
4 1
1− −
3 1 3 1
= = 3 =− ⋅ =−
4 7 3 7 7
1 + 1⋅
3 3
754
 4   4 
83. tan  sin −1 + cos −1 1 sin  cos −1 + sin −1 1
 5   −1 4   5 
tan  cos + sin −1 1 =
−1 4  5  tan  cos −1 4 + sin −1 1
Let α = sin and β = cos −11 ; α is in  
5  5 
4 π sin (α + β )
quadrant I. Then sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and =
5 2 cos (α + β )
cos β = 1 , 0 ≤ β ≤ π . So, β = cos −1 1 = 0 . sin α cos β + cos α sin β
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
3 4
4
2
16 9 3   (0) +   (1)
=  5
= 1−   = 1− = = 5
5 25 25 5 4 3
  (0) −   (1)
4 5 5
sin α 5 4 5 4 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = 4
cos α 3 5 3 3 = 5 =−
5 3 3
−
 −1 4  5
tan  sin − cos −1 1
 5 
(
85. cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v )
 4 
 5
(
tan  sin −1  + tan cos −1 1 ) Let α = cos −1 u and β = sin −1 v .
= Then cos α = u, 0 ≤ α ≤ π , and
 4
 5
(
1 − tan  sin −1  ⋅ tan cos −1 1 ) π π
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤
4 4 2 2
+0 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4
= 3 = 3=
4 sin α = 1 − cos 2 α = 1 − u 2
1− ⋅ 0 1 3
3 cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2
 4 
84. tan  cos −1 + sin −1 1
( )
cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v = cos(α + β )
 5  = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
−1 4
Let α = cos and β = sin -1 1 ; α is in = u 1 − v2 − v 1 − u 2
5
4
quadrant I. Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and
π (
86. sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
5 2 −1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π −1 π
sin β = 1 , − ≤β ≤ . So, β = sin 1 = . π π
2 2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
2 2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4 16 9 3
= 1−   = 1− = = cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2
5
  25 25 5
3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2
tan α =
sin α 5 3 5 3
= = ⋅ = , but tan is
π ( )
sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v = sin(α − β )
cos α 4 5 4 4 2 = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
5
undefined. Therefore, we cannot use the sum = uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2
formula for tangent. Rewriting using sine and
cosine, we obtain:
755
(
87. sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
Let α = tan −1 u and β = sin −1 v . Then 1
= 1−
π π u2 +1
tan α = u, − < α < , and
2 2 u2 +1−1
π π =
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤ . u2 +1
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 u2
= 2
u +1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 u
=
1 u2 +1
cos α =
u2 + 1
sec β = tan 2 β + 1 = v 2 + 1
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2 1
cos β =
2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α v +1
1 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1− 2
u +1 1
= 1−
u2 +1−1 2
v +1
=
u2 +1 v2 + 1 − 1
2 =
u v2 + 1
= 2
u +1 v2
u = 2
= v +1
u2 +1 v
=
(
sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) v2 + 1
= sin(α − β ) (
cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β = cos(α + β )
u 1 = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= ⋅ 1 − v2 − ⋅v
2
u +1 u2 +1 1 1 u v
2
= ⋅ − ⋅
u 1− v − v 2
u +1 v +1 2 2
u +1 2
v +1
=
u +12 1 − uv
=
u 2 + 1 ⋅ v2 + 1
(
88. cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
−1
Let α = tan u and β = tan −1 v . Then
(
89. tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
−1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and π π
2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
π π 2 2
tan β = v, − < β < . cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −∞ < v < ∞ −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2
1 sin α u
cos α = tan α = =
2 cos α 1− u2
u +1
756
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2 (
sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v )
= sec(α + β )
sin β 1 − v2
tan β = = 1
cos β v =
cos(α + β )
( )
tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v = tan(α − β )
=
1
tan α − tan β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1
1 + tan α tan β =
1 u
u 1 − v2 ⋅v − ⋅ 1 − v2
− 2
u +1 2
u +1
1− u2 v
= 1
u 1 − v2 =
1+ ⋅ v u 1 − v2
1− u2 v −
u2 +1 u2 +1
uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2 1
=
= v 1− u2 v − u 1 − v2
v 1 − u 2 + u 1 − v2 u2 +1
2
v 1− u
u2 +1
2 2 =
uv − 1 − u 1− v
= v − u 1 − v2
2 2
v 1− u + u 1− v
91. sin θ − 3 cos θ = 1
(
90. sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v ) Divide each side by 2:
Let α = tan −1 u and β = cos −1 v . Then 1 3 1
sin θ − cos θ =
2 2 2
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2
cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π . 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 2 2 3
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 2
1
1 sin(θ − φ ) =
cos α = 2
u2 + 1 π 5π
θ −φ = or θ − φ =
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 6 6
π π π 5π
1 θ− = θ− =
= 1− 3 6 3 6
2
u +1 π 7π
θ= θ=
u2 +1−1 2 6
=
u2 +1  π 7π 
u2
2 6 
=
u2 +1
u
=
u2 +1
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2
757
92. 3 sin θ + cos θ = 1 94. sin θ − cos θ = − 2

Divide each side by 2: Divide each side by 2 :
3 1 1 1 1
sin θ + cos θ = sin θ − cos θ = −1
2 2 2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
3 1 π 1 1 π
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6 2 2 4
1 sin θ cos φ − sin φ cos θ = −1
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2
sin(θ − φ ) = −1
1
sin(θ + φ ) = 3π
2 θ −φ =
π 5π 2
θ +φ = or θ + φ = π 3π
6 6 θ− =
π π π 5π 4 2
θ+ = or θ + = 7π
6 6 6 6 θ=
4
2π
θ = 0 or θ=
3 { }
The solution set is 74π .
 2π 
The solution set is 0, . 95. tan θ + 3 = sec θ
 3 
sin θ 1
+ 3=
93. sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ cos θ
Divide each side by 2 : sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
1 1 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
sin θ + cos θ = 1 Divide each side by 2:
2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 1 3 1
sin θ + cos θ =
1 1 π 2 2 2
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2 4
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = 1 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
sin(θ + φ ) = 1 2 2 3
π 1
θ +φ = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2 2
π π 1
θ+ = sin(θ + φ ) =
4 2 2
π π 5π
θ= θ +φ = or θ + φ =
4 6 6
π π π 5π
π  θ+ = θ+ =
The solution set is   . 3 6 3 6
4 π
π 11π θ=
θ =− = 2
6 6
π
But since is not in the domain of the tangent
2
11π 
function then the solution set is  .
 6 
758
96. cot θ + csc θ = − 3 98. Let α = tan −1 v and β = cot −1 v . Then

cos θ 1 tan α = v = cot β , and since
+ =− 3
sin θ sin θ π  π 
tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β . If
cos θ + 1 = − 3 sin θ 2  2 
π π 
3 sin θ + cos θ = −1 v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α < , so that  − α  and β
Divide each side by 2: 2  2 
3 1 1  π
both lie in the interval  0,  . If v < 0 , then
sin θ + cos θ = −  2
2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using π π 
− < α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in
3 1 π 2 2 
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6  π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
1 2 
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = −
2 π  π
cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β , or
1  2  2
sin(θ + φ ) = −
2 π π
7π 11π α + β = . Thus, tan −1 v + cot −1 v = . Note
θ +φ = or θ + φ = 2 2
6 6 that v ≠ 0 since cot −1 0 is undefined.
π 7π π 11π
θ+ = or θ + =
6 6 6 6 1 1
99. Let α = tan −1   and β = tan −1 v . Because
5π v v
θ = π or θ=
3 must be defined, v ≠ 0 and so α , β ≠ 0 . Then
But since π is not in the domain of the
1 1
cotangent function then the solution set is tan α = = = cot β , and since
v tan β
 5π 
 . π  π 
 3  tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β .
 2   2 
97. Let α = sin −1 v and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π 
sin α = v = cos β , and since Because v > 0 , 0 < α < and so  − α  and
2  2 
π  π 
sin α = cos  − α  , cos  − α  = cos β . If  π
 2   2  β both lie in the interval  0,  . Then
 2
π π 
v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α ≤ , so that  − α  and β π  π
2 2  cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β or
2  2
 π 
both lie in the interval 0,  . If v < 0 , then π
 2 α = − β . Thus,
2
π π 
− ≤ α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in 1 π
2 2  tan −1   = − tan −1 v, if v > 0 .
v 2
π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
2  100. Let θ = tan −1 e− v . Then tan θ = e− v , so
π  π 1 π
cos  − α  = cos β implies − α = β , or cot θ = − v = ev . Because 0 < θ < , we know
2  2
e 2
π π −v
α + β = . Thus, sin −1 v + cos −1 v = . that e > 0 , which means
2 2
cot −1 ev = cot −1 ( cot θ ) = θ = tan −1 e− v .
759
(
101. sin sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) 104.
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
h
( ) (
= sin sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) cos( x + h) − cos x
+ cos ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )
−1 −1 h
cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x
=
= v ⋅ v + 1 − v2 1 − v2 h
= v2 + 1 − v2 − sin x sin h + cos x cos h − cos x
=
h
=1
− sin x sin h − cos x (1 − cos h )
=
(
102. cos sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) sin h
h
1 − cos h
( ) (
= cos sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) = − sin x ⋅
h
− cos x ⋅
h
− sin ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )

−1 −1
= 1 − v2 ⋅ v − v ⋅ 1 − v2
=0
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
103.
h
sin( x + h) − sin x
=
h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x + sin x cos h
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x (1 − cos h )
=
h
sin h 1 − cos h
= cos x ⋅ − sin x ⋅
h h
( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan tan −1 3( )
105. a. ( ) (( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = ) (
1 − tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 ) tan ( tan 3)
−1
( ) (
tan tan −1 1 + tan tan −1 2 ) +3
1+ 2 3
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1 +3 +3
−3 + 3 0
= = 1 − 1⋅ 2 = −1 = = =0
tan ( tan 1) + tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1
1−
1 + 2 3
⋅ 3 1 − ⋅ 3 1 + 9 10
1− ⋅3 1 − 1⋅ 2 −1
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1
π π
b. From the definition of the inverse tangent function we know 0 < tan −1 1 < , 0 < tan −1 2 < , and
2 2
π 3π  3π 
0 < tan −1 3 < . Thus, 0 < tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 < . On the interval  0,  , tan θ = 0 if and only if
2 2  2 
θ = π . Therefore, from part (a), tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = π .
760
(
106. cos φ sin 2 (ωt ) − sin φ sin (ωt ) cos (ωt ) = sin (ω t ) cos φ sin (ω t ) − sin φ cos (ω t ) )
= sin (ωt ) ( sin (ωt ) cos φ − cos (ω t ) sin φ )
= sin (ωt ) sin (ωt − φ )
107. Note that θ = θ 2 − θ1 .

tan θ 2 − tan θ1 m − m1
Then tan θ = tan (θ 2 − θ1 ) = = 2
1 + tan θ 2 tan θ1 1 + m2 m1
108. sin(α − θ )sin( β − θ )sin(γ − θ )

= ( sin α cosθ − cos α sin θ )( sin β cosθ − cos β sin θ )( sin γ cosθ − cos γ sin θ )
  cosθ     cosθ     cosθ  
= sin θ  sin α   − cos α  sin θ  sin β   − cos β  sin θ  sin γ   − cos γ 
  sin θ     sin θ     sin θ  
  cosθ cos α     cosθ cos β    cosθ cos γ 
= sin 3 θ  sin α  −    sin β  −   sin γ  − 
  sin θ sin α     sin θ sin β    sin θ sin γ 
= sin 3 θ ( sin α ( cot θ − cot α ) ) ( sin β ( cot θ − cot β ) ) ( sin γ ( cot θ − cot γ ) )
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ ( cot β + cot γ )( cot α + cot γ )( cot α + cot β )
 cos β cos γ  cos α cos γ  cos α cos β 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ  +  +  + 
 sin β sin γ  sin α sin γ  sin α sin β 
 sin(γ + β )  sin(γ + α )  sin( β + α ) 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ    
 sin(180º − α )  sin(180º − β )  sin(180º − γ ) 
 sin α  sin β  sin γ 
= sin 3 θ
109. If tan α = x + 1 and tan β = x − 1 , then 110. The first step in the derivation,
1 π
2cot (α − β ) = 2 ⋅  π  tan θ + tan 2
tan (α − β ) tan  θ +  = , is impossible
 2  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2 2
=
tan α − tan β
π
1 + tan α tan β because tan is undefined.
2
2 (1 + tan α tan β )
=
tan α − tan β 111. If formula (7) is used, we obtain
2 (1 + ( x + 1)( x − 1) ) π
tan − tan θ
= π  2
x + 1 − ( x − 1) tan  − θ  = . However, this is
 2  1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
=
( (
2 1 + x2 − 1 )) 2
x +1− x +1 π
impossible because tan is undefined. Using
2x2 2
=
2
2
=x
761
formulas (3a) and (3b), we obtain 1 1 5 5

π cos θ = = ⋅ =
sin −θ sec θ 5 5 5
π 2
tan −θ = . sin θ
2 π tan θ = , so
cos −θ cos θ
2
 5 2 5
cos θ sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −2   = − .
= = cot θ  5  5
sin θ
1 1 5 5
csc θ = = =− =−
112. x 2 + 5 x + 1 = −2 x 2 − 11x − 4 sin θ 2 5 2 5 2
−
3x 2 + 16 x + 5 = 0 5
(3x + 1)( x + 5) = 0 1 1 1
cot θ = = =−
3x + 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 tan θ −2 2
1
x=− x = −5
3
For x = −
1 Section 6.6
3
1 1
2 1. sin 2 θ , 2 cos 2 θ , 2sin 2 θ
y= − + 5 − +1
3 3 2. 1 − cos θ
1 5 5
= − +1 = −
9 3 9 3. sin θ
For x = −5
4. True
y = ( −5) + 5 ( −5) + 1
2
= 25 − 25 + 1 = 1 5. False, only the first one is equivalent.

The intersection points are:
6. False, you cannot add the arguments or tan.
1 5
− , − , ( −5,1)
3 9 3 π θ π
7. sin θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which
5 2 2 4
17π 180 θ
113. ⋅ = 510° means lies in quadrant I.
6 π 2
y = 3, r = 5
π
114. 45° = radians x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0
4
1 2 1 π x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
A= r θ = (6)2
2 2 4 x=4
36π 9π 4 3
= = ≈ 14.14 cm 2 So, cos θ = and tan θ = .
8 2 5 4
3 4 24
115. tan θ = − 2 and 270° < θ < 360° (quadrant IV) a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2
sec 2 θ = ( −2 ) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2  4 3 16 9 7
=   −  = − =
   
5 5 25 25 25
sec θ = ± 5
Note that sec θ must be positive since θ lies in
quadrant IV. Thus, sec θ = 5 .
762
Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas
θ 1 − cosθ θ 1 − cos θ
c. sin = c. sin =
2 2 2 2
4 1 3 2
1− 1−
= 5 = 5 = 1 = 1 10 = 10 5 = 5 = 1= 1 5= 5
2 2 10 10 10 10 =
2 2 5 5 5 5
θ 1 + cosθ
d. cos = θ 1 + cos θ
2 2 d. cos =
2 2
4 9
1+ 3 8
= 5 = 5 = 9 = 3 10 = 3 10 1+
2 2 10 10 10 10 = 5 = 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 2 5 5 5 5
2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 2 tan θ
1 − tan 2 θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
3 3 3
2  4 8 8
 4 2 24 2 
= = = 2 =  3 24
9 7 = 3 = 3 =−
2
3 1− 7 =
1−   16 16 4
2
16 7 7
4 1−   1− −
 
3 9 9
f. The angle is in QI so
f. The angle is in QI so
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 45
tan   = + = θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 53
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 54 tan   = + =
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 53
1
1 1
= 5
= = 2
1 1
9
5
9 3 = 5
= =
8
5
4 2
3 π θ π
8. cos θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which 4 3π π θ 3π
5 2 2 4 9. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < ,
θ 3 2 2 2 4
means lies in quadrant I. θ
2 which means lies in quadrant II.
x = 3, r = 5 2
x = −3, y = − 4
32 + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
y 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, y > 0 r 2 = (−3) 2 + (− 4) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25
y=4 r =5
4 4 4 3 4
So, sin θ = and tan θ = . sin θ = − , cos θ = − , tan θ =
5 3 5 5 3
4 3 24 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 4   3  24
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  5   5  25
2 2
3  4 9 16 7 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=   −  = − =−
   
5 5 25 25 25 2 2
 3  4 9 16 7
= −  −−  = − =−
 5  5  25 25 25
763
θ 1 − cos θ a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

c. sin =
2 2  5  2 5 4
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − =
 3  5   5  5
1−  − 
=  5 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
 2 5  5
8 =  −  −− 
 5   5 
= 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 5 5 5 5 20 5 15 3
= − = =
θ 1 + cos θ 25 25 25 5
d. cos =−
2 2  −2 5 
1 −  
 3 θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=  5 
1+  −  c.
 5 2 2 2
=−
2 5+ 2 5
2 5
=
5 1 1 5 5 2
=− =− =− =−
2 5 5 5 5
5+ 2 5
=
2 tan θ 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ  −2 5 
1 +  
4 8 8
2 
d.
θ
cos = −
1 + cos θ
=−  5 
 3 24
= = 3 = 3 =− 2 2 2
4
2
16 7 7
1−   1− − 5−2 5
3
  9 9
=− 5
f. The angle is in QII so 2
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( − 53 ) =−
5−2 5
tan   = − =− 10
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( − 53 )
8
2 tan θ
=− 5
= − 4 = −2 e. tan ( 2θ ) =
2
5
1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
1 3π π θ 3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
2
10. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < , = =
2 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 3
1−   1−
θ 2 4 4
which means lie in quadrant II.
2
x = − 2, y = −1
r 2 = (− 2) 2 + (−1) 2 = 4 + 1 = 5
r= 5
1 5 2 2 5
sin θ = − =− , cos θ = − =−
5 5 5 5
1
tan θ =
2
764
f. The angle is in QII so  6

θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( )
2
5
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=
1 −  −
 3 

