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6.1 BASIC IDENTITIES 347
30. Since α is p
in Quadrant II, √ ±1
37. Note, by Exercise 26, cos(x) = q .
cos α = − 1 − (3/4)2 = − 7/4, tan2 (x) + 1
√ 3/4 √
sec α = −4/ 7, tan α = √ = −3/ 7, Since arctan x is an angle in quadrant 1 or 4,
√ − 7/4
and cosine is positive in both quadrants 1
cot α = − 7/3, and csc α = 4/3.
and 4, we get
q √
31. Since sin α = − 1 − (− 3/5)2 = 1 1
p √ √ cos(arctan x) = q =√ .
− 1 − 3/25 = − 22/5, csc √α = −5/ 22, tan2 (arctanx) + 1 x2 + 1
√ − 22/5 √ √
sec α = −5/ 3, tan α = √ = 22/ 3,
− 3/5 √
√ √ 38. Note, tan x = ± sec2 x − 1. Then
and cot α = 3/ 22.
√ √
q
5 5 5 5 √ tan(arccos x) = ± sec2 (arccos x) − 1
32. cos α = √ ·√ =− = − 5/4,
−20
q
−4 5 5 = ± 1/x2 − 1
q √ √ √
sin α = 1 − (− 5/4)2 = 11/4 1 − x2
√ = ± .
11/4 √ √ x
Also, tan α = √ = − 11/ 5 =
− 5/4
√ √ Observe that tan(arccos x) is positive exactly
− 55/5, cot√ α = −5/ 55, and when x > 0, and tan(arccos x) is negative
csc α = 4/ 11. exactly when x < 0.
√
33. Since α ispin Quadrant IV, we 1 − x2
√ get Thus, tan(arccos x) = .
csc α = − 1 + (−1/3)2 =q− 10/3, x
√ √ √
sin α = −3/ 10, cos α = 1 − (−3/ 10)2 = 39. Note, tan x = ±√ sec2 x − 1 and
√ √
cos(arcsin x) = 1 − x2 . Then
p
1 − 9/10 = 1/ 10, sec α = 10,
and tan α = −3. q
√ tan(arcsin x) = ± sec2 (arcsin x) − 1
34. Since sin α = 1/ 3, we obtain s
q √ √ √ 1
2
cos(α) = 1 − (1/ 3)2 = 2/ 3, = ± √ −1
√ 1 − x2
√ √ 1/ 3 √
sec(α) = 3/ 2, tan(α) = √ √ = 1/ 2,
s
2/ 3 1
√ = ± −1
and cot(α) = 2. 1 − x2
s
35. Let θ = arccos x. Then cos θ = x and θ lies in x2
= ±
quadrant 1 or 2. Since sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − x2
√
1√− x2 , we obtain sin(arccos x) = sin θ = x2
= ±√
± 1 − x2 . Since sine is positive in both 1 − x2
quadrants 1 and 2, we have sin(arccos x) =
√ ±x
1 − x2 . = ±√
1 − x2
x
36. Let θ = arcsin x. Then sin θ = x and θ lies in = ±√ .
1 − x2
quadrant 1 or 4. Since cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ =
1√− x2 , we obtain cos(arcsin x) = cos θ = Note, tan(arcsin x) is positive exactly when
± 1 − x2 . Since cosine is positive in both x > 0, and tan(arcsin x) is negative exactly
quadrants 1 and 4, we have cos(arcsin x) = x
√ when x < 0. Thus, tan(arcsin x) = √ .
1 − x2 . 1 − x2
82. e, since csc2 (x) = 1 + cot2 (x) cos w(sin2 w + cos2 w) cos(w) · 1
96. = = cos2 w
sec w sec w
83. It is not an identity. If γ =√π/3 then
(sin(π/3) + cos(π/3)) 2 2 (1 − cos2 w) − cos2 w 1 − 2 cos2 w
√ √ = ( 3/2 + 1/2) = 97. = =1
( 3 + 1) 2 4+2 3 1 − 2 cos2 w 1 − 2 cos2 w
= 6= 1 =
4 4 − sin3 θ − sin2 θ
sin2 (π/3) + cos2 (π/3). 98. 2 = 2
= tan2 θ
sin θ(sin θ − 1) (− cos θ)
84. It is not an identity. If x = π/4
tan x(tan2 x − sec2 x) tan x(−1)
then tan2 (π/4)√ − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0 and 99. = = tan2 x
sec2 (π/4) = ( 2)2 = 2. − cot x − cot x
sin2 x + cos2 x 1
85. It is not an identity. If β = π/6 then 100. = = csc x
sin x sin x
(1 + sin(π/6))2 = (1 + 1/2)2 = (3/2)2 = 9/4
and 1 + sin2 (π/6) = 1 + (1/2)2 = 5/4. 101.
1 cos2 (x)/ sin2 (x) 1 cos2 (x)
3 − = 3 − =
86. It is not an identity. If α = π/6
√ sin x sin x sin x sin3 x
then sin(2π/6) = sin(π/3) =√ 3/2 and√ 1 − cos2 x sin2 x 1
sin(π/6) cos(π/6) = (1/2) · ( 3/2) = 3/4. 3 = 3 = = csc x
sin x sin x sin x
87. It is not an identity. p
If α = 7π/6 then 102.
sin(7π/6) = −1/2 while 1 − cos2 (7π/6) is a 1/ cos2 x 1 cos2 x
1− = 1 − · =
positive number. sin2 x/ cos2 x cos2 x sin2 x
1
88. It is not an identity. Ifp
α = 3π/4 then 1− = 1 − csc2 x = − cot2 x
sin2 x
tan(3π/4) = −1 while sec2 (3π/4) − 1 is a
positive number. 103. (sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) =
(sin2 x − cos2 x)(1) = sin2 x − cos2 x
89. It is not an identity. If y = π/6 then
sin(π/6) = 1/2 and sin(−π/6) = −1/2. 104. (csc2 x + cot2 x)(csc2 x − cot2 x) =
(csc2 x + cot2 x)(1) = csc2 x + cot2 x
90. It is not an identity. If y = π/3 then p
105. cos θ = ± 1 − sin2 θ = ± 1 − (1/3)2 =
p
cos(−π/3) = 1/2 and − cos(π/3) = −1/2.
r √
p 8 2 2
91. It is not an identity. If y = π/6 then ± 1 − 1/9 = ± =±
cos 2 − sin2 (π/6) = 9 3
√ (π/6)
( 3/2) − (1/2)2 = 3/4 − 1/4
2
√ = 1/2 5
106. Note sec θ = .
and sin(2 · π/6) = sin π/3 = 3/2. 4
√
Then tan θ = ± sec2 θ − 1 =
92. It is not an identity. If x = π/6 then p p
cos(2 · π/6) = cos π/3 =√1/2 and ± (5/4)2 − 1 = ± 25/16 − 1 =
√
2 cos(π/6) sin(π/6) = 2( 3/2)(1/2) = 3/2.
r
9 3
± =± .
1 16 4
93. 1 − = 1 − sec2 (x) = − tan2 (x) √
cos2 (x)
p
107. cos θ = ± 1 − sin2 θ = ± 1 − u2
sin2 x(sin2 x − 1) 1
94. = sin2 x(− cos2 x) · cos x = 108. Note sec θ = .
1/ cos x u
√
− sin2 (x) cos3 (x) Then tan θ = ± sec2 θ − 1 =
s s √
−(tan2 t + 1) − sec2 t 1 2 1 − u2 1 − u2
95. = = −1 ± −1=± = ± √ =
2
sec t sec2 t u u2 u2
√ √
±
1 − u2
=±
1 − u2
.
Thinking Outside the Box LII
±u u
sin x Let r be the radius of the small circle, and let x be
109. Note, tan x = is not valid if cos x = 0. the distance from the center of the small circle to
cos x
π the point of tangency of any two circles with radius
Thus, the identity is not valid if x = + kπ
2 1.
where k is an integer. By the Pythagorean theorem, we find
cos x
110. Note, cot x = is not valid if sin x = 0. 1 + (x + r)2 = (1 + r)2
sin x
Thus, the identity is not valid if x = kπ where
and
k is an integer.
1 + (1 + 2r + x)2 = 22 .
113. Let h be the height of the building. Using
The second equation may be written as
right triangle trigonometry, we find
1 + (r + 1)2 + 2(r + 1)(r + x) + (r + x)2 = 4.
h = 2000 tan 30◦ ≈ 1155 ft.
Using the first equation, the above equation sim-
114. Let α be the central angle. Using the formula plifies to
s = rα, we obtain
(r + 1)2 + 2(r + 1)(r + x) + (1 + r)2 = 4
5 = 60α
5
radians = α or
60 (r + 1)2 + (r + 1)(r + x) = 2.
5 180 ◦
· degrees = α
60 π Since (from first equation, again)
4.8◦ = α q
x+r = (1 + r)2 − 1
115. The amplitude is 5.
2π 2π we obtain
Since B = 2, the period is = = π.
B 2 q
π
π (r + 1)2 + (r + 1) (1 + r)2 − 1 = 2.
Since 2x − π = 2 x − , phase shift is .
2 2
The range is the interval [−5+3, 5+3] = [−2, 8] Solving for r, we find
√
116. The period and frequency are reciprocals of 2 3−3
r= .
each other. Then the frequency is 3
1
= 8 cycles/sec 6.1 Pop Quiz
0.125
4. Note, arcsin(w) is an angle in quadrant 1 or 4. The distance, d, from the gun to the point
Since cosine is positiveqin quadrant 1 or 4, we where the projectile lands is given by
find cos(arcsin(w)) = 1 − sin2 (arcsin(w)) = d = x = vo t cos θ = vo A cos θ =
√
1 − w2 .
vo sin θ
v2
vo cos θ = o sin θ cos θ,
2 2
2 2
16 16
5. + = 2 cos α + sin α =
1/ cos2 α 1/ sin2 α v2
i.e., d = o sin θ cos θ.
2(1) = 2 16
6. False, if x = π/4 then 13. csc2 x+2 csc x sin x+sin2 x = csc2 x+2+sin2 x
sin(π/4) √
sec(π/4) + = 2 + 1 and 14. 4 cos2 x − 4 cos x sec x + sec2 x =
cos(π/4) 4 cos2 x − 4 + sec2 x
√ √
1 + sin(π/4) cos(π/4) 1 + ( 2/2)( 2/2)
= √ = 15. 4 sin2 θ − 1 16. 9 sec2 θ − 4
cos(π/4) 2/2
1 + (1/2) √ √ 17. 9 sin2 θ+12 sin θ+4 18. 9 cos2 θ−12 cos θ+4
√ = (3/2)(2/ 2) = 3/ 2.
2/2
19. 4 sin4 y − 4 sin2 y csc2 y + csc4 y =
1 + sin x 1 + sin x 4 sin4 y − 4 + csc4 y
7. True, 2 = =
1 − sin x (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
1 20. tan4 y + 2 tan2 y cot2 y + cot4 y =
. tan4 y + 2 + cot4 y
1 − sin x
1 21. Note the factorization of a difference of two
8. True, since tan x · cot x = tan x · = 1.
tan x squares: (1 − sin α)(1 + sin α) = 1 − sin2 α =
cos2 α.
9. False, if x = π/3 then (1 − cos(π/3))2 =
(1 − 1/2)2 = (1/2)
√
2 = 1/4 and
22. Note the factorization of a difference of two
sin2 (π/3) = ( 3/2)2 = 3/4. squares: (1 − cos α)(1 + cos α) = 1 − cos2 α =
sin2 α.
10. False, if x = π/6 then
(1 − csc(π/6))(1 + csc(π/6))
√ = (1 − 2)(1 + 2) = 23. Note the factorization of a difference of two
−3 and cot2 (π/6) = ( 3)2 = 3. squares: (csc α − 1)(csc α + 1) = csc2 α − 1 =
cot2 α.
6.2 Exercises
sin x 24. Note the factorization of a difference of two
1. D, cos x tan x = cos x · = sin x . squares: (sec α − 1)(sec α + 1) = sec2 α − 1 =
cos x
tan2 α.
1 cos x 1
2. I, sec x cot x = · = = csc x .
cos x sin x sin x 25. Note the factorization of a difference of two
3. A, csc2 x − cot2 x = 1 . squares: (tan α − sec α)(tan α + sec α) =
tan2 α − sec2 α = −1.
sin x cos x
4. J, + = 1 + cot x . 26. Note the factorization of a difference of two
sin x sin x
squares: (cot α − csc α)(cot α + csc α) =
5. B, 1 − sec2 x = − tan2 x .
cot2 α − csc2 α = −1.
6. C, csc2 x − 1 = cot2 x .
27. (2 sin γ + 1) (sin γ − 3)
csc x sin x
7. H, − = 1 − sin2 x = cos2 x . 28. (cos γ − 3) (cos γ + 2)
csc x csc x
cos x sec x 29. (tan α − 4) (tan α − 2)
8. E, − = cos2 x − 1 = − sin2 x .
sec x sec x
30. (2 cot α + 3) (cot α − 1)
9. G, csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x .
sin2 x + cos2 x 1 31. (2 sec β + 1)2 32. (3 csc θ − 2)2
10. F, = .
cos x sin x cos x sin x 33. (tan α − sec β) (tan α + sec β)
11. 2 cos2 β − cos β − 1
34. sin2 y − cos2 x sin2 y + cos2 x =
40. sin θ (2 sin θ + 1) − cos θ (2 sin θ + 1) = 53. Note, sin(−x) = − sin(x). Factoring, we
(sin θ − cos θ) (2 sin θ + 1) sin2 x + sin x sin x(sin x + 1)
obtain = =
1 + sin x 1 + sin x
1 − cos2 x sin2 x sin x.
