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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Determine whether or not the function is one-to-one.

1) f(x) = x2 + 6
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
2) f(x) = 3x3 + 3
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
3) f(x) = 2x2 + x
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
4) f(x) = 1.10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
9
5) f(x) =
x-6
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
6) f(x) = 25 - x2
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
7) f(x) = 3x - 1
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
8) f(x) = x + 6
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
9) f(x) = (-2x - 2)2

A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
3
10) f(x) = 9x + 9
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
1
Determine whether or not the function is one-to-one.
11)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
12)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
13)
y
10
-10 10 x
-10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
2
14)
y
10
-10 10 x
-10
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
15)
y
10
-10 10 x
-10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
16)
y
8
-8 -4 4 8 x
-4
-8
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
3
17)
8 y
-8 -4 4 8 x
-4
-8
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
18)
8 y
-8 -4 4 8 x
-4
-8
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
19)
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
4
20)
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
Decide whether or not the functions are inverses of each other.

x+4
21) f(x) = 4x - 2, g(x) =
2
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
1
22) f(x) = 8x - 8, g(x) = x+1
8
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
1 4x + 1
23) f(x) = , g(x) =
x+4 x
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
1
24) f(x) = 5x + 25, g(x) = x-5
5
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
x-5
25) f(x) = 4x2 + 5, domain [0, ∞ ); g(x) = , domain [5, ∞)
4
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
26) f(x) = x + 2, domain [-2, ∞ ); g(x) = x2 + 2, domain (-∞ , ∞)

A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
1+x 1
27) f(x) = , g(x) =
x x-1
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
5
3
28) f(x) = x3 - 1 , g(x) = x+1
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
If the following defines a one-to-one function, find its inverse. If not, write "Not one-to-one."
29) {(7, 20), (14, 6), (19, 2)}
A) {(20, 7), (19, 14), (2, 6)} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(20, 7), (6, 14), (2, 19)} D) {(7, 6), (7, 14), (2, 19)}
Answer: C
30) {(17, 11), (10, 11), (3, -6)}

A) {(11, 17), (3, 10), (-6, 11)} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(11, 17), (11, 10), (-6, 3)} D) {(17, 11), (11, 10), (-6, 3)}
Answer: B
31) {(9, 5), (10, 5), (11, 8), (12, 4)}

A) {(5, 9), (4, 8), (11, 10)} B) {(5, 9), (10, 8), (11, 4)}
C) {(9, 4), (9, 8), (11, 10)} D) Not one-to-one
Answer: D
32) {(-2, 4), (2, -4), (8, -2), (-8, 2)}

A) {(4, -2), (-4, 2), (8, -2), (2, -8)} B) {(4, -2), (-4, 2), (-2, 8), (2, -8)}
C) {(4, -2), (-4, 2), (-2, -8), (2, 8)} D) Not one-to-one
Answer: B
33) {(6, -7), (11, -6), (9, -5), (7, -4)}

A) Not one-to-one B) {(6, -7), (11, -6), (9, -5), (7, -4)}
C) {(7, 6), (6, 11), (-5, 9), (-4, 7)} D) {(-7, 6), (-6, 11), (-5, 9), (-4, 7)}
Answer: D
34) {(3, -5), (5, -3), (9, 2), (-9, -2)}

A) {(-5, 3), (-3, 5), (2, 9), (-2, -9)} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(-2, 9), (-3, 5), (-5, 5), (2, -9)} D) {(-2, 9), (9, 5), (-5, 3), (2, -9)}
Answer: A
35) {(0, 0 4 ), (1, 1 4), (3, 2 4 ), (5, 3 4)}

A) {(0, 0 4 ), (2, 1 4), (3, 2 4 ), (4, 3 4)} B) Not one-to-one
C) {(0 4 , 0), (14 , 2), (2 4 , 3), (34 , 4)} D) {(04 , 0), (1 4 , 1), (24 , 3), (3 4 , 5)}
Answer: D
If f is one-to-one, find an equation for its inverse.

36) f(x) = 6x - 1
x-1
A) Not a one-to-one function B) f-1 (x) =
6
x+1 x
C) f-1(x) = D) f-1 (x) = +1
6 6
Answer: C
6
37) f(x) = -3x + 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
A) f-1(x) = - x + 1 B) f-1 (x) = - x - C) f-1 (x) = - x - 1 D) f-1 (x) = - x +
3 3 3 3 3 3
Answer: D
38) f(x) = x3 - 2
3
A) f-1(x) = x+2 B) Not a one-to-one function
3 3
C) f-1(x) = x-2 D) f-1 (x) = x + 2
Answer: A
39) f(x) = 2x3 - 6
3 x +6
A) f-1(x) = B) Not a one-to-one function
2
3 x+6 3 x-6
C) f-1(x) = D) f-1 (x) =
2 2
Answer: C
2
40) f(x) =
x-2
2x + 2
A) f-1(x) = B) Not a one-to-one function
x
x -2 + 2x
C) f-1(x) = D) f-1 (x) =
-2 + 2x x
Answer: A
41) f(x) = x + 6 , x ≥ -6
-1
A) f (x) = x - 6 B) f-1 (x) = (x + 6)2
C) f-1(x) = x2 - 6, x ≥ 0 D) Not a one-to-one function
Answer: C
3
42) f(x) = x-4
3
A) f-1(x) = (x + 4)3 B) f-1 (x) = x - 4 C) f-1 (x) = (x - 4)3 D) f-1 (x) = x3 + 4
Answer: D
43) f(x) = (x + 5)2

A) f-1(x) = x-5 B) Not a one-to-one function
1
C) f-1(x) = x-5 D) f-1 (x) =
x-5
Answer: B
7
44) f(x) = - x2 - 25 , x ≥ 5
A) f-1(x) = 25 - x2 , x ≤ 5 B) f-1 (x) = x2 + 25 , x ≥ 0
C) f-1(x) = x2 + 25 , x ≤ 0 D) f-1 (x) = - 25 - x2 , x ≤ 0
Answer: C
Find the domain and range of the inverse of the given function.
45) f(x) = 8x + 4
A) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞) B) Domain: (-∞ , ∞), range: (-∞ , 4]
C) Domain: [8, ∞), range: (- ∞, 4] D) Domain: (-∞ , 4]; range: (- ∞, ∞)
Answer: A
5
46) f(x) =
x+3
A) Domain: (- ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ); range (- ∞, -3) ∪ (-3, ∞)
B) Domain: (- ∞, -3) ∪ (-3, ∞ ) ; range (- ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
C) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞)
D) Domain: (- ∞, ∞ ); range (- ∞, -3) ∪ (-3, ∞)
Answer: A
47) f(x) = x3 + 2
A) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞) B) Domain: [2, ∞); range: (-∞ , ∞)
C) Domain: (- ∞, ∞); range: [2, ∞) D) Domain: [0, ∞); range: [0, ∞)
Answer: A
48) f(x) = x - 5
A) Domain: (- ∞, ∞); range: [5, ∞) B) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞ )
C) Domain: [0, ∞ ); range: [5, ∞ ) D) Domain: [5, ∞); range: [0, ∞)
Answer: C
7
49) f(x) = -
x
A) Domain: (- ∞, ∞); range: (- ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) B) Domain: (-∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞); range: (- ∞, ∞ )
C) Domain and range: (- ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) D) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞ )
Answer: C
3
50) f(x) = 4x - 5
A) Domain and range: (- ∞, ∞) B) Domain: (-∞ , ∞); range: [0, ∞)
C) Domain: [5, ∞ ); range: [0, ∞ ) D) Domain: [0, ∞); range: (-∞ , ∞)
Answer: A
The given function is one-to-one. Find f-1 (x).

3x + 1
51) f(x) =
8
8x + 1 8 8 8x - 1
A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
3 3x + 1 3x - 1 3
Answer: D
8
4x
52) f(x) =
x + 10
10x x + 10 4x 10x
A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
4-x 4x x - 10 4+x
Answer: A
5 + 6x
53) f(x) =
4x
4x 5 5 4x
A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
5 + 6x 4x + 6 4x - 6 5 - 6x
Answer: C
x
54) f(x) =
8 - 5x
8x 5x + 1 8x 8 - 5x
A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
1 - 5x 8x 5x + 1 x
Answer: C
3x - 2
55) f(x) =
x+5
3x + 2 5x + 2 x+5 5x + 2
A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
x-5 3+x 3x - 2 3-x
Answer: D
3x + 5
56) f(x) =
7x - 6
6x + 5 7x - 3 7x + 5 3x + 5
A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
7x - 3 6x + 5 6x - 3 7x - 6
Answer: A
57) f(x) = 6x3 - 1
3 x+1 3 x +1 3 x-1 x+1 2

A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = D) f-1 (x) =
6 6 6 6
Answer: A
58) f(x) = 7 - 6x3

3 7-x 3 x-7 3 3 7+x
A) f-1(x) = B) f-1 (x) = C) f-1 (x) = 7 - 6x3 D) f-1 (x) =
6 6 6
Answer: A
59) f(x) = x - 2, x ≥ 2
A) f-1(x) = x2 + 2, x ≥ 0 B) f-1 (x) = (x - 2)2
C) f-1(x) = - x + 2 D) f-1 (x) = x + 2
Answer: A
9
60) f(x) = x2 - 49, x ≥ 7
A) f-1(x) = x + 49, x ≥ 0 B) f-1 (x) = x2 + 49, x ≥ 0
2
C) f-1(x) = (x2 + 49) D) f-1 (x) = (x - 7)2 (x + 7)2
Answer: B
Decide whether or not the functions are inverses of each other.