2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
2
5
2 2 2
5 +2
3+ 6
5 5+2 5 3
=− 5 −2
=− =
5
5−2 5 2
=−
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 ) =
3+ 6
6
(5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
 6
25 + 20 5 + 20 45 + 20 5 1 +  − 
=− =− d.
θ
cos =
1 + cos θ
=  3 
25 − 20 5 2 2 2
= − 9+4 5 3− 6
= 3
2
6 π π θ π
11. cos θ = − , < θ < π . Thus, < < , 3− 6
3 2 4 2 2 =
6
θ
which means lies in quadrant I.
2 2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
x = − 6, r = 3 1 − tan 2 θ
(− 6 )
2
+ y 2 = 32  2
2  − 
2  − 2 2
y2 = 9 − 6 = 3 =  = =− = −2 2
 2
2
1 1
y= 3 1−
1 −   2 2
 2 
3 2
sin θ = and tan θ = −
3 2 f. The angle is in QI so
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( )
3
6
 3  6
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
3
6
 3   3 
3+ 6
2 18 6 2 2 2 3+ 6
=− =− =− = 3
3− 6
=
9 9 3 3
3− 6
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

=
(3 + 6 ) ⋅ (3 + 6 ) = 9+6 6 +6

=  −
6  3
 − 
2

2
(3 − 6 ) (3 + 6 ) 9−6
 3   3  15 + 6 6
6 3 3 1 = = 5+ 2 6
= − = = 3
9 9 9 3
3 3π 3π θ
12. sin θ = − , < θ < 2π . Thus, < <π,
3 2 4 2
θ
which means lies in quadrant II.
2
765
y = − 3, r = 3 f. The angle is in QII so
(
x2 + − 3 )
2
=3 θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( )
3
6
x2 = 9 − 3 = 6
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( )
3
6
x= 6 3− 6
3− 6
=− 3
=−
6 2 3+ 6
3+ 6
cos θ = and tan θ = − 3
3 2
=−
(3 − 6 ) ⋅ (3 − 6 )
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
(3 + 6 ) (3 − 6 )
 3  6
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   9−6 6 +6 15 − 6 6
 3   3  =− =−
9−6 3
2 18 6 2 2 2
=− =− =− = − 5−2 6
9 9 3
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ π
13. sec θ = 3, sin θ > 0 , so 0 < θ < . Thus,
 6  3
2 2
2
=   −  −  θ π θ
 3   3  0< <, which means lies in quadrant I.
2 4 2
6 3 3 1 1
= − = = cos θ = , x = 1 , r = 3 .
9 9 9 3 3
6 12 + y 2 = 32
1−
θ 1 − cos θ 3 y2 = 9 −1 = 8
c. sin = =
2 2 2
y= 8=2 2
3− 6 2 2
3 sin θ = and tan θ = 2 2
= 3
2
2 2 1 4 2
3− 6 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
= 3 3 9
6
6
1+ 2
1 2 2 
2
θ 1 + cos θ 3 1 8 7
d. cos = − =− =   −   = − = −
2 2 2 3  3  9 9 9
3+ 6
θ 1 − cos θ
3 c. sin =
=− 2 2
2
1 2
3+ 6 1−
=− = 3 = 3 = 1= 1 3= 3
6 2 2 3 3 3 3
2 tan θ θ 1 + cos θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = d. cos =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2
 2 1 4
2  −  1+
 2  − 2 2 = 3 = 3 = 2
=
2 3
=
6
= = =− = −2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
 2
2
1 1
1−
1 −   2 2
 2 
766
2 tan θ  2 5
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 1 +  −
1 − tan 2 θ 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 
=
( )
2 2 2
=
4 2
=−
4 2
d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
1− (2 2 )
2
1− 8 7 5−2 5
=− 5
f. The angle is in QI so 2
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 13 ) 5−2 5
tan   = = =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 13 ) 10
2
1 2 2 tan θ
= = = tan ( 2θ ) =
3
e.
4
3
2 2 1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
14. csc θ = − 5, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus, 2
= =
2  
1 1 3 3
1−   1−
π θ 3π θ 4 4
< < , which means lies in quadrant II. 2
2 2 4 2
−1 5 f. The angle is in QII so
sin θ = =− , r = 5, y = −1
5 5
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( ) 2
5
( 5)
2
x 2 + (−1) 2 = 2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5
x2 = 5 − 1 = 4 5 +2
5 5+2 5
x = −2 =− =− = − 9+4 5
5 −2
5
5−2 5
−2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− and tan θ =
5 5 2
π
15. cot θ = −2, sec θ < 0 , so < θ < π . Thus,
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ 2
 5  2 5 4 π θ π θ
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − = < < , which means lies in quadrant I.
 5   5  5 4 2 2 2
x = − 2, y = 1
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ r 2 = (− 2) 2 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
 2 5  5 r= 5
=  −  −− 
 5   5  1 5
sin θ = = ,
20 5 15 3 5 5
= − = =
25 25 25 5 −2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− , tan θ = −
 2 5 5 5 2
1 −  − 
θ 1 − cos θ  5  a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
c. sin = =
2 2 2  5  2 5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =−
5+2 5  5   5  25 5
= 5
2
5+2 5
=
10
767
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ f. The angle is in QI so

2
 2 5  5
2
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( ) 2
5
=  −  − 
 5   5  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5
20 5 15 3
= − = = 5 +2
5+2 5
25 25 25 5 = 5
=
5 −2
5
5−2 5
 2 5
1 −  −
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
= 

5 
=
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 )
2 2 2 (5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
5+2 5
25 + 40 5 + 20 45 + 40 5
= 5 = =
2 25 − 20 5
5+2 5 = 9+4 5
=
10
 2 5
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 
d. cos = =
2 2 2
5−2 5
= 5
2
5−2 5
=
10
2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
 1
2 − 
−1 1 4
= 
2
= =− =−
 1 
2
1 3 3
1−  −  1−
 2 4 4
768
3π 3π
16. sec θ = 2, csc θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus, 17. tan θ = − 3, sin θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus,
2 2
3π θ θ 3π θ θ
< < π , which means lies in quadrant < < π , which means lies in quadrant II.
4 2 2 4 2 2
II. x = 1, y = −3
1 r 2 = 12 + (−3) 2 = 1 + 9 = 10
cos θ = , x = 1, r = 2
2
r = 10
12 + y 2 = 22
−3 3 10 1 10
y2 = 4 −1 = 3 sin θ = =− , cos θ = = ,
10 10 10 10
y= 3 tan θ = −3
3 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ = − and tan θ = − 3
2
 3 10   10 
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ  10   10 
 3 1 3 6 3
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   = − =− =−
 2   2 2 10 5
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
1 
2
3 1 3 1  10   3 10 
=   −  −  = − = − =   −  − 
2  2  4 4 2  10   10 
θ 1 − cos θ 10 90 80 4
c. sin = = − =− =−
2 2 100 100 100 5
1 1 10
1− 1−
= 2 = 2 = 1 =1 θ
1 − cos θ 10
2 2 4 2 c. sin = =
2 2 2
θ 1 + cos θ 10 − 10
d. cos =−
2 2 10
=
1 3 2
1+
=− 2 =− 2 =− 3 =− 3 10 − 10
2 2 4 2 =
20
2 tan θ 1 10 − 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 5
=
( )
2 − 3
=
−2 3
= 3
1− (− 3)
2
1− 3
f. The angle is in QII so

θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 12 )
tan   = − =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 12 )
1
1 3
=− 2
=− =−
3
2
3 3
769
10 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

1+
θ 1 + cos θ 10  10   3 10  6 3
d. cos =− =− = 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  = =
2 2 2
 10   10  10 5
10 + 10
=− 10
2 2
2  3 10   10 
=  −  −  − 
=−
10 + 10  10   10 
20 90 10 80 4
= − = =
1 10 + 10 100 100 100 5
=−
2 5  3 10 
1 −  − 
2 tan θ θ 1 − cos θ  10 
e. tan ( 2θ ) = c. sin = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2 2
2 ( −3) −6 6 3 10 + 3 10
= = =− =
1 − ( −3 )
2
1− 9 −8 4 = 10
2
f. The angle is in QII so 10 + 3 10
=
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( ) 1
10
20
 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( ) 1 1 10 + 3 10
10 =
2 5
10 − 1 10 − 10
=− =−
10 + 1 10 + 10  3 10 
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  10 
=−
(10 − 10 ) ⋅ (10 − 10 ) d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
(10 + 10 ) (10 − 10 )
10 − 3 10
100 − 20 10 + 10 110 − 20 10 =− 10
=− =− 2
100 − 10 90
10 − 3 10
11 − 2 10 =−
=− 20
3
1 10 − 3 10
=−
2 5
3π
18. cot θ = 3, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus,
2 2 tan θ
π θ 3π θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
< < which means is in quadrant II. 1 − tan 2 θ
2 2 4 2 1 2
x = −3, y = −1 2 
=  2 =
3 3=3
r 2 = (−3) 2 + (−1) 2 = 9 + 1 = 10 1 8 4
1−   9
r = 10 3
1 10
sin θ = − =− ,
10 10
3 3 10 1
cos θ = − =− and tan θ =
10 10 3
770
f. The angle is in QII so  7π  7π

1 − cos
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( 3
10 ) 21. tan
7π  4 
= tan   =−
4
7π
8  2 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( 3
10 ) 1 + cos
4
10 + 3 10 + 3 10 2
=− =− 1−
10 − 3 10 − 3 10 =− 2 ⋅2
2 2
=−
(10 + 3 10 ) ⋅ (10 + 3 10 ) 1+
2
(10 − 3 10 ) (10 + 3 10 )  2− 2  2− 2 
= −   ⋅  
100 + 60 10 + 90 190 + 60 10 2+ 2  2− 2 
=− =−
100 − 90
(2 − 2 )
2
10
= − 19 + 6 10 =−
2
 2− 2 
= −  
 45°   2 
19. sin 22.5° = sin  
 2  =− ( 2 −1 )
1 − cos 45°
= = 1− 2
2
1−
2  9π  9π
2− 2 2− 2  4  1 − cos
2 = 9π 4
= = 22. tan = tan  =
2 4 2 8  2  9π
1 + cos
4
 45° 
20. cos 22.5° = cos   2
 2  1−
2 2
= ⋅
1 + cos 45° 2 2
= 1+
2 2
2  2− 2   2− 2 
1+ = 
= 2 = 2+ 2
=
2+ 2  ⋅  
 2+ 2   2− 2 
2 4 2
(2 − 2 )
2
=
2
2− 2
=
2
= 2 −1
= −1 + 2
 330° 
23. cos165° = cos  
 2 
1 + cos 330°
=−
2
3
1+
=− 2 = − 2+ 3 = − 2+ 3
2 4 2
771
 390°  1 − cos 390° 7π 1 1

24. sin195° = sin  26. csc = =
 =− 8 sin 7 π  7π 
 2  2
 
8 sin  4 
3  2 
1−
2 1
=− =
2 7π
1 − cos
2− 3 4
=− 2
4
1
=
2− 3 2
=− 1−
2 2
2
15π 1 1 1
25. sec = = =
8 15π  15π 
cos 2− 2
8  
cos  4  4
 2  2
1 =
= 2− 2
15π
1 + cos  2   2− 2
4 = ⋅ 
2  2− 2   2− 2 
  
1 2 2− 2  2+ 2
= = ⋅ 
2  2 − 2   2 + 2 
1+  
2
2 =
(
2 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
1 2
=
2+ 2 (
= 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
4
2  π
=  π − 
2+ 2 27. sin  −  = sin  4 
 8  2 
 2   2+ 2 
= ⋅   π
 2+ 2   2+ 2  1 − cos  − 
    =−  4
 2 2+ 2   2− 2  2
= ⋅ 
 2 + 2   2 − 2  1−
2
  2 = − 2− 2 = − 2− 2
=−
=
(
2 2− 2 ) 2+ 2 2 4 2
2
 3π 
(
= 2− 2 ) 2+ 2  3π  − 
28. cos  −  = cos  4 
 8   2 
 3π 
1 + cos  − 
=  4 
2
 2
1 +  − 
 2  2− 2 2− 2
= = =
2 4 2
772
29. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 . θ

32. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so 2
θ
a 2 + 22 = 5 quadrant I. Therefore, sin is positive. From the
2 2 2
a = 5−2
5
a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1 solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5
(a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ  θ 1 − cos θ
b 2 2 5 Thus, f   = sin =
Thus, sin θ = = = and 2 2 2
r 5 5
− 5
a −1 5 1 −  
cos θ = = =− . Thus,  5 
r 5 5 =
2
f ( 2θ ) = sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
5+ 5
2 5  5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =− = 5
 5   5  25 5 2
30. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 5+ 5

=
2 5 5 10
sin θ = and cos θ = − .
5 5
=
(
10 5 + 5 )
Thus, g ( 2θ ) = cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 10
2 2
 5 2 5
=  −  −   33. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 .
 5   5  Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so
5 20 15 3
= − =− =− a 2 + 22 = 5
25 25 25 5
a 2 = 5 − 22
θ a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1
31. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
2 (a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ b 2
quadrant I. Therefore, cos is positive. From the Thus, tan θ = = = −2 .
2 a −1
5 h ( 2θ ) = tan ( 2θ )
solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5 2 tan θ
=
θ  θ 1 + cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
Thus, g   = cos =
2 2 2 2 ( −2 ) −4 −4 4
= = = =
− 5 1 − ( −2 )
2
1 − 4 −3 3
1 +  
=  5 
2
5− 5
= 5
2
5− 5
=
10
=
(
10 5 − 5 )
10
773
34. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 36. From the solution to Problem 35, we have
2 5 5 15 1
sin θ = and cos θ = − . Thus, sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus,
5 5 4 4
− 5 f ( 2α ) = sin ( 2α )
1 −  
θ  θ 1 − cos θ  5  = 2sin α cos α
h   = tan = =
2 2 sin θ 2 5  15   1  15
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  =
5  4   4 8
5+ 5
= 5 α
37. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2 5 2
5 α
quadrant II. Therefore, sin is positive. From
5+ 5 2
=
2 5 1
the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
5+ 5 5 4
= ⋅ α  α
2 5 5 Thus, f   = sin
2 2
5 5 +5
= 1 − cos α
10 =
2
5 +1 1+ 5
= =  1
2 2 1−  − 
=  4
35. α lies in quadrant III. Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 , 2
 1  5
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the
 4  = 4 = 5 = 5 ⋅ 2 = 10 = 10
circle, so 2 8 8 2 16 4
2
 1
−  +b =1
2
α
 4 38. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2
2
 1 α
b2 = 1 −  −  quadrant II. Therefore, cos is negative. From
 4 2
2 1
 1 15 15 the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
b = − 1−  −  = − =− 4
 4 16 4
Thus,
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.)
α  α
1 g   = cos
− 2
  2
a 1
Thus, cos α = = 4 = − and
r 1 4 1 + cos α
=−
15 2
−
b 4 = − 15 . Thus,  1
sin α = = 1+  − 
r 1 4  4
=−
g ( 2α ) = cos ( 2α ) = cos α − sin 2 α
2
2
2
 1   15 
2 3
=  −  −   3 3 2 6 6
 4   4  =− 4 =− =− ⋅ =− =−
2 8 8 2 16 4
1 15 14 7
= − =− =−
16 16 16 8
774

( )
2
41. sin 4 θ = sin 2 θ
15 1
sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus, 2
4 4  1 − cos ( 2θ ) 
= 
α  α 1 − cos α  2 
h   = tan =
2 2 sin α 1
= 1 − 2 cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ ) 
 1 4
1−  − 
= 
4 1 1 1
= − cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ )
15 4 2 4
−
4 1 1 1  1 + cos ( 4θ ) 
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) +  
4 2 4 2 
= 4 1 1 1 1
15 = − cos ( 2θ ) + + cos ( 4θ )
− 4 2 8 8
4
3 1 1
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ )
=− 8 2 8
15
5 15 42. sin ( 4θ ) = sin ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=− ⋅
15 15 = 2sin ( 2θ ) cos ( 2θ )
=−
5 15
15
= 2(2sin θ cos θ ) 1 − 2sin 2 θ( )
15 (
= 4sin θ cos θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ )
=−
3
 (
= ( cos θ )  4sin θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ 
 )
40. α lies in quadrant III. Since x + y = 1 , 2 2
(
= ( cos θ ) 4sin θ − 8sin θ 3
)
 1 
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the 43. cos(3θ ) = cos(2θ + θ )
 4 
circle, so = cos ( 2θ ) cos θ − sin ( 2θ ) sin θ
( )
2
 1 2 = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 cos θ − 2sin θ cos θ sin θ
−  +b =1
 4
2
= 2 cos θ − cos θ − 2sin 2 θ cos θ
3
 1
b2 = 1 −  − 
 4
(
= 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 1 − cos 2 θ cos θ )
2 = 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 cos θ + 2 cos3 θ
 1 15 15
b = − 1−  −  = − =− = 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ
 4 16 4
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.) 44. cos ( 4θ ) = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
15
− = 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1
b 4 = 15 .
Thus, tan θ = =
( )
2
a 1 = 2 2 cos 2 θ − 1 − 1
−
4
= 2 ( 4 cos 4
θ − 4 cos 2 θ + 1) − 1
h ( 2α ) = tan ( 2α )
2 tan α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1
=
1 − tan 2 α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1
=
2 ( 15 ) =
2 15 2 15
= =−
15
1 − ( 15 )
2
1 − 15 −14 7
775
45. We use the result of problem 42 to help solve cos θ sin θ

−
this problem: cot θ − tan θ sin θ cos θ
sin ( 5θ ) = sin(4θ + θ )
48. =
cot θ + tan θ cos θ + sin θ
= sin ( 4θ ) cosθ + cos ( 4θ ) sin θ sin θ cos θ
( )
= cosθ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ cosθ + cos ( 2(2θ ) ) sin θ
= sin θ cos θ
( ) (
= cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ ) sin θ
2 3
) cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
( )(
= 1 − sin θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ
2 3
) sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
(
+ sin θ 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cosθ )
2
) =
sin θ cos θ
⋅
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
=
(
+ sin θ 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) 1
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5 = cos ( 2θ )
(
+ sin θ − 8sin 3 θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) 1 1
49. cot(2θ ) = =
= 5sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ − 8sin θ + 8sin θ
3 5 3 5
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
= 16sin 5 θ − 20sin 3 θ + 5sin θ 1 − tan 2 θ
1 − tan 2 θ
46. We use the results from problems 42 and 44 to =
2 tan θ
help solve this problem:
1
cos(5θ ) = cos(4θ + θ ) 1−
= cot 2
θ
= cos ( 4θ ) cos θ − sin ( 4θ ) sin θ 2
(
= 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1 cos θ ) cot θ
cot 2 θ − 1
( (
− cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ sin θ ))
= cot θ
2
= 8cos θ − 8cos θ + cos θ