41. Combining, we get = .
a a
54. Note, cos(−x) = cos(x). Factoring, we obtain
1 − sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x − cos x cos x(cos x − 1)
42. Combining, we get = = = =
cos x cos x 1 − cos x 1 − cos x
cos x.
cos x(cos x − 1)
sin(2x) 2 sin(2x) 3 sin(2x) = − cos x.
43. We obtain + = . −(cos x − 1)
2 2 2
55.
2 cos(2x) cos(2x) cos(2x)
44. We obtain − = .
2 2 2 sin x cot x =
2 tan x 3 tan x cos x
45. Since 6 is the LCD, we get + = sin x =
6 6 sin x
5 tan x
. cos x
6
3 sin x sin x 56.
46. Since 3b is the LCD, we get + =
3b 3b
4 sin x cos2 x tan2 x =
.
3b sin2 x
cos2 x =
47. Separating the fraction, we obtain cos2 x
sin x sin2 x sin2 x
− = 1 − sin x.
sin x sin x
57.
cos x(cos2 x − 1)
48. Factoring, we get =
− cos x 1 − sec x cos3 x =
2
cos x(− sin x) 1
= sin2 x. 1− cos3 x =
− cos x cos x
(sin x − cos x)(sin x + cos x) 1 − cos2 x =
49. Factoring:
sin x − cos x
= sin x + cos x. sin2 x
58. 63.
1 − csc x sin3 x = sin x cos x
+ =
1 csc x sec x
1− sin3 x =
sin x sin x cos x
+ =
2 1/ sin x 1/cosx
1 − sin x =
sin2 x + cos2 x =
cos2 x
1
59.
1 + sec2 x sin2 x = 64.
1
1+ sin2 x = sin3 x csc x + cos3 x sec x =
cos2 x
1 1
1 + tan2 x = sin3 + cos3 x =
sin x cos x
sec2 x
sin2 x + cos2 x =
60.
1
2 2
1 + csc x cos x =
1 65.
1+ cos2 x =
sin2 x 1 sin θ
· =
1 + cot2 x = csc θ − cot θ sin θ
sin θ 1 + cos θ
csc2 x · =
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
61. sin θ(1 + cos θ)
=
1 − cos2 θ
sin3 x + sin x cos2 x
= sin θ(1 + cos θ)
cos x =
2
sin2 θ
sin x(sin x + cos2 x)
= 1 + cos θ
cos x
sin θ
(sin x)(1)
= 66.
cos x
tan x −1 cos θ
· =
tan θ − sec θ cos θ
62.
− cos(θ) sin θ + 1
cos x sin2 x + cos3 x · =
= sin(θ) − 1 sin θ + 1
sin x
(− cos θ)(sin θ + 1)
cos x(sin2 x + cos2 x) =
= sin2 θ − 1
sin x
(− cos θ)(sin θ + 1)
=
(cos x)(1) − cos2 θ
=
sin x 1 + sin(θ)
cot x cos θ
67. 72.
sec x − cos x
sec2 z − csc2 z 1 − cos2 z
=
sec x =
cos x cot2 z
1− = sec2 z − csc2 z sin2 z
sec x =
1 − cos2 x = cot2 z
sin2 x sec2 z − 1
=
cot2 z
68. tan2 z
=
sec x − cos x cot2 z
=
cos x tan4 z
sec x
−1 =
cos x
73.
sec2 x − 1 =
cos x + csc x
tan2 x =
cos x
69. cos x csc x
= +
cos x cos x
1 − (− sin x)2
= 1 + csc x sec x
1 + sin x
1 − sin2 x 74.
=
1 + sin x
− sin x
(1 − sin x)(1 + sin x) tan2 (−x) − =
= sin x
1 + sin x
1 − sin(x) tan2 x + 1 =
sec2 x
70.
1 − 1 + sin2 (x) 75. Rewrite the left side of the equation.
=
cos2 (x)
2
tan(x) cos(x) + csc(x) sin2 (x) =
sin (x)
= sin x + sin x =
cos2 (x)
2 sin x
tan2 (x)
71. 76.
1 − cot2 w 1 − cos2 w
= cot(x) sin(x) − cos2 (x) sec(x) =
csc2 w cos x − cos x =
1 − cot2 w sin2 w 0
=
csc2 w
1 − cos2 w 77.
=
csc2 w
sin2 w (1 + sin α)2 + cos2 α =
=
csc2 w 1 + 2 sin α + sin2 α + cos2 α =
sin4 w 2 + 2 sin α
78. 83.
sin x cos x
1 + 2 cot α + cot2 α − 2 cot α = + =
cos x sin x
1 + cot2 α = sin2 x + cos2 x
2
csc α = =
sin(x) cos(x)
1 1
= =
sin2 α sin(x) cos(x)
1
= sec(x) csc(x)
1 − cos2 α
1
84.
(1 − cos α)(1 + cos α)
csc x cot x
− =
79. cot x csc x
csc2 x − cot2 x
sin2 β + sin β − 2 =
= cot(x) csc(x)
2 sin β − 2
1
(sin β + 2)(sin β − 1) =
= cot(x) csc(x)
2(sin β − 1)
tan x
sin β + 2 csc x
2
85.
80. sec(x) tan(x)
− =
4 sec2 β+ 4 sec β + 1 tan(x) sec(x)
=
2 sec β + 1 sec2 (x) − tan2 (x)
=
(2 sec β + 1)2 tan(x) sec(x)
=
sec β + 1 1
=
2 sec β + 1 = tan(x) sec(x)
2 cot(x) cos(x)
+1
cos β
86.
81. (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
=
1 − sin x
2 − csc(β) sin(β) =
1 + sin(x) =
2−1 =
csc x 1
1 = + =
csc x csc x
2 2
sin (β) + cos (β) csc x + 1
csc x
82.
87. Rewrite the right side of the equation.
2 2
1 − sin β 1 + sin β = csc x sin x
= ·
csc x − sin x sin x
cos2 (β) 2 − cos2 (β) =
1
2 cos2 β − cos4 β =
1 − sin2 x
1 ln(sin θ) − ln(cos θ) =
=
cos2 x
ln(sin θ) + ln((cos θ)−1 ) =
sec2 x
ln(sin θ) + ln(sec θ)
88.
93.
csc x − 1
= sec α − tan α
cot2 x ln (sec α + tan α) · =
csc x − 1 sec α − tan α
=
csc2 x − 1 sec2 α − tan2 α
ln =
csc x − 1 sec α − tan α
=
(csc x − 1)(csc x + 1) 1
1 sin x ln =
= · sec α − tan α
csc x + 1 sin x − ln |sec α − tan α|
sin x
sin x + 1 94.
91.
ln(sec θ) = 2
ln((cos θ)−1 ) = x
Pi/2 Pi
− ln(cos θ) -2
92.
x
Pi/2 Pi
-2 2
x
Pi/2 Pi
-2
97. It is not an identity since the graphs of
y = (sin x + csc x)2 and y = sin2 x + csc2 x
do not coincide as shown.
y 100. It is an identity. To see this, factor the
left-hand side as follows
2
2
1 − cos2 x =
2
x sin2 x =
Pi/2 Pi
4
-2 sin x.
x
Pi/2 Pi
101. It is not an identity since the graphs of
-2
sin x cos x 2 cos2 x − 1
y= − and y =
cos x sin x sin x cos x
are not the same as shown.
y
99. It is an identity. Re-arranging the numerator
of the right-hand side one finds
1
1 − cos2 x + cos x x
= Pi 2Pi
sin x -1
2
sin x + cos x
=
sin x
2
sin x cos x
= +
sin x sin x
sin x + cot x.
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
1
108. − tan2 x = sec2 x − tan2 x = −1
2 cos2 x
csc x 1/ sin x cos x
x 109. = = = cot x
Pi 2Pi sec x 1/ cos x sin x
-1
1 2
v sin 2(33◦ ) = 200
32 0
s
200(32)
v0 = ft/sec
sin 66◦
s
200(32) 5280 6.2 Linking Concepts
v0 = · mph
sin 66◦ 3600
a) Assume the circle is given by x2 + y 2 = r2 and
v0 ≈ 57.1 mph. w
, r − h is a point on the circle
2
(corresponding to the upper right hand corner
Thinking Outside the Box LIII of the rectangular window). Substituting this
point into the equation of the circle, we obtain
The amplitude of the sine wave is 1/2 since the
w2
height of the sine wave is 1. We use a coordinate + (r − h)2 = r2
system such that the sine wave begins at the origin 4
w2
and extends to the right side and the first quadrant. + (r2 − 2rh + h2 ) = r2
Note, the period of the sine wave is π, which is the 4
diameter of the tube. Then the highest point on w2
− 2rh + h2 = 0
the sine wave is (π/2, 1). Thus, an equation of the 4
sine wave is w2 + 4h2
2rh =
4
1 1 w + 4h2
2
y = − cos(2x) + . r = .
2 2 8h
If w = 36 and h = 10, then the radius of the
6.2 Pop Quiz
362 + 4(10)2
circle is r = = 21.2 inches.
1. 2 sin2 x − sin x − 1 80
b) Consider the righttriangle with vertices at the
2. (2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) w
point A(0, 0), B , r − h , and C(0, r − h).
1 sin2 x 1 − sin2 x 2
3. − = = Let θ be the angle at point A. Then
cos x cos x cos x
cos2 x w/2
= cos x tan θ =
cos x r−h
w
4. tan θ =
2(r − h)
w
cos(−x) − sec(−x) θ = tan −1
.
= 2(r − h)
sec(x)
cos x − sec x If w = 36 and h = 10, then the
=
sec x length of the circular arc is L = 2rθ =
cos x − sec x cos x 36
· = 2(21.2) tan−1 ≈ 43.0 in.
sec x cos x 2(21.2 − 10)
cos2 x − 1 w2 + 4h2
= c) r = as derived in part a)
1 8h
w
− sin2 x d) In part b), we obtained θ = tan−1 .
= 2(r − h)
1
A formula for the arclength L is given by
− sin2 x
L = 2rθ
w2 + 4h2 w
= tan−1 .
4h 2(r − h)
8. True, since the cofunction identity for tangent 12. Since csc(90◦ − 17◦ ) = sec(17◦ ), the answer is
is applied to 90◦ − 68◦ 290 55” = 21◦ 300 5” . 17◦ .