61)
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
62)
y
10
8
6
4
2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2-2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-4
-6
-8
-10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
10
63)
10 y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
64)
10 y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A
65)
y
10
-10 10 x
-10
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
11
66)
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A
Use the graph of f to sketch a graph of the inverse of f using a dashed curve.
67)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: B
12
68)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10
10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10
-10
Answer: B
13
69)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: A
14
70)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: B
15
71)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: C
16
72)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Answer: C
Use a graphing calculator to graph the function using the given viewing window. Use the graph to decide if the function
is one-to-one. If the function is one-to-one, give the equation of the inverse function.
73) f(x) = x3 - 3x2 - x + 3; [-2, 4] by [-20, 20]
3
A) Not one-to-one B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x2 -3x + 3
3 3
C) One-to-one; f-1(x) = x - 3 D) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x - 3 - x
Answer: A
74) f(x) = x4 - 6x2 + 5; [-3, 3] by [-40, 40]

4 4
A) One-to-one; f-1(x) = 6x2 - 5 B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) = x - 5 + 6x2
4
C) One-to-one; f-1(x) = x - 5 D) Not one-to-one
Answer: D
17
x+1
75) f(x) = ; [-10, 10] by [-10, 10]
x-4
4x + 1 4x - 1
A) One-to-one; f-1(x) = B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
x-1 x+1
x-4
C) Not one-to-one D) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
x+1
Answer: A
-x
76) f(x) = ; [-8, 8] by [-8, 8]
x+2
-x -2x
A) One-to-one; f-1(x) = B) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
x+2 x+1
2x
C) Not one-to-one D) One-to-one; f-1 (x) =
x+1
Answer: B
Decide on a suitable restriction on the domain so that the function is one-to-one and the range is not changed.
77) f(x) = x2 - 6
A) (- ∞, 5) B) [6, ∞) C) [-6, 6) D) [0, ∞ )
Answer: D
78) f(x) = -x2 + 18

A) (- ∞, 17) B) [0, ∞) C) [18, ∞) D) [-18, 18)
Answer: B
79) f(x) = (x - 15)2

A) (-15, 14) B) [-15, 15) C) [-15, ∞) D) [15, ∞)
Answer: D
80) f(x) = (x + 3)2

A) [3, ∞) B) [-3, 3) C) (-3, 2) D) [-3, ∞)
Answer: D
81) f(x) = ∣x - 9∣
A) [9, ∞) B) (-∞ , 8) C) [-9, ∞ ) D) [-9, 9)
Answer: A
82) f(x) = x4 + x2 + 18
A) (- ∞, 17) B) [-18, 18) C) [0, ∞) D) [-18, ∞)
Answer: C
83) f(x) = x2 - 9
A) [-3, ∞) B) [3, ∞) C) (- ∞, 8) D) [-3, 3)
Answer: B
18
84) f(x) = 49 - x2
A) [-7, 7) B) [-7, ∞) C) (- ∞, 12) D) [0, 7]
Answer: D
Using the restrictions stated for the function, find a rule for f -1 .
85) f(x) = x2 - 4, x ≤ 0
A) f-1(x) = x2 + 4 B) f-1 (x) = x+4 C) f-1 (x) = - x+4 D) f-1 (x) = - x2 + 4
Answer: C
86) f(x) = -x2 + 12, x ≥ 0

A) f-1(x) = - x2 + 12 B) f-1 (x) = 12 - x C) f-1 (x) = x + 12 D) f-1 (x) = x2 + 12
Answer: B
87) f(x) = (x - 9)2 , x ≥ 9

A) f-1(x) = x + 9 B) f-1 (x) = x+9 C) f-1 (x) = x2 + 9 D) f-1 (x) = - x2 + 9
Answer: B
88) f(x) = ∣x - 10∣ - 1, x ≥ 10

A) f-1(x) = x - 11, x ≥ 1 B) f-1 (x) = x + 9, x ≥ -10
C) f-1(x) = x + 11, x ≥ -1 D) f-1 (x) = x + 12, x ≤ -1
Answer: C
89) f(x) = x4 , x ≥ 0
4 4 3
A) f-1(x) = - x B) f-1 (x) = x C) f-1 (x) = x D) f-1 (x) = x
Answer: B
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Use the alphabet coding method (A =1, B = 2, C = 3, ... Z = 26) to solve the problem.
90) The function defined by f(x) = x + 2 was used to encode a message as:
15 3 22 10 9 7 16 11 23 21
Find the inverse function and determine the message.
Answer: f-1 (x) = x - 2; MATH GENIUS
91) The function defined by f(x) = 3x - 4 was used to encode a message as:
38 11 62 11 50 -1 17 -1 23 38
Find the inverse function and determine the message.
x+4
Answer: f-1 (x) = ; NEVER AGAIN
3
92) Encode the message BEWARE OF DOG using the one-to-one function defined by f(x) = x3 - 1. Give the inverse
function that the decoder would need when the message is received.
3
Answer: 7 124 12,166 0 5831 124 3374 215 63 3374 342; f-1 (x) = x + 1
19
Answer the question or provide an explanation.

93) Indicate whether the provided information suggests that Y1 and Y2 are inverse functions.
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
94) True or false? If f is a one-to-one function and the graph of f lies completely within the first quadrant, then the
graph of f-1 lies completely within the first quadrant.
A) True B) False
Answer: A
95) True or false? If f is a one-to-one function and the graph of f lies completely within the first and fourth
quadrants, then the graph of f-1 lies completely within the first and third quadrants.
A) True B) False
Answer: B
96) True or false? If a function f has an inverse function, then f is one-to-one.

A) True B) False
Answer: A
97) True or false? If a function f has an inverse and f(1) = -3, then f-1 (-3) = 1.
A) True B) False
Answer: A
98) True or false? Any polynomial function of odd degree is a one-to-one function.
A) True B) False
Answer: B
99) Explain why the function f(x) = (x + 9)3 - 10 is a one-to-one function.

Answer: Answers will vary. Considering the set of ordered pairs associated with f, for each second component
there is exactly one first component. If you graph f, note that f passes the horizontal line test.
100) Explain why the function f(x) = mx + b is not a one-to-one function for all values of m and b.
Answer: Consider m = 0. f(x) = 0x + b has a graph which is a horizontal line. Such a graph does not pass the
horizontal line test.
101) Years ago, people used fountain pens. The ink was very "wet" and so a blotter was used to absorb "wet" ink left
on the surface of the paper. Suppose you have a single sheet of graph paper and that you have just used your
fountain pen to graph the one-to-one function f. Explain how, if the ink is "wet", you could now obtain the
graph of f-1 using only your sheet of graph paper. (Hint: Fold the sheet of graph paper.)
Answer: With the graph facing up, fold the sheet of graph paper along the line x = y and press the paper down.
20
102) Explain why the function f(x) = (x - 7)2 + 3 is not a one-to-one function.
Answer: Answers will vary. If you graph f, note that the graph is a parabola opening up which does not pass the
horizontal line test. Considering the set of ordered pairs associated with f, for each second component
there is not exactly one first component.
Graph the function.

103) f(x) = 3 x
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: B
21
1 x
104) f(x) =
4
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: B
22
9 x
105) f(x) =
2
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: D
23
4 x
106) f(x) =
5
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
24
107) f(x) = 3 -x
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: A
25
108) f(x) = - 2 x
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: B
26
109) f(x) = 2e- x
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: A
Solve the equation.

110) 16x = 4
1 1
A) B) {-2} C) {2} D) -
2 2
Answer: A
27
1 x
111) = 25
5
1 1
A) - B) {2} C) {-2} D)
2 2
Answer: C
5 x 81
112) =
9 25
1 1
A) {2} B) {-2} C) D) -
2 2
Answer: B
113) 4 (9 - 3x) = 64
A) {-2} B) {3} C) {2} D) {16}
Answer: C
1
114) 2 (7 - 3x) =
4
1
A) {1} B) C) {-3} D) {3}
2
Answer: D
-x
115) e5x - 1 = (e 3 )
1 2 1
A) 0 B) C) D)
2 3 8
Answer: D
116) 4 x - 2 = 8 2x
4 1
A) - 2 B) - C) - D) - 1
3 2
Answer: D
1 4x + 6
117) = 9x- 2
3
1 4 5 2
A) - B) - C) D) -
3 5 2 3
Answer: A
118) ( 7 ) x + 5 = 49x
5 10
A) B) C) 5 D) 1
3 3
Answer: A
28
1 x+6
119) ex - 3 =
e3
9 9 21 15
A) - B) C) - D) -
2 4 2 4
Answer: D
Use a calculator to find an approximation for the power. Round the answer to seven decimal places if necessary.
120) 2 8
A) 256 B) 16 C) 5.6568542 D) 7.1029933
Answer: D
121) -3 9
A) -9 B) -19,683 C) -27 D) 0.0000508
Answer: C
122) 8 - 8
A) -22.627417 B) 0.0000001 C) -358.363868 D) 0.0027905
Answer: D
1 8
123)
7
A) 2401 B) 0.004071 C) 0.0004165 D) 245.639508
Answer: B
124) 3.4 13
A) 2848.4786 B) 82.465916 C) 0.0003511 D) 1.0987098
Answer: B
125) 4.6- 8
A) -74.913662 B) 0.8263333 C) 0.0022334 D) 0.0133487
Answer: D
126) 12 12
A) 496.129445 B) 73.9940415 C) 1728 D) 46,656
Answer: B
127) 3- 3
A) -2.5893997 B) 0.5443311 C) 0.3861899 D) 0.4386913
Answer: C
Graph the function.
29
1 x
128) f(x) = +2
3
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: B
30
129) f(x) = 3 x - 4
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: A
31
130) f(x) = 2 x + 2
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: C
32
131) y = 4 x + 4 + 3
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
33
132) f(x) = e3x - 3
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: B
34
133) f(x) = e3 - x
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: A
35
134) f(x) = 2 - x - 3
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Answer: B
Solve the inequality. Express the answer in interval notation.

135) 2 x + 2 > 8
A) [1, ∞) B) {5} C) (1, ∞) D) (5, ∞ )
Answer: C
136) 642x ≥ 16x + 1

1 1 1 1
A) , ∞) B) , ∞) C) (- ∞, - D) (- ∞, -
2 4 4 2
Answer: A
36
3 x + 1 256 x - 1
137) ≤
4 81
1 1 3 3
A) (- ∞, B) , ∞) C) (- ∞, D) , ∞)
5 5 5 5
Answer: D
Use the compound interest formula to determine the final value of the given amount.
138) $1,000 at 6% compounded annually for 11 years
A) $1898.30 B) $2012.20 C) $1790.85 D) $898.3
Answer: A
139) $1,000 at 5% compounded semiannually for 5 years

A) $1248.86 B) $1276.28 C) $1280.08 D) $280.08
Answer: C
140) $14,000 at 10% compounded semiannually for 14 years

A) $53,164.98 B) $52,268.39 C) $54,881.81 D) $40,881.81
Answer: C
141) $480 at 17% compounded quarterly for 6 years

A) $823.37 B) $1303.37 C) $1231.28 D) $1250.23
Answer: B
142) $12,000 at 10% compounded quarterly for 6 years

A) $21,704.71 B) $21,175.33 C) $9704.71 D) $21,258.73
Answer: A
143) $580 at 2% compounded continuously for 13 years

A) $752.22 B) $5062.90 C) $676.46 D) $385,782.15
Answer: A
Solve the problem.