5 3 2
cot θ
− 4 cos θ sin 2 θ + 8cos θ sin 4 θ
cot 2 θ − 1 cot θ
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ = ⋅
cot 2 θ 2
− 4 cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) + 8cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) 2 cot θ − 1
2
=
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ − 4 cos θ 2 cot θ
+ 4 cos3 θ + 8cos θ (1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
1 1
= 8cos5 θ − 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ 50. cot(2θ ) = =
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
+ 8cos θ − 16 cos3 θ + 8cos5 θ 1 − tan 2 θ
= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
=
2 tan θ
(
47. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) 1 1 tan 2 θ 
=  − 
= 1 ⋅ cos ( 2θ ) 2  tan θ tan θ 
= cos ( 2θ ) 1
= ( cot θ − tan θ )
2
776
1 1 1
51. sec(2θ ) = =
cos(2θ ) 2 cos 2 θ − 1
56. sin 2 θ cos 2 θ =
4
(
4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ )
1 1
= ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
=
2 4
−1
sec 2 θ 1 2
= sin ( 2θ ) 
1 4
=
2 − sec 2 θ 1 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
= ⋅ 
sec 2 θ 4  2 
sec 2 θ 1
= = 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
2 − sec 2 θ 8
1 1 θ  1 1 2
52. csc ( 2θ ) = = 57. sec 2   = = =
sin ( 2θ ) 2sin θ cos θ  2  cos 2  θ  1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
1 1 1   2
= ⋅ ⋅ 2
2 cos θ sin θ
1 θ  1 1 2
= sec θ csc θ 58. csc 2   = = =
2  2  sin 2  θ  1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
  2
2
53. cos 2 (2u ) − sin 2 (2u ) = cos [ 2(2u ) ] = cos(4u )
v 1 1
59. cot 2   = =
54. (4sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u )   tan 2  
2 v 1 − cos v
  1 + cos v
= 2(2sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u ) 2
= 2sin 2u cos 2u 1 + cos v
=
= sin ( 2 ⋅ 2u ) 1 − cos v
1
= sin ( 4u ) 1+
= sec v
1
1−
cos(2θ ) cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sec v
55. =
1 + sin(2θ ) 1 + 2sin θ cos θ sec v + 1
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = sec v
= sec v − 1
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) sec v
= sec v + 1 sec v
(cos θ + sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = ⋅
cos θ − sin θ sec v sec v − 1
= sec v + 1
cos θ + sin θ =
cos θ − sin θ sec v − 1
= sin θ
cos θ + sin θ
sin θ
cos θ sin θ
−
= sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
+
sin θ sin θ
cot θ − 1
=
cot θ + 1
777
v 1 − cos v 1 cos v sin(3θ ) cos(3θ ) sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) sin θ

60. tan = = − = csc v − cot v 63. − =
2 sin v sin v sin v sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin(3θ − θ )
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 − tan 2 1− sin θ cos θ
61. 2 =1 + cos θ sin 2θ
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 + tan 2 1+ sin θ cos θ
2 1 + cos θ
2sin θ cos θ
1 + cos θ − (1 − cos θ ) =
sin θ cos θ
= 1 + cos θ
1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ =2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ
= + cos θ
1
2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ 1 + cos θ
= ⋅
1 + cos θ 2
= cos θ
sin 3 θ + cos3 θ
62.
sin θ + cos θ
( sin θ + cos θ ) ( sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
=
sin θ + cos θ
= sin θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
2
1
( )
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
1
= 1 − sin ( 2θ )
2
cos θ + sin θ cos θ − sin θ ( cos θ + sin θ ) − ( cos θ − sin θ )

2 2
64. − =
cos θ − sin θ cos θ + sin θ ( cos θ − sin θ )( cos θ + sin θ )
=
(
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ )
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ − sin 2 θ

=
4 cos θ sin θ
=
cos ( 2θ )
2(2sin θ cos θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
2sin ( 2θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
= 2 tan ( 2θ )
778
65. tan ( 3θ ) = tan(2θ + θ )

2 tan θ 2 tan θ + tan θ − tan 3 θ
tan ( 2θ ) + tan θ + tan θ
3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
= 1 − tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ
2
= = = ⋅ =
1 − tan ( 2θ ) tan θ 1 − 2 tan θ ⋅ tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ − 2 tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ
1 − tan θ
2
1 − tan θ
2
66. tan θ + tan(θ + 120º ) + tan(θ + 240º )

tan θ + tan120º tan θ + tan 240º
= tan θ + +
1 − tan θ tan120º 1 − tan θ tan 240º
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
(
1 − tan θ − 3 1 − tan θ 3 ) ( )
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
1 + 3 tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ
( ) ( )(
tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 1 + 3 tan θ
2
) ( )( )
=
1 − 3 tan θ 2
tan θ − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 tan θ − 3 + 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 tan 2 θ + 3 + 3 tan θ

3 2
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
−3 tan 3 θ + 9 tan θ
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
=
(
3 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ )
1 − 3 tan θ 2
= 3 tan ( 3θ ) (from Problem 65)
1 1
67.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 − cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 ) 68.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 + cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 )
1 1 − cos 2θ 1 1 + cos 2θ
= ⋅ ln = ⋅ ln
2 2 2 2
 1 − cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2
  1 + cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2

= ln   = ln  
 2   2 
   
(
= ln sin 2 θ
1/ 2
) (
= ln cos 2 θ
1/ 2
)
= ln sin θ = ln cos θ
779
69. cos ( 2θ ) + 6sin 2 θ = 4 73. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0
1 − 2sin θ + 6sin θ = 4
2 2
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0
4sin 2 θ = 3
sin(2θ ) = 0 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0
or
3 1
sin 2 θ = cos(2θ ) = −
4 2
3 2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or
sin θ = ±
2 θ = kπ π
θ = + kπ
π 2π 4π 5π 2
θ= , , ,
3 3 3 3 2π 4π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π
 π 2π 4π 5π  3 3
3 3 3 3  π 2π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ
3 3
70. cos ( 2θ ) = 2 − 2sin 2 θ On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π 
1 − 2sin 2 θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ 0, , , , π, , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3 
1 = 2 (not possible)
The equation has no real solution.
71. cos(2θ ) = cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 1 = cos θ 74.
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0
2 cos θ − cos θ − 1 = 0
2
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 ( 2 cos 2

θ − 1) + ( 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1) = 0
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 2 [ cos(2θ ) cos(2θ ) ] − 1 = 0
cos θ = −
1 cos θ = 1 ( )(
2 cos 2 θ + 2 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 − 2 = 0 )
2 θ =0
2π 4π ( 2 cos 2
θ − 1) + 2  4 cos θ − 4 cos θ + 1 − 1 = 0
4 2
θ= ,
3 3 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  8cos 4 θ − 6 cos 2 θ = 0
The solution set is 0, , .
 3 3 
4 cos 4 θ − 3cos 2 θ = 0
(
cos 2 θ 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0 )
cos (θ ) = 0 or 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2 2
3
72. sin(2θ ) = cos θ cos θ = 0 or cos 2θ =
4
2sin θ cos θ = cos θ
3
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ = 0 cos θ = ±
2
(cos θ )(2sin θ − 1) = 0
π 3π π 5π 7 π 11π
cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ = 1 θ= , or θ = , , ,
2 2 6 6 6 6
cos θ = 0 1
sin θ =
π 3π 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
θ= ,
2 2 π 5π  π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
θ= ,  , , , , , .
6 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 
 π π 5π 3π 
6 2 6 2 
780
75. 3 − sin θ = cos(2θ ) 78. tan(2θ ) + 2 cos θ = 0

3 − sin θ = 1 − 2sin θ 2
sin(2θ )
+ 2 cos θ = 0
2sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 = 0 cos(2θ )
This equation is quadratic in sin θ . sin ( 2θ ) + 2 cos θ cos 2θ
=0
The discriminant is b 2` − 4ac = 1 − 16 = −15 < 0 . cos ( 2θ )
The equation has no real solutions. 2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos θ (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) = 0
76. cos(2θ ) + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 (
2 cos θ sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 θ = 0 )
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 − 2 cos θ ( 2sin 2
θ − sin θ − 1) = 0
2 cos 2 θ + 5cos θ + 2 = 0 − 2 cos θ (2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ + 2) = 0 −2 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ + 1 = 0 or
2 cos θ = −1 or cos θ = − 2 cos θ = 0 1
1 (not possible) sin θ = −
cos θ = − π 3π 2
2 θ= ,
2 2 7π 11π
2π 4π θ= ,
θ= , 6 6
3 3 sin θ − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  sin θ = 1
 3 3  π
θ=
2
 π 7π 3π 11π 
77. tan(2θ ) + 2sin θ = 0 2 6 2 6 
sin(2θ )
+ 2sin θ = 0
cos(2θ )  1  π π 3
79. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
sin 2θ + 2sin θ cos 2θ  2  6 3 2
=0
cos 2θ
 3  π 2π 3
2sin θ cos θ + 2sin θ (2 cos 2 θ − 1) = 0 80. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
 2   3  3 2
(
2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 0 )
2sin θ ( 2 cos 2
θ + cos θ − 1) = 0  3  3
81. cos  2sin −1  = 1 − 2sin 2  sin −1 
2sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0  5   5 
2
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2sin θ = 0 or 3
= 1− 2 
1 sin θ = 0 5
cos θ =
2 θ = 0, π 18
= 1−
π 5π 25
θ= ,
3 3 7
=
25
cos θ + 1 = 0
cos θ = −1
θ =π
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
 3 3 
781
 4  4  3
82. cos  2 cos −1  = 2 cos 2  cos −1  − 1 2 tan  tan −1 
 5   5   3   4
84. tan  2 tan −1  =
2
4  4  3
= 2   −1 1 − tan 2  tan −1 
5  4
32 3
= −1 2⋅ 
25 = 4
2
7 3
= 1−  
25 4
3
  3  16
83. tan  2 cos −1  −   = 2 ⋅
  5  9 16
1−
 3 16
Let α = cos −1  −  . α lies in quadrant II. 24
 5 =
16 − 9
3 π
Then cos α = − , ≤α ≤ π. 24
5 2 =
7
5
sec α = −
3  4
85. sin  2 cos −1 
tan α = − sec α − 1
2
 5
2 4
 5 25 16 4 Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I.
= −  −  −1 = − −1 = − =− 5
 3  9 9 3
4 π
  3  2 tan α Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
tan  2 cos −1  −   = tan 2α = 5 2
  5   1 − tan 2 α
 4
2 −  2
= 
3 4 16 9 3
2 = 1−   = 1− = =
 4 5 25 25 5
1−  − 
 3  4
sin  2 cos −1  = sin 2α
8  5 
−
= 3 ⋅9 3 4 24
16 9 = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
1− 5 5 25
9
−24   4 
= 86. cos  2 tan −1  −  
9 − 16   3 
−24
=  4
−7 Let α = tan −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
 3
24
= 4 π
7 Then tan α = − , − < α < 0 .
3 2
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
2
 4 16 25 5
=  −  +1 = +1 = =
 3 9 9 3
782
3 4
cos α = cos α =
5 5
  4   3 1
cos  2 tan −1  −   = cos 2α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 sec  2 tan −1  = sec ( 2α ) =
  3  2
 4  cos ( 2α )
3 1
= 2   −1
5 =
2 cos 2 α − 1
18 1
= −1 =
25 2
4
7 2   −1
=− 5
25
1
=
32
 3 −1
1 − cos  cos −1  1 − 3 25
1 3  5 5
87. sin  cos −1  =
2
= 1
 2 5  2 2 =
7
2
25
= 5
2 25
=
1 7
=
5
  3 
90. csc  2sin −1  −  
1 3   5 
88. cos 2  sin −1 
2 5  3
Let α = sin −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
3  5
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3 π
Then sin α = − , − ≤ α ≤ 0 .
3 π 5 2
sin α = , 0 < α < .
5 2 2
 3
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 −  − 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  5
2
3 9 16 4 9
= 1−   = 1− = = = 1−
5
  25 25 5 25
1 3 1  16
cos 2  sin −1  = cos 2  ⋅ α  =
2 5 2  25
4 9 4
1+ =
1 + cos α 5 =5= 9 5
= =
2 2 2 10   3  1
csc  2sin −1  −   = csc ( 2α ) =
  5  sin ( 2α )
 3
89. sec  2 tan −1  1
 4 =
2sin α cos α
3
Let α = tan −1   . α is in quadrant I. 1
4 =
 3  4 
3 π 2  −  
Then tan α = , 0 < α < .  5  5 
4 2 1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 =
24
−
2 25
3 9 25 5
=   +1 = +1 = = 25
4 16 16 4 =−
24
783
91. f ( x) = 0 b. A(60º ) = 16sin ( 60º ) cos ( 60º ) + 1

sin ( 2 x ) − sin x = 0
31 
2sin x cos x − sin x = 0 = 16 ⋅  + 1
2 2 
sin x ( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
= 12 3 in 2 ≈ 20.78 in 2
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
x = 0, π 1 c. Graph Y1 = 16sin x ( cos x + 1) and use the
cos x =
2 MAXIMUM feature:
π 5π
x= , 25
3 3
π 5π
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are 0, ,π , .
3 3
92. f ( x) = 0 0 90
0
cos ( 2 x ) + cos x = 0
The maximum area is approximately
2 cos 2 x − 1 + cos x = 0
20.78 in.2 when the angle is 60˚.
2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
( 2 cos x − 1)( cos x + 1) = 0
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0 1W
1 cos x = −1 95. a. D= 2
cos x = csc θ − cot θ
2 x =π
π 5π W = 2 D ( csc θ − cot θ )
x= ,
3 3 1 cos θ 1 − cos θ
csc θ − cot θ = − =
5π π sin θ sin θ sin θ
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , π , .
3 3 θ
= tan
2
93. f ( x) = 0 θ
Therefore, W = 2 D tan .
cos ( 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 0 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x + sin 2 x = 0
b. Here we have D = 15 and W = 6.5 .
cos 2 x = 0
θ
cos x = 0 6.5 = 2 (15 ) tan
π 3π 2
x= , θ
13
2 2 tan =
π 3π 2 60
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , . θ 13
2 2 = tan −1
2 60
94. a. cos(2θ ) + cos θ = 0 , 0º < θ < 90º 13
θ = 2 tan −1 ≈ 24.45°
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + cos θ = 0 60
2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0 96. (
I x sin θ cos θ − I y sin θ cos θ + I xy cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
(2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0 (
= Ix − I y ) ( sin θ cosθ ) + I xy ( cos2 θ − sin 2 θ )
cos θ =
1 cos θ = −1
(
= Ix − I y ) 12 sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
2 θ = 180º
θ = 60º , 300º Ix − I y
= sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
On the interval 0º < θ < 90º , the solution is 2
60˚.
784
20
v02 2
97. a. R (θ ) = cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
16
v2 2
= 0 (cos θ sin θ − cos 2 θ )
16
45 90
v2 2 1 0
= 0 ⋅ (2 cos θ sin θ − 2 cos 2 θ )
16 2
The angle that maximizes the distance is
v2 2   1 + cos 2θ   67.5˚, and the maximum distance is 18.75
= 0  sin 2θ − 2  
32   2  feet.
v02 2
= sin ( 2θ ) − 1 − cos ( 2θ )  1 1
32  98. y = sin(2π x) + sin(4π x)
2 4
v2 2
= 0 sin ( 2θ ) − cos ( 2θ ) − 1 1 1
32  = sin(2π x) + sin(2 ⋅ 2π x)
2 4
1 1
b. sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 = sin(2π x) + [ 2sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
2 4
Divide each side by 2 : 1 1
1 1 = sin(2π x) + [sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 2 2
2 2 1 1
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 2 2
(
= sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) ⋅ 2 cos 2 (π x) − 1  )
1 1 π 1 1
cos φ = and sin φ = and φ = : = sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) cos 2 (π x) − sin(2π x)
2 2 4 2 2
sin(2θ ) cos φ + cos(2θ ) sin φ = 0 = sin(2π x) cos (π x)
2
sin(2θ + φ ) = 0
2θ + φ = 0 + k π 99. Let b represent the base of the triangle.
π θ h θ b/2
2θ + = 0 + k π cos = sin =
4 2 s 2 s
π θ θ
2θ = − + k π h = s cos b = 2 s sin
4 2 2
π kπ 1
θ =− + A= b⋅h
8 2 2
3π 1  θ  θ
θ= = 67.5º = ⋅  2s sin  s cos 
8 2  2  2
θ θ
= s 2 sin cos
322 2 2 2
c. R = ( sin(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − cos(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − 1)
32 1 2
= s sin θ
= 32 2 ( sin (135º ) − cos (135º ) − 1) 2
 2  2  y x
= 32 2  − − − 1
 2  2   100. sin θ =
1
= y; cos θ = = x
1
   
= 32 2 ( 2 −1 ) a. A = 2 xy = 2 cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ cos θ = sin(2θ )
( )
= 32 2 − 2 feet ≈ 18.75 feet
b.
322 2
d. Graph Y1 = ( sin(2 x) − cos(2 x) − 1) and
32
use the MAXIMUM feature:
785
c. The largest value of the sine function is 1. 1 1