π π π
16. sin(45◦ − 120◦ ) = 27. cos + = cos =0
sin(45◦ ) cos(120◦ ) − cos(45◦ ) sin(120◦ ) = 6 3 2
√ √ √ √ √
2 −1 2 3 − 2− 6
7π π
π
√
· − · = 28. cos − = cos = 2/2
2 2 2 2 4 12 3 4
π π π
3π π tan(3π/4) + tan(π/3)
17. tan + = = 29. tan + = tan =1
4 3 1 − tan(3π/4) tan(π/3) 12 6 4
√ √ √ √
−1 + 3 3−1 3−1 3−1 5π
π
π √
√ =√ =√ ·√ = 30. tan − = tan = 3
1 − (−1)( 3) 3+1 3+1 3−1 12 12 3
√
4−2 3 √ 31. sin(2k + k) = sin(3k)
=2− 3
2
32. cos(3y + y) = cos(4y)
π π tan(π/4) + tan(π/3)
18. tan + = = 33. 30◦ + 45◦ 34. 45◦ − 30◦
4 3 1 − tan(π/4) tan(π/3)
√ √ √ √
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 35. 120◦ + 45◦ 36. 150◦ + 45◦
√ = √ = √ · √ =
1 − (1)( 3) 1− 3 1− 3 1+ 3
√ 37. cos(2π/3 − π/4) =
4+2 3 √
= −2 − 3 cos(2π/3) cos(π/4) + sin(2π/3) sin(π/4) =
−2 √ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 6− 2
19. tan(210◦ − 45◦ ) = − · + · =
2 2 2 2 4
tan(210◦ ) − tan(45◦ )
= 38. cos(π/3 + π/4) =
1 + tan(210◦ ) tan(45◦ ) cos(π/3) cos(π/4) − sin(π/3) sin(π/4) =
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
3/3 − 1 3/3 − 1 3 1 2 3 2 2− 6
√ = √ · =
1 + ( 3/3)(1) 1 + ( 3/3)(1) 3 · − · =
√ √ √ √ 2 2 2 2 4
3−3 3−3 3− 3 −12 + 6 3 39. sin(π/3 + π/4) =
√ = √ · √ = =
3+ 3 3+ 3 3− 3 6 sin(π/3) cos(π/4) + cos(π/3) sin(π/4) =
√ √ √ √ √ √
3−2 3 2 1 2 6+ 2
· + · =
20. tan(45◦ − 150◦ ) = 2 2 2 2 4
√
−12 + 6 3 √ 51. cos(π/2) cos(π/5) + sin(π/2) sin(π/5) =
= −2 + 3
9−3
π π
cos − = cos(3π/10)
43. sin(30◦ − 45◦ ) = 2 5
sin(30◦ ) cos(45◦ ) − cos(30◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = 52. cos(12◦ ) cos(3◦ ) + sin(12◦ ) sin(3◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 2− 6 cos (12◦ − 3◦ ) = cos(9◦ )
· − · =
2 2 2 2 4 tan(π/7) + tan(π/6) π π
53. = tan + =
44. sin(120◦ + 45◦ ) = 1 − tan(π/7) tan(π/6) 7 6
sin(120◦ ) cos(45◦ ) + cos(120◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = tan(13π/42)
√ √ √ √ √
3 2 −1 2 6− 2
· · tan(π/3) − tan(π/6) π π
+ =
2 2 2 2 4 54. = tan − =
1 + tan(π/3) tan(π/6) 3 6
45. cos(135◦ + 60◦ ) = √
tan(π/6) = 3/3
cos(135◦ ) cos(60◦ )
− sin(135◦ ) sin(60◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √
− 2 1 2 3 − 2− 6 55. sin(14◦ ) cos(35◦ ) + cos(14◦ ) sin(35◦ ) =
· − · = sin(14◦ + 35◦ ) = sin(49◦ )
2 2 2 2 4
46. cos(−75◦ ) = cos(75◦ ) = cos(30◦ + 45◦ ) = 56. cos(10◦ ) cos(20◦ ) − cos(80◦ ) sin(20◦ ) =
cos(30◦ ) cos(45◦ ) − sin(30◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = cos(10◦ ) cos(20◦ ) − sin(10◦ ) sin(20
√
◦) =
√ √ √ √ √ ◦ ◦ ◦
cos(10 + 20 ) = cos(30 ) = 3/2
3 2 1 2 6− 2
· − · =
2 2 2 2 4 57. G, cos(44◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 44◦ ) = sin(46◦ )
47. tan(−13π/12) = − tan(13π/12) =
58. B, − sin(46◦ ) = − cos(90◦ − 46◦ ) = − cos(44◦ )
3π π
− tan + =
4 3 59. H, cos(46◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 46◦ ) = sin(44◦ )
tan(3π/4) + tan(π/3)
− = 60. H, sin(136◦ ) = cos(90◦ − 136◦ ) = cos(−46◦ )
1 − tan(3π/4) tan(π/3) = cos(46◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 46◦ ) = sin(44◦ )
√ √ √
−1 + 3 1− 3 1− 3
√ = √ · √ = π π−2
−
1 − (−1) 3 1+ 3 1− 3 61. F, sec(1) = csc − 1 = csc
√ 2 2
4−2 3 √
π π π 5π
= −2 + 3
−2 62. D, tan = cot − = cot
7 2 7 14
π π
48. tan(7π/12) = tan + = 63. A, csc(π/2) = 1 = cos(0)
4 3
tan(π/4) + tan(π/3) 64. E, − sin(44◦ ) = − cos(90◦ − 44◦ ) = − cos(46◦ )
=
1 − tan(π/4) tan(π/3)
√ √ √ 65. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 s 2
√ = √ · √ = 3
1−1· 3 1− 3 1+ 3 quadrant I, cos α = − 1 − =
√ 5
4+2 3 √
= −2 − 3
r r
9 16 4
−2 − 1− =− = − and cos β =
25 25 5
49. sin(3◦ ) cos(−87◦ ) + cos(3◦ ) sin(87◦ ) = s 2 r r
5 25 144 12
sin(3◦ ) cos(87◦ ) + cos(3◦ ) sin(87◦ ) = 1− = 1− = = .
sin(3◦ + 87◦ ) = sin(90◦ ) = 1 13 169 169 13
So sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
50. sin(34◦ ) cos(13◦ ) − cos(34◦ ) sin(13◦ ) = 3 12 −4 5 16
sin(34◦ − 13◦ ) = sin(21◦ ) · + · = .
5 13 5 13 65
s 2
66. Since α is in quadrant III and β is in −8 15
and sin β = 1− = .
quadrant IV, we obtain 17 17
Then sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β =
s 2 r
−4 16
cos α = − 1 − =− 1− = −24 −8 −7 15 297
5 25 · − · = .
r s 2 25 17 25 17 425
9 3 12
− = − and sin β = − 1 − = 70. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
25 5 13
r r quadrant III, we find
144 25 5
− 1− =− =− . s 2
7 24
169 169 13
cos α = − 1 − =−
So sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = 25 25
−4 12 −3 −5 63
s 2
−8 15
· − · =− . and cos β = − 1 − =− .
5 13 5 13 65 17 17
67. Since α is in quadrant I and β is in Then sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
quadrant III, we obtain 7 −15 −24 −8 87
s · + · = .
2
2
r
4 25 17 25 17 425
cos α = 1− = 1− =
3 9 71. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
√ s 2 quadrant IV, we find
r
5 5 −1
= and cos β = − 1 − = s
9 3 2
24
2
7
√ cos α = − 1 − =−
25 25
r r
1 3 3
− 1− =− =− .
4 4 2
s 2
8 15
So cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β = and sin β = − 1 − =− .
√ √ √ 17 17
5 − 3 2 −1 2 − 15 Then cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β =
· − · = .
3 2 3 2 6
−7 8 24 −15 416
68. Since α is in quadrant I and β is in · + · =− .
25 17 25 17 425
quadrant II, we find 72. Since α is in quadrant IV and β is in
v
√ !2 r
quadrant II, we find
u
u 3 3
sin α = 1 −
t = 1− = s
4 16
−7
2
24
cos α = 1− =
r √ v
u √ !2 25 25
13 13 u − 2
= and sin β = t1 − =
s 2
8 15
16 4 3 and cos β = − 1 − =− .
r r √ 17 17
2 7 7
1− = = . Then cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β =
9 9 3
24 −15 −7 8 304
So cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β = · − · =− .
√ √ √ √ √ √ 25 17 25 17 425
3 − 2 13 7 − 6 + 91
· + · = 73. cos(π/2 − (−α)) = sin(−α) = − sin α
4 3 4 3 12
69. Since α is in quadrant III and β is in 74. sin α cos π − cos α sin π =
quadrant II, we find sin α · (−1) − cos α · 0 = − sin α
s
75. cos 180◦ cos α + sin 180◦ sin α =
2
−24 7
cos α = − 1 − =− (−1) · cos α + 0 · sin α = − cos α
25 25
76. sin 180◦ cos α − cos 180◦ sin α = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
=
0 · cos α − (−1) · sin α = sin α sin x cos y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
77. The period is 360◦ , so sin(360◦ − α) = + =
sin x cos y sin x cos y
sin(−α) = − sin α
1 + cot x tan y
78. cos α cos π + sin α sin π =
cos α · (−1) + sin α · 0 = − cos α 85. Substitute the sum and difference sine
identities into the left-hand side to get
79. sin(90◦ − (−α)) = cos(−α) = cos α
a difference of two squares.
80. The period is 360◦ , so cos(360◦ − α) =
sin(α + β) sin(α − β) =
cos(−α) = cos α
(sin α cos β)2 − (cos α sin β)2 =
81. sin2 α(1 − sin2 β) − (1 − sin2 α) sin2 β =
sin(180◦ − α) = sin2 α − sin2 α sin2 β − sin2 β + sin2 α sin2 β =
sin(180◦ ) cos α − cos(180◦ ) sin α = sin2 α − sin2 β
sin α =
86. Substitute the sum and difference cosine
sin2 α identities into the left-hand side to get
=
sin α a difference of two squares.
1 − cos2 α cos(α + β) cos(α − β) =
sin α (cos α cos β)2 − (sin α sin β)2 =
82. We rewrite both sides: (1 − sin2 α) cos2 β − sin2 α(1 − cos2 β) =
cos2 β − sin2 α cos2 β − sin2 α + sin2 α cos2 β =
cos(x − π/2) =
cos2 β − sin2 α
cos x cos(π/2) + sin x sin(π/2) =
sin x = 87. Using the sum identity for cosine, we obtain
sin x cos(x + x) =
cos x · =
cos x
cos x cos x − sin x sin x =
cos x tan x cos2 x − sin2 x
91. cos(v − t)
=
cos(v + t) cos(v − t)
tan(s + t) tan(s − t) =
cos(v − t)
tan s + tan t tan s − tan t =
· = cos2 (v) cos2 (t) − sin2 (v) sin2 (t)
1 − tan(s) tan(t) 1 + tan(s) tan(t)
tan2 s − tan2 t cos(v − t)
=
1 + tan2 (s) tan2 (t) cos2 (v) cos2 (t) − (1 − cos2 v)(1 − cos2 t)
92. Using the cofunction identity for tangent, we cos(v − t) ÷ cos2 (v) cos2 (t)−
get
(1 − cos2 v − cos2 t + cos2 (v) cos2 (t)) =
tan(π/4 + x) =
cot(π/2 − (π/4 + x)) =
cos(v − t)
cot(π/2 − π/4 − x) = =
−1 + cos2 v + cos2 t
cot(π/4 − x)
cos(v − t)
=
93. In the proof, divide each term by cos α cos β. cos2 v − sin2 t
cos(v) cos(t) + sin(v) sin(t)
cos(α + β)
= cos2 v − sin2 t
sin(α − β)
cos α cos β sin α sin β 96. In the proof, multiply each term by sin(v + t).
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β Also, the sum and difference identities for sine
=
sin α cos β cos α sin β expresses sin(v − t) sin(v + t) as a difference
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β of two squares.
1 − tan(α) tan(β)
csc(v − t) =
tan(α) − tan(β)
1
=
94. In the proof, divide each term by cos α cos β. sin(v − t)
cos(α − β) sin(v + t)
= =
sin(α + β) sin(v − t) sin(v + t)
97. In the proof, divide each term by cos x sin y. (sin α − sin β)(sin α + sin β)
=
(sin α + sin β) sin(α − β)
cos(x + y)
= sin α − sin β
cos(x − y)
sin(α − β)
cos(x) cos(y) − sin(x) sin(y)
=
cos(x) cos(y) + sin(x) sin(y) 100. In the proof, we smultiply each term by
cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y) cos(α − β). Also, the sum and difference iden-
− tities for cosine expresses cos(α + β) cos(α − β)
cos(x) sin(y) cos(x) sin(y)
= as a difference of two squares.
cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y)
+
cos(x) sin(y) cos(x) sin(y) cos(α + β)
=
cot(y) − tan(x) cos α + sin β
cot(y) + tan(x) cos(α + β) cos(α − β)
· =
cos α + sin β cos(α − β)
98. In the proof, divide each term by sin x sin y.
cos2 α cos2 β − sin2 α sin2 β
sin(x + y) =
= (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
sin(x − y)
sin(x) cos(y) + cos(x) sin(y) cos2 α(1 − sin2 β) − (1 − cos2 α) sin2 β
= =
sin(x) cos(y) − cos(x) sin(y) (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
sin(x) cos(y) cos(x) sin(y)
+ cos2 α − cos2 α sin2 β − sin2 β + cos2 α sin2 β
sin(x) sin(y) sin(x) sin(y) =
= (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
sin(x) cos(y) cos(x) sin(y)
−
sin(x) sin(y) sin(x) sin(y)
cos2 α − sin2 β
cot(y) + cot(x) =
(cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
cot(y) − cot(x)
(cos α − cos β)(cos α + cos β)
=
99. In the proof, multiply each term by sin(α − β). (cos α + sin β) cos(α − β)
Also, the sum and difference identities for sine cos α − sin β
expresses sin(α + β) sin(α − β) as a difference =
cos(α − β)
of two squares.
cos α − sin β
sin(α + β) cos(β − α)
=
sin α + sin β
sin(α + β) sin(α − β) 103. If α = β = π/6, then sin(α+β) 6= sin α+sin β
· =
sin α + sin β sin(α − β)
104. The following formulas will be useful
sin2 α cos2 β − cos2 α sin2 β
= sin(90◦ − α) = cos α
(sin α + sin β) sin(α − β)
√
and 1 4 4 15
sec α = = −√ = −
cos(90◦ − α) = sin α. cos α 15 15
1 15 √
In particular, cos(89◦ ) = sin(1◦ ), cos(88◦ ) = cot α = = − √ = − 15
sin(2◦ ), sin(89◦ ) = cos(1◦ ), and so on. Thus, tan α 15
for k = 1◦ , ..., 44◦ we have 110.
sin2 (k ◦ ) + sin2 ((90 − k)◦ ) = 1. a) − sin x b) cos x
c) − tan x d) − csc x
Since sin2 (45◦ ) = 1/2, we find
e) sec x f) − cot x
2 ◦ 2 ◦ 2 ◦
sin (1 ) + sin (2 ) + ... + sin (90 ) =
44 + sin2 (45◦ ) + sin2 (90◦ ) =
1
Thinking Outside the Box LIV
45 + .