144) In September 1998 the population of the country of West Goma in millions was modeled by f(x) = 17.9e0.0006x.
At the same time the population of East Goma in millions was modeled by g(x) = 13.3e0.0174x. In both formulas
x is the year, where x = 0 corresponds to September 1998. Assuming these trends continue, estimate the year
when the population of West Goma will equal the population of East Goma.
A) 2016 B) 2015 C) 1980 D) 2018
Answer: A
145) In September 1998 the population of the country of West Goma in millions was modeled by f(x) = 17.8e0.0019x.
At the same time the population of East Goma in millions was modeled by g(x) = 13.2e0.0165x. In both formulas
x is the year, where x = 0 corresponds to September 1998. Assuming these trends continue, estimate what the
population will be when the populations are equal. Round to the nearest million.
A) 1 million B) 18 million C) 17 million D) 19 million
Answer: D
37
146) Suppose the amount of a radioactive element remaining in a sample of 100 milligrams after x years can be
described by A(x) = 100e-0.01911x. How much is remaining after 26 years? Round the answer to the nearest
hundredth of a milligram.
A) 164.36 mg B) 49.69 mg C) 60.84 mg D) 0.61 mg
Answer: C
147) The number of bacteria growing in an incubation culture increases with time according to B = 2100(2)x, where x
is time in days. Find the number of bacteria when x = 0 and x = 5.
A) 2100 bacteria; 21,000 bacteria B) 2100 bacteria; 67,200 bacteria
C) 2100 bacteria; 8400 bacteria D) 4200 bacteria; 67,200 bacteria
Answer: B
148) The growth in the population of a certain rodent at a dump site fits the exponential function A(t)= 869e0.029t,
where t is the number of years since 1985. Estimate the population in the year 2000.
A) 1382 rodents B) 672 rodents C) 895 rodents D) 1343 rodents
Answer: D
149) The decay of 650 milligrams of an isotope is given by A(t)= 650e-0.023t, where t is time in years. Find the
amount left after 89 years. Round to the nearest milligram.
A) 84 mg B) 82 mg C) 42 mg D) 635 mg
Answer: A
t/3.3
150) The half-life of Coper 61 is 3.3 hours. If the formula P = (1/2) gives the percent (as a decimal) remaining
after time t (in hours), sketch P versus t.
y
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
2 4 6 8 10 x
-0.4
-0.8
A) B)
y y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10 x
-0.4 -0.4
-0.8 -0.8
38
C) D)
y y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10 x
-0.4 -0.4
-0.8 -0.8
Answer: B
151) The sales of a mature product (one which has passed its peak) will decline according to the function
S(t) = S0 e-at, where t is time in years since the peak sales. Find the sales of a product 18 years after its peak sales
if a = 0.12 and S0 = 76,900. Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 4435 sales B) 86,705 sales C) 751,827 sales D) 8869 sales
Answer: D
152) The number of reports of a certain virus has increased exponentially since 1960. The number of cases can be
approximated using the function r(t) = 320 e0.007t, where t is the number of years since 1960. Estimate the
number of cases in the year 2000. Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 847 cases B) 395 cases C) 318 cases D) 423 cases
Answer: D
153) An element decays at the rate of S(t) = se-0.014t, where s is the initial amount in grams and t is the time in years
since this initial amount was present. If you have a 88-gram piece of this element, how many grams will you
have 3 years from now? Round to the nearest tenth of a gram.
A) 84.4 g B) 91.8 g C) 43.4 g D) 1.0 g
Answer: A
Provide an appropriate response.

154) In the given figure, the graphs of y = ax for a = 1.5, 2.3, 3.4, 0.6, 0.87, 0.42 are given. Identify the graph of
y = 0.42x.
A) V B) IV C) II D) III
Answer: B
39
155) f(x) = ax
5 y
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Is a > 1 or is 0 < a < 1? Explain how you arrived at
your answer. Give the domain and range of f.
Answer: 0 < a < 1, because if 0 < a < 1, then a 2 < a, domain = (- ∞, ∞), range = (0, ∞)
40
156) f(x) = ax
5 y
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Sketch the graph of g(x) = -a x. Give the domain and
range of g.
Answer:
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (- ∞, 0)
41
157) f(x) = ax
5 y
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Sketch the graph of h(x) = a-x. Give the domain and
range of h.
Answer:
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (0, ∞)
42
158) f(x) = ax
5 y
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
The graph of an exponential function with base a is given. Sketch the graph of g(x) = ax + 2. Give the domain
and range of g.
Answer:
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (2, ∞)
159) Explain how the graph of y = 2x + 3 - 3 can be obtained from the graph of y = 2x.
Answer: The graph is shifted 3 units to the left and 3 units down.
1 x
160) Explain how the graph of y = + 1 can be obtained from the graph of y = 2 x.
2
Answer: The graph is reflected over the y-axis and then shifted 1 units up.
161) Find an equation of the form f(x) = a x to define the exponential function whose graph contains the point (3, 64).
Assume that a > 0.
A) f(x) = 12x B) f(x) = 256x C) f(x) = 81x D) f(x) = 4x

Answer: D
43
162) Find C and a so that f(x) = Ca x satisfies the given conditions.
1
f(-1) = and f(1) = 8
8
1 1
A) C = 1, a = 8 B) C = 1, a = C) C = ,a=1 D) C = 8, a = 1
8 8
Answer: A
Write an equivalent expression in logarithmic form.

163) 6 2 = 36
A) log 2 36 = 6 B) log 6 36 = 2 C) log 6 2 = 36 D) log 36 6 = 2
Answer: B
164) 4 2 = 16
Answer: D
1
165) 3 -3 =
27
1 1 1
A) log -3 =3 B) log 3 -3 = C) log 3 = -3 D) log 1/27 3 = -3
27 27 27
Answer: C
8 2 64
166) =
3 9
log 2 64
64 8 64 8 64
A) log 8/3 2 = B) = C) log 8/3 =2 D) log 2 =
9 log 2 9 3 9 3 9
Answer: C
4 -4 625
167) =
5 256
log 4 4 -4
625 4 4-4 5 -4 5 5
A) log 4/5 = -4 B) log = C) log -4 = D) =
256 4 5 5-4 4 -4 4 log 4 5 -4 4
Answer: A
168) 103 = 1000

Answer: C
169) 10-4 = 0.0001

A) log 10 0.0001 = -4 B) log 10 -4 = 0.0001 C) log 4 -4 = 0.10 D) log 4 0.10 = -4
Answer: A
44
3
170) e1/3 = e
3 1 1 3 1 3
A) ln e = ln B) ln e1/3 = C) ln e = D) ln e1/3 = e
3 3 3
Answer: C
Write an equivalent expression in exponential form.

171) log 9 = 2
3
A) 3 9 = 2 B) 32 = 9 C) 2 3 = 9 D) 9 2 = 3
Answer: B
1
172) log = -3
4 64
1 1 3 1
A) 3 4 = B) =4 C) 4 1/64 = 3 D) 4 -3 =
64 64 64
Answer: D
1
173) log 4=
256 4
1 4
A) 4 1/4 = 256 B) 2561/4 = 4 C) 4 256 = 4 D) = 256
4
Answer: B
174) log10 0.0001 = -4
A) 0.0001-4 = 10 B) 100.0001 = -4 C) -4 10 = 0.0001 D) 10-4 = 0.0001

Answer: D
175) log 81 = 4
9
A) 812 = 9 B) 29 = 81 C) 9 2 = 81 D) 9 81 = 2
Answer: C
176) ln e6 = 6
A) ln e6 = e6 B) e6 = 6 C) ln 6 = 6 D) e6 = e6
Answer: D
1
177) ln e1/6 =
6
1 1
A) e6 = e1/6 B) e1/6 = C) e1/6 = e1/6 D) ln = e1/6
6 6
Answer: C
Solve the equation.

178) log2 8 = x
A) {16} B) {10} C) {3} D) {4}
Answer: C
45
179) log 27 = 3
x
A) {30} B) {81} C) {3} D) {9}
Answer: C
180) logx 36 = - 2
1 1
A) - 6 B) 6 C) - D)
6 6
Answer: D
181) log5 x = 3
A) 8 B) 15 C) 125 D) 243
Answer: C
182) log5 x = -2
1 1
A) B) C) 3 D) -10
32 25
Answer: B
183) log1/5 x = -2
1 1
A) B) 32 C) 25 D)
32 25
Answer: C
1
184) log5 =x
125
1 1
A) B) 3 C) D) -3
625 25
Answer: D
1
185) logz 8 =
3
1 1
A) B) 512 C) D) 6561
512 6561
Answer: B
186) x = log10 0.0001

1 1
A) B) 4 C) - D) -4
4 4
Answer: D
4
187) x = log4 64
3 3 4
A) B) 12 C) - D)
4 4 3
Answer: A
46
188) log3 (x - 1) = 2
A) {10} B) {5} C) {7} D) {8}
Answer: A
83
189) log1/4 =x
2 -2
A) -4 B) -2.75 C) -5.5 D) -3.5
Answer: C
Use a calculator to find the logarithm. Give an approximation to four decimal places.
190) log 300
A) 5.7038 B) 2.4771 C) 2.4757 D) 2.4786
Answer: B
191) log 2.02

A) 0.2833 B) 0.3263 C) 0.7031 D) 0.3054
Answer: D
192) log 4721

A) 3.6750 B) 8.4598 C) 3.6731 D) 3.6740
Answer: D
193) log 0.0684

A) -1.1713 B) -1.1649 C) -2.6824 D) -1.1586
Answer: B
194) ln 100
A) 4.6052 B) 36.9004 C) 0.2165 D) 2.0000
Answer: A
195) ln 0.984
A) 0.0161 B) -0.0161 C) -0.0070 D) 0.0070
Answer: B
196) log( 2.58 × 10 6 )

A) 6.0000 B) -5.5884 C) 6.4116 D) 0.4116
Answer: C
197) ln ( 7.83 × e 6 )
A) 6.0192 B) 2.0580 C) 8.0580 D) -3.9420
Answer: C
Solve the problem. Round your answer to the nearest tenth, when appropriate. Use the formula pH = -log H3 O+ , as
needed.
198) Find the pH if [H3 O+ ] = 2.4 × 10 -12 .
A) 12.4 B) - 12.4 C) 11.6 D) 11.8
Answer: C
47
199) Find the pH if [H3O+ ] = 1.0 × 10 -5 .
A) 5 B) - 9 C) 9 D) - 5
Answer: A
200) Find the pH if [H3O+ ] = 8.7 × 10 -11 .

A) 11.9 B) 10.1 C) 11.1 D) 10.9
Answer: B
201) Find [H3 O+ ] if the pH = 11 .

A) 3.0 x 10 -11 B) 1.0 x 10 -11 C) 2.0 x 10 11 D) 1.0 x 10 11
Answer: B
202) Find [H3 O+ ] if the pH = 9 .4.

A) 4.0 × 10 -10 B) 4.0 × 10 -9 C) 2.5 × 10 -10 D) 2.5 × 10 -9
Answer: A
203) Find the [H3 O+] if the pH = 2.3.