Solve: 103. ⋅ sin 2 x + C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
2 4
sin 2θ = 1 1 1
π C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ sin 2 x
2θ = 4 2
2 1
π (
= − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) + 2sin 2 x
4
)
θ= = 45°
4 1
(
= − ⋅ 1 − 2sin 2 x + 2sin 2 x
4
)
π 2 π 2
d. x = cos = y = sin = 1
4 2 4 2 = − ⋅ (1)
The dimensions of the largest rectangle are 4
2 1
2 by . =−
2 4
2sin θ cos 2 θ 1 1
101. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = ⋅ 104. ⋅ cos 2 x + C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
cos θ 1 2 4
sin θ 1 1
2⋅ C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ cos 2 x
= cos θ
4 2
1 1 1
cos 2 θ 4
( 2
)
= ⋅ 2 cos x − 1 − cos 2 x
2
2 tan θ 1 1 1
= = cos 2 x − − cos 2 x
sec 2 θ 2 4 2
2 tan θ 4 1
= ⋅ =−
1 + tan 2 θ 4 4
4(2 tan θ )
= α 
4 + (2 tan θ ) 2 105. If z = tan   , then
4x 2
= α 
4 + x2 2 tan  
2z 2
=
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 1+ z 2
α 
102. cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 1 + tan 2  
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ α 
2 tan  
= cos 2 θ 2
=
cos θ + sin 2 θ
2
α 
sec2  
cos 2 θ 2
1 − tan 2 θ 4 α  α 
= ⋅ = 2 tan   cos 2  
1 + tan 2 θ 4 2 2
4 − 4 tan 2 θ α 
= 2sin  
4 + 4 tan 2 θ  2  ⋅ cos 2  α 
=  
4 − ( 2 tan θ )
2
α  2
= cos  
4 + ( 2 tan θ )
2
2
4 − x2 α  α 
= = 2sin   cos  
4 + x2  2 2
  α 
= sin  2   
  2 
= sin α
786
α   π  π
106. If z = tan   , then  12  1 − cos
2 π 12
109. sin = sin   =
α  24  2  2
1 − tan 2  
1− z2 2 1 
1+ z2
=
2 α 
1−  ( 6+ 2 
 = 1−1
)
1 + tan  
2
=  4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
1−
1 − cos α
=
8−2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8−2 ( 6+ 2 )
= 1 + cos α
16 4
1 − cos α
1+
1 + cos α
=
( (
2 4− 6+ 2 ))
=
2
4− 6 − 2
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 4 4
= 1 + cos α
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α  π  π
 12  1 + cos
1 + cos α π 12
cos = cos   =
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 24  2  2
=
1 
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α
2 cos α
1+  ( 6+ 2  )
 = 1+1
=
2
= 4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
= cos α
=
8+2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8+2 ( 6+ 2 )
1 − cos ( 2 x ) 16 4
107. f ( x) = sin 2 x =
2
=
(
2 4+ 6 + 2 )= 2
4+ 6 + 2
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress 4 4
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- π π
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a 4 1 + cos
π 4
factor of 2. 110. cos = cos   =
8 2 2
2
1+
2 = 2+ 2
=
2 4
2+ 2
=
1 + cos ( 2 x ) 2
108. g ( x) = cos 2 x =
2 π
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress π
sin = sin 8
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- 16 2
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a π
factor of 2. 1 − cos
= 8
2
2+ 2
1−
= 2
2
2− 2+ 2
=
4
2− 2+ 2
=
2
787
π π
1 + cos
π
cos = cos 8 = 8
16 2 2
2+ 2
1+
= 2
2
2+ 2+ 2
=
4
2+ 2+ 2
=
2
111. sin 3 θ + sin 3 (θ + 120º ) + sin 3 (θ + 240º )

= sin 3 θ + ( sin θ cos (120º ) + cos θ sin (120º ) ) + ( sin θ cos ( 240º ) + cos θ sin ( 240º ) )
3 3
3 3
 1 3   1 3 
= sin 3 θ +  − ⋅ sin θ + ⋅ cos θ  +  − ⋅ sin θ − ⋅ cos θ 
 2 2   2 2 
1
(
= sin 3 θ + ⋅ − sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ − 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1
(
− sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ + 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1 3 3 9 3 3
= sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 3 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ + ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 9 3 3
− ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ − ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
3 9 3 3
( ) (
= ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ  = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ + 3sin 3 θ
4 4 4 4
)
3 3
4
( 3
)
= ⋅ 4sin θ − 3sin θ = − ⋅ sin ( 3θ )
4
(from Example 2)
788
 θ 1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
112. tan θ = tan  3 ⋅ 
 3 2
θ θ 1
3 tan − tan 3 y − ( −3) = ( x − 2)
3 3 2
= (from problem 65)
2 θ 1
1 − 3 tan y + 3 = x −1
3 2
θ θ 1
tan  3 − tan 2  y = x−4
3 θ 3 2
a tan =
3 2 θ b 6
1 − 3 tan 116. Vertex: x = − =− =3
3 2a 2( −1)
θ θ θ θ f (3) = −(3) 2 + 6(3) + 7 = 16 ; (3,16)
3 tan − tan 3 = a tan  1 − 3 tan 2 
3 3 3 3 x-intercepts: 0 = − x 2 + 6 x + 7
θ  θ
3 − tan 2 = a  1 − 3 tan 2  0 = x2 − 6 x − 7
3  3
0 = ( x − 7)( x + 1)
θ θ
3 − tan 2 = a − 3a tan 2 x = 7 or x = −1
3 3
y-intercepts: y = −(0) 2 + 6(0) + 7
2 θ 2 θ
3a tan − tan = a−3 y=7
3 3
θ
( 3a − 1) tan 2 = a−3
3
θ a −3
tan 2 =
3 3a − 1
θ a −3
tan =±
3 3a − 1
113. cos(2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0

(1 − 2sin 2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0
2π 4π 3 1
−2sin 2 x + (2m − 1) sin x + m = 0 117. sin − cos = − −
3 3 2 2
2sin 2 x − (2m − 1) sin x − m = 0
3 1 3 +1
We can solve this as a quadratic equation. In = + =
order for the equation to have exactly one real 2 2 2
solution, then b 2 − 4ac = 0 .
2π
[ −(2m − 1)]2 − 4(2)( − m) = 0 118. Amplitude: 2; Period: =4
π
2
4m 2 − 4m + 1 + 8m = 0
4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0
(2m + 1) 2 = 0
1
So m = − .
2
115. Since the line is perpendicular the slope would
1
be m = .
2
789
Section 6.7
1. sin(195°) cos(75°) = sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°)
sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin150° cos 45° + cos150° sin 45° )( cos 30° cos 45° − sin 30° sin 45° )
 1   2  3   2    3   2   1   2  
=     +  −       −   
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2   2  
 2 6  6 2 12 4 36 12
=  −  −  = − − +
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 2 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
= − − + = − − + = − = − =  − 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2  2 
2. cos(285°) cos(195°) = cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°)
cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°) =

= ( cos 240° cos 45° − sin 240° sin 45° )( cos 240° cos 45° + sin 240° sin 45° )
= ( cos 240° ) ( cos 45° ) − ( sin 240° ) ( sin 45° )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
 2 
 1
2
3   2   1  2   3  2 
= − 
  −  −    =     −    
 2 2   2   2   4  4   4  4 
1 3 1
= − =−
8 8 4
3. sin(285°) sin(75°) = sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°)
sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin 240° cos 45° + cos 240° sin 45° )( sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45° )
 3   2   1   2    1   2   3  2  
=  −    +  −         +  
  
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2  2  
 6 2  2 6 12 36 4 12
=  − −   +  = − − − −
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 6 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
=− − − − =− − − − =− − =− − = −  + 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2 2 
4. sin(75°) + sin(15°) = sin(45° + 30°) + sin(45° − 30°)

= [sin(45°) cos(30°) + cos(45°) sin(30°) ] + [sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°) ]
= 2sin(45°) cos(30°)
 2  3  6
= 2   2  = 2

 2  
790
Section 6.7: Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas
5. cos(255°) − cos(195°) = cos(225° + 30°) − cos(225° − 30°)

= [ cos(225°) cos(30°) − sin(225°) sin(30°)] − [ cos(225°) cos(30°) + sin(225°) sin(30°)]
= −2sin(225°) sin(30°)
 2  1  2
= −2  −    =
 2  2  2
6. sin(255°) − sin(15°) = sin(135° + 120°) − sin(135° − 120°)

= [sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) ] − [sin(135°) cos(120°) − cos(135°) sin(120°) ]
= sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) − sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°)
= 2 cos(135°) sin(120°)
 2  3  6
= 2  − 
  = −
 2  2  2
1 1
7. sin(4θ ) sin(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) − cos(4θ + 2θ )] 12. sin(4θ ) cos(6θ ) = [sin(4θ + 6θ ) + sin(4θ − 6θ )]
2 2
1 1
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 6θ )  = sin (10θ ) + sin(− 2θ ) 
2 2
1
1 = sin (10θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
8. cos(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) + cos(4θ + 2θ )] 2
2
1 1
= cos(2θ ) + cos ( 6θ )  13. sin θ sin(2θ ) = [cos(θ − 2θ ) − cos(θ + 2θ )]
2 2
1
1 = cos(−θ ) − cos ( 3θ ) 
9. sin(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [sin(4θ + 2θ ) + sin(4θ − 2θ )] 2
2 1
1 = cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) 
= sin ( 6θ ) + sin ( 2θ )  2
2
1
1 14. cos(3θ ) cos(4θ ) = [cos(3θ − 4θ ) + cos(3θ + 4θ )]
10. sin(3θ ) sin(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) − cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2
2 1
1 = cos(− θ ) + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos(− 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2 1
1 = cos θ + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2
3θ θ 1   3θ θ   3θ θ  
1 15. sin cos = sin  +  + sin  −  
11. cos(3θ ) cos(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) + cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2 2 2  2 2  2 2 
2
1
1 = sin ( 2θ ) + sin θ 
= cos(− 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ )  2
2
1
= cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ ) 
2
791
θ 5θ 1   θ 5θ   θ 5θ    θ 3θ   θ 3θ 
16. sin cos
2
= sin  +  + sin  −  
2 2   2 2  θ 3θ 2− 2  2+ 2 
 2 2  24. sin − sin = 2sin   cos  
1 2 2  2   2 
= sin ( 3θ ) + sin(− 2θ )   θ
2 = 2sin  −  cos θ
1  2
= sin ( 3θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
2 θ
= − 2sin cos θ
2
 4θ − 2θ   4θ + 2θ 
17. sin(4θ ) − sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos  
 2   2   θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
2sin   cos  
= 2sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin θ + sin(3θ )  2   2 
25. =
2sin(2θ ) 2sin(2θ )
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ  2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )
18. sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos   =
 2   2  2sin(2θ )
= 2sin ( 3θ ) cos θ = cos(−θ )
= cos θ
 2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
19. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 2 cos   cos    θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
 2   2  2 cos   cos  
cos θ + cos(3θ )  2   2 
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos(−θ ) 26. =
2 cos(2θ ) 2 cos(2θ )
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ
2 cos(2θ ) cos(−θ )
=
2 cos(2θ )
 5θ + 3θ   5θ − 3θ 
20. cos(5θ ) − cos(3θ ) = − 2sin   sin   = cos(−θ )
 2   2 
= cos θ
= − 2sin ( 4θ ) sin θ
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ 
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  2sin   cos  
21. sin θ + sin(3θ ) = 2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ )  2   2 
 2   2  27. =
cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ ) cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ )
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos(−θ ) 2sin(3θ ) cos θ
=
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos θ 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
sin(3θ )
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  =
22. cos θ + cos(3θ ) = 2 cos   cos   cos(3θ )
 2   2  = tan(3θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos θ  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
−2sin   sin  
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2 
28. =
 θ 3θ   θ 3θ  sin(3θ ) − sin θ  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
 +   −  2sin   cos  
θ 3θ  2   2 
23. cos − cos = − 2sin  2 2  sin  2 2 
2 2  2   2  − 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )
=
 θ 2sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ sin  − 
 2 −(− sin θ ) sin(2θ )
=
 θ sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ  − sin 
 2 = tan(2θ )
θ
= 2sin θ sin
2
792
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
−2sin   sin   33.
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2  cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ )
29. =
sin θ + sin(3θ )  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
2sin   cos   2sin 
 2   2   cos  
=  2   2 
− 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
= 2 cos   cos  
2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )  2   2 
−(− sin θ ) 2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= =
cos θ 2 cos(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= tan θ sin(6θ )
=
cos(6θ )
 θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
−2sin   sin   = tan(6θ )
cos θ − cos(5θ )  2   2 
30. =
sin θ + sin(5θ )  θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 2   2  34.
cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ )
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− 2θ )
=  4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
2sin(3θ ) cos(− 2θ ) 2sin   cos  
=  2   2 
−(− sin 2θ )
=  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
cos ( 2θ ) −2sin   sin  
 2   2 
= tan ( 2θ ) 2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
=
− 2sin(6θ ) sin(− 2θ )
31. sin θ [sin θ + sin(3θ )]
cos(6θ )
=
  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   − sin(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = − cot(6θ )
= sin θ [ 2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )]
sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(2θ ) sin θ ] 35.
sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 1 
= cos θ  2 ⋅ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ]  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
 2  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
= cos θ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ] =
 4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
−2sin   cos  
 2   2 
32. sin θ sin ( 3θ ) + sin(5θ ) 
2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
=
  3θ + 5θ   3θ − 5θ   2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  sin(6θ ) cos(2θ )
=
= sin θ [ 2sin(4θ ) cos(−θ ) ] − sin(2θ ) cos(6θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(4θ ) sin θ ] = − tan(6θ ) cot(2θ )
 1  tan(6θ )
= cos θ  2 ⋅  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ )   =−
 2  tan(2θ )
= cos θ  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ ) 
793
cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ ) α + β  α − β 
36. 2sin   cos  
cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ ) sin α + sin β  2   2 
39. =
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  cos α + cos β α + β  α − β 
−2sin   sin   2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
=
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  α + β 
2 cos   cos   sin  
 2   2  =  2 
−2sin(6θ )sin(−2θ ) α + β 
= cos  
2 cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
sin(6θ ) sin( −2θ ) α + β 
=− ⋅ = tan  
cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
= − tan(6θ ) tan(−2θ )
= tan(2θ ) tan(6θ ) α − β  α + β 
2sin   cos  
sin α − sin β  2   2 
40. =
α + β  α − β  cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
2sin  −2sin   sin  
sin α + sin β  cos    2   2 
37. =  2   2 
sin α − sin β α − β  α + β  α + β 
2sin   cos   cos  
 2   2  =−  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
sin  sin  
 cos    2 
=  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
cos   sin   = − cot  
 2   2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= tan   cot  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
2 cos   cos  
cos α + cos β  2   2 
38. =
cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
− 2sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
cos   cos  
=−  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β 
sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= − cot   cot  
 2   2 
794
41. 1 + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) + cos(6θ ) = cos 0 + cos(6θ ) + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= 2 cos   cos   + 2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos 2 (3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ cos(3θ ) + cos θ ]
  3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
= 2 cos(3θ )  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ 2 cos(2θ ) cos θ ]
= 4 cos θ cos(2θ ) cos(3θ )
42. 1 − cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = [ cos 0 − cos(6θ ) ] + [ cos(4θ ) − cos(2θ ) ]

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= −2sin   sin   − 2sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
= −2sin(3θ ) sin(−3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin(θ )
= 2sin 2 (3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin θ
= 2sin(3θ ) [sin(3θ ) − sin θ ]
  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
= 2sin(3θ )  2sin   cos  
  2   2 
= 2sin(3θ ) [ 2sin θ cos(2θ ) ]
= 4sin θ cos(2θ ) sin(3θ )
43. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0 44. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0  2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0 2 cos   cos  =0
 2   2 
sin(2θ ) = 0 or 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0 2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = 0
1
cos(2θ ) = − 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ = 0
2
2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or cos(3θ ) = 0 or cos θ = 0
θ = kπ π π 3π
θ = + kπ 3θ = + 2k π or 3θ = + 2k π or
2 2 2
2π 4π π 2k π π 2k π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π θ= + θ= +
3 3 6 3 2 3
π 2π π 3π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π
3 3 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π   π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
0, , , , π, , , .  , , , , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3  6 2 6 6 2 6 
795
45. cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = 0

46. sin(4θ ) − sin(6θ ) = 0
−2sin  4θ + 6θ sin  4θ − 6θ  = 0
  
2sin   cos  4θ + 6θ  = 0
 2   2  4θ − 6θ
  
− 2sin(5θ ) sin(− θ ) = 0  2   2 
2sin ( 5θ ) sin θ = 0 2sin(− θ ) cos(5θ ) = 0
sin(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0 − 2sin θ cos(5θ ) = 0
5θ = 0 + 2k π or 5θ = π + 2k π or cos(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 k π π 2 k π θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π or
θ= θ= + π 3π
5 5 5 5θ = + 2k π or 5θ = + 2k π
θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 2k π 3π 2k π
θ= + θ= +
 π 2π 3π 4π 6π 7π 8π 9π  10 5 10 5
0, , , , , π , , , ,  . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
 π 3π π 7π 9π 11π 13π 3π 17π 19π 
0, , , , , , π , , , , , .
 10 10 2 10 10 10 10 2 10 10 
47. a. y = sin [ 2π (697)t ] + sin [ 2π (1209)t ]
= 2sin 
2π (697)t + 2π (1209)t   2π (697)t − 2π (1209)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(−512π t )
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t )
b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(1906π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(512π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
c. Let Y1 = 2sin(1906π x ) cos(512π x) . Window: x [0,0.01], y [-2, 2]
48. a. y = sin [ 2π (941)t ] + sin [ 2π (1477)t ]
= 2sin 
2π (941)t + 2π (1477)t   2π (941)t − 2π (1477)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(−536π t )
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t )
b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(2418π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(2418π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
796
c. Let Y1 = 2sin(2418π x) cos(536π x) .
2 2
49. I u = I x cos θ + I y sin θ − 2 I xy sin θ cos θ
 cos 2θ + 1   1 − cos 2θ 
= Ix   + Iy   − I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I cos 2θ I x I y I y cos 2θ
= x + + − − I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= + cos 2θ − I xy sin 2θ
2 2
I v = I x sin 2 θ + I y cos 2 θ + 2 I xy sin θ cos θ

 1 − cos 2θ   cos 2θ + 1 
= Ix   + Iy   + I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I x I x cos 2θ I y cos 2θ I y
= − + + + I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= − cos 2θ + I xy sin 2θ
2 2
50. a. Since φ and v0 are fixed, we need to maximize sin θ cos (θ − φ ) .