2 The angle spanned by the first seventeen
Similarly, we obtain rectangles is
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1
2 ◦ 2 ◦ 2 ◦
cos (1 ) + cos (2 ) + ... + cos (90 ) = 44 + . tan + tan √ + ... + tan √ ≈ 365◦
2 1 2 17
√
For Thought 2 tan(30◦ ) 2( 3/3)
3. tan(2 · =30◦ ) = √ =
1 − tan2 (30◦ ) 1 − ( 3/3)2
sin(2 · 21◦ ) 2 sin(21◦ ) cos(21◦ ) √ √
1. True, = 2 3/3 2 3/3 √
2 2 = = 3
◦ ◦
= sin(21 ) cos(21 ). 1 − 1/3 2/3
4. cos(2 · 90◦ ) = 2 cos2 (90◦ ) − 1 = 2(0)2 − 1 =
2. True, by
√ a cosine double
√ angle identity
2
cos(2 2) = 2 cos ( 2) − 1. 0 − 1 = −1
3π
s
300 ◦ 1 − cos(300◦ ) 5. sin 2 · = 2 sin(3π/4) cos(3π/4) =
3. False, sin = . 4
2 2 √ √
2 − 2 −2
s 2· · =2· = −1
400◦
1 − cos(400◦ ) 2 2 4
4. True, sin =−
2π
2 2 6. cos 2 · = 2 cos2 (2π/3) − 1 =
s 3
1 − cos(40◦ ) 1 1 1
=− . 2(−1/2)2 − 1 = 2 · − 1 = − 1 = −
2 4 2 2
s √
2π 2 tan(2π/3) 2(− 3)
7π/4 1 − cos(7π/4)
5. False, tan =− . 7. tan 2 · = = √
2 1 + cos(7π/4) 3 1 − tan2 (2π/3) 1 − (− 3)2
√ √
−π/4
1 − cos(−π/4) −2 3 −2 3 √
6. True, tan = = = = = 3
2 sin(−π/4) 1−3 −2
π
1 − cos(π/4) 8. sin 2 · = 2 sin(π/3) cos(π/3)
sin(−π/4) 3
√ √ √
3 1 3 3
sin(2 · π/4) =2· · =2· =
7. False, if x = π/4 then = 2 2 4 2
2 s
√ 30◦ 1 + cos(30◦ )
sin(π/2) 1
= and sin(π/4) = 2/2. 9. cos = =
2 2 2 2
s √ s √ q √
8. False, since cos(2π/3) = −1/2 while 1 + 3/2 2 2+ 3 2+ 3
s · = =
1 + cos(2x) 2 2 4 2
is a non-negative number.
2 s
π/4 1 + cos(π/4)
10. cos = =
p since 1 − cos x ≥ 0 we find
9. True, 2 2
(1 − cos x)2 = |1 − cos x| = 1 − cos x s √ s √ q √
1 + 2/2 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
10. True, α is in quadrant III or IV, while · = =
2 2 4 2
α/2 is in quadrant II. s
30◦ 1 − cos(30◦ )
6.4 Exercises 11. sin = =
2 2
s √ s √ q √
1. sin(2 · 45◦ ) = 2 sin(45◦ ) cos(45◦ ) = 1 − 3/2 2 2− 3 2− 3
√ √ · = =
2 2 2 2 2 4 2
2· · = 2 · = 1.
2 2 4 s
−π/3 1 − cos(−π/3)
2. cos(2 · 30◦ ) = 2 cos2 (30◦ ) − 1 = 12. sin =− =
2 2
s r
√ 3 3 1 1 − 1/2 2 1 1
2( 3/2)2 − 1 = 2 · − 1 = − 1 = − · =− =−
4 2 2 2 2 4 2
√
2 sin α 26/26 1
But 0◦ <α< 45◦ , so cos α = √ and tan α = = √ =
5 cos α 5 26/26 5
√
s 2
1
r
2 4
sin α = 1− √ = 1− = csc α = = 26,
5 5 sin α
√
r
1 1 1 26
=√ . sec α = = ,
5 cos α 5
5
√ 1
5 √ and cot α = = 5.
Furthermore, sec α = , csc α = 5, tan α
2
√ 48. Since 2α lies in quadrant III, we obtain
1/ 5 1 s
tan α = √ = , cot α = 2.
−8
2
15
2/ 5 2 cos 2α = − 1 − =− .
17 17
46. Since cos(2α) = 2 cos2 α − 1, we obtain r
1 − cos 2α
Then sin α = =
1 2
2 cos2 α − 1 = s √
3 1 − (−15/17) 4 17
4 = ,
2 cos2 α = 2 17
3 r s
2 1 + cos 2α 1 + (−15/17)
cos2 α = cos α = − =− =
3√ 2 2
√ √
2 17 sin α 4 17/17
cos α = ± √ − , tan α = = √ = −4
3 17 cos α − 17/17
√
6 √
cos α = ± . 1 17
3 csc α = = ,
sin α 4
√ 1 √
6 sec α = = − 17,
But 180◦ < α < 225◦ , so cos α = − and cos α
3
√ !2 1 1
=− .
v
u r and cot α =
u 6 6 tan α 4
sin α = −t1 − − =− 1− =
3 9 49. By a half-angle identity, we have
r √
1 1 3 r
1 + cos α 1
− = −√ = − . − = −
3 3 3 2 4
3 √ 1 + cos α 1
Furthermore, sec α = − √ , csc α = − 3, =
6 2 16
√ √ 1
− 3/3 1 2 √ 1 + cos α =
tan α = √ =√ = , cot α = 2. 8
− 6/3 2 2 7
cos α = − .
8
47. Since 2α = sin−1 (5/13) ≈ 22.6◦ , we find
s 2 But π ≤ α ≤ 3π/2,
5 12
cos 2α = 1− = . Then
s 2
7
13 13 so sin α = − 1 − − =
r s √ 8
1 − cos 2α
1 − 12/13 26 √
sin α = = = ,
r r
49 15 15
2 2 26 − 1− =− =− .
r s √ 64 64 8
1 + cos 2α 1 + 12/13 5 26 8 8
cos α = = = , Furthermore, sec α = − , csc α = − √ ,
2 2 26 7 15
√ √
− 15/8 15 7 52. By using the half-angle identity for sine,
tan α = = , cot α = √ .
−7/8 7 15 we get
50. By a half-angle identity, we obtain
r
1 − cos α 1
=
2 5
r
1 − cos α 1
− = − 1 − cos α 1
2 3 =
1 − cos α 1 2 25
= 2
2 9 1 − cos α =
2 25
1 − cos α = 23
9 cos α = .
7 25
cos α = .
9 Since (π/2 + 2kπ) ≤ α/2 ≤ (π + 2kπ) for
But α is in qudrant IV, some integer k, (π + 4kπ) ≤ α ≤ (2π + 4kπ).
s 2 r So α is in quadrant IV because cos α > 0.
7 49
so sin α = − 1 − =− 1− =
s 2
23
9 81 Then sin α = − 1 − =
r √ √ 25
32 32 4 2 √
− =− =− . r
529 96
r
4 6
81 9 9 − 1− =− =− .
9 9 625 625 25
Furthermore, sec α = , csc α = − √ , or 25 25
7 32 Furthermore, sec α = , csc α = − √ =
√ √ √ 23 4 6
9 2 − 32/9 32 √ √ √
csc α = − , tan α = =− , or 25 6 −4 6/25 4 6
8 7/9 7 − , tan α = =− ,
√ √ 24 23/25 23
4 2 7 7 2 √
tan α = − , and cot α = − √ = − . 23 23 6
7 32 8 and cot α = − √ = − .
4 6 24
51. By a half-angle identity, we find
r 53.
1 − cos α 4
=
2 5 cos4 s − sin4 s =
1 − cos α 16 (cos2 s − sin2 s)(cos2 s + sin2 s) =
=
2 25 cos(2s) · (1) =
32
1 − cos α = cos(2s)
25
7 54.
cos α = − .
25
= 2 sin(s) sin(π/2 − s)
Since (π/2 + 2kπ) ≤ α/2 ≤ (π + 2kπ) for some
integer k, (π + 4kπ) ≤ α ≤ (2π + 4kπ). = 2 sin(s) cos(s)
So α is in quadrant III because cos α < 0. sin(2s)
s 2 r
7 49
sin α = − 1 − − =− 1− = 55.
25 625
r
576 24 cos(2t + t) =
− =− . cos(2t) cos(t) − sin(2t) sin(t) =
625 25 h i
25 25 cos2 t − sin2 t cos t − [2 sin t cos t] sin t =
Furthermore, sec α = − , csc α = − ,
7 24
−24/25 24 7 cos3 t − sin2 t cos t − 2 sin2 t cos t =
tan α = = , and cot α = . cos3 t − 3 sin2 t cos t
−7/25 7 24
56. 61.
sin(4t) sin2 u
= =
4 1 + cos u
2 sin(2t) cos(2t)
= 1 − cos2 u
4 =
1 + cos u
2 · 2 sin t cos t · (cos2 t − sin2 t)
= (1 − cos u)(1 + cos u)
4 =
1 + cos u
sin t cos t(cos2 t − sin2 t) = 2
3 3
cos t sin t − sin t cos t = (1 − cos u) ·
2
1 − cos u
57. = 2·
2
2
cos(2x) + cos(2y) 2 sin (u/2)
=
sin(x) + cos(y)
2
1 − 2 sin x + 2 cos2 y − 1 62.
=
sin x + cos y 1 − tan2 y
cos2 y − sin2 x =
2 = 1 + tan2 y
sin x + cos y 1 − tan2 y
(cos y − sin x)(cos y + sin x) =
2 = sec2 y
sin x + cos y 1 tan2 y
2 cos(y) − 2 sin(x) = −
sec2 y sec2 y
58. sin2 y/ cos2 y
= cos2 (y) −
1/ cos2 y
2
(sin α − cos α) = 2 2
= cos y − sin y
2 2
sin α − 2 sin α cos α + cos α =
cos(2y)
1 − 2 sin α cos α =
1 − sin(2α) 63. Multiply and divide by cos x.
4 √3
2 = = 34
4 sin (x/2) cos2 (x/2)
1 + √534
4 3
2 = = √
2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2) 5+ 34
4 α BD
= and since tan = then
[sin(2 · (x/2))]2 2 5
4 15
= BD = √
sin2 x 5 + 34
√
4 csc2 x 15(5 − 34)
=
25 − 34
s √
3
2
4 15( 34 − 5)
75. Note, cos α = − 1 − =− . =
5 5 √ 9
Then sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α = 5 34 − 25
BD = .
3 −4 24 3
2· · =− .
5 5 25
80. Let CD be the distance between C and D.
8
76. Since tan α = − and α lies in quadrant IV,
15
15 15 C
we obtain cos α = √ =
2
8 + 15 2 17 "
""
"
8 8 " D
and sin α = − √ =− . !! "
2
8 + 15 2 17 "
"
!!!
" !!
Then sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α = "!β!!
" 2
−8 15 240 "!
2· · =− . "
! !
β
17 17 289 "!
!
"
B
8
2
161 A 10
77. cos 2α = 1 − 2 sin2 α = 1 − 2 =
17 289
s 2
−4 3
78. Note, cos α = − 1 − =− . 1 CD + 2
5 5 Note, tan β = and tan 2β = .
5 10
sin α −4/5 4 Using the double angle identity for tangent,
Then tan α = = = and
cos α −3/5 3 one finds
2 tan α 2(4/3) 2 tan β
tan 2α = = = tan 2β =
1 − tan2 α 1 − (4/3)2 1 − tan2 β
24/9 24
=− . 2(1/5)
−7/9 7 =
1 − (1/5)2
3 3
79. Since tan α = , sin α = √ and 2/5
5 34 =
5 24/25
cos α = √ . By a half-angle identity,
34 CD + 2 5
=
we obtain 10 12
α sin α 50
tan = CD + 2 =
2 1 + cos α 12
13
CD =
6 Thinking Outside the Box LV
81. Since the base of the TV screen is b = d cos α
An eighth of the region that gets watered by all
and its height is h = d sin α, then the area A
sprinklers is region Ra below with vertices B, C,
is given by
and D.
A = bh
= (d cos α)(d sin α)
= d2 cos α sin α C
d2 B D
A = sin(2α).
2
322 30o
82. The area is A = sin(2 · 37.2◦ ) ≈ 493.1 in.2 A
2
1 1 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x
85. + = =
1 − sin x 1 + sin x 1 − sin2 x The area of Ra is the area of the sector deter-
2 mined by C, A , and D minus the area of triangle
√
= 2 sec2 x
cos2 x ∆ABD. In √ the figure√above, we have AB = 2,
86. Factor cos x as follows: BC = 2 − 2, BD = 3 − 1, angle hABD = 135◦ ,
and hCBD = 45◦ .
cos x cos2 x + sin2 x
cos x · 1
= = cot x The area of the sector is
sin x sin x
1 2π π
87. a) cos x cos y − sin x sin y As = 2 =
2 12 6
b) cos x cos y + sin x sin y
and the area of ∆ABD is
88. Let A = 26◦ , and let a and b be the sides
opposite and adjacent to A, respectively. Since 1
At = (AB)(BD) sin 135◦
sin A = a/38.6, we find 2
√
1√ √ 2
a = 38.6 sin 26◦ ≈ 16.9 in. = 2( 3 − 1)
2 2
Since cos A = b/38.6, we find √
3−1
At = .
b = 38.6 cos 26◦ ≈ 34.7 in. 2
Thus, the area watered by all sprinklers is
1
89. a) b) −1 c) undefined
2 Area = 8 (As − At )
d) 2 e) −1 f) 1 √ !
π 3−1
= 8 −
90. The race car will lap the track in 6 2
circumference 2π 41 π π 4π √
= = hour = min Area = + 4 − 4 3.
speed 180 360 6 3
sin4 x − cos4 x =
e) Taking air resistance into account, the actual
(sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) = initial velocity is larger than the answer found
−(cos2 x − sin2 x)(1) = in part d).
− cos 2x
For Thought
6.4 Linking Concepts
1. True, sin 45◦ cos 15◦ =
2 · v02 sin θ cos θ v 2 sin(2θ) (1/2) [sin(45◦ + 15◦ ) + sin(45◦ − 15◦ )] =
a) x = = 0 . 0.5 [sin 60◦ + sin 30◦ ].