A) 2.0 × 102 B) 2.7 × 101 C) 5.0 × 10-3 D) 3.6 × 10-1
Answer: C
Solve the problem. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

204) If $2500 is invested in an account that pays interest compounded continuously, how long will it take to grow to
$5000 at 8%?
A) 11.5 years B) 8.7 years C) 9.0 years D) 5.5 years
Answer: B
$4000 at 9.25%?
Answer: B
$9000 at 6%?
Answer: B
$9000 at 5.25%?
Answer: D
$10,500 at 5%?
Answer: B
48
Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the logarithm if possible. Assume that all variables represent positive real
numbers.
209) log6 11x
A) log3 11 - log3 x B) log6 11 - log6 x C) log3 11 + log3 x D) log6 11 + log6 x
Answer: D
210) log2 xy
A) log2 x - log2 y B) log1 x - log1 y C) log1 x + log1 y D) log2 x + log2 y
Answer: D
3
211) log8
5
A) log8 3 + log8 5 B) log8 3 - log8 5 C) log4 3 - log4 5 D) log8 5 - log8 3
Answer: B
10
212) log6
7
1
A) log6 10 - log6 7 B) log6 7 - log6 10 C) log3 10 - log3 7 D) log6 10 + log6 7
2
Answer: A
2 r
213) log3
s
1
A) log3 2 ∙ log3 r ÷ log3 s B) log3 (2 r) - log3 s
2
1 1
C) log3 2 + log3 r - log3 s D) log3 s - log3 2 - log3 r
2 2
Answer: C
7
13
214) log12
2
q p
A) 7 log12 13 - 2 log12 q - log12 7 B) log12 13 - log12 q - log12 p
1 1
C) log12 13 - 2 log12 q - 2 log12 p D) log12 13 - 2 log12 q - log12 p
7 7
Answer: D
x3 y2
215) log5
2
A) 3 log5 x + 2 log5 y + log5 2 B) (3 log5 x)(2 log5 y) - log5 2
C) 3 log5 x + 2 log5 y - log5 2 D) 3 log5 x - 2 log5 y - log5 2
Answer: C
49
6 8x8
216) logn
z5
1 4 5 1 4 5
A) logn 8 - logn x - logn z B) logn 8 + logn x - logn z
6 3 6 6 3 6
1 4 5
C) logn 8 + 8 logn x - 5 logn z D) logn 8 + logn x + logn z
6 3 6
Answer: B
217) log4 (6x + 2y)

A) log4 6 - log4 2 B) Cannot be rewritten
C) 6log4 x - 2log4 y D) log2 6x + log2 2y
Answer: B
Use the product, quotient, and power rules of logarithms to rewrite the expression as a single logarithm. Assume that all
variables represent positive real numbers.
218) log3 13 - log3 m
13 13 m
A) log6 B) log3 C) log3 (13 - m) D) log3
m m 13
Answer: B
219) 4 logm q - 5 logm y2

q4 q4 4q q4
A) logm B) logm C) logm D) logm
2y5 y7 5y2 y10
Answer: D
2 3
220) logn 9x2 + logn 81x2
9 5
A) logn 729x39/40 B) logn 939/20 x63/40
C) logn 729x9/10 D) logn 964/45 x74/45
Answer: D
221) 4 log6 (3x - 2) + 3 log6 (5x + 3)
A) log6 ((3x - 2)4 + (5x + 3)3 ) B) log6 (3x - 2)4 (5x + 3)3
(3x - 2)4
C) log6 D) 12 log6 (3x - 2)(5x + 3)
(5x + 3)3
Answer: B
50
1 1 1
222) log3 x6 + log3 x6 - log3 x
3 6 9
7
A) log3 x12 B) log3 x9/2 C) log3 x7 D) log3 x26/9
9
Answer: D
Use the change-of-base rule to find the logarithm to four decimal places.
223) log 9 69.39
A) 1.8413 B) 7.7100 C) 1.9296 D) 0.5182
Answer: C
224) log 5 0.466

A) 10.7296 B) -2.1078 C) -0.3316 D) -0.4744
Answer: D
225) log 3.7 272

A) 2.4346 B) 4.2847 C) 0.2334 D) 73.5135
Answer: B
226) log 5.8 5.3

A) 1.0541 B) 0.9487 C) 0.7243 D) 0.9138
Answer: B
227) log3 7
A) 1.7712 B) 3.5424 C) 0.5646 D) -1.7712
Answer: A
228) log7 0.84

A) -11.1607 B) 0.0896 C) -0.0896 D) -0.1792
Answer: C
229) log17 89.90

A) 5.2882 B) 1.9538 C) 1.5878 D) 0.6298
Answer: C

230) In the expression y = loga x, what restrictions, if any, are there on the value of a?
Answer: a > 0
231) Change y = loga x to an exponential equation.

Answer: x = ay
232) Give a definition for the following term: product rule of logarithms .
Answer: For base a > 0, a ≠ 1, and positive u and v, log a uv = loga u + loga v.
51
233) A student claims that since log b x = a is not defined for negative values of x, then a must also not be negative.
What is wrong with this statement?
Answer: a is an exponent, and if a positive b is raised to a negative power the result will be positive. So, it is
possible that a be negative when x is positive.
234) A classmate missed the lecture concerning the power rule of logarithms. When your classmate calls you on the
phone for an explanation of why it works, what should you say to explain it?
Answer: Answers may vary. One possibility: Tell the student to do the following to prove it him/herself:
1) Take a logarithmic expression. 1) log b x = a
2) Convert it to exponential form. 2) ba = x

r
3) Raise that expression to a power. 3) (ba) = xr
4) Use the power rule for exponents. 4) bar = xr
5) Convert back to logarithmic form. 5) log b xr = ar
6) Use the commutative property for multiplication 6) log b xr = ra
7) Substitute the original logarithmic expression. 7) log b xr = r log b x
235) Why is finding the value of log a a 6 like answering the question "What is the name of the girl whose name is
Jane?"
Answer: Answers may vary. One possibility: Like in "What is the name of the girl whose name is Jane?", the
answer is found right in the question. A logarithm is an exponent. It represents that number which, when
the given base is raised to that power, yields the given exponent. Put differently, its value is the answer to
the question "What is the power of the given base that yields the given exponent?".
The base of the given log is "a". The exponent of the given logarithm is "a 6 " (aka "a to the power 6").
Therefore, its value answers the question "What is the power of a that yields a to the power 6"? The
answer is obviously "6".
Question:
What is the name = What is the power
of the girl = of a
whose name is = that yields a to the power
Jane? = 6?
Answer:
Jane = 6
log 48
7
236) Use a property of logarithms to evaluate 7 .
1 1
A) B) C) 48 D) 7
7 48
Answer: C
52
237) Use a property of logarithms to evaluate log 3 3 44.
1 1
A) B) C) 3 D) 44
44 3
Answer: D
238) Explain how this statement needs to be changed so that it is true.
log 3 17 + 17 = log 3 17 + log 3 17
Answer: Answers may vary, but the easiest alteration that would make this statement true is to change the plus
sign ("+") within the parentheses to a multiplication sign ("∙ "). The result is a true statement:
" log 3 17 ∙ 17 = log 3 17 + log 3 17
239) Explain why this sequence of steps is incorrect.
log 3 49 = log 3 - 7 - 7
= log 3 - 7 + log 3 - 7
Answer: The product rule for logarithms cannot be applied to the expression on the right side of the initial
equation. That is, log b xy = log b x + log b y applies only if x, y, and b are positive real numbers, where
b ≠ 1. Since b = 3, it is clearly a positive real number ≠ 1. However, x = y = -7, which is a negative number,
and thus the rule cannot be applied.
The graph of an exponential function f is given, along with coordinates for three points. Sketch the graph of f-1 by hand,
giving coordinates of three points on its graph. State the equation of its vertical asymptote.
240)
6 y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x 1
points: (0, 1), (1, 2), and -1,
-2 2
-4
-6
53
A) B)
6 y 6 y
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
1 1
points: (-1, 2), (0, 1), 1, points: (0, -1), (1, -2), -1, -
2 2
The asymptote is y = 0. The asymptote is y = 0.
C) D)
6 y 6 y
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
1 1
points: , 1 , (1, 0), (2, -1) points: , -1 , (1, 0), (2, 1)
2 2
The asymptote is x = 0. The asymptote is x = 0.
Answer: D
241)
6 y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x 1
points: (-1, 4), (0, 1), and 1,
-2 4
-4
-6
54
A) B)
6 y 6 y
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
1 1
points: , 1 , (1, 0), (4, -1) points: (-1, -4), (0, -1), 1, -
4 4
The asymptote is x = 0. The asymptote is y = 0.
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
1 1
points: , -1 , (1, 0), (4, 1) points: -1, , (0, 1), (1, 4)
4 4
Answer: A
242)
y
x 4
points: -1, , (0, 2), and (1, 4)
-2 3
-4
55
A) B)
6 y 6 y
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
2 2
points: (0, 0), (2, -1), - ,1 points: -1, , (0, 0), (1, -2)
3 3
The asymptote is x = -1. The asymptote is y = 1.
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
4 4
points: (-1, 4), (0, 2), 1, points: (2, 0), (4, 1), , -1
3 3
The asymptote is y = 1. The asymptote is x = 1.
Answer: D
243)
6 y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x 5
points: (0, 2), (-1, 5), and 1,
-2 4
-4
-6
56
A) B)
6 y 6 y
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
3 3
points: (-1, -3), (0, 0), 1, points: (0, 0), - , -1 , (3, 1)
4 4
The asymptote is y = 1. The asymptote is x = -1.
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
5 5
points: -1, , (0, 2), (1, 5) points: (2, 0), , 1 , (5, -1)
4 4
Answer: D
244)
6 y
6 x 1
-6 -4 -2 2 4
points: -2, , (-1, 1), and (0, 3)
-2 3
-4
-6
57
A) B)
6 y 6 y
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
1 2
points: , -2 , (1, -1), (3, 0) points: (-1, 2), (0, 0), 1, -
3 3
The asymptote is x = 0. The asymptote is y = -1.
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
1 2
points: , 2 , (1, 1), (3, 0) points: -1, , (0, 0), (1, -2)
3 3
Answer: A
245)
10 y
8
6
4
2
6 8 10 x 1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2-2 2 4
points: (-3, 4), (-2, 1), and -1,
-4
4
-6
-8
-10
58
A) B)
10 y 10 y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2-2 2 4 6 8 10 x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2-2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
7 1
points: -1, - , (0, -1), (1, 2) points: , 1 , (1, 2), (4, 3)
4 4
The asymptote is y = -2. The asymptote is x = 0.
C) D)
y y
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2-2 2 4 6 8 10 x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2-2 2 4 6 8 10 x
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
7 1
points: (-1, -2), (0, 1), 1, points: , -1 , (1, -2), (4, -3)
4 4
Answer: D
Find the domain of the function.

246) f(x) = log5 2x
A) (5, ∞) B) (-∞ , ∞) C) - ∞, 0 D) (0, ∞ )
Answer: D
1
247) f(x) = log2 x
3
A) - ∞, 0 B) (3, ∞) C) (- ∞, ∞) D) (0, ∞ )
Answer: D
248) f(x) = ln|x - 1|

A) (- ∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) B) (-∞ , -1) ∪ (-1, ∞) C) (- ∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ) D) (1, ∞ )
Answer: A
249) f(x) = log (x - 10)

A) (-10, ∞ ) B) (1, ∞) C) (0, ∞) D) (10, ∞)
Answer: D
59
250) f(x) = ln (-6 - x)
A) (- ∞, 6) B) (-6, ∞) C) (- ∞, -6) D) (6, ∞ )
Answer: C
251) f(x) = log2 (9 - x2 )

A) [-3, 3] B) (-3, 3) C) (-9, 9) D) (- ∞, -3) ∪ (3, ∞)
Answer: B
252) f(x) = ln (4x - x2)

A) (0, 4) B) (-∞ , 4] C) (-4, 4) D) [-4, 0)
Answer: A
253) f(x) = log10 (x2 - 13x + 36)

A) (- ∞, 4) ∪ (9, ∞) B) (9, ∞) C) (- ∞, -4) D) (-4, 9)
Answer: A
x+5
254) f(x) = log10
x-2
A) (-5, 2) B) (-∞ , -5) ∪ (2, ∞ ) C) (2, ∞) D) (- ∞, -5)
Answer: B
Graph the function.

