the ages of 12 patients selected for a study are as follows. What is the mode for this sample?

21,37,20,26,28,21,32,35,40,19,18,21
a. 21
b. 23.5
c. 23
d. 24
e. 26

the ages of 9 patients selected for a study are as follows. What is the median age for this
sample? 38,15,29,26,24,35,32,30,12
a. 29
b. 26
c. 27
d. 28
e. 30

the ages of 10 patients selected for a study are as follows. What is the median age for this
sample? 60,40,26,24,30,28,32,35,15,10
a. 29
b. 26
c. 27
d. 28
e. 30

….. is a subset of the population studied. a ….. from a population is the set of measurements
that are actually collected in the course of an investigation.
a. statistic
b. variable
c. sample
d. data
e. population

….. is a kind of “measure of dispersion”. It is a descriptive statistic which can be used to

measure the spread of data.
a. standard deviation
b. mode
c. median
d. quartiles
e. percentiles
data can be classified into four levels of measurements. What is the level of measurement for
the temperature measured in celsius (C°)?
a. ordinal
b. nominal
c. binary
d. ratio
e. interval

interquartile range (IQR): IQR is defined as the difference between the…..

a. third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1)
b. highest and lowest value
c. minimum and maximum value
d. mean and the squares of the deviations
e. mean and the variance

At the ….. stage of the modern scientific procedure, The researcher establishes relationships
between various formations in the population based on his classical knowledge and scientific
intuition through the data he observes. At this stage, the researcher formulates hypothetically
the causes of the event he is examining, how it occurred, and his intuitions about how it might
develop.
a. making generalizations from the from the results (generalizations)
b. verification
c. building/forming hypotheses
d. making observation
e. testing hypotheses

a random experiment: tossing one fair, six sided die. how many elements are there in the
sample space of this random experiment
a. 3
b. 1
c. 5
d. 2
e. 6

In ……, the investigators actively participate in some aspect of the recruitment, treatment or
care of the subjects in the study. In an experiment the researcher deliberately imposes a
treatment on one or more subjects or experimental units. The experimenter then measures or
observes the subjects' response to the treatment.
a. experimental studies
b. observational studies
c. case-reports
d. case-control studies
e. retrospective cohort studies
In ….. is a detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after
treatment of an individual patient. Usually contain demographic information about the patient.
a. case report
b. cross-sectional study
c. case-control study
d. prospective cohort study
e. retrospective cohort study

….. is one of the types of experimental studies.

a. clinical trials
b. cross-sectional study
c. cohort studies
d. case-control studies
e. case report/case series

….. can be conducted by identifying a cohort in the present, determining exposure status in the
past (collects data on predictors measured in the past), and then determining subsequent
disease occurrence between time of exposure and present through historical records (collects
data on the Outcome).
a. retrospective cohort studies
b. prospective cohort studies
c. case report
d. case series
e. cross-sectional studies

…. refers to a numerical quantity computed from sample data

a. statistic
b. population
c. data
d. variable
e. parameter

….. usually are more expensive, require large sample sizes and take a long time to complete.
a. prospective studies
b. retrospective studies
c. case report
d. case series
e. cross-sectional studies
“I denoted the age by X. population mean is denoted by μ. My sample size is n=100. Mean age
of the individuals in my sample is x̄=25.3. In this study:
a. X:variable
b. X̄: population parameter
c. μ: sample statistic
d. n: sample statistic
e. X̄: variable

“I denoted the systolic blood pressure by X. population mean is denoted by μ. My sample size is
n=100. mean age of the individuals in my sample is x̄= 117.5mmHg”. in this study:
a. x: population parameter
b. μ: sample statistic
c. x̄: variable
d. n: population parameter
e. x̄: sample statistic

…..sampling is done in populations where the individuals are not homogeneously distributed in
terms of the values of the variable emphasized, but on the other hand, values close to each
other come together and form subgroups. To choose a ….. sample, divide the population into
subgroups and then take a proportionate number from each subgroup.
a. cluster
b. stratified
c. systematic
d. convenience
e. simple random

In a ….., two groups of subjects are selected on the basis of whether they have or do not have
some condition of interest. Individuals in both groups are then questioned about past exposure
to possible risk factors. A reasoned conclusion is then drawn about the relationship between the
condition in question and exposure to the suspected risk factor.
a. cross-sectional studies
b. case series
c. case report
d. prospective cohort studies
e. case-control study

….. is a characteristic or measure obtained from a population.