2 · 16 32
502 sin(2θ) 2. False, cos(π/8) sin(π/4) =
b) A graph of x = or x = 78.125 sin 2θ
32 (1/2) [sin(π/8 + π/4) − sin(π/8 − π/4)] =
is sketched below 0.5 [sin(3π/8) − sin(−π/8)] =
x
0.5 [sin(3π/8) + sin(π/8)] .
sin(5◦ ) −sin(9
4. False, ◦) =
◦
5 +9 ◦ 5◦ − 9◦
2 cos sin =
2 2
c) For any v0 , the maximum value of 2 cos(7◦ ) sin(−2◦ ) = −2 cos(7◦ ) sin(2◦ ).
v02 sin(2θ)
x= is attained when sin(2θ) = 1, 5. True, cos(4) +cos(12)
=
32
4 + 12 4 − 12
i.e., when θ = 45◦ . Yes, this value θ = 45◦ 2 cos cos =
2 2
maximizes x for any velocity v0 . 2 cos(8) cos(−4) = 2 cos(8) cos(4).
√
π
11π
7. True,
√ 2 sin(π/6 + π/4) = 0.5 cos + cos
2 [sin(π/6) cos(π/4) + cos(π/6) sin(π/4)] = 30 30
√ 1 1
2 sin(π/6) · √ + cos(π/6) · √ = 8.
1 2π 3π 2π 3π
2 2
sin(π/6) + cos(π/6). cos( − ) − cos( + ) =
2 9 4 9 4
√
1 3 0.5 [cos(−19π/36) − cos(35π/36)] =
8. True, sin(π/6) + cos(π/6) = 0.5 [cos(19π/36) − cos(35π/36)]
2 2
√ √
1 1 3 3 1 3 9.
· + · = + = 1 = sin(π/2). 1h
2 2 2 2 4 4
i
cos(5y 2 − 7y 2 ) + cos(5y 2 + 7y 2 ) =
2
9. True, y = cos(π/3) sin x + sin(π/3) cos x =
0.5 cos(−2y 2 ) + cos(12y 2) =
sin(x + π/3).
0.5 cos(2y 2 ) + cos(12y 2 )
10. True, since y = cos(π/4) sin x + sin(π/4) cos x
= sin(x + π/4) by the sum identity for sine. 10.
1
[sin(3t + 5t) − sin(3t − 5t)] =
6.5 Exercises 2
0.5 [sin(8t) − sin(−2t)] =
1. 0.5 [sin(8t) + sin(2t)]
1
[cos(13◦ − 9◦ ) − cos(13◦ + 9◦ )] =
2 11.
1
0.5 [cos 4◦ − cos 22◦ ] sin((2s − 1) + (s + 1))+
2
2.
1 sin((2s − 1) − (s + 1)) =
[cos(34◦ − 39◦ ) + cos(34◦ + 39◦ )] =
2
0.5 [cos(−5◦ ) + cos 73◦ ] = 0.5 [cos 5◦ + cos 73◦ ] 0.5 sin(3s) + sin(s − 2)
3. 12.
1 1
[sin(16◦ + 20◦ ) + sin(16◦ − 20◦ )] = cos((3t − 1) − (2t + 3))−
2 2
0.5 [sin 36◦ + sin(−4◦ )] = 0.5 [sin 36◦ − sin 4◦ ] cos((3t − 1) + (2t + 3)) =
4. 1
1 cos(t − 4) − cos(5t + 2)
[sin(9◦ + 8◦ ) − sin(9◦ − 8◦ )] = 2
2
0.5 [sin 17◦ − sin 1◦ ] 13.
1
[cos(52.5◦ − 7.5◦ ) − cos(52.5◦ + 7.5◦ )] =
5. 2
1 1
[sin(5◦ + 10◦ ) + sin(5◦ − 10◦ )] = [cos 45◦ − cos 60◦ ] =
2 2
0.5 [sin 15◦ + sin(−5◦ )] = 0.5 [sin 15◦ − sin 5◦ ] "√ # √
1 2 1 2−1
− =
6. 2 2 2 4
1
[cos(6◦ − 8◦ ) + cos(6◦ + 8◦ )] =
2 14.
1
0.5 [cos(−2◦ ) + cos 14◦ ] = 0.5 [cos 2◦ + cos 14◦ ] [cos(105◦ − 75◦ ) + cos(105◦ + 75◦ )] =
2
"√
7.
#
1
π π
π π
1 ◦ ◦ 1 3
cos − + cos + = [cos(30 ) + cos 180 ] = + (−1) =
2 6 5 6 5 2 2 2
√
−π 11π
3−2
0.5 cos + cos =
30 30 4
15. 23.
1 13π 5π 13π 5π
π/3 + π/5 π/3 − π/5
sin + + sin − = −2 sin sin =
2 24 24 24 24 2 2
1 −2 sin(4π/15) sin (π/15) =
[sin(18π/24) + sin(8π/24)] =
2
1 24.
[sin(3π/4) + sin(π/3)] = 1/2 + 2/3
1/2 − 2/3
2 2 cos cos =
"√ √ # √ √ 2 2
1 2 3 2+ 3
+ = 2 cos(7/12) cos(−1/12) =
2 2 2 4
2 cos(7/12) cos(1/12)
16.
1 5π −π 5π −π
sin + − sin − = 25.
(5y − 3) + (3y + 9)
2 24 24 24 24 −2 sin ·
1 2
[sin(4π/24) − sin(6π/24)] =
(5y − 3) − (3y + 9)
2
sin =
1 2
[sin(π/6) − sin(π/4)] =
2 −2 sin(4y + 3) sin (y − 6)
" √ # √
1 1 2 1− 2
− = 26.
2 2 2 4 !
(6t2 − 1) + (4t2 − 1)
2 cos ·
17. 2
12◦ + 8◦ 12◦ − 8◦
2 cos sin = !
2 2 (6t2 − 1) − (4t2 − 1)
cos =
◦
2 cos 10 sin 2◦ 2
2 cos(5t2 − 1) cos(t2 )
18. ◦
7 + 11◦
◦
7 − 11◦
2 sin cos = 27.
2 2 5α + 8α
5α − 8α
2 sin 9◦ cos (−2◦ ) = 2 sin 9◦ cos 2◦ 2 cos sin =
2 2
19. 2 cos (6.5α) sin (−1.5α) =
80◦ + 87◦ 80◦ − 87◦
−2 cos(6.5α) sin(1.5α)
−2 sin sin =
2 2
−2 sin 83.5◦ sin (−3.5◦ ) = 2 sin 83.5◦ sin 3.5◦ 28.
3s + 5s 3s − 5s
2 sin cos =
20. 2 2
44◦ + 31 ◦ 44◦ − 31 ◦
2 cos cos = 2 sin(4s) cos (−s) = 2 sin(4s) cos s
2 2
◦
2 cos 37.5 cos 6.5◦ 29.
75◦ + 15◦ 75◦ − 15◦
2 sin cos =
21. 2 2
3.6 + 4.8 3.6 − 4.8 √ √ √
2 cos sin = 2 3 6
2 2 2 sin 45◦ cos (30◦ ) = 2 · =
2 2 2
2 cos (4.2) sin (−0.6) = −2 cos(4.2) sin(0.6)
30.
285◦ + 15◦ 285◦ − 15◦
22. 2 cos sin =
5.1 + 6.3 5.1 − 6.3
2 sin cos = 2 2
2 2 √ √ √
◦ ◦ − 3 2 6
2 sin(5.7) cos (−0.6) = 2 sin(5.7) cos(0.6) 2 cos 150 sin 135 = 2 · =−
2 2 2
31. 2 1
−π 7π
−π 7π
sin α = b/r = √ = √ . Choose α = π/4.
2 2 2
24 + 24 24 − 24
−2 sin sin = Thus,
√ 2 sin x + 2 cos x = r sin(x + α) =
2 2
2 2 sin(x + π/4).
√
−2 sin(3π/24) sin (−4π/24) = 35. Sinceqa = −1/2 and b = 3/2, we obtain
−2 sin(π/8) sin (−π/6) = √
s r = (−1/2)2 + ( 3/2)2 = 1. If the
π/4
−1
1 − cos(π/4) −1 terminal √ side of α passes through
−2 sin · = −2 · (−1/2, 3/2), then cos α = a/r = a/1 =√
2 2 2 2
s √ s √ q √ a = −1/2 and sin α = b/r = b/1 = √ b = 3/2.
1 − 2/2 2 2− 2 2− 2 1 3
= · = = Choose α = 2π/3. So − sin x + cos x =
2 2 4 2 2 2
32. r sin(x + α) = sin(x + 2π/3).
5π/24 + π/24 5π/24 − π/24 √ √
2 cos cos = 36. Sinceqa = 2/2 and b = − 2/2, we find
2 2 √ √
2 cos(3π/24) cos(2π/24) = r = ( 2/2)2 + ( 2/2)2 = 1. If the terminal
√ √
2 cos(π/8) cos(π/12) =
side of α passes through ( 2/2, √− 2/2),
then cos α = a/r = a/1 = √ a = 2/2 and
π/4 π/6
2 cos cos = sin α = b/r = b/1 = b = − 2/2.
2 2 Choose α = −π/4. Thus,
s s √ √
1 + cos(π/4) 1 + cos(π/6) 2 2
2 · = sin x − cos x = r sin(x + α) =
2 2 2 2
s √ s √ sin(x − π/4).
1 + 2/2 2 1 + 3/2 2
2 · · · = √
2 2 2 2 37. Since a = 3/2 and b = −1/2, we have
s √ s √
2+ 2 2+ 3 q √
2 · = r= ( 3/2)2 + (−1/2)2 = 1.
4 4
s √ √ √
4+2 2+2 3+ 6 If√the terminal side of α passes through
2 =
16 ( 3/2, −1/2), then
q √ √ √ √
4+2 2+2 3+ 6 cos α = a/r = a/1 = a = 3/2
2
and
33. Since a = 1 and b = −1, we obtain
q √ sin α = b/r = b/1 = b = −1/2.
r= 12 + (−1)2 = 2.
Choose α = −π/6. Thus,
If the terminal side of α passes√through
√
(1, −1), then cos α√= a/r = 1/ 2 and 3 1
sin α = b/r = −1/ 2. Choose α = −π/4. sin x − cos x = r sin(x + α) =
2 2
Thus, sin x − cos x = r sin(x + α) =
√ sin(x − π/6).
2 sin(x − π/4).
√ √ √
34. Since a = 2 and b = 2, r = 22 + 22 = 2 2. 38. Sinceqa = − 3/2 and b = −1/2, we get
√
If the terminal side of α passes through (2, 2), r = (− 3/2)2 + (−1/2)2 = 1. If the
2 1 terminal
√ side of α passes through
then cos α = a/r = √ = √ and (− 3/2, −1/2), then cos α = a/r = a/1 =
2 2 2
√ y
a = − 3/2 and sin α = b/r = b/1 =
b = −1/2. Choose α = 7π/6. Thus,
√ 2
3 1 x
− sin x − cos x = r sin(x + α) = -5Pi/4 -Pi/4 3Pi/4 2Pi
2 2
sin(x + 7π/6).
3
1
x
x -5Pi/4 3Pi/4 2Pi
-2Pi -Pi/4 3Pi/4 2Pi
-1
√
√ 43. Sinceqa = − 3 and b = −1, we find
40. Sinceqa = 1 and b = 3, we find √
√ 2 r = (− 3)2 + (−1)2 = 2. If the terminal
r = 12 + 3 = 2.√ If the terminal side of √
through (− 3, −1), then
side of α passes √
α passes through (1, √3), then cos α = a/r =
cos α = a/r = − 3/2 and
1/2 and sin α = b/r√= 3/2. Choose α = π/3.
Thus, y = sin x + 3 cos x = r sin(x + α) = √ −1/2. Choose α = 7π/6.
sin α = b/r =
Then y = − 3 sin x − cos x = r sin(x + α) =
2 sin(x + π/3). Amplitude is 2, period is 2π,
2 sin(x + 7π/6). Amplitude is 2, period is 2π,
and phase shift is −π/3.
and phase shift is −7π/6.
y
y
2
2
x
-2Pi -5Pi/6 Pi/6 2Pi x
-2 -2Pi/3 Pi/3 4Pi/3
-2
√ √ √
41. Sinceqa = 2 and b = − 2, we obtain 44. Sinceqa = −1/2 and b = − 3/2, we obtain
√ 2 √ √
r= 2 + (− 2)2 = 2. If the terminal side r = (−1/2)2 + (− 3/2)2 = 1. If the
√ √
of α passes through
√ ( 2, − 2), then terminal √side of α passes through
cos α = a/r = 2/2 √ and (−1/2, − 3/2), √ then cos α = a/r = −1/2
sin α = √ b/r = − √2/2. Choose α = −π/4. and sin α = − 3/2 Choose√α = 4π/3.