255) f(x) = log3 x
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
60
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
256) f(x) = log (x - 1)

5
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
61
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: A
257) f(x) = ( log 5 x) + 1
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
62
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: A
258) f(x) = log (x + 3)

5
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
63
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
259) f(x) = log (x) + 4

3
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
64
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
260) f(x) = log (-x)

5
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
65
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
261) f(x) = log (x - 4)

y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
66
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: A
262) f(x) = log4 (x4 )

y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
67
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: A
263) f(x) = log (x + 1)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -4 -2 2 4 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
68
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: D
264) f(x) = log x

1/6
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
69
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
265) f(x) = log (x + 4)

1/3
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
70
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: D
266) f(x) = log1/4 (4 - x)

y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
71
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
267) f(x) = log1/5 (1 - x)

y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
72
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Answer: C
Determine the function which corresponds to the given graph.

268)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The indicated point is (0, e2).

A) y = ex - 2 B) y = ex + 2 C) y = ex + 2 D) y = ex - 2
Answer: C
269)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The indicated point is (0, e-1 ).

A) y = ex + 1 B) y = ex - 1 C) y = ex + 1 D) y = ex - 1
Answer: D
73
270)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The asymptote is y = 2.
A) y = ex - 2 B) y = ex - 2 C) y = ex + 2 D) y = ex + 2
Answer: D
271)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The asymptote is y = -1.

A) y = ex + 1 B) y = ex - 1 C) y = ex - 1 D) y = ex + 1
Answer: C
272)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The asymptote is x = 2.
A) y = ln(x - 2) B) y = ln x + 2 C) y = ln x - 2 D) y = ln(x + 2)
Answer: A
74
273)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The asymptote is x = -5.

A) y = ln(x - 5) B) y = ln x + 5 C) y = ln(x + 5) D) y = ln x - 5
Answer: C
274)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The indicated point is (1, 1).

A) y = ln(x - 1) B) y = ln(x + 1) C) y = ln x + 1 D) y = ln x - 1
Answer: C
275)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
The indicated point is (1, -1).

A) y = ln x + 1 B) y = ln x - 1 C) y = ln(x - 1) D) y = ln(x + 1)
Answer: B
75
Find the inverse of the function.
276) f(x) = e-x + 2
A) f-1(x) = ex - 1/2 B) f-1 (x) = ln (2) - ln (x)
C) f-1(x) = -ex - 2 D) f-1 (x) = -ln (x - 2)
Answer: D
277) f(x) = 8 x + 5
A) f-1(x) = log8 (x + 8) B) f-1 (x) = log8 (x + 5)
C) f-1(x) = log8 (x - 8) D) f-1 (x) = log8 (x - 5)
Answer: D
1 x
278) f(x) = +5
8
A) f-1(x) = log8 (x - 5) B) f-1 (x) = log (x - 5)
1/8
C) f-1(x) = log1/8 (5 - x) D) f-1 (x) = log1/8 (x + 5)
Answer: B
Solve the problem.

279) Wind speed varies in the first twenty meters above the ground. For a particular day, let f(x) = 1.4 ln x + 5.9
compute the wind speed x meters above the ground. What is the wind speed 7 meters above the ground?
Round your result to the nearest hundredth.
A) 7.85 m/sec B) 8.62 m/sec C) -3.18 m/sec D) 8.38 m/sec
Answer: B
280) The logarithmic function f(x) = -100 + 88 ln x models the number of visitors (in millions) to U.S. museums from
1940 to 1990, where x is the number of years since 1900. Use this function to estimate the number of visitors in
the year 1988. Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 147.0 million B) 441.0 million C) 294.0 million D) 220.5 million
Answer: C
281) The number of visitors to a tourist attraction (for the first few years after its opening) can be approximated by
V(x) = 50 + 10 log2 x, where x represents the number of months after the opening of the attraction. Find the
number of visitors 32 months after the opening of the attraction.
A) 82 visitors B) 100 visitors C) 55 visitors D) 370 visitors
Answer: B
282) An endangered bird species is introduced into a certain area. Its population is approximated by
F(t) = 400 log (2t + 3), where t represents the number of months since its introduction. Find the population of
this species 6 months after its introduction into the area. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
A) 704 birds B) 240 birds C) 74 birds D) 470 birds
Answer: D
76
283) The loudness of a sound can be quantified in units called decibels, where the number of decibels d is given by
I
the formula d = 10 log . Given I = 10,000 and I0 = 1, what is d?
I0
A) 14 decibels B) 4 decibels C) 10,000 decibels D) 40 decibels
Answer: D
284) Quail are game birds that fare poorly when their habitat is encroached upon. Wildlife biologists have
discovered that the population P of quail in a region is related to the percent of the region that has been paved
with roads and parking lots, according to the formula
35
P = k ln , 0 ≤ x ≤ 31,
x+4
where x is the percent of the region that has been paved. For a particular rural region, P = 1200 when x = 0.
Predict what the quail population will be in this region when it becomes 9% paved. Round your answer to the
nearest whole number.
A) 0 quail B) 548 quail C) 601 quail D) 559 quail
Answer: B
285) Suppose that the salinity S of ocean water at a given depth d is modeled by the equation
S(d) = 28.6 + 1.5 log (d + 1), where S is measured in grams salt per kilogram water and d is measured in meters.
What is the salinity when the depth is 731 m? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
A) 80.43 g salt/kg water B) 83.43 g salt/kg water
C) 32.90 g salt/kg water D) -24.30 g salt/kg water
Answer: C

286) If f is an exponential function, then what kind is function f-1 ?
Answer: f-1 is a logarithmic function.
287) If f(x) = ln x (x > 0), what is the value of f-1 (0)?

Answer: 1
288) Explain how the graph of y = log5 (x + 6) can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
Answer: The graph is shifted 6 units to the left.
289) Explain how the graph of y = log5 x + 7 can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
Answer: The graph is shifted 7 units up.
290) Explain how the graph of y = -4log3 x - 8 can be obtained from the graph of y = log3 x.
Answer: The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 4, reflected over the x-axis, then shifted 8 units down.
291) Explain how the graph of y = log5 (-x) can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
Answer: The graph is reflected over the y-axis.
292) Explain how the graph of y = log5 (-x) + 5 can be obtained from the graph of y = log5 x.
Answer: The graph is reflected over the y-axis and shifted 5 units up.
77
x
293) Explain how the graph of y = log2 can be obtained from the graph of y = log2 x.
5
x
Answer: The graph is shifted down by log 2 5 units. log2 = log2 x - log2 5, since the log of q quotient is the
5
difference of the logs.
294) The graph of y = ex is shown with the coordinates of a point displayed at the bottom of the screen. Write the
logarithmic equation associated with the display.
Answer: ln 5.986301 = 1.7894737
295) The graph of y = 10x is shown with the coordinates of a point displayed at the bottom of the screen. Write the
logarithmic equation associated with the display.
Answer: log 8.8586679 = .94736842
Solve the equation and express the solution in exact form using either ln or log as indicated.
296) 3 x = 9 Express the answer using ln.
ln 9 1
A) {ln 3} B) {ln 6} C) D) ln
ln 3 3
Answer: C
1
297) 2 -x = Express the answer using ln.
8
1 ln 8 ln 8
A) ln B) C) - D) {-ln 4}
4 ln 2 ln 2
Answer: B
298) 3 (12 - 3x) = 729 Express the answer using log.

log 729 log 729 log 729 log 3
A) - - 12 B) -4 + C) 4 - D) + 12
log 3 log 3 3 log 3 log 729
Answer: C
78
299) 4 (1 + 2x) = 64 Express the answer using log.
log 4 log 4 log 64 1 log 64
A) 2 + B) -2 C) - D) -2
log 64 log 64 2 log 4 2 log 4
Answer: C
1
300) 2 (5 - 3x) = Express the answer using ln.
16
ln 16 5 ln 2 3 ln 16 ln 2
A) + B) -5 C) - D) - + 15
3 ln 2 3 ln 16 5 ln 2 ln 16
Answer: A
1 x
301) = 18 Express the answer using ln.
3
ln 18 ln 18 1
A) ln 6 B) - C) D) ln
ln 3 ln 3 6
Answer: B
302) 2 (x - 1) = 14 Express the answer using log.

A) +1 B) 1 + C) -1 D) - -1
Answer: A
303) 4 (3x - 1) = 17 Express the answer using ln.

1 ln 17 ln 4 ln 4 ln 17 1
A) - B) +1 C) - -3 D) +
3 ln 4 ln 17 ln 17 3 ln 4 3
Answer: D
1 x
304) = -8 Express the answer using ln.
8
ln -8
A) ∅ B) {ln -8} C) {ln 8} D)
1
ln
8
Answer: A
305) 4(3)x - 9 + 1 = 37 Express the answer using log.

A) +9 B) 9 + C) -9 D) +9
Answer: D
Solve the equation. Round to the nearest thousandth.

306) 2 x = 14
A) {1.946} B) {0.263} C) {3.807} D) {7.000}
Answer: C
79
307) 2 (x - 3) = 12
A) {4.792} B) {6.585} C) {0.585} D) {9.000}
Answer: B
308) 3 (5x - 3) = 14
A) {1.533} B) {0.908} C) {-0.120} D) {1.080}
Answer: D
309) 3e3x + 6 = 9
A) {-1.756} B) {-1.634} C) {2.366} D) {1.000}
Answer: B
310) 8 x+4 = 3 x
A) {8.480} B) {-10.010} C) {-8.480} D) {-6.950}
Answer: C
311) 223-x = 28
A) {-1.727} B) {3.928} C) {1.922} D) {1.727}
Answer: C
312) 6 3x = 8x+1
A) {2.161} B) {0.631} C) {1.161} D) {-7.228}
Answer: B
313) 2e2x+4 = 6
A) {-0.441} B) {-3.559} C) {-1.451} D) {-2.461}
Answer: C
314) e8x e4x = e8

A) {2.507} B) {0.667} C) {0.820} D) {-1.173}
Answer: B
315) 147(1.02)x/2 = 294

A) {70.006} B) {68.556} C) {71.456} D) {0.057}
Answer: A
Solve the equation and express the solution in exact form.