1
sin θ cos (θ − φ ) =
2 
( ) (
sin θ + (θ − φ ) + sin θ − (θ − φ ) 
 )
1
= sin ( 2θ − φ ) + sin φ 
2
This quantity will be maximized when sin ( 2θ − φ ) = 1 . So,
1
2v02 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + sin φ ) v 2 (1 + sin φ ) v02 (1 + sin φ )
2 0 v02
Rmax = = = =
g cos 2 φ (
g 1 − sin 2 φ ) g (1 − sin φ )(1 + sin φ ) g (1 − sin φ )
( 50 )
2
b. Rmax = ≈ 598.24
9.8 (1 − sin 35° )
The maximum range is about 598 meters.
797
51. sin ( 2α ) + sin ( 2 β ) + sin ( 2γ )

 2α + 2 β   2α − 2β 
= 2sin   cos   + sin ( 2γ )
 2   2 
= 2sin(α + β ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin(π − γ ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ [ cos(α − β ) + cos γ ]
 α − β +γ   α − β − γ 
= 2sin γ  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
 π − 2β   2α − π 
= 4sin γ cos   cos  
 2   2 
π   π
= 4sin γ cos  − β  cos  α − 
2   2
= 4sin γ sin β sin α
= 4sin α sin β sin γ
sin α sin β sin γ

52. tan α + tan β + tan γ = + +
cos α cos β cos γ
sin α cos β cos γ + sin β cos α cos γ + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos γ (sin α cos β + cos α sin β ) + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos γ sin(α + β ) + sin γ cos α cos β cos γ sin(π − γ ) + sin γ cos α cos β
= =
cos α cos β cos γ cos α cos β cos γ
cos γ sin γ + sin γ cos α cos β sin γ (cos γ + cos α cos β )
= =
sin γ cos ( π − (α + β ) ) + cos α cos β  sin γ [ − cos(α + β ) + cos α cos β ]
= =
sin γ ( − cos α cos β + sin α sin β + cos α cos β )
=
sin γ (sin α sin β )
= = tan α tan β tan γ
53. Add the sum formulas for sin(α + β ) and sin(α − β ) and solve for sin α cosβ :
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) = 2sin α cos β
1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )]
2
798
Chapter 6 Review Exercises
α −β  α + β  59. cos csc −1

7
54. 2sin   cos  
 2   2  5
1 α + β  7 π π
= 2 ⋅ sin 
α −β α +β  α −β Since cscθ = , − ≤ θ ≤ , let r = 7 and y = 5 .
+  + sin  −  5 2 2
2  2 2   2 2 
Solve for x: x 2 + 25 = 49
 2α   −2 β 
= sin   + sin   x 2 = 24
 2   2 
x = ±2 6
= sin α + sin ( − β )
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 6 .
= sin α − sin β
7 x 2 6
α − β  α + β  Thus, cos csc −1 = cos θ = = .
Thus, sin α − sin β = 2sin   cos  . 5 r 7
 2   2 
60. We find the inverse function by switching the x
α + β  α − β  and y variables and solving for y.
55. 2 cos   cos  
 2   2  f ( x ) = 3sin x − 5
1 α − β  y = 3sin x − 5
= 2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  + cos  +  x = 3sin y − 5
2  2 2   2 2 
x + 5 = 3sin y
 2β   2α 
= cos   + cos   x+5
 2   2  = sin y
3
= cos β + cos α x+5
sin −1 =y
α + β  α − β  3
Thus, cos α + cos β = 2 cos   cos  .
 2   2  x+5
f −1 ( x ) = sin −1
3
α + β  α − β 
56. −2sin   sin   The domain of sin −1 (u ) is [ −1,1] so
 2   2 
x+5
1 α − β  −1 ≤ ≤1
= −2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  − cos  +  3
2  2 2   2 2 
−8 ≤ x ≤ −2
  2β   2α 
= − cos   − cos   Range of f = Domain of f −1 = [ −8, −2]
  2   2 
π π
= cos α − cos β Range of f −1 = − ,
2 2
α + β  α − β 
Thus, cos α − cos β = − 2sin   sin  .
 2   2 
57. 27 x +1 = 9 x + 5
33( x +1) = 32( x + 5) Chapter 6 Review Exercises
3( x + 1) = 2( x + 5)
3 x + 3 = 2 x + 10 1. sin −1 1
x=7 π π
The solution set is {7} . 2 2
equals 1.
58. Amplitude: 5 π π
2π π sin θ = 1, − ≤θ ≤
Period: = 2 2
4 2 π
−π π
θ=
Phase Shift: − = 2
4 4 π
Thus, sin −1 (1) = .
2
799
2. cos −1 0 (
6. tan −1 − 3 )
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
π π
equals 0. Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
cos θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 2
π equals − 3 .
θ=
2 π π
tan θ = − 3, − <θ <
π 2 2
Thus, cos −1 ( 0 ) = . π
2 θ =−
3
π
3. tan −1 1
π π
(
Thus, tan −1 − 3 = − ) 3
.
2 2
equals 1. 7. sec −1 2
π π Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose secant
tan θ = 1, − <θ <
2 2 equals 2 .
π
θ= sec θ = 2, 0 ≤θ ≤ π
4 π
π θ=
Thus, tan −1 (1) = . 4
4 π
Thus, sec −1 2 = .
4
 1
4. sin −1  − 
 2 8. cot −1 ( −1)
π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , 0 < θ < π , whose cotangent
2 2
equals −1 .
1 cot θ = −1, 0 < θ < π
equals − .
2 3π
1 π π θ=
sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ 4
2 2 2 3π
π Thus, cot −1 ( −1) = .
θ =− 4
6
 1 π
Thus, sin −1  −  = − .   3π 
 2  6 9. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
  8 

5. cos −1  −
3

( ) (
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since )
 2  3π  π π
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
8  2 2
3 the equation directly and get
equals − .
2   3π   3π
sin −1  sin    = .
3
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π   8  8
2
5π
θ=  3π 
6 10. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation
 4 
 3  5π
Thus, cos −1  −  = . 3π
 2  6 ( ) (
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
4
)is
800
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation
 3π  3π above and get
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 4  4   15π   −1  π π
cos −1  cos    = cos  cos  = .
  7   7 7
  2π 
11. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the
  3    8π 
13. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x but we   9 
cannot use the formula directly since

2π
is not
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
3 8π
cannot use the formula directly since − is not
 π π 9
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 π π  2 2
 2 2  π π
 2π  2π  2 2
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 3  3  8π  8π
sin  −  = sin θ . The angle − is in
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of  9  9
2π π quadrant III so sine is negative. The reference
is and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
3 3 8π π
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have angle of − is and we want θ to be in
9 9
 2π   π π quadrant IV so sine will still be negative. Thus,
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the
 3   3  3  8π   π π
we have sin  −  = sin  −  . Since − is
 π π  9   9  9
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  , we can apply the
above and get  2 2
  2π   −1   π  π equation above and get
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  3    3  3   8π     π  π
sin −1  sin  −   = sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  9    9  9
  15π 
12. cos −1  cos    follows the form of the
  7  ( )
14. sin sin −1 0.9 follows the form of the equation
equation f −1
( f ( x )) = cos ( cos ( x )) = x , but
−1
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.9 is in
15π
we cannot use the formula directly since is the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7
not in the interval  0, π  . We need to find an ( )
directly and get sin sin −1 0.9 = 0.9 .
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which

 15π  15π ( )
15. cos cos −1 0.6 follows the form of the equation
cos   = cos θ . The angle is in
 7  7 ( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.6 is
15π π
quadrant I so the reference angle of is . in the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7 7
Thus, we have cos 

 15π  π
 = cos . Since
π
is (
directly and get cos cos −1 0.6 = 0.6 . )
 7  7 7
801
( )
16. tan tan −1 5 follows the form of the equation
So, tan −1
3 π
= .
3 6
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 5 is a  −1 3  π 2 3
real number, we can apply the equation directly
Thus, sec  tan
3  = sec  6  = 3 .
 
( )
and get tan tan −1 5 = 5 .
22. sin  cot −1 
3
17. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = −1.6 ,  4 
3
the quantity cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Thus, Since cot θ = , 0 < θ < π , θ is in quadrant I.
4
( )
cos cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Let x = 3 and y = 4 . Solve for r: 9 + 16 = r 2
r 2 = 25
−1  2π  −1  1  π r =5
18. sin  cos  = sin  −  = −
Thus, sin  tan −1  = sin θ = = .
 3   2 6 3 y 4
 4  r 5
−1  3π 
19. cos  tan  = cos ( −1) = π
−1
 4 
 4  23. tan sin −1  −  
  5
  3  4 π π
20. tan sin −1  − Since sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ , let y = − 4 and
  5 2 2
  2   r = 5 . Solve for x: x 2 + 16 = 25
π π x2 = 9
2 2 x = ±3
3 Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 3 .
equals − .
2  4  −4
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan θ = =
y 4
=−
3 π π   5  x 3 3
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
θ =−
π 24. f ( x ) = 2sin ( 3 x )
3 y = 2sin ( 3x )
 3 π
So, sin −1  −  = − . x = 2sin ( 3 y )
 2  3
x
 = sin ( 3 y )
 3   π 2
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = − 3 .
  2    3  x
3 y = sin −1  
2
 3 1 x
21. sec  tan −1  y = sin −1   = f −1 ( x )
 3  3 2
Find the angle θ , −

π π
< θ < , whose tangent is The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
2 2
π π  π π
3 f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
6 6  6 6
3
3 π π
tan θ = , − <θ < we note that the argument of the inverse sine
3 2 2
π x
θ= function is and that it must lie in the interval
6 2
 −1,1 . That is,
802
x π π
−1 ≤ ≤1 27. Let θ = csc −1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and θ ≠ 0 , u ≥ 1 . Then,
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
( )
tan csc −1 u = tan θ =
1
cos θ csc θ
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the csc θ 1 − sin 2 θ
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 1
= =
[ −2, 2] . 1 2
u 1− 2 u u −1
25. f ( x ) = − cos x + 3 u u2
y = − cos x + 3 1 u
= =
x = − cos y + 3 2
u −1 u u2 −1
u
x − 3 = − cos y u
3 − x = cos y
y = cos −1 ( 3 − x ) = f −1 ( x ) 28. tan θ cot θ − sin 2 θ = tan θ ⋅
1
− sin 2 θ
tan θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ
f −1
( x) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ π , or 0, π  in interval = cos 2 θ
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
29. sin 2 θ (1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc2 θ
that the argument of the inverse cosine function 1
is 3 − x and that it must lie in the interval = sin 2 θ ⋅ 2 = 1
sin θ
 −1,1 . That is,
−1 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 1 30. 5cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ
−4 ≤ − x ≤ −2 (
= 2 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
4≥ x≥2 = 2 cos θ + 3 ⋅1
2
2≤ x≤4 = 3 + 2 cos 2 θ
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} , or
1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ ) 2 + sin 2 θ
31. + =
 2, 4  in interval notation. Recall that the sin θ 1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ )
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1 − 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the sin θ (1 − cosθ )
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 − 2cos θ + 1
=
 2, 4  . sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 − 2cos θ
π π =
26. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ , sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 2 2(1 − cos θ )
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then, =
sin θ (1 − cos θ )
( )
cos sin −1 u = cos θ = cos 2 θ =
2
= 2cscθ
sin θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − u 2
803
1 cos θ sin θ
cosθ cosθ cos θ 36. cot θ − tan θ = −
32. = ⋅ sin θ cos θ
cosθ − sin θ cosθ − sin θ 1
cosθ =
1 sin θ cos θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
sin θ =
1−
cosθ sin θ cos θ
1 1 − 2sin 2 θ
= =
1 − tan θ sin θ cos θ
1
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
csc θ sin θ 37. =
33. = sin θ ⋅ cos α sin β cos α sin β
1 + csc θ 1 + 1 sin θ
cos α cos β sin α sin β
sin θ = −
1 cos α sin β cos α sin β
= cos β sin α
sin θ + 1 = −
1 1 − sin θ sin β cos α
= ⋅
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ = cot β − tan α
1 − sin θ
=
1 − sin 2 θ cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
38. =
1 − sin θ cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
cos 2 θ cos α cos β sin α sin β
= +
1 = 1 + tan α tan β
34. csc θ − sin θ = − sin θ
sin θ
1 − sin 2 θ θ sin θ
= 39. (1 + cos θ ) tan = (1 + cos θ ) ⋅ = sin θ
sin θ 2 1 + cos θ
cos 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ cos ( 2θ )
cos θ 40. 2 cot θ cot ( 2θ ) = 2 ⋅ ⋅
= cos θ ⋅ sin θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ
= cos θ cot θ =
(
2 cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
sin θ ( 2sin θ cos θ )
1 − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
35. = cos θ (1 − sin θ ) =
sec θ sin 2 θ
1 + sin θ
= cos θ (1 − sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ sin 2 θ
2
1 + sin θ = −
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
=
(
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) = cot θ − 1
2
1 + sin θ
=
(
cos θ cos 2 θ ) 41. 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
1 + sin θ = 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ )
cos3 θ = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=
1 + sin θ = cos ( 4θ )
sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin ( 3θ − θ )

42. =
sin ( 2θ ) sin ( 2θ )
sin ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ )
=1
804
2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ  5π  3π 2π 
2sin   cos   47. cos = cos  + 
sin ( 2θ ) + sin ( 4θ )  2   2  12
43. =  12 12 
cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ ) 2cos  2θ + 4θ  cos  2θ + 4θ  π π π π
    = cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
 2   2  4 6 4 6
2sin ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 3 2 1
= = ⋅ − ⋅
2cos ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 2 2 2
sin ( 3θ ) 6 2
= = −
cos ( 3θ ) 4 4
= tan ( 3θ ) 1
=
4
( 6− 2 )
cos(2θ ) − cos(4θ )
44. − tan θ tan(3θ )
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )  π  2π 3π 
48. sin  −  = sin  − 
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− θ )  12   12 12 
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) π π π π
2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin
2sin(3θ )sin θ 6 4 6 4
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) 1 2 3 2
2 cos(3θ ) cos θ = ⋅ − ⋅
= tan(3θ ) tan θ − tan θ tan(3θ ) 2 2 2 2
=0 2 6
= −
4 4
1
45. sin165º = sin (120º + 45º )
= sin120º ⋅ cos 45º + cos120º ⋅ sin 45º
=
4
( 2− 6 )
 3  2   1  2 
=   ⋅   +  −  ⋅   49. cos80º ⋅ cos 20º + sin 80º ⋅ sin 20º = cos ( 80º − 20º )
 2   2   2  2  = cos 60º
6 2 1
= − =
4 4 2
1
=
4
(
6− 2 ) 50. sin 70º ⋅ cos 40º − cos 70º ⋅ sin 40º = sin ( 70º − 40º )
= sin 30º
46. tan105º = tan ( 60º + 45º ) 1
=
tan 60º + tan 45º 2
=
1 − tan 60º tan 45º
3 +1
=
1 − 3 ⋅1
3 +1 1+ 3
= ⋅
1− 3 1+ 3
1+ 2 3 + 3
=
1− 3
4+2 3
=
−2
= −2− 3
805
π π 2 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

4 1 − cos 1−  4   12   3   5 
π 4 = 2 =  ⋅ −  −  ⋅ 
51. tan = tan   =
8 2 π 2  5   13   5   13 
1 + cos 1+ − 48 − 15 63
4 2 = =−
65 65
2− 2
= tan α + tan β
2+ 2 d. tan(α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
2− 2 2− 2
= ⋅ 4  5
2+ 2 2− 2 +− 
3  12 
=
(2 − 2 )
2
4  5 
= 1−   ⋅ − 
4  3   12 
2− 2 2 11
= ⋅ 11 9 33
2 2 = 12 = ⋅ =
14 12 14 56
2 2 −2
= 9
2
= 2 −1 4 3 24
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 2
 5π  5π 1 −  −  f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
  1 − cos 2
5π  
= sin  4  = 4 = 2 2
52. sin  12   5  144 25 119
8  2  2 2 = −  −  = − =
 13   13  169 169 169
2+ 2
=
4 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2+ 2 2 2
=  12 
2 1−  − 
=  13 
4 π 5 π 2
53. sin α = , 0 < α < ; sin β = , < β < π 25
5 2 13 2
13 25 5 5 26
3 4 12 5 = = = =
cos α = , tan α = , cos β = − , tan β = − , 2 26 26 26
5 3 13 12
α π π β π α 1 + cos α
0< < , < < h. cos =
2 4 4 2 2 2 2
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 3 8
1+
 4   12   3   5  5 4 2 2 5
=  ⋅ −  +  ⋅  = = 5 = = =
 5   13   5   13  2 2 5 5 5
− 48 + 15 33
= =−
65 65 3 3π 12 3π
54. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = , < β < 2π
5 2 13 2
4 3 5 5
 3   12   4   5  cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − , tan β = − ,
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  5 4 13 12
 5   13   5   13  π α 3π 3π β
−36 − 20 56 < < , < <π
= =− 2 2 4 4 2
65 65
806
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β α 1 + cos α

h. cos =−
 3   12   4   5  2 2
=  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13   4
−36 + 20 1+  − 
= =−  5
65 2
16
=− 1
65 1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 10 10 10
 4   12   3   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13  3 3π 12 π
55. tan α = , π < α < ; tan β = , 0 < β <
− 48 − 15 4 2 5 2
=
65 3 4 12 5
63 sin α = − , cos α = − , sin β = , cos β = ,
=− 5 5 13 13
65 π α 3π β π
< < , 0< <
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 2 2 4 2 4
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 3   12   4   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ −   3   5   4   12 
 5   13   5   13  =  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ 
−36 − 20  5   13   5   13 
= 15 48
65 =− −
56 65 65
=− 63
65 =−
65
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) = b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 − tan α tan β
 4   5   3   12 
3  5 1 =  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
+−   5   13   5   13 
4  12  1 16 16
= = 3 = ⋅ = =− +
20 36
3  5  21 3 21 63
1−  −  65 65
4  12  16 16
=
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α 65
 3   4  24 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
 5   5  25  3   5   4   12 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13 
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β 15 48
2 2 =− +
 12   5  65 65
=   −− 
 13   13  33
=
144 25 119 65
= − =
169 169 169
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) =
β 1 − cos β 1 − tan α tan β
g. sin =
2 2 3 12
+
12 1 = 4 5
1−  3   12 
13 = 13 = 1 1 26 1−   
= = =
2 2 26 26 26  4  5 
63
63  5  63
= 20 =  −  = −
4 20  4  16
−
5
807
 3   4  24 tan α + tan β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −   −  = d. tan(α + β ) =
 5   5  25 1 − tan α tan β
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β =

(
− 3 + −2 2 )
2 2
 5   12  25 144 119 1 − ( − 3 )( − 2 2 )
=   −  = − =−
 13   13  169 169 169  − 3 − 2 2   1+ 2 6 
=   ⋅  
β 1 − cos β  1− 2 6   1+ 2 6 
g. sin =
2 2 −9 3 − 8 2
=
5 8 − 23
1−
= 13 = 13 = 4 = 2 = 2 13 8 2 +9 3
2 2 13 13 13 =
23
α 1 + cos α  3  1  3
h. cos =− sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −
2 2 e.    = −
 2  2  2
 4
1+  − 
 5 f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
=− 2
2 1  2 2 
2
1 8 7
1 =   −  −  = − = −
3  3  9 9 9
1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
2 10 10 10 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2 2
π 3π
56. sec α = 2, − < α < 0; sec β = 3, < β < 2π 1 2
2 2 1−
= 3 = 3 = 1= 1 = 3
3 1 2 2 3 3 3
sin α = − , cos α = , tan α = − 3,
2 2
2 2 1 α 1 + cos α
sin β = − , cos β = , tan β = − 2 2, h. cos =
3 3 2 2
π α 3π β 1 3
− < < 0, < <π 1+
4 2 4 2 2 = 2 = 3 3
= =
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 2 2 4 2
3 1 1 2 2 
=−  + −  2 3π 2 3π
2  3  2  3  57. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = − , π < β <
3 2 3 2
− 3−2 2
= 5 2 5 5
6 cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − ,
3 5 3
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 5 π α 3π π β 3π
tan β = , < < , < <
1 1  3  2 2  2 2 2 4 2 2 4
= ⋅ −  −  − 
2 3  2   3  a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
1− 2 6  2  2   5  5
= =  −   −  +  −  − 
6  3   3   3  3 
4 5
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = +
9 9
3 1 1  2 2 =1
=− ⋅ − ⋅ − 
2 3 2  3 
− 3+2 2
=
6
808
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β  5