So y = 2 sin x − 2 cos x = r sin(x + α) = Thus, y = −(1/2) sin x − ( 3/2) cos x =
2 sin(x − π/4). Amplitude is 2, period is 2π, r sin(x + α) = sin(x + 4π/3). Amplitude is 1,
and phase shift is π/4. period is 2π, and phase shift is −4π/3.
y √ √
q √a = − 2 √
50. Since and b = − 7, amplitude is
(− 2)2 + (− 7)2 = 3. If the terminal side
1 √ √
x of α passes
√ through
√ (− 2, − 7), then
-2Pi -5Pi/6 7Pi/6 2Pi
-1 tan α =√ 7/ √ 2. Using a calculator, one gets
−1
tan ( 7/ 2) ≈ 1.08√which √ is an angle in
quadrant I. Since (− 2, − 7) is in quadrant
III and π is the period of tan x, α ≈ 1.08+π ≈
45. Since
√ a=3√ and b = 4, the amplitude is
2 2
4.2. Phase shift is −4.2.
3 + 4 = 25 = 5. If the terminal side of
α passes through (3, 4), then tan α = 4/3 and 51. By using a sum-to-product identity, we get
α = tan−1 (4/3) ≈ 0.9. Phase shift is −0.9.
sin(3t) − sin(t)
=
46. Since a=1√ and b = 5, the amplitude is cos(3t) + cos(t)
√
12 + 52 = 26. If the terminal side of 3t + t
3t − t
α passes through (1, 5), then tan α = 5/1 = 5 2 cos sin
2 2 =
and α = tan−1 (5) ≈ 1.4. Phase shift is −1.4. 3t + t 3t − t
2 cos cos
2 2
47. Since a = −6 and b = 1, amplitude is
2 cos(2t) sin t
q √ =
(−6)2 + 12 = 37. 2 cos(2t) cos t
tan t
If the terminal side of α passes through
(−6, 1), then tan α = −1/6. Using a calcu- 52. By using a sum-to-product identity, we obtain
lator, one gets tan−1 (−1/6) ≈ −0.165 which sin(3x) + sin(5x)
is an angle in quadrant IV. Since (−6, 1) is in =
sin(3x) − sin(5x)
quadrant II and π is the period of tan x,
3x + 5x 3x − 5x
2 sin cos
α ≈ −0.165 + π ≈ 3.0. 2 2
=
3x + 5x 3x − 5x
2 cos sin
The phase shift is −3.0. 2 2
√ 2 sin(4x) cos(−x)
q √a = − 5 and b = 2, amplitude is
48. Since
2 cos(4x) sin(−x)
=
(− 5)2 + 22 = 3. If the terminal side of α
√ 2 sin(4x) cos x
passes through
√ (− 5, 2), then − =
tan α = −2/ 5. Using a calculator, one gets 2 cos(4x) sin x
√
tan−1 (−2/ 5) ≈ −0.73 √ which is an angle in tan(4x)
−
quadrant IV. Since (− 5, 2) is in quadrant II tan x
and π is the period of tan x, α ≈ −0.73 + π ≈
2.4. The phase shift is −2.4. 53. By using a sum-to-product identity, we find
cos x − cos(3x)
49. Since a = −3 and b√ = −5, amplitude is =
p cos x + cos(3x)
(−3)2 + (−5)2 = 34. If the terminal side
x + 3x x − 3x
of α passes through (−3, −5), then −2 sin sin
tan α = 5/3. Using a calculator, one gets 2 2
=
x + 3x x − 3x
tan−1 (5/3) ≈ 1.03 which is an angle in 2 cos cos
quadrant I. Since (−3, −5) is in quadrant III 2 2
and π is the period of tan x, α ≈ 1.03+π ≈ 4.2. −2 sin(2x) sin(−x)
Phase shift is −4.2. =
2 cos(2x) cos(−x)
20
50
x
2 8
10
c) The total profit is
x
π
6 12
y = 20, 000 sin [x − 9] +
6
b) Let Pp be the profit function (in thousands
π
of dollars) for the Pool Store. 30, 000 sin (x − 5) + 80, 000.
6
25. One solution is cos−1 (0.873) ≈ 29.2◦ . Another 33. Value of 3x in [0, 2π) is 0. Thus, 3x = 2kπ.
solution is 360◦ − 29.2◦ = 330.8◦ . Solution set
2kπ
is {α | α = 29.2◦ + k360◦ or α = 330.8◦ + k360◦ } . The solution set is x | x = .
3
34. Values of 2x in [0, 2π) are π/2 and 3π/2. So 39. Value of 2x in [0, π) is π/3. Then
π 3π π
2x = + 2kπ or 2x = + 2kπ 2x = + kπ.
2 2 3
π 3π π kπ
x = + kπ or x = + kπ. The solution set is x | x = + .
4 4 6 2
π kπ √
The solution set is x | x = + . 40. Since tan(3x) = −1/ 3, value of 3x in
4 2
[0, π) is 5π/6. Thus,
35. Since sin(x/2) = 1/2, values of x/2 in
[0, 2π) are π/6 and 5π/6. Then 5π
3x = + kπ.
6
x π x 5π
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
5π kπ
2 6 2 6 The solution set is x|x= + .
18 3
π 5π
x = + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ.
3 3 41. Value of 4x in [0, π) is 0. Then
The solution set is
4x = kπ.
π 5π
x | x = + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ .
kπ
3 3 The solution set is x|x= .
4
36. Values of 2x in [0, 2π) are 0 and π. So
42. Value of 3x in [0, π) is 3π/4. Then
2x = 0 + 2kπ or 2x = π + 2kπ
3π
π 3x = + kπ.
x = kπ or x = + kπ. 4
2
π kπ
kπ
The solution set is x|x= + .
The solution set is x | x = . 4 3
2
√ 43. The values of πx in [0, 2π) are π/6 and 5π/6.
37. Since sin(2x) = − 2/2, values of 2x in
Then
[0, 2π) are 5π/4 and 7π/4. Thus,
π 5π
5π 7π πx = + 2kπ or πx = + 2kπ
2x = + 2kπ or 2x = + 2kπ 6 6
4 4
5π 7π 1 5
x= + kπ or x = + kπ. x= + 2k or x = + 2k.
8 8 6 6
The solution set is The solution set is
1 5
5π 7π
x|x= + kπ or x = + kπ . x|x= + 2k or x = + 2k .
8 8 6 6
38. Since sin(x/3) = −1, value of x/3 in 44. Value of πx/4 in [0, π) is π/4. So
[0, 2π) is 3π/2 . So
πx π
= + kπ
x 3π 4 4
= + 2kπ.
3 2
πx = π + 4kπ.
9π
The solution set is x|x= + 6kπ . The solution set is {x | x = 1 + 4k} .
2
45. Values of 2πx in [0, 2π) are π/2 and 3π/2. So 52. Since csc 5α = −2, the values of 5α in [0, 360◦ )
are 210◦ and 330◦ . Then
π 3π
2πx = + 2kπ or 2πx = + 2kπ
2 2 5α = 210◦ + k · 360◦ or 5α = 330◦ + k · 360◦
1 3
x= + k or x = + k. α = 42◦ + k · 72◦ or α = 66◦ + k · 72◦ .
4 4
The solution set is Choosing k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, the solution set is
{42◦ , 66◦ , 114◦ , 138◦ , 186◦ , 210◦ , 258◦ , 282◦ ,
1 k 330◦ , 354◦ } .
x|x= + .
4 2
53. The value of α/2 in [0, 180◦ ) is 30◦ . Then
46. Value of 3πx in [0, 2π) is π/2. Then α
= 30◦ + k · 180◦
π 2
3πx = + 2kπ.
2 α = 60◦ + k · 360◦ .
1 2k By choosing k = 0, the solution set is {60◦ } .
The solution set is x|x= + .
6 3
√ 54. The values of α/2 in [0, 360◦ ) are 45◦ and 315◦ .
47. Since sin α = − 3/2, the solution set So
is {240◦ , 300◦ } . 48. {120◦ , 300◦ } . α α
√ = 45◦ + k · 360◦ or = 315◦ + k · 360◦
49. Since cos 2α = 1/ 2, values of 2α in 2 2
[0, 360◦ ) are 45◦ and 315◦ . Thus, α = 90◦ + k · 720◦ or α = 630◦ + k · 720◦ .
2α = 45◦ + k · 360◦ or 2α = 315◦ + k · 360◦ Let k = 0 in the first case.
Then the solution set is {90◦ } .
α = 22.5◦ + k · 180◦ or α = 157.5◦ + k · 180◦ .
55. A solution is 3α = sin−1 (0.34) ≈ 19.88◦ .
Then let k = 0, 1. The solution set is Another solution is 3α = 180◦ − 19.88◦ =
160.12◦ . Then
{22.5◦ , 157.5◦ , 202.5◦ , 337.5◦ } .
3α = 19.88◦ +k ·360◦ or 3α = 160.12◦ +k ·360◦
50. The value of 6α in [0, 360◦ ) is 90◦ . Then
α ≈ 6.6◦ + k · 120◦ or α ≈ 53.4◦ + k · 120◦ .
6α = 90◦ + k · 360◦ Solution set is
α = 15◦ + k · 60◦ . {α | α = 6.6◦ + k · 120◦ or α = 53.4◦ + k · 120◦ } .
By choosing k = 0, 1, ..., 5, one obtains the
solution set {15◦ , 75◦ , 135◦ , 195◦ , 255◦ , 315◦ }. 56. A solution is 2α = cos−1 (−0.22) ≈ 102.71◦ .
Another solution is 2α = 360◦ − 102.71◦ =
51. Values of 3α in [0, 360◦ ) are 135◦ and 225◦ . 257.29◦ . Therefore,
Then
2α = 102.71◦ +k·360◦ or 2α = 257.29◦ +k·360◦
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
3α = 135 + k · 360 or 3α = 225 + k · 360
α ≈ 51.4◦ + k · 180◦ or α ≈ 128.6◦ + k · 180◦ .
α = 45◦ + k · 120◦ or α = 75◦ + k · 120◦ .
Solution set is
By choosing k = 0, 1, 2, one obtains the
solution set {45◦ , 75◦ , 165◦ , 195◦ , 285◦ , 315◦ }. {α | α = 51.4◦ + k180◦ or α = 128.6◦ + k180◦ } .
57. A solution is 3α = sin−1 (−0.6) ≈ −36.87◦ . 62. A solution is α/2 = tan−1 (1/4.7) ≈ 12.01◦ .
This is coterminal with 323.13◦ . Another Then
α
solution is 3α = 180◦ +36.87◦ = 216.87◦ . Then = 12.01◦ + k · 180◦
2
3α = 323.13◦ +k·360◦ or 3α = 216.87◦ +k·360◦ α = 24.0◦ + k · 360◦ .
α ≈ 107.7◦ + k · 120◦ or α ≈ 72.3◦ + k · 120◦ . Solution set is {α | α = 24.0◦ + k · 360◦ } .
The solution set is
63. Set the right-hand side to zero and factor.
{α | α = 107.7◦ + k120◦ or α = 72.3◦ + k120◦ } .
3 sin2 x − sin x = 0
58. A solution is 4α = tan−1 (−3.2)
≈ −72.65◦ . sin x(3 sin x − 1) = 0
Another solution is 180 − 72.65◦ = 107.35◦ .
◦
α ≈ 104.8◦ + k · 120◦ or α ≈ 75.2◦ + k · 120◦ . 65. Set the right-hand side to zero and factor.
The solution set is 2 cos2 x + 3 cos x + 1 = 0
{α | α = 104.8◦ + k120◦ or α = 75.2◦ + k120◦ } . (2 cos x + 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
61. A solution is α/2 = sin−1 (−1/2.3) ≈ −25.77◦ . Set the factors to zero.
This is coterminal with 334.23◦ . Another
solution is α/2 = 180◦ + 25.77◦ = 205.77◦ . cos x = −1/2 or cos x = −1
Thus, x = 2π/3, 4π/3 or x=π
α α
= 334.23◦ +k ·360◦ or = 205.77◦ +k ·360◦ The solution set is {π, 2π/3, 4π/3}.
2 2
α ≈ 668.5 + k · 720 or α ≈ 411.5◦ + k · 720◦ .
◦ ◦
66. Set the right-hand side to zero and factor.
The solution set is
2 sin2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
{α | α = 668.5 + k720 or α = 411.5 + k720 } . (2 sin x − 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
80. By the sum identity for cosine, we get 84. By the half-angle identity for sine, we find
89. By the method of completing the square, 93. By using the sum identity for tangent, we get
we get √
tan(3θ − θ) = 3
tan2 θ − 2 tan θ = 1 2θ = 60◦ + k · 180◦
2
tan θ − 2 tan θ + 1 = 2 θ = 30◦ + k · 90◦ .
2
(tan θ − 1) = 2
√ By choosing k = 1, 3, one obtains that the
tan θ − 1 = ± 2 solution set is {120◦ , 300◦ }. Note, 30◦ and
√ √
θ = tan−1 (1 + 2) or θ = tan−1 (1 − 2) 210◦ are not solutions.
θ ≈ 67.5◦ or θ = −22.5◦ .
94. By using the sum identity for tangent,
Other solutions are 180◦ + 67.5◦ = 247.5◦ , we find
180◦ − 22.5◦ = 157.5◦ , and
tan(3θ + 2θ) = 1
180◦ + 157.5◦ = 337.5◦ . The solution set
is {67.5◦ , 157.5◦ , 247.5◦ , 337.5◦ } . tan 5θ = 1
5θ = 45◦ + k · 180◦
90. By the method of completing the square,
we find θ = 9◦ + k · 36◦ .
(3 sin θ + 2)2 = 0 {30◦ , 45◦ , 135◦ , 150◦ , 210◦ , 225◦ , 315◦ , 330◦ }.
sin θ = −2/3 96. Factoring, we have
θ = sin−1 (−2/3) ≈ −41.8◦
(4 sin2 θ − 1)(sin2 θ − 1) = 0.