316) log 5 x = 4
A) 100,000 B) 625 C) 20 D) 1024
Answer: B
317) log2 x = log 2 x

A) 0, 1 B) 1, 2 C) 0, 2 D) 2
Answer: B
80
318) log2 x2 = log2 x 2
A) 4 B) 1, 4 C) 0, 2 D) 1, 2
Answer: B
319) log4 (log4 x) = 1

A) 256 B) 16 C) 4 D) 8
Answer: A
320) log(x + 18) = 0

A) 0 B) 1 C) -17 D) 18
Answer: C
321) ln(6x - 5) = ln 7
1 11
A) 2 B) - 2 C) D)
3 6
Answer: A
322) log (x + 3) = 1 - log x

A) -2 B) -5, 2 C) 2 D) -2, 5
Answer: C
323) ln(5x - 4) = ln 8 - ln (x - 2)
2 14 14
A) ∅ B) 2, C) 0, D)
5 5 5
Answer: D
324) log9 (x - 2) + log9 (x - 2) = 1

A) 5 B) -5, 5 C) 5 D) - 5, 5
Answer: A
325) log 5x = log 2 + log (x + 2)

4 4 4
A) - B) C) D) 1
3 3 7
Answer: B
326) log ( 3 + x) - log (x - 4 ) = log 2

3
A) - 11 B) 11 C) D) ∅
2
Answer: B
327) ln ex - ln e9 = ln e3
A) 6 B) 12 C) 27 D) -6
Answer: B
81
328) ln eln x - ln(x - 7) = ln 6
42 42 42
A) {7, 6} B) C) ∅ D) - ,
5 5 5
Answer: B
Solve for the indicated variable.

329) S = S0 ekt/800, for t
800 S 800 800S k S
A) t = ln B) t = ln (S - S0 ) C) t = D) t = ln
k S0 k kS0 800 S0
Answer: A
330) f = i - k ln t, for t
i-f i-f
A) t = ln B) t = e(f - i)/k C) t = D) t = e(i - f)/k
k k
Answer: D
331) S - S0 = (S1 -S0 )10-kt, for t

1 S - S0 S - S0
A) t = - log B) t = -
k S1 - S0 k(S1 - S0 )
1 S 1
C) t = - log D) t = - log(S - S1 )
k S1 k
Answer: A
tB
332) A = , for W Express the answer using ln.
1 - (1 + z)-W
ln A - ln(A - tB) ln t
A) W = B) W =
ln(1 + z) ln[(A - AB)(1 - z)]
A t
C) W = ln D) W = ln
(A - tB)(1 + z) (A - AB)(1 + z)
Answer: A
333) P = 40,000ev/4, for v

P P
A) v = 4 ln B) v = 40 ln P C) v = ln(40 P) D) v = 4 ln
4000 40,000
Answer: D
334) logx (z + y) = logx(2z - 4), for y

z logxz
A) y = B) y = C) y = logx(z - 4) D) y = z - 4
4 4
Answer: D
82
P
335) I = ( 1 - e-wt/3), for t Express the answer using ln.
s
Is
3 ln 1 -
3 ln(1 - w) 3 ln(1 - IsP) IPs ln(1 - w) P
A) t = B) t = C) t = D) t =
IPs -w 3 -w
Answer: D
Solve the equation. Give exact solutions.

336) e2x - 14ex + 40 = 0
A) {ln 4, ln 10} B) {ln 10} C) {e4 , e10} D) {ln 4}
Answer: A
337) 7e2x + 22ex = 24

4 6 6
A) {ln 4} B) ln , ln 6 C) ln D) ln , ln 4
7 7 7
Answer: C
1 2x x 1
338) e +e =
2 2
A) {ln( 2 - 2)} B) {ln( 2 - 1)} C) {ln(1 - 2)} D) {ln 2}
Answer: B
1 2x 1
339) e + 2ex =
2 2
A) {ln( 5 - 1)} B) {ln( 5 - 2)} C) {ln 5} D) {ln(2 - 5)}
Answer: B
1 2x
340) e + 2ex = 25
2
A) {ln 3 6} B) {ln(6 6 - 3)} C) {ln(2 - 3 6)} D) {ln(3 6 - 2)}
Answer: D
341) 6 2x + 40 = 13(6 x)
A) {6 8, 6 5} B) {log5 8, log5 6} C) {log6 8, log6 5} D) {log8 6, log8 5}
Answer: C
342) (log4 x)2 + 2 log4 x = 3

1 1 1 1
A) {64, 4} B) ,4 C) , D) , 64
64 64 4 4
Answer: B
343) (log x)2 - 6 log x = 7

1 1 1 1
A) , 101 B) , C) , 107 D) {101 , 107 }
10,000,000 10 10,000,000 10
Answer: C
83
344) (ln x)2 - 70 = -3 ln x
A) {e7 , e10} B) {e7 , e-10} C) {e-7, e10} D) {e-7 , e-10}
Answer: B
345) 2(ln x)2 - 3 ln x = 2

A) {e1/2 , e2 } B) {e1/2 , e-2 } C) {e-1/2 , e-2 } D) {e-1/2 , e2 }
Answer: D
Solve the equation f(x) = 0 analytically and then use the graph of y = f(x) to solve the inequalities f(x) < 0 and f(x) ≥ 0.
346) f(x) = 4ex - 9
9 9 9 4 4 4
A) ln ; -∞ , ln ; ln , ∞ B) ln ; -∞, ln ; ln ,∞
4 4 4 9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9
C) ln ; -∞ , ln ; ln , ∞ D) ln ; ln , ∞ ; -∞, ln
4 4 4 4 4 4
Answer: A
347) f(x) = 4(2 x) - 32

A) {-3}; (-∞, -3); [-3, ∞) B) {3}; [3, ∞); (-∞, 3)
C) {3}; (-∞ , 3); [3, ∞) D) {3}; (-∞, 3]; (3, ∞ )
Answer: C
348) f(x) = 4 x - 1 - 2
3 3 3 1 1 1
A) ; -∞, ; , ∞ B) - ; -∞, - ; - ,∞
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 1 1 1
C) ; ,∞ ; -∞, D) - ; - ,∞ ; -∞, -
2 2 2 2 2 2
Answer: A
349) f(x) = (4)2x - 16x + 1

A) {2}; (-∞ , 2); [2, ∞) B) {2}; [2, ∞ ); (-∞ , 2) C) ∅ ; ∅; (-∞, ∞) D) ∅; (-∞, ∞); ∅
Answer: D
350) f(x) = (3)2x - 9 x - 3

A) ∅; ∅; (-∞, ∞ ) B) ∅; (-∞, ∞ ); ∅ C) {2}; [2, ∞); (-∞, 2) D) {2}; (-∞, 2); [2, ∞)
Answer: A
351) f(x) = 15 - 3 log4 x

A) {1024}; (1024, ∞); (-∞, 1024] B) {1024}; (1024, ∞); (0, 1024]
C) {1024}; (-∞, 1024); [1024, ∞) D) {1024}; (0, 1024); [1024, ∞)
Answer: B
352) f(x) = 9 log2 (2x) - 27

A) {4}; (-∞ , 4); [4, ∞) B) {4}; (4, ∞ ); [0, 4) C) {8}; (0, 8); [8, ∞) D) {4}; (0, 4); [4, ∞)
Answer: D
84
353) f(x) = ln(x - 9)
A) {10}; (9, 10); [10, ∞) B) {-8}; (-9, -8); [-8, ∞)
C) {10}; (10, ∞); [9, 10) D) {-8}; (-8, ∞); [-9, -8)
Answer: A
354) f(x) = ln(x + 2) - ln(x - 2)

A) ∅; ∅; (-∞, 2) B) ∅; (-∞, 2); ∅ C) ∅ ; (2, ∞); ∅ D) ∅; ∅; (2, ∞)
Answer: D
355) f(x) = 4 - 2 log4 (x - 6)

A) {22}; (22, ∞); (6, 22] B) {262}; (262, ∞); (6, 262]
C) {22}; (6, 22); [22, ∞) D) {22}; (22, ∞); (-∞, 22]
Answer: A
Use a graphing utility to find the solution of the equation. Round to the nearest thousandth.
356) x2 + 6x - 1 = ex - 1 - 2
A) {-5.782, -0.077} B) {-5.828, -0.114}
C) {-5.828, -0.114, 5.035} D) {-5.846, -0.152}
Answer: C
357) log (x - 2) + 1 = x2 - 12x + 35

A) ∅ B) {4.490, 7.652} C) {4.454, 7.659} D) {4.469, 7.616}
Answer: C
3
358) ln (x - 2) = - x+1
A) {2.252} B) {2.228} C) ∅ D) {2.241}
Answer: B
1
359) ex + 1 =
x+3
A) {-3.000, -1.443} B) {-1.443} C) ∅ D) {-4.587, -1.448}
Answer: B
360) 4.6log x = e0.3

A) {2.836} B) {1.572} C) {1.217} D) {2.044}
Answer: B
361) 3.7ln x = 100.1

A) {1.079} B) {1.192} C) {1.550} D) {1.500}
Answer: B
Use any method (analytic or graphical) to solve the equation. If necessary, round the answer to the nearest thousandth.
362) ex + ln 2 = 9ex
A) {0.077} B) {0.693} C) ∅ D) {8.307}
Answer: C
85
7
363) log2 2x2 =
2
A) {- 8, 8} B) {- 4, 4} C) {8} D) {- 64, 64}
Answer: A
364) log x3 = (log x)3

A) {1, 3} B) {1, 0.138} C) {1, 0.019} D) {0, 1}
Answer: C
Solve the problem.

2 - log (100 - x)
365) Suppose that y = can be used to calculate the number of years y for x percent of a population of
0.29
852 web-footed sparrows to die. Approximate the percentage (to the nearest whole per cent) of web-footed
sparrows that died after 3 yr.
A) 97% B) 85% C) 87% D) 89%
Answer: C
366) Suppose f(x) = 33.3 + 1.4log (x + 1) models salinity of ocean water to depths of 1000 meters at a certain latitude. x
is the depth in meters and f(x) is in grams of salt per kilogram of seawater. Approximate the salinity (to the
nearest hundredth) when the depth is 795 meters.
A) 98.00 B) -29.24 C) 37.36 D) 95.20
Answer: C
367) Suppose f(x) = 28.5 + 1.2log (x + 1) models salinity of ocean water to depths of 1000 meters at a certain latitude. x
is the depth in meters and f(x) is in grams of salt per kilogram of seawater. Approximate the depth (to the
nearest tenth of a meter) where the salinity equals 37.
A) 12,115,277.6 B) 12,115,275.6 C) -1.0 D) -0.8
Answer: B

368) Without solving the inequality, what are the restrictions on x if log3 (x - 1) - log3 (x - 3) ≤ 3? Explain.
Answer: x > 3 because the argument of a logarithmic expression must be positive.
369) Write the algebraic equation which can be used to find the exact solution of log2 (x + 5) + log2 (x - 6) = 4.
Answer: (x + 5)(x - 6) = 16
370) Write the algebraic equation which can be used to find the exact solution of log3 (x - 5) - log3 (x - 6) = 2.
(x - 5)
Answer: =9
(x - 6)
86
log 3
371) The exact solution to an exponential equation such as 2x = 3 can be expressed in three forms: log2 3, , or
log 2
ln 3
. Give the exact solution to the following exponential equation in three forms.
ln 2
4 x = 19
log 19 ln 19 log 4 ln 4
A) log19 4; ; B) log19 4; ;
C) log4 19; ; D) log4 19; ;
Answer: C
Solve the problem.