 1 +  − 
5  2   2  5 α 1 + cos α 3 
=  −   −  −  −   −  h. cos = − =− 
 3  3   3  3  2 2 2
2 5 2 5 3− 5
= −
9 9 3
=0 =−
2
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 3− 5
=−
 2  2   5  5 6
=  −   −  −  −   − 
 3   3   3   3 
=−
(
6 3− 5 )
4 5 6
= −
9 9 6 3− 5
1 =−
=− 6
9
tan α + tan β  3 1
d. tan(α + β ) = 58. cos  sin −1 − cos −1 
1 − tan α tan β  5 2
2 5 5 3 1
+ Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5 2
= 5 2
2 5 5 3
1− ⋅ quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
5 2 5
4 5 +5 5 π 1 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
10 2 2 2
=
1−1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
9 5 3
2
9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
= 10 ; Undefined 5 25 25 5
0
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α
2
 2  5 4 5 1 1 3 3
= 2  −   − = 1−   = 1− = =
= 2 4 4 2
 3   3  9
 3 1 
cos  sin −1 − cos −1  = cos (α − β )
 5 2
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
2 4 1 3 3
 2  5
2
4 5 1 = ⋅ + ⋅
=  −  −  −  = − = − 5 2 5 2
 3  3  9 9 9
4 3 3 4+3 3
= + =
β 1 − cos β 10 10 10
g. sin =
2 2
 5 4
 2 5 59. sin  cos −1 − cos −1 
1−  −   13 5 
=  3 = 3 = 5 = 30
−1 5 4
2 2 6 6 Let α = cos and β = cos −1 . α is in
13 5
5
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then cos α = ,
13
π 4 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 5 2
809
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α   1  3 
tan sin −1  −  − tan −1    = tan (α − β )
2   2   4 
5 25 144 12
= 1−   = 1− = = tan α − tan β
13
  169 169 13 =
1 + tan α tan β
3 3
4
2
16 9 3 − −
= 1−   = 1− = = = 3 4
5
  25 25 5  3  3 
1 +  −   
 −1 5 4  3  4 
sin  cos − cos −1  = sin (α − β )
 13 5
−4 3 −9
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
12 4 5 3 = 12
= ⋅ − ⋅ 3 3
13 5 13 5 1−
48 15 33 12
= − =
65 65 65 −9 − 4 3 12 + 3 3
= ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
  1 3
60. tan sin −1  −  − tan −1  −144 − 75 3
  2  4  =
117
 1  3 − 48 − 25 3
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in =
 2 4 39
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then,
48 + 25 3
1 π 3 =−
sin α = −
, 0 ≤ α ≤ , and tan β = , 39
2 2 4
π   4 
0<β < . 61. cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −  
2   5 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  4
2
Let α = tan −1 (−1) and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
 1 1 3 3  5
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 2  4 4 2 quadrant IV; β is in quadrant II. Then
1 3 π 4
tan α = −1, − < α < 0 , and cos β = − ,
tan α = − =− 2 5
3 3
π
≤β ≤π.
2
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α = 1 + (−1) 2 = 2
1 2
cos α = =
2 2
sin α = − 1 − cos 2 α
2
 2 1 1 2
= − 1 −   = − 1 − = − =−
 2  2 2 2
2
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5 25 25 5
810
  4  1
cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −   = cos (α + β ) 64. cos θ =
  5  2
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β π 5π
θ= + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ , k is any integer
 2  4   2  3  3 3
=    −  −  −   
 2  5   2  5   π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
−4 2 3 2 3 3 
= +
10 10
2 65. tan θ + 3 = 0
=−
10 tan θ = − 3
2π
  3  θ= + k π , k is any integer
62. sin  2 cos −1  −   3
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 3  2π 5π 
Let α = cos −1  −  . α is in quadrant II. Then  , .
 5  3 3 
3 π
cos α = − , ≤ α ≤ π .
5 2 66. sin(2θ ) + 1 = 0
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α sin(2θ ) = −1
2 3π
 3 9 16 4 2θ = + 2kπ
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 2
 5  25 25 5
3π
  3  θ= + kπ , k is any integer
sin  2cos −1  −   = sin 2α 4
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
= 2sin α cos α  3π 7π 
 4  3  24  , 
= 2   −  = − 4 4 
 5  5  25
67. tan ( 2θ ) = 0
 4
63. cos  2 tan −1  2θ = 0 + k π
 3
kπ
4 θ= , where k is any integer
Let α = tan −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then 2
3
4 π
tan α = , 0 < α < .  π 3π 
3 2 0, , π , .
 2 2 
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
4
2
16 25 5 68. sec 2 θ = 4
=   +1 = +1 = = sec θ = ±2
 
3 9 9 3
1
3 cos θ = ±
cos α = 2
5
π 2π
 4 θ= +k π or θ= +kπ ,
cos  2 tan −1  = cos ( 2α ) 3 3
 3 where k is any integer
= 2 cos 2 α − 1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
2
3  9  7  π 2π 4π 5π 
= 2   −1 = 2   −1 = −  , , , .
5  25  25 3 3 3 3 
811
69. 0.2sin θ = 0.05 73. 4sin 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ

Find the intersection of Y1 = 0.2sin θ and
Y2 = 0.05 :
( )
4 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
4 − 4 cos θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
2
4 cos θ + 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2
( 2 cos θ − 1)( 2 cos θ + 3) = 0

2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ + 3 = 0
1 3
cos θ = cos θ = −
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , x ≈ 0.25 or 2 2
x ≈ 2.89 π 5π (not possible)
θ= ,
The solution set is {0.25, 2.89} . 3 3
 π 5π 
70. sin θ + sin(2θ ) = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
sin θ (1 + 2 cos θ ) = 0 74. sin ( 2θ ) = 2 cos θ
1 + 2 cos θ = 0 or sin θ = 0 2sin θ cos θ = 2 cos θ
1 θ = 0, π 2sin θ cos θ − 2 cos θ = 0
cos θ = −
2
2π 4 π
(
cos θ 2sin θ − 2 = 0 )
θ= ,
3 3 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ − 2 = 0
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 3π 2
θ= , sin θ =
 2π 4π  2 2 2
0, ,π ,  .
 3 3  π 3π
θ= ,
4 4
71. sin(2θ ) − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0
 π π 3π 3π 
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
cos θ (2sin θ − 1) − 1(2sin θ − 1) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 75. sin θ − cos θ = 1
1 Divide each side by 2 :
sin θ = or cos θ = 1 1 1 1
2 sin θ − cos θ =
θ =0
π 5π 2 2 2
θ= ,
Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
6 6
 π 5π  1 1 π
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is 0, ,  . where cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
 6 6  2 2 4
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
72. 2sin 2 θ − 3sin θ + 1 = 0 2
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0 2
sin(θ − φ ) =
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2
1 sin θ = 1
sin θ =
2 π
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6
 π π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , .
6 2 6 
812
π 3π quadrant II. The calculator yields

θ −φ = or θ − φ =
4 4  1
π π π 3π  4
θ − = or θ − =
4 4 4 4 quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II,
π θ ≈ −0.24 + π ≈ 2.90 . Therefore,
θ= or θ = π
2 cot −1 ( −4 ) ≈ 2.90 .
π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , π  .
2 
76. sin −1 ( 0.7 ) ≈ 0.78
81. 2 x = 5cos x
Find the intersection of Y1 = 2 x and
Y2 = 5cos x :
6
77. tan −1 ( −2 ) ≈ −1.11
−2π 2π
−6
x ≈ 1.11
78. cos −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ 1.77
The solution set is {1.11} .
82. 2sin x + 3cos x = 4 x

Find the intersection of Y1 = 2sin x + 3cos x and
Y2 = 4 x :
1 6
79. sec−1 ( 3) = cos −1  
3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine −2π 2π
1 1
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in
3 3
−6
1 x ≈ 0.87 .
quadrant I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.23 ,
3 The solution set is {0.87} .
which is an angle in quadrant I, so
sec−1 ( 3) ≈ 1.23 . 83. sin x = ln x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x and Y2 = ln x :
2
−2π 2π
 1
80. cot −1 ( −4 ) = tan −1  − 
 4 −2
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
x ≈ 2.22
1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in The solution set is {2.22} .
4 4
813
84. −3sin −1 x = π Verifying equality:

1 6− 2
sin −1 x = −
3
π
4
( 6− 2 = ) 4
 π 2⋅ 3− 2
x = sin  −  =
 3 4
=−
3
=
2 ( 3 −1 )
2 4
 3 
( ) 
2
The solution set is − .  2 3 −1
 2  = 
 4 
 
85. 2 cos −1 x + π = 4 cos −1 x
−2 cos −1 x + π = 0 =
(
2 3 − 2 3 +1 )
−2 cos −1 x = −π 16
cos −1 x =
π
=
(
2 4−2 3 )
2 16
π
x = cos
2
=0
=
(
2⋅2 2 − 3 )
The solution set is {0}. 16
86. Using a half-angle formula: 2− 3

=
 30°  4
sin15° = sin  
 2  2− 3
=
1 − cos 30° 2
=
2
87. Given the value of cos θ , the most efficient
3 Double-angle Formula to use is
1−
= 2 = 2− 3 = 2− 3 cos ( 2θ ) = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 .
2 4 2
Note: since 15º lies in quadrant I, we have
sin15° > 0 .
Chapter 6 Test
Using a difference formula:
sin15° = sin(45° − 30°)  2 
1. Let θ = sec−1   . We seek the angle θ , such
= sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°)  3
π
2 3 2 1 that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and θ ≠ , whose secant equals
= ⋅ − ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2
2
6 2 6− 2 1 . The only value in the restricted range with
=
4
−
4
=
4
=
4
( 6− 2 ) 3
2 π  2  π
a secant of is . Thus, sec −1  = .
3 6  3 6
 2
2. Let θ = sin −1  −  . We seek the angle θ , such
 2 
π π 2
that − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine equals − . The
2 2 2
814
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
only value in the restricted range with a sine of  3

6. Let θ = cos −1  −  .
2 π  2 π  4
− is − . Thus, sin −1  − =− .
 
2 4  2  4   3 
sec cos −1  −   = sec θ
  4 
 11π  1
3. sin −1  sin  follows the form of the equation =
 5  cos θ
1
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but because
=
 3 
cos  cos −1  −  
11π  π π   4 
is not in the interval  − ,  , we cannot 1
5  2 2 = 3
−4
directly use the equation.
We need to find an angle θ in the interval 4
=−
3
 π π 11π
 − 2 , 2  for which sin 5 = sin θ . The angle
  7. sin −1 ( 0.382 ) ≈ 0.39 radian
11π
is in quadrant I. The reference angle of
5
11π π 11π π π
is and sin = sin . Since is in
5 5 5 5 5
 π π
the interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation  1 
 2 2 8. sec−1 1.4 = cos −1   ≈ 0.78 radian
 1.4 
 11π  π
above and get sin −1  sin = .
 5  5
 7
4. tan  tan −1  follows the form
 3
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 x = x . Since the)
domain of the inverse tangent is all real numbers,
we can directly apply this equation to get 9. tan −1 3 ≈ 1.25 radians
 7 7
tan  tan −1  = .
 3 3
(
5. cot csc−1 10 )
r π π 1
Since csc−1 θ = = 10 , − ≤ θ ≤ , let 10. cot −1 5 = tan −1   ≈ 0.20 radian
y 2 2 5
r = 10 and y = 1 . Solve for x:
( 10 )
2
x 2 + 12 =
x 2 + 1 = 10
x2 = 9
x=3
θ is in quadrant I.
(
Thus, cot csc−1 10 = cot θ = ) x 3
= = 3.
y 1
815
csc θ + cot θ sin (α + β )

11. 14.
sec θ + tan θ tan α + tan β
csc θ + cot θ csc θ − cot θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
sec θ + tan θ csc θ − cot θ sin α sin β
+
csc2 θ − cot 2 θ cos α cos β
=
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) =
1 sin α cos β cos α sin β
= +
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) cos α cos β cos α cos β
1 sec θ − tan θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) sec θ − tan θ
cos α cos β
sec θ − tan θ
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β
(sec 2
)
θ − tan 2 θ ( csc θ − cot θ ) =
1
⋅
sec θ − tan θ = cos α cos β
=
csc θ − cot θ
15. sin ( 3θ )
sin θ = sin (θ + 2θ )
12. sin θ tan θ + cos θ = sin θ ⋅ + cos θ
cos θ = sin θ cos ( 2θ ) + cos θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ cos 2 θ
2
=
cos θ
+
cos θ
( )
= sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + cos θ ⋅ 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + cos 2 θ
2 = sin θ cos θ − sin θ + 2sin θ cos 2 θ
2 3
=
cos θ = 3sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 3 θ
=
1
cos θ
(
= 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 3 θ )
= sec θ = 3sin θ − 3sin θ − sin 3 θ
3
= 3sin θ − 4sin 3 θ
sin θ cos θ
13. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ
2 2 tan θ − cot θ cos θ − sin θ
sin θ cos θ 16. =
= + tan θ + cot θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ +
cos θ sin θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
= sin θ cos θ
1
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
2
2sin θ cos θ =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
2 − cos ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ ) =
1
= 2 csc ( 2θ ) (
= − 2 cos 2 θ − 1 )
2
= 1 − 2 cos θ
816
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
17. cos15° = cos ( 45° − 30° ) y 6 6 85

tan θ = = =
= cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30° x 85 85
2 3 2 1  6 85 
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2 
tan ( 2θ ) =
2 tan θ  85 
=
4
2
(3 +1 ) 1 − tan 2 θ
=
 6 85 
2
1−  
6+ 2
=
4
or
1
4
(
6+ 2 )  85 
12 85
12 85 85
18. tan 75° = tan ( 45° + 30° ) = 85 = ⋅
36 85 49
tan 45° + tan 30° 1−
= 85
1 − tan 45° tan 30° 12 85
3 =
1+ 49
= 3
3  2 3
1 − 1⋅ 21. cos  sin −1 + tan −1 
3  3 2
3+ 3 2 3
= Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . Then
3− 3 3 2
3+ 3 3+ 3 2 3
= ⋅ sin α = and tan β = , and both α and β
3− 3 3+ 3 3 2
9+6 3 +3 y 2
= lie in quadrant I. Since sin α = 1 = , let
32 − 3 r1 3
12 + 6 3 y1 = 2 and r1 = 3 . Solve for x1 : x12 + 22 = 32
=
6 x12 + 4 = 9
= 2+ 3
x12 = 5
1 3 x1 = 5
19. sin  cos −1 
2 5 x1 5
Thus, cos α = = .
3 π r1 3
Let θ = cos −1 . Since 0 < θ < (from the
5 2 y2 3
−1
Since tan β = = , let x2 = 2 and y2 = 3 .
range of cos x ), x2 2
1  1 − cos θ Solve for x2 : 22 + 32 = r2 2
sin  θ  =
2  2 4 + 9 = r2 2
1 − cos  cos −1 
3 r2 2 = 13
 5 1 − 53
= = r2 = 13
2 2
y2 3
1 5 Thus, sin β = = .
= = r2 13
5 5
Therefore, cos (α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
 6
20. tan  2sin −1  5 2 2 3
 11  = ⋅ − ⋅
3 13 3 13
6 6
Let θ = sin −1 . Then sin θ = and θ lies in 2 5 −6
11 11 =
y 6 3 13
quadrant I. Since sin θ = = , let y = 6 and
r 11
r = 11 , and solve for x: x 2 + 62 = 112 =
2 13 ( 5 −3 )
39
x 2 = 85
x = 85
817
22. Let α = 75° , β = 15° . On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes on
1 a value of 0 when θ = 0 or θ = π . The cosine
Since sin α cos β = sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )  ,
2
1 1
sin 75° cos15° = sin ( 90° ) + sin ( 60° )  function takes on a value of − in the second and
2 3
1 3 1 2+ 3
= 1 +
2
= 2+ 3 =
2  4
( ) 4
third quadrants when θ = π − cos −1 and
1
3
1
θ = π + cos −1 . That is θ ≈ 1.911 and θ ≈ 4.373 .
23. sin 75° + sin15° 3
 75° + 15°   75° − 15°  The solution set is {0,1.911, π , 4.373} .
= 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2  3  6 27. cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − sin 2 θ = 0
= 2sin ( 45° ) cos ( 30° ) = 2   =
 2  2  2 ( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
cos ( 2θ ) + sin ( 2θ ) = 0
24. cos 65° cos 20° + sin 65° sin 20°
sin ( 2θ ) = − cos ( 2θ )
2
= cos ( 65° − 20° ) = cos ( 45° ) = tan ( 2θ ) = −1
2
The tangent function takes on the value −1
25. 4sin 2 θ − 3 = 0 3π
when its argument is + kπ . Thus, we need
4
4sin 2 θ = 3
3π
3 2θ = + kπ
sin 2 θ = 4
4 3π π
3 θ= +k
sin θ = ± 8 2
2 π
On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes θ=
8
( 3 + 4k )
3 π 2π On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the solution set is
on a value of when θ = or θ = . The
2
sine takes on a value of −