An angle coterminal with is−41.8◦
360◦ − 41.8◦ = 318.2◦ . Another solution Then
is 180◦ + 41.8◦ = 221.8◦ . The solution set sin2 θ = 1/4 or sin2 θ = 1
is {221.8◦ , 318.2◦ }.
sin θ = ±1/2 or sin θ = ±1.
92. Factoring, we obtain
The solution set is
(4 cos θ + 3)(3 cos θ − 2) = 0 {30◦ , 90◦ , 150◦ , 210◦ , 270◦ , 330◦ }.
cos θ = −3/4 or cos θ = 2/3 97. Factoring, we obtain
−1
θ = cos (−3/4) or θ = cos−1 (2/3)
(sec2 θ − 1)(sec2 θ − 4) = 0
θ ≈ 138.6◦ or θ ≈ 48.2◦ .
sec2 θ = 1 or sec2 θ = 4
Other solutions are 360◦
− 138.6◦
= 221.4◦
sec θ = ±1 or sec θ = ±2.
and 360◦ − 48.2◦ = 311.8◦ . The solution set
is {48.2◦ , 138.6◦ , 221.4◦ , 311.8◦ } . Solution set is {0◦ , 60◦ , 120◦ , 180◦ , 240◦ , 300◦ }.
99. Multiplying the equation by LCD, we get 104. Isolate cos α on one side.
13.7 sin 33.2◦ = a · sin 45.6◦ 2(3.2)(4.6) cos α = 3.22 + 4.62 − 6.82
13.7 sin 33.2◦ 3.22 + 4.62 − 6.82
= a cos α =
sin 45.6◦ 2(3.2)(4.6)
10.5 ≈ a. cos α ≈ −0.504
α ≈ cos−1 (−0.504)
100. Multiplying by the LCD, we find α ≈ 120.3◦
b · sin 49.6◦ = 55.1 sin 88.2◦
105. Given below is the graph of
55.1 sin 88.2◦
b =
sin 49.6◦ y = sin(x/2) − cos(3x).
b ≈ 72.3.
The intercepts or solutions on [0, 2π) are
approximately {0.4, 1.9, 2.2, 4.0, 4.4, 5.8} .
101. Multiplying by the LCD, we get y
sin α = x
25.9 -1
1 2 3 4 5
sin α ≈ 0.833
α ≈ sin−1 (0.833)
α ≈ 56.4◦ . 106. Given below is the graph of
= sin β
15.4
0.579 ≈ sin β 1
x
−1
sin (0.579) ≈ β -1
1 2 3 4 5 6
35.4◦ ≈ β.
√
is shown. The solution set is {π/3}. and x = 0.34 sin(3t + 2.11). The times when
y x = 0 are given by
1
sin(3t + 2.11) = 0
3t + 2.11 = k · π
0.5 2
x 3t = −2.11 + k · π
k·π
t = −0.703 +
3
-1
π k·π
t = −0.703 + +
3 3
k·π
108. Below is the graph of y = x2 − sin x. t = 0.34 +
3
The intercepts or solutions on [0, 2π) are
approximately {0, 0.9}. where k is a nonnegative integer.
y √
111. First, find the values of t when x = 3.
1
πt
√
x 2 sin = 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 3
-1 √
πt 3
sin =
3 2
√ πt π πt 2π
109. Since a = 3 and b = 1, we obtain = + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
q
√ 2 3 3 3 3
r= 3 + 12 =√2. If the terminal side of√ πt = π + 6kπ or πt = 2π + 6kπ
α goes through ( 3, 1), then tan α = 1/ 3. t = 1 + 6k or t = 2 + 6k
Then one can choose α = π/6 and
√
x = 2 sin(2t + π/6). The times when x = 0 Then the ball is 3 ft above sea level for
are given by the values of t satisfying
π
sin 2t + = 0 1 + 6k < t < 2 + 6k
6
π
2t + = k·π where k is a nonnegative integer.
6
π
2t = − + k · π 112. First, find the values of t when x = 9.3 .
6
π k·π
π
t = − + 6.2 + 3.1 sin (t − 9) = 9.3
12 2 6
π π k·π
π
t = − + +
12 2 2 sin (t − 9) = 1
6
5π k · π π π
t = + (t − 9) = + 2kπ
12 2 6 2
where k is a nonnegative integer. t−9 = 3 + 12k
t = 12 + 12k
p a = −0.3 and b = √
110. Since 0.5, we obtain
r = (−0.3)2 + (0.5)2 = 0.34. If the Since the values of t are limited from 1 to 12,
terminal side of α goes through (−0.3, 0.5), then one must choose k = 0 and t = 12. In
then tan α = −0.5/0.3. Since tan−1 (−5/3) ≈ December, the store anticipates selling 9300
−1.03, one can choose α = π − 1.03 ≈ 2.11 units.
113. Since vo = 325 and d = 3300, we have 116. In vo2 sin 2θ = 32d, let d = 3(18, 500) =
55, 500 ft. The muzzle velocity vo is given by
3252 sin 2θ = 32(3300)
32(3300) vo2 sin(2 · 45◦ ) = 32(55, 500)
sin 2θ =
3252 vo2 · 1 = 32(55, 500)
sin 2θ ≈ 0.99976 q
vo = 32(55, 500)
2θ ≈ sin−1 (0.99976)
vo ≈ 1332.7 ft/sec.
2θ ≈ 88.74◦
θ ≈ 44.4◦ . 117. Observe,
Another angle is given by 2θ = − 180◦ 88.74◦ √ 1 1
◦ ◦ ◦
= 91.26 or θ = 91.26 /2 ≈ 45.6 . y = 2 (sin x) √ − (cos x) √
2 2
The muzzle was aimed at 44.4◦ or 45.6◦ . √
7π
= 2 sin x + .
114. We will use the equation from Exercise 113 4
3252 sin(2θ) √
and sketch the graph d = . We The amplitude is 2, period is 2π, and phase
32 shift − 7π
4
find the maximum distance is d ≈ 3300.8 ft.
d
3300.8
118.
s
1− 1
4
r
3 6.6 Pop Quiz
= =
2 8
r
1. 45◦ + k360◦ or 135◦ + k360◦
6
=
16 2. 60◦ + k360◦ or 300◦ + k360◦
√
x
6 3. 135◦ + k180◦
sin =
2 4 x π x 5π
4. Since = + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
2 6 2 6
122. a) sin(3.5 + 2.1) = sin 5.6 π 5π
we obtain x = + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ.
b) sin(2x − x) = sin x 3 3
Since x lies in [0, 2π], we find
c) sin(2 · (4.8)) = sin 9.6
π 5π
x= , .
3 5
Thinking Outside the Box LVIII
5. 0, 2π
The angles in the shaded triangle are 15◦ , 60◦ , and
π
105◦ . The side opposite the 105◦ -angle is one unit 6. Since 2x = + kπ, we obtain
l long. Using the sine law (see Chapter 7), we find 4
π π
sin 60◦ x= +k .
x= . 8 2
sin 105◦
Let k = 0, 1, 2, 3. The solutions in [0, 2π] are
Recall, the area of a triangle is one-half times the
product of the length of any two sides and the sine π 5π 9π 13π
x= , , , .
of the included angle of the two sides. Since the 8 8 8 8
included angle between x and 1 is 15◦ , the area of
the triangle is 6.6 Linking Concepts
1 sin 60◦
Area = sin 15◦ a) Since first base is 150 feet away, we find
2 sin 105◦
150
√ x = 130t cos θ = 150, i.e., t = .
3 sin 15◦ 130 cos θ
=
4 sin 105◦ Substituting into y we find that the angle θ
√ satisfies
√ q
3 (2 − 3/2)/2
= q √ −16t2 + 130t sin θ + 5 = 5
4 (2 + 3/2)/2
−16t2 + 130t sin θ = 0
2
√ q √ 150 150
3 2− 3 −16 + 130 sin θ = 0
= 130 cos θ 130 cos θ
4
q √ 2
2+ 3 15 1 sin θ
−16 + 150 = 0.
√ 13 cos2 θ cos θ
3 √
= (2 − 3)
4 Then multiply the previous equation by cos2 θ.
√
2 3−3 15 2 1
Area = . 150 sin θ = 16
4 13 cos θ
2
15
150 sin θ cos θ = 16
13
2
15 Review Exercises
75 sin(2θ) = 16
13
15
2
1. 1 − sin2 α = cos2 α
16 13
sin(2θ) = 1 sin x 1
75 2. · + sec x = + sec x = 2 sec x
15
2 sin x cos x cos x
16 13
2θ = sin−1 3. (1 − csc x)(1 + csc x) = 1 − csc2 x = − cot2 x
75
cos 2x
2θ ≈ 16.5◦ 4. = cot 2x
sin 2x
θ ≈ 8.25◦
5.
1 sin α 1 sin α
150 + = + =
b) It takes t = ≈ 1.1659 sec 1 + sin α cos α 2 1 + sin α 1 − sin2 α
130 cos 8.25◦
for the ball to reach first base without skipping (1 − sin α) + sin α 1
2 = = sec2 α
(see part a)) . 1 − sin α cos2 α
r
169 13 12 26. By the half-angle identity for cosine, we get
− = − . Then cos α = − ,
144 12 13 r
s 2 r 1 + cos α 1
12 144 − = −
sin α = − 1 − =− 1− = 2 3
13 169 1 + cos α 1
r =
25 5 12 13 2 9
− = − . cot α = , csc α = − .
169 13 5 5 2
1 + cos α =
23. By using a cofunction identity, 9
7
−3 cos α = − .
we get cos α = . 9
5
3π
s 2 r
−3 9
Then sin α = − 1 − =− 1− = Since π < α < , α is in quadrant III and
5 25 2
s 2 r
−7 49
r
16 4 5 5 sin α = − 1 − =− 1−
=
− = − , sec α = − , csc α = − , 9 81
25 5 3 4 √ √
r
−4/5 4 3 32 32 − 32/9
tan α = = , cot α = . − =− . Then tan α = =
−3/5 3 4 81 9 −7/9
√
24. By applying a cofunction identity, 32 7 9
, cot α = √ , sec α = − ,
we find sec α = 3. 7 32 7
s
1 1 2 9
Then cos α = and sin α = 1 − = and csc α = − √ .
3 3 32
r r √ √
1 8 8 2 2 3 27. It is an identity as shown below.
1− = = = , csc α = √ ,
9 9 3 3 8
√ (sin x + cos x)2 =
2 2/3 √ 1
tan α = = 2 2, cot α = √ . sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x =
1/3 8
1 + 2 sin x cos x =
25. By the half-angle identity for sine, we find
r 1 + sin(2x)
1 − cos α 3
=
2 5 28. It is not an identity since the right-hand
1 − cos α 9 side is equal to cos(A + B) and is not
=
2 25 equal to the left-hand side.
18
1 − cos α =
25 29. It is not an identity since csc2 x − cot2 x = 1
7 and tan2 − sec2 x = −1.
cos α = .
25
3π 30. It is an identity. Apply a half-angle identity
Since < α < 2π, α is in quadrant IV and simplify the right-hand side.
2
s
1 − cos2 x
2 r
7 49 x
and sin α = − 1 − =− 1− = sin2 =
25 625 2 2 + 2 sin x cos x csc x
r
576 24 1 − cos x 1 − cos2 x
− =− . =
625 25 2 2 + 2 cos x
−24/25 24 (1 − cos x)(1 + cos x)
Then tan α = =− , =
7/25 7 2(1 + cos x)
1 − cos x
7 25 25 =
cot α = − , sec α = , csc α = − . 2
24 7 24
4 2 4
16 sin x(1 − 2 sin x + sin x) =
16 sin4 x − 32 sin6 x + 16 sin8 x = -9Pi/4 -3Pi/4 Pi/4
x
7Pi/4
we get √
66. Let aq= 3, b = 3, and
1 − cos6 x = √ 2 √
3 r= 3 + 32 = 2√3. If the terminal side
1 − 1 − sin2 x = of α goes through
√ √( 3, 3), then
tan α = 3/ 3 = 3√and one can choose
1 − 1 − 3 sin2 x + 3 sin4 x − sin6 x =
α =√π/3. So y = 2 3 sin(x + π/3), amplitude
3 sin2 x − 3 sin4 x + sin6 x. is 2 3, and phase shift is −π/3.
y
70. Isolate sin 2x on one side.
4 √
2 sin 2x = − 3
√
x 3
-7Pi/3 -5Pi/6 Pi/6 8Pi/3
sin 2x = −
-4
2
4π 5π
2x = + 2kπ or 2x = + 2kπ
3 3
67. Let ap= −2, b = 1, and 2π 5π
√ x= + kπ or x= + kπ
r = (−2)2 + 12 = 5. If the terminal side 3 6
of α goes through (−2, 1), then tan α = −1/2. The solution set is
Since tan−1 (−1/2) ≈ −0.46 and (−2, 1) is in
2π 5π
√ can choose α = π − 0.46 =
quadrant II, one x|x=
3
+ kπ or x =
6
+ kπ .
2.68.
√ So y = 5 sin(x + 2.68), amplitude is
5, and phase shift is −2.68. 71. Set each factor to zero.
y
√
( 3 csc x − 2)(csc x − 2) = 0
3 2
csc x = √ or csc x = 2
-2 2
x
2Pi 3
-3
π 2π π 5π
Thus, x = , , , plus multiples of 2π.