372) A sample of 600 grams of radioactive substance decays according to the function A(t) = 600e-0.029t, where t is
the time in years. How much of the substance will be left in the sample after 40 years? Round to the nearest
whole gram.
A) 0 g B) 188 g C) 1 g D) 5326 g
Answer: B
373) How long will it take a sample of radioactive substance to decay to half of its original amount, if it decays
according to the function A(t) = 700e-0.181t, where t is the time in years? Round to the nearest hundredth of a
year.
A) 40.02 yr B) 36.19 yr C) 126.70 yr D) 3.83 yr
Answer: D
374) In the formula A(t) = A0 ekt, A is the amount of radioactive material remaining from an initial amount A0 at a
given time t, and k is a negative constant determined by the nature of the material. A certain radioactive isotope
decays at a rate of 0.1% annually. Determine the half-life of this isotope, to the nearest year.
A) 500 yr B) 301 yr C) 7 yr D) 693 yr
Answer: D
2
375) The half-life of an element is 5.7 × 1011 yr. How long does it take a sample of the element to decay to of its
3
original mass? Use A = A0 (0.5)(t/T) where A0 is the initial amount, T is the half-life, and t is the time. (Express
results in scientific notation, rounded to the nearest hundredth.)
A) 1.60 × 1011 yr B) 9.35 × 1011 yr C) 3.33 × 1011 yr D) 1.64 × 1011 yr
Answer: C
376) The decay of 527 mg of an isotope is given by A(t) = 527e-0.024t, where t is time in years. Find the amount left
after 85 years. Round to the nearest milligram.
A) 67 mg B) 515 mg C) 35 mg D) 69 mg
Answer: D
87
377) A certain radioactive isotope has a half-life of approximately 1700 years. How many years to the nearest year
would be required for a given amount of this isotope to decay to 80% of that amount? Round to the nearest year.
A) 3947 yr B) 340 yr C) 467 yr D) 547 yr
Answer: D
378) An artifact is discovered at a certain site. If it has 52% of the carbon-14 it originally contained, what is the
approximate age of the artifact to the nearest year? (carbon-14 decays at the rate of 0.0125% annually.)
A) 3840 yr B) 4160 yr C) 5231 yr D) 2272 yr
Answer: C
379) A certain radioactive isotope decays at a rate of 0.125% annually. Determine the half-life of this isotope, to the
nearest year.
A) 241 yr B) 6 yr C) 555 yr D) 400 yr
Answer: C
380) One method to determine the time since an animal died is to estimate the percentage of carbon-14 remaining in
its bones. The percent P in decimal form of carbon-14 remaining x years is given by P(x) = e-0.000121x.
Approximate (to the nearest whole year) the age of a fossil if there is 54% of carbon-14 remaining.
A) -13,937 yr B) 2212 yr C) 5092 yr D) -32,967 yr
Answer: C
381) Use the formula M = log (I/I0 ), where the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is based on I, the
measurement of a seismic wave, and I0 , the measurement of a seismic wave of a level zero earthquake with the
same epicenter. An earthquake was recorded which was 5,011,872 times more powerful than a reference level
zero earthquake. What is the magnitude of this earthquake? Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 5.7 B) 0.7 C) 6.7 D) 15.4
Answer: C
same epicenter. If an earthquake measured 6.3 on the Richter scale, what was the intensity of the earthquake?
Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 1,584,893 B) 1,995,262 C) 199,526 D) 544
Answer: B
same epicenter. An earthquake was recorded as 106.1 times more powerful than a reference level zero
earthquake. What was the magnitude of this earthquake on the Richter scale? Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 3.9 B) 16.1 C) 14 D) 6.1
Answer: D
384) Use the formula d = 10 log (I/I0 ), where the loudness of a sound in decibels is determined by I, the number of
watt/m 2 produced by the soundwave, and I0 = 1.00 × 10-12 watt/m 2. A certain noise produces 6.71 × 10-4 watt/
m 2 of power. What is the decibel level of this noise? Round to the nearest decibel.
A) 78 decibels B) 88 decibels C) 9 decibels D) 203 decibels
Answer: B
88
watt/m 2 produced by the soundwave, and I0 = 1.00 × 10-12 watt/m 2. What is the intensity in watt/m 2 of a noise
measured at 54 decibels? Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 2.2 × 1014 watt/m 2 B) 5.4 × 10-10 watt/m 2
C) 2.5 × 10-6 watt/m 2 D) 2.5 × 10-7 watt/m 2
Answer: D
watt/m 2 produced by the soundwave, and I0 = 1.00 × 10-12 watt/m 2. A certain noise measures 48 decibels. If
the intensity is multiplied by 100, how many decibels will the new noise measure? Round to the nearest decibel.
A) 50 decibels B) 4800 decibels C) 68 decibels D) 96 decibels
Answer: C
387) Suppose the government wants to impose a tax on fossil fuels to reduce carbon emissions. The cost benefit is
modeled by ln(1 - P) = -0.0026 - 0.0051x, where x represents the dollars of tax per ton of carbon emitted and P
represents the percent reduction in emissions of carbon. (P is in decimal form.) Determine P when x = 50. Round
to three decimal places.
A) 1.773 B) -0.13 C) 0.227 D) -0.223
Answer: C
388) Coffee is best enjoyed at a temperature of 124°F. A restaurant owner wants to discover the temperature T at
which he should serve his coffee so that it will have cooled to this ideal temperature in 4 minutes. He discovers
that a cup of coffee served at 197°F cools to 180°F in one minute when his restaurant is at 72°F. If he maintains
the restaurant temperature at 72°F, at what temperature should he serve the coffee to meet his goal? Use
Newton's law of cooling, f(t) = T0 + Ce-kt, where f(t) is the temperature at time t after being introduced into an
environment with a constant temperature T0 and C and k are constants.
A) 185°F B) 160°F C) 165°F D) 197°F
Answer: C
389) The amount of particulate matter left in solution during a filtering process is given by the equation
P = 300(2)-0.4n , where n is the number of filtering steps. Find the amounts left for n = 0 and n = 5. (Round to the
nearest whole number.)
A) 300, 1200 B) 600, 75 C) 300, 75 D) 300, 9
Answer: C
t
390) The height in meters of women of a certain tribe is approximated by h = 0.52 + 2 log where t is the woman's
3
age in years and 1 ≤ t ≤ 20. Estimate the height (to the nearest hundredth) of a woman of the tribe 4 years of age.
(Round to the nearest hundredth.)
A) 0.96 m B) 1.12 m C) 0.77 m D) 0.52 m
Answer: C
89
391) One hundred rats are being trained to run through a maze and are rewarded when they run through it
correctly. Once a rat successfully runs the maze, it continues to run the maze correctly in all subsequent trials.
The number of rats that run the maze incorrectly after t attempts is given approximately by N(t) = 100e-0.12t.
Find the number of trials required such that only 35% of the rats are running the maze incorrectly. Round to the
nearest trial.
A) 8 trials B) 9 trials C) 30 trials D) 28 trials
Answer: B
392) The number of dislocated electric impulses per cubic inch in a transformer increases when lightning strikes by
D = 1000(4)x, where x is the time in milliseconds of the lightning strike. Find the number of dislocated impulses
at x = 0 and x = 5.
A) 1000, 20,000 B) 1000, 256,000 C) 1000, 1,024,000 D) 4000, 1,024,000
Answer: C
393) How long must $5100 be in a bank at 5% compounded annually to become $9616.81? (Round to the nearest
year.)
A) 12 yr B) 13 yr C) 15 yr D) 14 yr
Answer: B
394) At what interest rate must $4300 be compounded annually to equal $7959.00 after 8 yr? (Round to the nearest
percent.)
A) 10% B) 7% C) 8% D) 9%
Answer: C
395) How long will it take for prices in the economy to double at a 7% annual inflation rate? (Round to the nearest
year.)
A) 23 yr B) 16 yr C) 9 yr D) 10 yr
Answer: D
396) How long will it take for $9300 to grow to $39,900 at an interest rate of 3.1% if the interest is compounded
continuously? Round the number of years to the nearest hundredth.
A) 46.98 B) 4697.94 C) 1.11 D) 4.70
Answer: A
397) How long will it take for $7900 to grow to $19,700 at an interest rate of 9.7% if the interest is compounded
quarterly? Round the number of years to the nearest hundredth.
A) 38.14 B) 26.02 C) 9.53 D) 9.87
Answer: C
398) Use your graphing calculator to find how long it will take for $3200 invested at 6.65% per year compounded
daily to triple in value. Find the answer to the nearest year.
A) 0 years B) 2,201,142 years C) 22,209 years D) 17 years
Answer: D
399) Assume the cost of a gallon of milk is $2.50. With continuous compounding, find the time it would take the cost
to be 4 times as much (to the nearest tenth of a year), at an annual inflation rate of 6%.
Answer: D
90
400) Find the effective rate if the nominal rate is 7.0% and interest is compounded quarterly. (If r is the nominal rate
r n
and n is the number of times interest is compounded annually, then R = 1 + - 1 is the effective rate.)
n
Round to the nearest hundredth of a percent.
A) R = 7.69% B) R = 6.94% C) R = 7.19% D) R = 7.44%
Answer: C
401) Find the effective rate if the nominal rate is 9.5% and interest is compounded daily (n = 365). (If r is the nominal
r n
rate and n is the number of times interest is compounded annually, then R = 1 + - 1 is the effective rate.)
n
A) R = 9.71% B) R = 10.46% C) R = 10.21% D) R = 9.96%
Answer: D
402) Find the effective rate if the nominal rate is 3.0% and interest is compounded monthly. (If r is the nominal rate
r n
and n is the number of times interest is compounded annually, then R = 1 + - 1 is the effective rate.)
n
A) R = 2.79% B) R = 3.29% C) R = 3.04% D) R = 3.54%
Answer: C
403) Find the interest rate necessary for a present value of $25,081 to grow to a future value of $29,386.39 if interest is
r -nt
compounded quarterly for two years. (In the formula P = A 1 + , P is the present value, A is the future
n
value, t is the number of years from now earning annual interest r compounded n times per year.) Round to the
nearest percent.
A) 12% B) 10% C) 6% D) 8%
Answer: D
1
404) If a principle of P dollars is amortized over a period of t years, and payments are made each th of a year, with
n
an annual interest rate of r (as a decimal), the payment p that must be made is given by the formula
Pr
p= . Suppose $9000 is amortized over 6 years with an interest rate of 9.2%. What is the
r -nt
n1- 1+
n
monthly payment on this loan?
A) -$93.19 B) $16,312.46 C) $163.12 D) $43.75
Answer: C
91
1
405) If a principle of P dollars is amortized over a period of t years, and payments are made each th of a year, with
n
an annual interest rate of r (as a decimal), the payment p that must be made is given by the formula
Pr
p= . The total interest I that will be paid during the term of a loan is given by I = npt - P.
r -nt
n1- 1+
n
Suppose $7900 is amortized over 6 years with an interest rate of 9.9% and requires monthly payments. What is
the total interest that will be paid during the term of the loan?
A) -$4879.26 B) $2608.84 C) -$13,652.94 D) $1,042,983.56
Answer: B
406) The number of bacteria growing in an incubation culture increases with time according to B = 9700(3)x, where x
is time in days. Find the number of bacteria when x = 0 and x = 5.
A) 9700 bacteria, 2,357,100 bacteria B) 9700 bacteria, 261,900 bacteria
C) 9700 bacteria, 145,500 bacteria D) 29,100 bacteria, 2,357,100 bacteria
Answer: A
407) In the formula N = Iekt, N is the number of items in terms of an initial population I at a given time t and k is a
growth constant equal to the percent of growth per unit time. There are currently 78 million cars in a certain
country, increasing by 0.9% annually. How many years will it take for this country to have 105 million cars?
Round to the nearest year.
A) 30 yr B) 33 yr C) 366 yr D) 5 yr
Answer: B
408) The population growth of an animal species is described by F(t) = 400 log (2t + 3) where t is measured in
months. Find the population of this species in an area 6 months after the species is introduced.
A) 74 B) 470 C) 240 D) 704
Answer: B
409) The population growth of an animal species is described by F(t) = 500 + 70 log3 (2t + 1) where t is measured in
months. Find the population of this species in an area 1 month(s) after the species is introduced.
A) 375 B) 570 C) 710 D) 295
Answer: B
410) A bacteria colony doubles in 7 hr. How long does it take the colony to triple? Use N = N0 2t/T, where N0 is the
initial number of bacteria and T is the time in hours it takes the colony to double. (Round to the nearest
hundredth, as necessary.)
A) 11.09 hr B) 2.84 hr C) 21 hr D) 10.5 hr
Answer: A
411) The number of books in a small library increases according to the function B = 4000e0.05t, where t is measured
in years. How many books will the library have after 8 years?
A) 10,048 B) 5967 C) 1592 D) 3665
Answer: B
92
412) Coyotes are one of the few species of North American animals with an expanding range. The future population
of coyotes in a region of Mississippi can be modeled by the equation P = 53 + 17ln(14t + 1), where t is time in
years. Use the equation to determine when the population will reach 170. (Round to the nearest tenth of a year.)
A) 69.7 years B) 69.6 years C) 544,784.6 years D) 69.9 years
Answer: B
413) Quail are game birds that fair poorly when their habitat is encroached. Wildlife biologists have discovered that
the population of quail in a region can be related to the percent of the region that has been paved with roads
and parking lots. The population is
35
P = k ln , 0 ≤ x ≤ 32,
x+3
where x is the percent of the region that is paved. For a particular rural region, P = 1400 when x = 0%. Predict
what the quail population will be in this region when it becomes 6% paved.
A) 785 quail B) 774 quail C) 827 quail D) 0 quail
Answer: B
414) In 1985, the number of female athletes participating in Summer Olympic-Type Games was 500. In 1996, about
3600 participated in the Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Assuming that P(0) = 500 and that the exponential model
applies, find the value of k rounded to the hundredths place, and write the function.
A) k = 0.16; P(t) = 500e0.16t B) k = 0.18; P(t) = 500e0.28t
C) k = 0.18; P(t) = 500e0.18t D) k = 0.2; P(t) = 500e0.2t
Answer: C
Solve.
415) In a town whose population is 2000, a disease creates an epidemic. The number N of people infected t days after
the disease has begun is given by the function
2000
N(t) =
1 + 15.3 ∙ e-0.8t
Find the number infected after 2 days.
A) 491 B) 489 C) 487 D) 492
Answer: B
416) In recent years, many states have passed laws against smoking in public buildings. The total number of states N
that have passed a no smoking in public buildings law, t years after 1989 is given by the function
50
N(t) =
1 + 19 e-0.6t
How many states had passed the law in 1989? Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 1 B) 4 C) 0 D) 3
Answer: D
93
417) A lake is stocked with 379 fish of a new variety. The size of the lake, the availability of food, and the number of
other fish restrict growth in the lake to a limiting value of 2368. The population of fish in the lake after time t, in
months, is given by the function
2368
P(t) = .
1 + 5.61e-0.4t
Find the population after 20 months.