3
3
when θ =
3
4π
and
{π
3 7π 11π 15π
, ,
8 8 8
,
8
. }
2 3
θ=
5π
3
. The solution set is ,{
π 2π 4π 5π
,
3 3 3 3
, . }
π 
26. −3cos  − θ  = tan θ
 2 
−3sin θ = tan θ
sin θ
0= + 3sin θ
cos θ
 1 
0 = sin θ  + 3
 cos θ 
1
sin θ = 0 or +3 = 0
cos θ
1
cos θ = −
3
818
Chapter 6 Cumulative Review
28. sin (θ + 1) = cos θ Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 = cos θ
sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 cos θ 1. 3x 2 + x − 1 = 0
=
cos θ cos θ −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
tan θ cos1 + sin1 = 1 2a
tan θ cos1 = 1 − sin1 −1 ± 12 − 4 ( 3)( −1)
=
tan θ =
1 − sin1 2 ( 3)
cos1
−1 ± 1 + 12
 1 − sin1  =
Therefore, θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.285 or 6
 cos1 
−1 ± 13
1 − sin1  =
θ = π + tan −1   ≈ 3.427 6
 cos1   −1 − 13 −1 + 13 
The solution set is {0.285,3.427} . The solution set is  , .
 6 6 
29. 4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ = 2
2. Line containing points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ − 2 = 0
y2 − y1 −1 − 5 −6
Let u = sin θ . Then, m= = = = −1
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6
4u 2 + 7u − 2 = 0
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) with point (4, −1) ,
( 4u − 1)( u + 2 ) = 0
y − (−1) = −1( x − 4 )
4u − 1 = 0 or u + 2 = 0
y + 1 = −1( x − 4 )
4u = 1 u = −2
1 y +1 = −x + 4
u= y = − x + 3 or x + y = 3
4
Substituting back in terms of θ , we have
Distance between points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
1
sin θ = or sin θ = −2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
4 d=
The second equation has no solution since
( 4 − ( −2 ) ) + ( −1 − 5)2
2
−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for all values of θ . =
Therefore, we only need to find values of θ
= 62 + ( −6 ) = 72 = 36 ⋅ 2 = 6 2
2
1
between 0 and 2π such that sin θ = . These
4 Midpoint of segment with endpoints (−2,5) and
will occur in the first and second quadrants.
1 (4, −1) :
Thus, θ = sin −1 ≈ 0.253 and
4  x1 + x2 y1 + y2   −2 + 4 5 + ( −1) 
−1 1
 2 , 2  =  2 , 2  = (1, 2 )
θ = π − sin ≈ 2.889 .    
4
3. 3x + y 2 = 9
x-intercept: 3x + 02 = 9 ; ( 3, 0 )
3x = 9
x=3
y-intercepts: 3 ( 0 ) + y 2 = 9 ; ( 0, −3) , ( 0,3)
y2 = 9
y = ±3
819
Tests for symmetry:  π

6. y = cos  x −  − 1
x-axis: Replace y with − y : 3x + ( − y ) = 9
2
 2
3x + y 2 = 9 Using the graph of y = cos x , horizontally shift
Since we obtain the original equation, the graph π
to the right units, and vertically shift down 1
is symmetric with respect to the x-axis. 2
unit.
y-axis: Replace x with − x : 3 ( − x ) + y 2 = 9
−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Origin: Replace x with − x and y with − y :
3( −x ) + ( − y ) = 9
2
−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
7. a. y = x3
y
4. y = x − 3 + 2 5
Using the graph of y = x , shift horizontally to

(1, 1)
the right 3 units and vertically up 2 units. x
−5(−1,−1) (0, 0) 5
−5
Inverse function: y = 3 x
y
5
(1, 1)
−5 (0, 0) 5 x
x (−1,−1)
5. y = 3e − 2
Using the graph of y = e x , stretch vertically by a −5
factor of 3, and shift down 2 units.
820
b. y = ex Inverse function: y = sin −1 x

y y
5
2  _ π
 1, 2 
 1 _ (1, e)  
 −1, e 
  (0, 1)
−5 5 x −2 (0, 0) 2 x
 π_
 −1, − 2 
  −2
−5
Inverse function: y = ln x
y
5
(e, 1)
−5 (1, 0) 5 x
_1 
 e , −1
 
−5
d. y = cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
y
(0, 1) π_ 
 2 , 0
 
−1 3 x
−1 (π,−1)
Inverse function: y = cos −1 x

y
π π (−1, π)
c. y = sin x , − ≤x≤ 3
2 2
y
 π _
 0, 2 
 
2
_π  x
 2 , 1
 
−1 (1, 0) 3
−1
−2 (0, 0) 2 x
 π_ 
 − 2 , −1
 
−2
821
1
8. sin θ = − , π < θ <
3π
, so θ lies in Quadrant III. (
9. cos tan −1 2 )
3 2
y 2
a. In Quadrant III, cos θ < 0 Let θ = tan −1 2 . Then tan θ = = ,
x 1
2
 1 π π
cos θ = − 1 − sin 2 θ = − 1 −  −  − ≤ θ ≤ . Let x = 1 and y = 2 .
 3 2 2
1 8 Solve for r: r 2 = x 2 + y 2
= − 1− =−
9 9 r 2 = 12 + 22
2 2 r2 = 5
=−
3
r= 5
1 θ is in quadrant I.
sin θ −
b. tan θ = = 3
x 1 1 5 5
cos θ
−
2 2 ( )
cos tan −1 2 = cos θ =
r
=
5
= ⋅
5 5
=
5
3
1 3  1 2
= − − = =
3  2 2  2 2 4
1 π 1 3π
 1  2 2  10. sin α = , < α < π ; cos β = − , π < β <
c. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2  −   −  3 2 3 2
 3  3  π
a. Since < α < π , we know that α lies in
4 2 2
= Quadrant II and cos α < 0 .
9
d. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos α = − 1 − sin 2 α
2
2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7 1 1 8
= − = − 1−   = − 1− = −
 − = − =
 3   3  9 9 9 3 9 9
2 2
3π π θ 3π =−
e. Since π < θ < , we have that < < . 3
2 2 2 4
1 1  3π
Thus, θ lies in Quadrant II and sin  θ  > 0 . b. π <β < , we know that β lies in
2 2  2
Quadrant III and sin β < 0 .
 2 2
1−  −
1  1 − cos θ  3  sin β = − 1 − cos 2 β
sin  θ  = = 2
2  2 2  1
= − 1−  − 
3+ 2 2  3
3 3+ 2 2 1 8 2 2
= = = − 1− =− =−
2 6 9 9 3
θ lies in Quadrant II, cos  θ  < 0 .

1 1 c. cos(2α ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 α
f. Since
2 2  2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7
= −  − = − =
 2 2
1+  −  3   3  9 9 9
1  1 + cos θ  3 
cos  θ  = − =− d. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
2  2 2
3−2 2 2 2  1 1 2 2 
=− − − − 
3 3− 2 2 3  3  3  3 
=− =−
2 6 2 2 2 2 4 2
= + =
9 9 9
822
3π π β 3π Factoring:
e. Since π < β < , we have that < < .
2 2 2 4 2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = x 2 ( 2 x − 1) − 1( 2 x − 1)
β β
Thus,
2
lies in Quadrant II and sin
2
>0. (
= ( 2 x − 1) x 2 − 1 )
1 −  − 
1 = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
β1 − cos β  3 Therefore,
sin = =
2 2 2
f ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
4
3 = 4= 2 =2 6= 6  1
= 2  x −  ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
=
2 6 6 6 3  2 
The real zeros are −1 and 1 (both with
11. f ( x) = 2 x5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1 1
multiplicity 2) and (multiplicity 1).
2
a. f ( x ) has at most 5 real zeros.
1
Possible rational zeros: b. x-intercepts: 1, , −1
2
p 1 y-intercept: −1
p = ±1; q = ±1, ± 2; = ±1, ±
q 2
1 
Using the Bounds on Zeros Theorem: The intercepts are (0, −1) , (1, 0) ,  , 0  ,
2 
(
f ( x) = 2 x 5 − 0.5 x 4 − 2 x3 + x 2 + x − 0.5 ) and (−1, 0)
a4 = − 0.5, a3 = −2, a2 = 1, a1 = 1, a0 = −0.5
c. f resembles the graph of y = 2 x5 for large
Max {1, −0.5 + 1 + 1 + −2 + −0.5 } x .
= Max {1, 5} = 5
d. Let Y1 = 2 x 5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1
1 + Max { − 0.5 , 1 , 1 , −2 , −0.5 }
= 1+ 2 = 3
The smaller of the two numbers is 3. Thus,
every zero of f must lie between −3 and 3.
Use synthetic division with –1:

−1 2 − 1 − 4 2 2 −1
−2 3 1 −3 1 e. Four turning points exist. Use the
2 − 3 −1 3 −1 0 MAXIMUM and MINIMUM features to
locate local maxima at ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0.69, 0.10 )
Since the remainder is 0, x − ( −1) = x + 1 is
and local minima at (1, 0 ) , ( −0.29, −1.33) .
a factor. The other factor is the quotient:
2 x 4 − 3 x3 − x 2 + 3x − 1 .
f. To graph by hand, we determine some additional
Use synthetic division with 1 on the information about the intervals between the x-
quotient: intercepts:
1 2 − 3 −1 3 −1 Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1, 0.5) ( 0.5,1) (1, ∞ )
2 −1 − 2 1 Test
−2 0 0.7 2
number
2 −1 − 2 1 0
Value
−45 −1 ≈ 0.1 27
Since the remainder is 0, x − 1 is a factor. of f
The other factor is the quotient: Below Below Above Above
Location
2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 . x-axis x-axis x-axis x-axis
Point ( −2, −45) ( 0, −1) ( 0.7, 0.1) ( 2, 27 )
823
f is above the x-axis for ( 0.5,1) and  1  1 

Interval ( −∞, −1)
 −1, − 2  − 2 ,∞
(1,∞ ) , and below the x-axis for ( −∞, −1)    
and ( −1,0.5 ) . Test number −2 −0.75 0
Value of f 3 −0.125 1
Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
 1 
The solution set is ( −∞, −1) ∪  − , ∞  .
 2 
d. f ( x) ≥ g ( x)
2 x + 3x + 1 ≥ x2 + 3x + 2
2
x2 − 1 ≥ 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) ≥ 0
g. f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) , ( −0.29, 0.69 ) , p ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
and (1,∞ ) . f is decreasing on ( −1, −0.29 ) The zeros of p are x = −1 and x = 1 .
and ( 0.69,1) . Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1,1) (1, ∞ )
Test number −2 0 2
12. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ; g ( x) = x 2 + 3x + 2 Value of p 3 −1 3
a. f ( x) = 0 Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
The solution set is ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1,∞ ) .
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
1
x = − or x = −1
2 Chapter 6 Projects
The solution set is −1, − { } 1
2
.
Project I – Internet Based Project
b. f ( x) = g ( x) Project II
2 x + 3x + 1 = x 2 + 3x + 2
2
a. Amplitude = 0.00421 m
x2 − 1 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 b. ω = 2.68 radians/sec
x = −1 or x = 1
ω 2.68
The solution set is {−1, 1} . c. f = = ≈ 0.4265 vibrations/sec
2π 2π
c. f ( x) > 0 2π 2π
2 d. λ = = ≈ 0.09199 m
2 x + 3x + 1 > 0 k 68.3
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) > 0
e. If x = 1 , the resulting equation is
f ( x) = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1)
y = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68t ) . To graph, let
1 Y1 = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68 x) .
The zeros of f are x = − and x = −1
2 0.005
−4 4
−0.005
824
Chapter 6 Projects
f. Note: (kx − ωt ) + (kx − ωt + φ ) = 2kx − 2ωt + φ and 2π ω

λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
(kx − ωt ) − (kx − ωt + φ ) = −φ . k 2π
200π ω = 4.6π = 14.45
y1 + y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt ) + ym sin( kx − ωt + φ ) k= = 69.8
9
= ym [sin(kx − ωt ) + sin(kx − ωt + φ )] y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
  2kx − 2 wt + φ   −φ   y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= ym  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 0.4)
 2kx − 2 wt + φ  φ  = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45t )
= 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
g. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 2.5 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3  2   
Let x = 1 :  2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 0.4   0.4 
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
2π ω  2   
λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
k 2π  140 − 28.9t 
200π ω = 4.6π ≈ 14.45 = 0.009sin   cos(0.2)
k= ≈ 69.8  2 
9
= 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45t ) cos(0.2)
y1 = ym sin(kx − ωt )
Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t )
Y2 = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45 x) , and
= 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45 x ) cos(0.2) .
y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 2.5) 0.01 y1 + y2
y1
= 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45t ) y2
−0.4 0.4
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 2.5   2.5  −0.01
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
 2   
j. The phase shift causes the amplitude of y1 + y2
 142.1 − 28.9 t 
= 0.009sin   cos(1.25) to increase from 0.009 cos(1.25) ≈ 0.003 to
 2 
0.009 cos(0.2) ≈ 0.009 .
= 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45t ) cos(1.25)
Project III
h. Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
Y2 = 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45 x) , and y
a.
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45 x ) cos(1.25) . h
0.01
y1 π 2π 3π 4π 5π x
y1 + y2 −h
−0.4 0.4
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(5 x) sin(7 x) 
y2 b. Let Y1 = 1 + + + +
π  1 3 5 7 
−0.01 3
i. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 0.4 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3

Let x = 1 : 0 5π
−3
825
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(17 x)  a. f ( x) = sin x (see table column 2)

c. Let Y1 = 1 + + + ... +
π  1 3 17  x f ( x) g ( x) h( x ) k ( x) m( x )
3
0 0 0.954 −0.311 −0.749 6.085
π 1
0.791 −0.703 2.437 4.011
0 5π 6 2
π 2
0.607 −1.341 1.387 −3.052
4 2
−3
π 3
0.256 −0.978 0.588 −1.243
4  sin x sin(3x) sin(37 x)  3 2
d. Let Y1 = 1 +  + + ... +
π 1 3 37  π
1 −0.256 −0.670 −0.063 0.413
3 2
2π 3
−0.607 −0.703 0.153 8.507
5π
3 2
0
3π 2
−0.791 −0.623 2.380 −6.822
4 2
−3 5π 1
−0.954 0 0.594 −2.695
e. The best one is the one with the most terms. 6 2
π −0.954
0 0.311 −0.817 1.536
Project IV 7π 1
−−0.791 −0.117 −0.013 −5.248
6 2
5π 2
− −0.607 1.341 −1.387 3.052
4 2
4π 3
− −0.256 0.978 −0.588 1.243
3 2
3π
−1 0.256 0.670 0.063 −0.705
2
5π 3
− 0.607 0.703 −0.306
3 2
7π 2
− 0.791 0.623
4 2
11π 1
− 0.954
6 2
2π 1
f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi )
b. g ( x) = (see table column 3)
xi +1 − xi
c. 1.2
−0.5 6.5
−1.2
The shape looks like a sinusoidal graph.
826
Chapter 6 Projects
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we 12

have that y = sin( x + 1.8) .
Barring error due to rounding and
−0.5 5.5
approximation, this looks like y = cos x
g ( xi +1 ) − g ( xi ) −10
d. h( x) = (see table column 4)
xi +1 − xi
The sinusoidal features are gone.
1.8
−0.5 6.5
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we

−1.8
have that y = 2.1sin(5.1x − 1.5) + 0.6 .
The shape is sinusoidal. It looks like an upside-
down sine wave. g. It would seem that the curves would be less
“involved”, but the rounding error has become
incredibly great that the points are nowhere near
accurate at this point in calculating the differences.

have that y = 0.5sin(6.4 x ) .
h ( xi +1 ) − h ( xi )
e. k ( x) = (see table column 5)
xi +1 − xi
3
−0.5 6
−2
This curve is losing its sinusoidal features,
although it still looks like one. It takes on the
features of an upside-down cosine curve
.
have that y = 0.8sin(1.1x) + 0.3 .
Note: The rounding error is getting greater and
greater.
k ( xi +1 ) − k ( xi )
f. m( x) = (see table column 6)
xi +1 − xi
827
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Gangway for
Homer
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Gangway for Homer
Author: George R. Hahn
Illustrator: John R. Forte
Release date: March 21, 2024 [eBook #73220]
Language: English
Original publication: New York, NY: Columbia Publications Inc, 1942
Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GANGWAY