3 3 6 6
The solution set is
68. Let ap= −2, b = −1, and √
π 2π π 5π
r = (−2)2 + (−1)2 = 5. If the terminal x | x = + 2kπ, + 2kπ, + 2kπ, + 2kπ .
side of α goes through (−2, −1), then 3 3 6 6
tan α = 1/2. Since (−2, −1) is in quadrant III,
−1 72. Set each factor to zero.
√ α = π + tan (1/2) ≈ 3.61.
one can choose √ √ √
Thus, y = 5 sin(x + 3.61), amplitude is 5, (sec x − 2)( 3 sec x + 2) = 0
and phase shift is −3.61. √ 2
y sec x = 2 or sec x = − √
3
3
π 7π 5π 7π
Then x = , , , plus multiples of 2π.
x 4 4 6 6
-2Pi -2 2 2Pi
-3
The solution set is
π 7π 5π 7π
x|x= + 2kπ, + 2kπ, + 2kπ, + 2kπ .
4 4 6 6
69. Isolate cos 2x on one side.
73. Set the right-hand side to zero and factor.
2 cos 2x = −1
1 2 sin2 x − 3 sin x + 1 = 0
cos 2x = −
2 (2 sin x − 1)(sin x − 1) = 0
2π 4π 1
2x = + 2kπ or 2x = + 2kπ sin x = or sin x = 1
3 3 2
π 2π
x = + kπ or x= + kπ π 5π π
3 3 The x = , , plus multiples of 2π.
6 6 2
The solution set is The solution set is
π 2π π 5π π
x | x = + kπ or x = + kπ . x | x = + 2kπ, + 2kπ, + 2kπ .
3 3 6 6 2
74. Set the right-hand side to zero and factor. 77. By using the double-angle identity for sine,
we get
4 sin2 x − sin x − 3 = 0
x x
(4 sin x + 3)(sin x − 1) = 0 cos − sin 2 · = 0
2 2
3 x x x
sin x = − or sin x = 1 cos − 2 sin cos = 0
4 2 2 2
x x
−1 3
cos (1 − 2 sin ) = 0
Since sin − ≈ −0.848 and 2π − 0.848 ≈ 2 2
4 x x 1
cos = 0 or sin = .
5.44 and π + 0.848 ≈ 3.99, the solution set is 2 2 2
π
x π 3π π 5π
x | x = 5.44 + 2kπ, 3.99 + 2kπ, + 2kπ . Then = , , , plus mutiples of 2π.
2 2 2 2 6 6
π 5π
Or x = π, 3π, , plus multiples of 4π.
x 3 3
75. Isolate sin on one side. The solution set is
2
π 5π
x 12 x | x = π + 2kπ, + 4kπ, + 4kπ .
sin = √ 3 3
2 8 3
x 3
sin = √ 78. Apply the double-angle identity for sine
2 2 3
√ and set the right-hand side to zero.
x 3
sin = sin x
2 2 sin 2x =
x π x 2π cos x
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ sin x
2 3 2 3 2 sin x cos x − = 0
2π 4π cos x
x= + 4kπ or x= + 4kπ
3 3 2 sin x cos2 x − sin x = 0
sin x(2 cos2 x − 1) = 0
The solution set is
1
sin x = 0 or cos x = ± √
2π 4π
x|x= + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ . 2
3 3 π kπ
x = kπ or x= +
4 2
x
76. Isolate cos on one side. The solution set is
2
π kπ
x √ x | x = kπ or x = + .
−2 cos = 2 4 2
2 √
x 2
cos = − 79. By the double-angle identity for cosine,
2 2
we find
x 3π x 5π
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
2 4 2 4 cos 2x + sin2 x = 0
3π 5π cos2 x − sin2 x + sin2 x = 0
x= + 4kπ or x= + 4kπ
2 2 cos2 x = 0
π
The solution set is x = + kπ.
2
3π 5π
π
x|x= + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ .
2 2 The solution set is x|x= + kπ .
2
80. By the double-angle identity for sine, we have 83. By multiplying the equation by 2, we obtain
x x
2 sin α cos α = 1
tan = sin 2 ·
2 2 sin 2α = 1
x
sin
2 x x 2α = 90◦ + k360◦
x = 2 sin cos
cos 2 2 α = 45◦ + k180◦ .
2
x x x By choosing k = 0, 1, one gets the solution
sin = 2 sin cos2
2 2 2 set {45◦ , 225◦ } .
x x
sin 1 − 2 cos2 = 0
2 2 84. By using a double-angle identity for cosine,
x x 1 we find
sin = 0 or cos = ±√
2 2 2
x x π kπ 2 cos2 α − 1 = cos α
= kπ or = + 2 cos2 α − cos α − 1 = 0
2 2 4 2
π (2 cos α + 1)(cos α − 1) = 0
x = 2kπ or x = + kπ.
2 1
cos α = − or cos α = 1.
The solution set is 2
π
The solution set is {0◦ , 120◦ , 240◦ } .
x | x = 2kπ or x = + kπ .
2 85. Suppose 1 + cos α 6= 0. Dividing the equation
by 1 + cos α, we get
81. By factoring, we obtain
sin α
= 1
sin x(cos x + 1) + (cos x + 1) = 0 1 + cos α
α
(sin x + 1)(cos x + 1) = 0. tan = 1
2
α
Then = 45◦ + k180◦
2
α = 90◦ + k360◦ .
sin x = −1 or cos x = −1
3π
x= + 2kπ or x = π + 2kπ. One solution is 90◦ . On the other hand if
2 1 + cos α = 0, then cos α = −1 and α = 180◦ .
The solution set is Note α = 180◦ satisfies the given equation.
The solution set is {90◦ , 180◦ } .
3π
x|x= + 2kπ or x = π + 2kπ .
2 86.
1
82. By factoring, we find cos α · = cot2 α
sin α
cot α = cot2 α
(sin 2x cos 2x − cos 2x) + (sin 2x − 1) = 0
cot α − cot2 α = 0
cos 2x(sin 2x − 1) + (sin 2x − 1) = 0
cot α(1 − cot α) = 0
(cos 2x + 1)(sin 2x − 1) = 0
cot α = 0, 1
cos 2x = −1 or sin 2x = 1.
π The solution set is {45◦ , 90◦ , 225◦ , 270◦ }.
Then 2x = π + 2kπ or 2x = + 2kπ. Solution
2
π π
87. No solution since the left-hand side is equal
set is x | x = + kπ or x = + kπ . to 1 by an identity. The solution set is ∅.
2 4
88. No solution since the left-hand side is equal 92. Multiply the equation by tan α and note
to 1 by an identity. The solution set is ∅. that tan α · cot α = 1. Then
90. By using the double angle identity for sine, By choosing k = 0, 1, ..., 5, one gets the
we find solution set {15◦ , 75◦ , 135◦ , 195◦ , 255◦ , 315◦ } .
√ √ √ √ √
96. cos 4◦ − cos 6◦ = 3 2 −1 2 6+ 2
◦ · − · = .
4 + 6◦
◦
4 − 6◦ 2 2 2 2 4
−2 sin sin =
2 2 104. Since α is in quadrant IV and β is in
−2 sin 5◦ sin(−1◦ ) = 2 sin 5◦ sin 1◦ √ !2
v
u
u − 2
quadrant II, cos α = t1 − =
97. sin(π/4) − sin(−π/8) = sin(π/4) + sin(π/8) = 2
π/4 + π/8
π/4 − π/8
√ s 2 √
2 sin cos = 2 1 3
2 2 and cos β = − 1 − =− .
2 2 2
3π/8 π/8
2 sin cos = So sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
2 2 √ √ √ √ √
2 sin(3π/16) cos(π/16) − 2 − 3 2 1 6+ 2
· + · = .
2 2 2 2 4
98. sin(π/12) − sin(π/6) = 105. Since α is in quadrant I and β is in
π/12 + π/6 π/12 − π/6 √ !2
v
2 cos sin =
u
2 2
u 3
quadrant II, cos α = 1 −
t =
3π/12
−π/12
2
2 cos sin = v
√ !2 √
2 2 u
1 u 2 2
2 cos(3π/24) sin(−π/24) = and sin β = t1 − − = .
2 2 2
−2 cos(π/8) sin(π/24)
So cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β =
√ √ √ √ √
99. 2 sin 11◦ cos 13◦
= 1 − 2 3 2 6− 2
sin(11◦ + 13◦ )
+ sin(11◦ − 13◦ ) = · + · = .
2 2 2 2 4
sin 24 + sin(−2◦ ) = sin 24◦ − sin 2◦
◦
106. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
100. 2 sin 8◦ sin 12◦ =
v
u √ !2
u 2
cos(8◦ − 12◦ ) − cos(8◦ + 12◦ ) = quadrant I, cos α = −t1 − =
2
cos(−4◦ ) − cos 20◦ = cos 4◦ − cos 20◦
√ s 2 √
x x 2 1 3
101. 2 cos cos = − and cos β = 1 − = .
4 3 2 2 2
x x x x
cos − + cos + = So cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β =
4 3 4 3 √ √ √ √ √
− 2 3 2 1 6+ 2
x
7x
· − · =− .
cos − + cos = 2 2 2 2 4
12 12
107. Let√a = 0.6, b = 0.4, and
x 7x
cos + cos r = 0.62 + 0.42 ≈ 0.72. If the
12 12 terminal side of α goes through (0.6, 0.4),
102. 2 cos(s) sin(3s) = sin(s + 3s) − sin(s − 3s) = then tan α = 0.4/0.6 and one can choose
sin 4s − sin(−2s) = sin 4s + sin 2s α = tan−1 (2/3) ≈ 0.588.
Thus, x = 0.72 sin(2t + 0.588).
103. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in The values of t when x = 0 are given by
v
u √ !2
u 3 sin(2t + 0.588) = 0
quadrant I, cos α = − 1 −
t =
2 2t + 0.588 = kπ
v
u √ !2 √ 2t = −0.588 + kπ
1 u 2 2 kπ
− and sin β = t1 − = . t = −0.294 +
2 2 2 2
So sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = When k = 1, 2 , one gets t ≈ 1.28, 2.85.
108. Let v0 = 400 and d = 3000. 7. Using the cofunction identity for cosine,
we get
4002 sin 2θ = 32(3000)
32(3000) cos(π/2 − x) cos(−x) =
sin 2θ =
4002 sin x cos x =
sin 2θ = 0.6
2 sin x cos x
2θ = sin−1 (0.6) ≈ 36.869◦ =
2
θ ≈ 18.4◦
sin(2x)
.
Another solution is 2θ = 180◦ − 36.869◦ 2
143.13◦
= 143.131◦ . Then θ ≈ ≈ 71.6◦ . 8. Factor the left-hand side and use a half-angle
2
The angles are 18.4◦ and 71.6◦ . identity for tangent. Then
tan(t/2) · (cos2 t − 1) =
Thinking Outside the Box LIX 1 − cos t
· (− sin2 t) =
sin t
WRONG = 25938 and RIGHT = 51876
(1 − cos t) · (− sin t) =
Chapter 6 Test (cos t − 1) sin t =
1 cos x cos t sin t − sin t =
1. · · 2 sin x cos x = 2 cos x
cos x sin x
sin t
2. sin(2t + 5t) = sin 7t − sin t.
sec t
1 1 1 + cos y + 1 − cos y
3. + = = 9. Since − sin θ = 1, we get sin θ = −1 and the
1 − cos y 1 + cos y 1 − cos2 y
3π
2 solution set is θ | θ = + 2kπ .
= 2 csc2 y 2
sin2 y
4. tan(π/5 + π/10) = tan(3π/10) 1
10. Since cos 3s = , we obtain
2
5.
sin β cos β π 5π
= 3s = + 2kπ or 3s = + 2kπ
sin β/ cos β 3 3
π 2kπ 5π 2kπ
cos β s= + or s= + .
sin β cos β · = 9 3 9 3
sin β
The solution set is
cos2 β =
π 2kπ 5π 2kπ
1 − sin2 β = s|s= + or s = + .
9 3 9 3
6. √
1 1 11. Since tan 2t = − 3, we have
− =
sec θ − 1 sec θ + 1
2π
sec θ + 1 − (sec θ − 1) 2t = + kπ
= 3
sec2 θ − 1 π kπ
t = + .
2 3 2
=
tan2 θ
π kπ
2
2 cot θ = The solution set is t|t= + .
3 2
nr2 360◦
Thus, the perimeter P of an n-gon is P = nb,
An = sin . or
2 n
180◦
P = 2nr sin
Another formula for An can be obtained by n
using the above calculations and the fact that or equivalently
180◦
sin(90◦ − α) = cos α P = 2nr cos 90◦ − .
n
and
cos(90◦ − α) = sin α. 7. When n is a large number, the shape of an
n-gon approximates the shape of a circle.
Thus, an equivalent formula for the area of the
Consequently, the circumference C of a
n-gon is
circle of radius r is approximately
180◦ 180◦
An = nr2 sin 180◦
cos
n n C ≈ 2nr sin .
◦ n
180 180◦
2 ◦ ◦
An = nr sin 90 − cos 90 − .
n n Note, if n = 106 then
180◦
3. For an n-gon, the constant of proportionality is n sin ≈ 3.141592654.
n
n 360◦
sin . Thus, the circumference is
2 n