a. parameter
b. population
c. data
d. variable
e. statistic
….. is a subset of the population studied. A …… from a population is the set of measurements
that are actually collected in the course of an investigation.
a. statistic
b. variable
c. population
d. data
e. sample

data can be classified into four levels of measurements. What is the level of measurement for
the body weight in kgs?
a. ordinal
b. interval
c. ratio
d. binary
e. nominal

data can be classified into four levels of measurements. What is the level of measurement for
gender (female/male)?
a. interval
b. continuous
c. ordinal
d. nominal
e. ratio

let S={2,4,5,6,8} and let A={4,8}. then what is the complement of event A(A’)?
a. A’={2,5,6}
b. A’={2,6,8}
c. A’={2,4,5,6,8}
d. A’={5,6,8}
e. A’={2,5,6,8}

The true order for the four steps of the modern scientific method is
a. I- Make observation:
II- form hypotheses based on observations and your questions
Ill- Testing hypotheses (verification).
IV- Making generalizations from the results.

b. I- Form hypotheses based on observations and your questions,

II- Make observation
Ill- Testing hypotheses (verification)
IV- Making generalizations

c. I- Form hypotheses based on observations and your questions,

II- Make observation
 III- Testing hypotheses (verification)
IV- Making generalizations from the results.

data can be classified into four levels of measurements. What is the level of measurement for
the responses to questions about the cruise are “excellent”, “good”, “satisfactory” and
“unsatisfactory”?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
e. continuous

…..is the complete set of possible measurements for which inferences are to be made. The term
population refers to a collection of people or objects that share common observable
characteristics.
a. population
b. sample
c. data
d. variable
e. statistic

A ….. is the ratio (fraction or proportion) of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the
set of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes. To find the ….., divide each frequency by
the total number of students in the sample.
a. relative frequency
b. population
c. data
d. variable
e. parameter

In a ….The investigator selects a sample from a target population, measures (baseline) values
of predictor variables and then measures the outcomes during follow-up.
a. prospective cohort study
b. clinical trial
c. cross sectional study
d. cohort study
e. case-control study
….can be performed in a population. If population individuals (units) come together to form
groups and these groups are similar to each other but group elements are heterogeneous in
themselves and each group shows all the characteristics of the population in itself.
a. cluster sampling
b. stratified sampling
c. systematic sampling
d. convenience sampling
e. simple random sampling

….. is a kind of “central tendency”. It is a descriptive statistic which can be used to measure the
spread of data.
a. Mode
b. Inter quartile range
c. Standard deviation
d. Minimum-maximum value
e. Range

…..are experimental studies to compare two or more clinical treatments. In these studies,
individuals are usually randomly allocated to receive or not receive a treatment.
a. Clinical trials
b. Observational studies
c. Case-reports
d. Case-control studies
e. Prospective cohort studies

….., is one of the sampling errors.

a. Poor sampling plan
b. Measuring observation results incorrectly
c. A defective counting device
d. An error that occur due to misunderstanding during the collection of information from the
individual
e. Data coding error

…..is one of the non-random sampling methods

a. Convenience sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Stratified sampling
e. Cluster sampling
…..provides a mechanism that gives an equal chance of selection into the sample to each
individual population. Table of random numbers or random numbers generator from the
computer can be used.
a. simple random sampling
b. convenience sampling
c. systematic sampling
d. stratified sampling
e. cluster sampling

….is used when a sampling frame (a complete list of people or objects constituting the
population) is available and the population is similar in structure to simple random sampling.
a. systematic sampling
b. convenience sampling
c. non-random sampling
d. stratified sampling
e. cluster sampling

….is a modification of simple random sampling that is used when we want to ensure that each
subgroup constitutes an appropriate proportion or representation in the sample.
a. stratified sampling
b. systematic sampling
c. convenience sampling
d. non-random sampling
e. cluster sampling

….. is a kind of “central tendency”. It is a descriptive statistic which can be used to measure the
spread of data.
a. median
b. variance
c. standard deviation
d. range
e. inter quartile range

What is the range for the given data set?

data set: 100,95,135,45,70,55
a. 90
b. 80
c. 55
d. 70
e. 95
In a ….. investigators draw a sample, randomly, from the population, then make all
measurements for all variables on a single occasion or within a very short period of time –
without a follow up
a. Cross-sectional studies
b. Case-control study
c. Prospective cohort studies
d. Clinical trials
e. Retrospective cohort studies

….. is a kind of “measure of dispersion”. It is a descriptive statistic which can be used to

measure the spread of data.
a. Variance
b. Mean
c. Median
d. Mode
e. Variable