ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬

Head Loss Calculation

Lecture Outlines

 Review (1): Laminar Flow vs Turbulent Flow

 Review (2): Entrance Region & Fully Developed Flow FDF
 Review (3): Bernoulli Equation and Restrictions on its Use
 Steady-Flow Energy Equation
 Head Loss Calculation
 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems
 Examples

 Lamiar Flow vs Turbulent Flow [2 & 4]

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬
V D V D 4Q  2,300 ; Laminar in a pipe
Re    
  D  2,300 ; Turbulent in a pipe

 Entrance Region & Fully Developed Flow (FDF) [1 & 2]

Key Terms: Class Discussion

(1) no-slip condition, (2) viscous effect, (3) inviscid flow, (4) boundary layer,
(5) entrance region, (6) entrance length, (7) developing flow, (8) laminar FDF

FDF = the shape of the velocity profile does not change in the flow direction →
u
u  u(r ) only or  0.
x

 0.06 D Re ; laminar flow

Entrance Length = Lentrance   1/ 4
1.359 D Re ; turbulent flow
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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬
 Bernoulli Equation and Restrictions on its Use [3]

The Bernoulli equation is a wonderful, historic relation, but it is extremely restrictive and
should always be viewed with care in applying it to a real (viscous) fluid motion. It is given by

P1 V12 P2 V22
  gz1    gz 2 , in [J/kg]
 2  2

The complete list of its restrictions is as follows.

1- Steady flow 2- Incompressible flow 3- Frictionless (inviscid or ideal) flow

4- No shaft work between (1) and (2): no pump or turbine
5- No heat transfer between (1) and (2) either added or rejected.
6- Flow along a single streamline.

Once again, the restrictions should be kept in mind with care when Bernoulli Eq is used.

 Steady-Flow Energy Equation [2 & 3]

A more general form than Bernoulli equation is the steady-

flow energy equation (1st law of thermodynamics). The steady,
incompressible flow energy equation allows for (1) friction,
(2) heat transfer, and (3) shaft work.

E in  E out

where,

 = kinetic energy coefficient (correction factor) that allows us to use V .

 2 ; Laminar flow in a pipe

 
 1 ; Turbulent flow in a pipe
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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬
hlT = total energy (or head) loss, in J/kg.

Pump work ,

The previous energy equation can be written in other form as follow:

 Head Loss Calculation

hlT = total energy (or head) loss

Major Head Loss Minor Head Loss

It is due to frictional effects. It is caused by entrances, fittings, area changes,
2
LV and so on.
hlmajor  f
D 2 2 2
L V V
hlm inor  f e  K
f = Darcy friction factor obtained  D
2 
 2

due to fittings entrances ,exits
from “Moody Chart,” or equations. & valves & area changes

L = pipe length, in m Le
= dimensionless equivalent length (look up
D
Q
V = average flow velocity, in Table 8.4 for data)
A
m/s K = loss coefficient

K entrance (look up Table 8.2/8.3 and Fig 8.15 for

data)
2 ; Laminar flow in a pipe
K exit    
1 ; Turbulent flow in a pipe
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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬

Class Discussion: Equivalent length?!

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬
Valve types

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬

 How to obtain the Darcy friction factor, f [1 & 2]

1-Evaluate the Reynolds number, Re

V D V D 4Q  2,300 ; Laminar  f laminar  64 / Re

Re    
  D  2,300 ; Turbulent  GO TO 2

e
2-Obtain the roughness, e, from Table 8.1 and then calculate
D

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬
1- Use Moody Chart to retrieve f.

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Instructor: ‫عمار قويشه‬

 Solution of Single-Path Flow Problems

Case ∆P L Q (or V) D Note
1 ?   
ME312
2  . ?  
3   ?  . ME313 & ME414
4   .  . ? Iteration is required

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Tutorial Instructor: ‫عمار قويشة‬

Problem 01: [Fox & McDonald Problem ] Water is pumped at the rate of
0.075 m3/s from a reservoir 20 m above a pump to a free discharge 35 m
above the pump. The pressure on the intake side of the pump is 150 kPa and
the pressure on the discharge side is 450 kPa. All pipes are commercial steel
of 15 cm diameter. Determine (a) the head supplied by the pump and (b) the
total head loss between the pump and point of free discharge.

Problem 02: [Final Exam: Fall 2012] Water at 10° C flows from the reservoir

A to reservoir B through a 19 mm-diameter cast-iron pipe of length 21 m at a

rate of Q = 0.002 m3/s, as shown. The system contains a squared-edged
entrance, four standard 90° elbows, and two globe valves.
1. Sketch the EGL and the HGL.
2. Determine the total head loss through the system, in meter.
3. Determine the difference in elevation H of the two reservoirs.
4. If the water is to be pumped from the reservoir B to A at the same rate Q
= 0.002 m3/s, calculate the pumping power requirements, in kW.
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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

 ME312 Head Loss Calculation Tutorial Instructor: ‫عمار قويشة‬

Problem 03: [Final Exam: Spring 2013] Water at 20° C is to be pumped

between two reservoirs through a 16 cm-diameter wrought-iron pipe of
length 50 m at a rate of Q = 0.03 m3/s, as shown. Both reservoirs are open to
the atmosphere. The piping system contains a square-edged entrance, a
square-edged exit, two standard 90° elbows.
1. Calculate the gage pressure at

the pump inlet.

2. Determine the total head loss

through the system, in meter.

3. If the pump efficiency is 85 %,

calculate the power input

required to drive the pump, in
kW.
4. Sketch the energy grade lines (EGL) and hydraulic grade lines (HGL) for the

system along the pipe length.

5. In the piping system, the water temperature remains under 20°C. Determine

the minimum pressure allowed in the system to avoid cavitation.

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

 ME312 Head Loss Calculation Tutorial Instructor: ‫عمار قويشة‬

Problem 04: Water at 10ºC (ρ = 999.7 kg/m3 & μ = 1.307 × 10-3 Pa.s)
flows from a large reservoir A to B through a cast-iron pipe of diameter 5
cm at a rate of Q = 6 L/s, as shown.
1. Determine the total head loss between (1) and (2), in meter.

2. Determine the elevation H, in m

3. If the water is to be pumped from the reservoir B to A at the same rate Q = 6

L/s, calculate the minimum pumping power requirements, in kW.

4. Sketch the energy grade lines (EGL) and hydraulic grade lines (HGL) for the

system along the pipe length.

Problem 05: Water at 10ºC (ρ = 999.7 kg/m3 & μ = 1.307 × 10-3 Pa.s)
flows from a large reservoir A to B through a cast-iron pipe of diameter 5
cm at a rate of Q = 6 L/s, as shown.
1. Determine the total head loss between (1) and (2), in meter.

2. Determine the total length of the pipe.

3. If the water is to be pumped from the reservoir B to A at the same rate Q = 6

L/s, calculate the minimum pumping power requirements, in kW.

4. Sketch the energy grade lines (EGL) and hydraulic grade lines (HGL) for the

system along the pipe length.

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015

ME312 Head Loss Calculation Tutorial Instructor: ‫عمار قويشة‬

References
[1] R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 8th ed. New
York:Wiley, 2011.
[2] B. R. Munson, D. F. Young, and T. Okiishi. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 4th
ed. New York:Wiley, 2002.
[3] F. M. White. Fluid Mechanics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
[4] Y. Cengel and J. Cimbala. : Fundamentals and Applications, New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2006.

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ME Department, The University of Tripoli Spring 2015