FOR HOMER ***
GANGWAY FOR HOMER
By GEORGE R. HAHN
Illustrated by John Forte
C'mon out of the shadows, Homer. Here's one who claims you
as his patron. Unstring your lyre, mighty bard and sing
the epic of Achilles Maravain, who can't be hurt by bullets,
bombs, or blasters, and whose touch brings instant death!
[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Science Fiction Quarterly Spring 1942.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
His name was really John Smith. Incredibly enough, it had always
been John Smith. As far back as people in his circle and
neighborhood could remember, it had been John Smith—and they
could remember back all the way to when he had been a mere
tottering tot—to the swaddling clothes days. He was what might be
called a medium man. His height was medium. His middle-age was
medium. His hair, eyes, and nose were medium. Unpretentious he
looked and adequate. He fulfilled his name, which, as we mentioned
above, was John Smith—not Achilles Maravain.
Yet she persisted in calling him Achilles Maravain. She declaimed;
she cried out; she excited herself and all present—all to the effect
that John Smith was Achilles Maravain. Everybody paid her the best
of attention, although they couldn't believe her. Everybody regarded
her with interest. She had a wild, pale, exotic-looking face, a figure it
would be indelicate to remark upon, and legs that were crystallized
ecstasy. They listened to her words; they gazed upon her. The Los
Angeles Forum of Camera Arts gazed to satiety on face and figure
and legs and sighed en masse. Insanely gay sighs, sighed they. She
was desirable and moreover she had interrupted President Soupy's
discussion of "Repentance," a camera study in monotone by Pierre
de la Bardier. Had you ever listened to President Soupy remarking
that such and such was "taken on a Zeiss Super Iconta B with
Metchnormatic Ultra-Lite film at an exposure of f5.6 with diaphragm
—, etc.," you too would have been gay—aye, insanely gay—to have
had him interrupted by a luscious looking pair of legs like that. Thus,
everybody was happy. The LAFCA was happy; the lost-looking
scientist with the galvanometer and other trivia was happy, and the
three dapper young men were happy. Even John Smith was happy.
His happiness was obvious in the reluctance with which he took his
departure, in his formality. He rose from his seat and said to the
three dapper young men, of the hard, virtuous faces, "The Federal
Bureau of Investigation, I presume?"
"Right," crisply, youngishly. "John Smith, alias Achilles Maravain, you
are under arrest on charges of murder, seditious conduct, and high
treason against the government of the United States. Will you come
along quietly?"
Achilles—for it is as such he is to be referred to forever hence—did
not come along quietly. He did not come along. In point of fact, he
went his own way. The three grim young men of the FBI bitterly
contested his going, and, since, as everyone knows nowadays, to
touch Achilles Maravain was to undergo collapse, disintegration, and
death, the results were unfortunate.
This was the first and perhaps most important incident in his history.
It was the acorn from which sprouted that large and aberrant oak-
tree that was Achilles Maravain.
The next important incident—a scene perhaps even more diverting
than the last—was the Lincoln Heights scene. As the odds are
against it that the reader of this is either an archeologist or some
pervertedly informed devotee of ancient Los Angeles topography, it
is excusable to mention that Lincoln Heights was the jail of the city,
an institution comparable in purpose to our modern concentration
camps, but differing in that it was merely a squat, few-story cement
structure abundantly furnished with steel bars, locks, chains, gyves,
paraphernalia, and policemen. Its architecture was thus ideal for
Achilles' purposes. His purposes being to imprison the prison,
purposes in which he succeeded.
His remarkable feat first manifested itself when Sergeant Leery
crashed titanically into nothingness. Not actual nothingness—as was
evidenced by its palpability—but a substance that, for all practical
purposes, was nonexistent; all practical purposes that is except that
of preventing exit or entry in regards to the Lincoln Heights jail.
Sergeant Leery withdrew his nose a few paces, vigorously rubbing
that injured member, and stared quizzically at this absurd tangibility.
He stared for a long and ponderous time and then began shouting.
Minions of the law popped miraculously into view at this point, as if
conjured there by the magic of Leery's stentorian voice. Miraculously
they popped and popping, equally miraculously popped no more.
The invisible barrier restrained them; it framed their popping faces,
their popping eyes. It kept them within the building, sealing the
doors, the windows, the walls. It was, in fact a prison; Achilles
Maravain had imprisoned the prison.
Had he stopped there, there's a shade of a ghost's super-attenuated
chance that all might have been forgotten, except perhaps by the
infuriated gendarmerie and prisoners who were left permanently to
their own devices within the Lincoln Heights jail. But Achilles didn't
stop. He visited the First Street Headquarters Jail and imprisoned it.
He visited all the jails. Likewise the insane asylums and the
hospitals. Personal appearance tour, it was; an interstate tour. He
went to Salt Lake City and there gave a repeat performance. Jails,
hospitals, etc. Thence to Denver; thence to Topeka; thence to
Kansas City. Followed by St. Louis. Followed by Indianapolis. And
on all the way to the East Coast.
It is not to be supposed that he was uncontested in this progression.
Very much to the contrary. He was shot at. Often and with the utmost
accuracy was he fired upon. Apparently, however, with no effect for
he seemed invulnerable.
Not elusive was our Achilles, not wily, not adroit. Not even clever. He
was merely invulnerable and clumsily so to boot. He would wade into
a mass of stalwart police or soldiers—the militia tried cannons on
him—and projectiles would simply bounce away from him. They
would explode in the conventional manner. Only no fragments or
concussion waves apparently could reach him. After this, the
opposition would be scattered like the proverbial chaff.
It was a melee, a very horrifying and immensely entertaining mess.
Chaos there was and wildness and fantasy and even fanaticism.
Yes, even the latter. This last was instanced the time a group of
misdirected fans of Achilles misconstrued him, and, in the belief that
he was the Almighty, surrounded him in the midst of the pursuit of
one of his more stirring enterprises. He misconstrued them, too.
They still remain, so far as is known, in the housing he provided their
zeal.
Now we return to the beginning of the story. Not for the sake of
confusion, but merely to pick up a most important thread. Remember
the Camera Forum scene? And Los Angeles? Los Angeles, if you
are following the mood of this story, is mere dust and collapse by
now. Nevertheless, we return to the vanished metropolis and to the
Forum, the three young men of the FBI, and to the lost-looking
scientist with the galvanometer and other trivia—the scientist whom
you probably never noticed, having been lost in the spell of her. The
lost-looking scientist was happy, too.
His happiness lay in that he had come to a conclusion, one affecting
Achilles Maravain. His conclusion was that Maravain was
scientifically explainable. Not just his feats; not just the decimation
he wrought upon police; not just the prisons in which he enveloped
prisons. No—more than that—the works. Everything about Achilles
Maravain—his personality; his attitude toward life, love and literature
—all down to his very kneejerks.
First and most important of all, our Achilles had an inferiority
complex. Definitely. The proposition that anyone who had actually,
with reason, been called John Smith all his life did not have an
inferiority complex was fantastic. But the man's actions proved it
beyond doubt: he picked on criminals, insane, and the sick because
he felt inferior to them, and compensated thus. Amazing logic? Well,
everyone thought so at the time, although as you can see, it was
really extraordinarily simple.
But, at the time, everyone was amazed, even the scientist himself.
He gloried in it, glowed and, entering further into the spirit and tempo
of his theories, babbled out point after telling point. Argued.
Philosophized. He quoted statistics about the ratio of invention to the
inferiority-complex and compared it with the results Achilles had
obtained. He proved that ultra-vibrational force-walls—this being
essentially what Achilles had developed for the demolition of law and
order and for the production of honestagawd, fool-proof, tamper-
proof prisons—were Machiavellian, Mephistophelian, and just plain
hellish. Why invent them, then, except to demonstrate a superiority
the inventor really didn't feel?
The scientist meditated further, brooded, calculated, grunted awhile
and then predicted—or, as he put it: prognosticated—that Achilles
would declare himself a dictator.
Which Achilles did.
In this, however, there was a flaw; here lay his weakness. Not in the
actual fact that he protested himself the greatest and wisest of men,
but that he attempted wiles. He didn't come out with it forthrightly; he
wasn't blunt as he had been with his interesting massacres. He
proved himself cagey, contemptible, striking the Humanitarian pose.
He was, he stated, producing all these absorbing newspaper stories
for man's own good. Or, rather, Man's. Man with a capital M. A
document he issued, long and scholarly. It reeked; it stank; it was
crawling with hypocrisy and shoddy diplomacy. He took some thirty
thousand words to indicate that pestilence, famine, and war was in
existence. That thieving, murder, and kindred rot was also in
evidence. He dithered about the general theme that this was
horrible. Tediously he pedanted, hedging around concerning the
Perfect State, eventually coming out into the open with his own
private Perfect State plan. Revised and condensed it still reeked. Get
rid of all the misfits and criminals and the insane. Prison up the
squarepegs and breed them out. And then direct democracy just as
the Greeks had.
Apparently he had never heard of economics. No one had told him
that Greek democracy existed on the basis of a slave system. No
one had told him of other things that had either been thought of,
worked out, or had evolved according to the scientific laws
concerning economics and society since the time of the Greeks.
Achilles Maravain was stuck on Homeric Greek democracy—only he
indicated that he, personally, would be Democrat Number One.
Again we bewilder the reader with a thread from the beginning.
Again we return to the Los Angeles Camera Forum Scene. This time
to call to the mind of the elated reader that succulent item of
femininity that first claimed our attention with her sprightly
uncovering of Achilles Maravain as the seemingly innocuous John
Smith.
We find Cecile Douve, as she is known to the intelligence services of
this and perhaps a few other countries, in a stinky little bedroom.
Again don't get ahead of the story; she is merely investigating. Not
engaged in active inquiry, if you follow me.
This stinky little bedroom, with massive volumes of a technical
nature, broken test tubes, and other rot and junk of a like nature
littering it, is the erstwhile bedroom of Achilles Maravain. He no
longer inhabits it, although we can linger nostalgically for a moment,
although we can sniff mystifiedly at the—peculiar—odors emanating
from the broken test tubes, although we can tinker with the
gimcracks and thingumbobs and machinery and no doubt shock
ourselves into a reckoning with Old Scratch.
In any case, Cecile Douve is here searching for a clue to the
whereabouts of Achilles. The scientist of the galvanometers is also
here. His name is Harold Boscoe, and he is a Ph. D. Together,
Cecile and the Ph. D. search and also engage in polite converse.
They sniff not, mystifiedly or otherwise; they linger not on anything
nor brood about the fact that perhaps here, in this very, very room
was conceived the diabolicism of the force-wall. No, they search and
converse.
"It must not happen. The man is a maniac," postulates Cecile prettily,
then continues the efficient search.
"Honeybunch,"—evidently the poor egg has joined the clan of the
lovelorn—"it shall not. I shall find something to combat him and his
evil."
"Do you think you can do it, my pet?"
"Certainly. I'm a scientist, am I not? Just between you and me (and a
few governments: Auth. Note) I'm working on something already. I
have a magnificent conception that may well prove his downfall."
"Do you really think so? You're so wise—so—so marvelous."
"Do you really think so?"
"Yes," a pause, then in husky tones, "really."
Embraces, osculations, and speeches. At precisely the right
moment, when his devotion is white hot, she molds him and sends
him back to work.
At approximately this same time, there is going on a very important

meeting of various high and significant officials of the government:
the President, Vice President, Cabinet Members, House Committee
on Achilles Maravain, Senatorial Investigation Committee on Achilles
Maravain, the current successor to the Dies Committee, and the First
Lady. Hubbub, clamor, chaos. The authoritative voice of the
President lifts.
"Silence, please."
The Chairman of the House Committee on Achilles Maravain rises
and addresses the President. "Mr. President," (cough), "we are led to
believe that these are the facts of the case. There is (or are) a
person (or persons) calling himself (or themselves) Achilles
Maravain, who has been (or have been) imprisoning prisons,
causing no end of annoyance and embarrassment, and who has (or
have) proclaimed what purports to be the constitution of a new
American state, founded after the manner of our Grecian
predecessors in the experiment of democracy. The experiment of
democracy, which, may I say, gentlemen" (voice takes oratorical
tones) "has fulfilled all the most rosy hopes and expectations, which
has turned a barren wilderness of thirteen original states into the
magnificence and resplendency of—"
"We are all aware of that, Mr. Ainsworth." The President's grimace
could rightly be termed sinister.
The Chairman sits down abruptly and the President continues. "In
any event, gentlemen, we are confronted by a profoundly serious
situation, coming as it is, at a time when we should bend every effort
toward preparing for a war against the Old World. This person (or
persons) known as Achilles Maravain is having a distressingly
diverting effect upon us when all energies from that—er, madman—
in Europe. Beyond doubt he is some pseudo-idealistic radical—
perhaps an emissary of the Federation. Whatever he is, he has no
full cognizance of the extreme gravity of our situation, and, as such
will not assist us. Thus, he (or they) must be destroyed. What might
any of you gentlemen suggest towards the speedy expedition of this
destruction?"
The First Lady arises. "I'm not a gentleman," she simpers, "but—"
"Quite true. Sit down, please."
"Wait a moment. I have something to suggest. Perhaps you do not
realize it, but I am indirectly responsible for the uncovering of
Achilles Maravain, in Smith's clothing. It was one of my girls, Cecile
Douve, who did the job. And we—she in active duty, and I as her
patron—are continuing our efforts. As once she wormed her way into
his affections, so shall she do it again. As once she effectively
uncovered him, so shall she do a second time. I really promise you
results, gentlemen. Results."
And results she got. Results they were. The web, the power
expended, the intricacies of thought, the drive of five hundred
individuals were her results. The huge rolling mass of energy that
was exhausted by five hundred highly specialized and superbly
trained and educated beings was the result she directed against the
insidious Mr. Maravain. And, most important of all, one person
named Cecile Douve. Four hundred and ninety-nine engineers,
scientists, technicians, and one little lump of hotcha generally known
as Cecile Douve.
"I love you," she said.
Achilles replied. "The last time I believed that, you called in the FBI
as witnesses to our mutual affection."
"I was mad, my darling. I didn't understand you." (Hushed, reverent
tones.) "Even then I felt violently attracted to you, to you as a man,
but your purposes and powers seemed so fearful ... I thought you
were a madman and myself a monster to love you. But now I know
... when I read your wonderful proclamation, I realized how wrong I
had been—how gentle and idealistic you are. I understood then your
purity and realized the nobility of your aspirations.
"I love you."
She moved in for the clinch.
"It would only be fair to warn you," he replied, "that I still have the
force screen armoring me. Cuddling under these conditions would be
quite inadvisable."
She recoiled in a somewhat unamorous fashion.
"Still," he continued, "I love you, too. I don't want to trust you—but I
do. Don't look hopeful my dear—I don't completely. Just to a certain,
reasonable degree. So, here's what: if my noble aspirations pan out,
as I can't help but expect they will, I'll marry you. In the meantime,
we can be friends. We can conduct a pleasant, frolicky little
association, however—an entirely platonic one."
He sighed. "Would that Homer were alive today to write the story of
Achilles Maravain as it should be written. Will I have poets worthy of
me?"
This, she thought, could go on indefinitely. "How soon will it be?" she
broke in. "When will you succeed? Can you make it very soon, my
dearest?"
"It can't be any too soon for me, either, dewdrop—but restrain
yourself."
"I can't—oh, I can't!" she cried. Heavy breathing, then, in more
serious tones. "I know what to do. I have influence in Washington. I'll
arrange an audience for you with the President. With the President
and all of Congress. They'll see you."
"Nice of them, but I don't see the use of it."
"It might be of inestimable use, my darling. A direct impact of your
personality and honesty and drive should convince them. It would be
almost certain to convince them; they're only human, my dear. And
think of the time and trouble we can save if they are ready to give in
gracefully. Please!"
"Very well," he sighed. "I'll do it. Don't think for a moment I don't
suspect treachery, my pet, but after all, I am invincible. You know
that, I hope."
And on this note ends the reconciliation. Immediately followed by

much ado. Preparations while four hundred and ninety-nine
engineers, etc., work in a veritable frenzy. And, out of their efforts
and energy, there grows an amphitheatre, large and capacious.
Pretty and modern. Beautiful.
This was to be the scene of the meeting. Here is to be decided the
fate of more than a hundred and thirty million people. Here is to be
expounded the rules and laws of a state founded on Grecian lines,
on the classic examples.
Here, on March 15.
Beware of the Ides of March, O Caesar.
Glorious, powerful, invincible Achilles Maravain comes to the
amphitheatre. Nowadays with the details and obscurities of the
episode in history shuffled into relative inconspicuity, one doesn't
know precisely how the cards fell or get the subtleties of the deal.
Did any soothsayers annoy our equivalent of Caesar on his route;
did his nonexistent Calpurnia dream gorily the night before; did
lionesses whelp in the streets, or did fierce, fiery warriors fight upon
the clouds "which drizzled blood upon the capital"? Gangway for
Homer, or even Shakespeare. Either of these two could have done
justice to our play.
In any case, Achilles ignored whatever omens there might have
been and came to the amphitheatre on March 15.
Cecile met him at the great, modern-looking portal and led him in,
introducing him to her benefactress, the First Lady, who, in turn
consummated the formalities with the President himself. Achilles was
very well-behaved throughout these presentations, conducting
himself with decorum and consideration for all the people who eyed
his much-publicized armor with especial dubiety. He was very
pleased with himself about the whole thing. All these key figures,
these obstructions to his philosophy, this destructible humanity,
ponderous, ripe so to speak for explosions and force walls—and he
showing such admirable restraint about it all. Indeed, he felt content.
Restraint, control, self-discipline—these his watch-words.
She introduced him to the First Lady.
The President didn't take him by the hand, the force wall preventing
—but he did the next best thing. He preceded him to the raised dais
in the centre of the amphitheatre and, from the spot, delivered a
fetching little introduction about which no more severe a criticism can
be applied than "superfluous." After this, Achilles began his talk.
Here also is the ubiquitous scientist of the lost-looking face.
Apparently a member, if not a chieftain, of the clan of the four
hundred and ninety-nine technicians. He is looking remarkably
heroic at the moment. Almost gigantic—in a spiritual sort of way.
He turns and throws a switch.
And, in the amphitheatre, a globular hemisphere descends upon the
dais supporting Achilles Maravain, immediately transforming him into
a raging Achilles. A half-spheroid, transparent, glassy, but
immensely malleable and tensile and strong.
Upstairs in the little room in which stands the heroic and lost-looking
scientist, the door flies open. Cecile Douve, betrayer extraordinary,
hotcha extraordinary, flies into his arms.
"Darling, the hemisphere is cracking—he's winning out. What'll he do
to me?" All this excitedly. Then, ruminatively, almost sadly. "He won't
want to marry me now."
"Never fear, my sweetness," replies the chieftain of the four hundred
and ninety-nine. "We will win out. Earth science shall triumph. The
hemisphere is just makeshift, to hold him in one spot for a minute or
two. Earth'll really get going in a sec. Earth is insuperable.
Classicism he wanted and classicism he'll get. Remember the first
Achilles? He had a vulnerable spot. His heel!" The lost look was
replaced by a malevolent grin, sage and content. "Achilles Maravain
has a heel, too. It couldn't be protected by the force-wall, could it?
He doesn't walk on an inch of apparent nothingness does he? No.
He's vulnerable, just as his Homeric predecessor. And we don't have
to use clumsy poisoned arrows on this"—sneering emphasis
—"heel." A wild laugh. "We just throw a shot of good old electricity
into him."
On the dais, the violent, raging figure of John Smith, alias Achilles
Maravain, colossus of the classics, exponent of the ages, Caesar
omnipotent, stiffens convulsively as a couple of hundred thousand
volts of electricity crisps his flesh. For a long moment, what is left of
him remains upright. Then, quietly it falls.
Achilles number two seeks out his illustrious predecessor in Elysia.
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Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

Trigonometry A Unit Circle Approach 10th Edition

Precalculus A Unit Circle Approach 3rd Edition Ratti

Precalculus A Unit Circle Approach 3rd Edition Ratti

1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3

we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 4 . r 2 = 122 + 52

83. y = sec −1 x = cos −1

17. sin ( 3θ ) = −1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is

36. tan θ = 1 42. sin ( 2θ ) = −1

48. cot θ = 2 54. 4 cot θ = −5

65. sin 2 θ = 6 ( cos ( −θ ) + 1) 68. cos θ − sin ( −θ ) = 0

1 − cos 2 θ = 6 cos θ + 6 cos θ + sin θ = 0

2 − 2 cos 2 θ = 3 − 3cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ

71. 1 + sin θ = 2 cos 2 θ 75. 3(1 − cos θ ) = sin 2 θ

86. sin x − cos x = x 90. x 2 = x + 3cos(2 x)

b. f ( x) = g ( x) c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

π π 105. d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150

116. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.

117. If θ is the original angle of incidence and φ is 10 3 10

22. 1 + cot 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− cot θ ) 2 = 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ

 sin θ cos θ  32. (1 − cos 2 θ )(1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc 2 θ

= sin 2 u 36. csc 4 θ − csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ (csc 2 θ − 1)

30. (csc θ + cot θ )(csc θ − cot θ ) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1

31. cos 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) = cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ

1 sin u sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ

1 cos v 1 + sin v cos 2 v + (1 + sin v) 2

56. (csc θ − cot θ ) 2 cot θ tan θ

sin u cos u 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ

sin θ = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

sin θ (sin θ cos θ − 1) sin θ

1 sec θ  sec θ   1 + sin θ 

sec2 v − tan 2 v + tan v 1 + tan v sin 3 θ + cos3 θ

= sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

1 − 2 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ 91. (a sin θ + b cos θ ) 2 + (a cos θ − b sin θ ) 2

(1 + sin θ ) − cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

1 + 2sin θ + sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

105. 16 + 16 tan 2 θ = 16(1 + tan 2 θ ) = 4 1 + tan 2 θ . b −120

109. Answers will vary.

110. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

111 – 112. Answers will vary.

113. Since a is negative then the graph opens up so