A) 2374 B) 2379 C) 2364 D) 2354
Answer: C
418) A lake is stocked with 600 fish of a new variety. The size of the lake, the availability of food, and the number of
other fish restrict growth in the lake to a limiting value of 3750. The population of fish in the lake after time t, in
months, is given by the function
3750
P(t) = .
1 + 5.37e-0.32t
After how many months will the population be 3591?

A) 17 B) 7 C) 12 D) 15
Answer: D
94
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Verrazano, the great explorer of the American coast, seems to
have had a large experience as a sailor upon the Mediterranean,
eventually entering the service of Francis I. of France, as a privateer
or corsair, in which calling Columbus and many of the old navigators
shone conspicuously, the profession at that time being quite
creditable, even though dangerous. In 1523 Verrazano was engaged
in capturing Spanish ships that brought the treasures of Montezuma
from Mexico. In the following year he made his voyage to America,
and one statement makes it appear that, subsequently, he was
captured by the Spaniards and executed. Ramusio tells us that on a
second voyage he was made a prisoner by the savages, and was
roasted and eaten in the sight of his comrades. The light which we
have at the present time does not suffice for the settlement of the
question relating to the manner of his death, but we have
overwhelming evidence of the reality of his voyage in 1524, which is
vouched for by invaluable maps and relations contained in a lengthy
letter addressed to his employer, Francis I.
This letter is of unique interest, especially for the reason that it
contains the first known post-Columbian description of the North
Atlantic coast, and the first pen-picture of the Bay and Harbor of New
York. In connection with our local annals Giovanni da Verrazano
must hold a high place. As might be supposed, the narrative of
Verrazano has exerted a commanding influence upon historical
literature. For more than three centuries it has furnished quotations.
This fact has not prevented one or two occasional writers from
questioning the authenticity of the Letter of Verrazano, though the
discussion which followed simply resulted in the production of
additional proof, especially that found in two maps previously
unknown, establishing the authenticity of both voyage and letter, and
taking the subject from the field of controversy.
VESPUCIUS.
The voyage of Verrazano was projected in 1523. On April 25th of

that year, Silveira, the Portuguese embassador at the Court of
Francis I., wrote to his master: “By what I hear, Maestro Joas
Verrazano, who is going on the discovery of Cathay, has not left up
to date for want of opportunity, and because of differences, I
understand, between himself and his men.... I shall continue to doubt
unless he takes his departure.” It appears that he first went to sea
with four ships, but met a severe gale and was obliged to return to
port, apparently with the loss of two ships. After making repairs, he
sailed for the Spanish coast alone in the Dolphin, the captain of the
remaining ship leaving Verrazano, and giving color to the story of
Silveira, that he had quarreled with his men. In the Carli
correspondence, there is a reference to one Brunelleschi, “who went
with him and unfortunately turned back.”
On January 17, 1524 (old style), Verrazano finally sailed from a
barren rocky island, southeast of Madeira, though Carli erroneously
says that he departed from the Canaries. The discrepancy is useful,
in that it proves an absence of collusion between writers in framing a
fictitious voyage. Steering westward until February 14th, he met a
severe hurricane, and then veered more to the north, holding the
middle course, as he feared to sail southward, by the accustomed
route to the West Indies, less he should fall into the hands of the
Spaniards,[4] who with the Portuguese, claimed the entire New
World, in accordance with the decree of Pope Alexander. Hence the
navigator, to avoid the Spanish cruisers, held his course westward in
sunshine and storm, until the shores of the American continent
appeared above the waves. March 7th he saw land which “never
before had been seen by any one either in ancient or modern times,”
a statement that he was lead into by the desire to claim something
for France. He knew that his statement could not be exactly true,
because, like all the navigators of his day, he was familiar with the
Ptolemy of 1513, containing a rude map of the coast from Florida to
55° N. Evidently he did not attach any value to the explorations of
the Portuguese as represented by the maps, and hence, after
sighting land in the neighborhood of 34° N., he sailed southward fifty
leagues to make sure of connecting with the actual exploration of the
Portuguese, and then began coasting northward in search of a route
through the land to Cathay. Columbus died in 1508, believing that he
had reached Cathay, but in the day of Verrazano it was understood
by many that the land found formed a new continent, though this was
not everywhere accepted until the middle of the sixteenth century.
CARTIER.
Navigating northward, Verrazano reached the neighborhood of the

present site of Charlestown, South Carolina, describing the country
substantially as it appears to-day, bordered with low sand-hills, the
sea making inlets, while beyond were beautiful fields, broad plains,
and vast forests. On landing they found the natives timid, but by
friendly signs the savages became assured, and freely approached
the French followers of Verrazano, wondering at their dress and
complexion, just as, in 1584, Barlow, in the same locality, said that
the natives wondered “at the whiteness of our skins.” The
descriptions of Verrazano were so faithful that Barlow, though
without credit, employed his language, especially when he says,
speaking of the forests before reaching the land, “We smelt so sweet
and strong a smell as if we had been in the midst of some delicate
garden.” As Verrazano held northward, his descriptions continued to
exhibit the same fidelity, being used by Barlow and confirmed by
Father White. They were also confirmed by Dermer, who ran the
coast in 1619, finding the shores low, without stones, sandy, and, for
the most part, harborless. When near Chesapeake Bay, Verrazano
found that the people made their canoes of logs, as described by
Barlow and Father White. The grapes-vines were also seen trailing
from the trees, as indicated by these writers; and, speaking of the
fruit, Verrazano says that it was “very sweet and pleasant.” This
language, being used early in the season, led to the rather
thoughtless objection that Verrazano never made the voyage. The
simple explanation is that the natives were accustomed to preserving
fruits by drying them; and hence Hudson, in 1609, found dried
“currants,” which were sweet and good, meaning by the word,
“currant” what all meant at that period, namely, a dried grape. The
letter of Verrazano contains exaggerations, like all similar
productions. Cortez made Montezuma drink wine from cellars in a
country where both wine and cellars were unknown. Cartier caused
figs to grow in Canada, and Eric the Red called the ice-clad hills of
the land west of Iceland, “Greenland.” Verrazano, however, falls into
none of these flat contradictions, and often the objection to the
authenticity of the voyage has grown out of the ignorance of the critic
of very common things.
Leaving Delaware Bay, Verrazano coasted northward, sailing by
day and coming to anchor at night, finally reaching the Bay of New
York, which forms the culmination of the interest of the voyage, so far
as our present purpose is concerned. After proceeding a distance
roughly estimated, on the decimal system, at a hundred leagues, he
says: “We found a very pleasant situation among some little steep
hills, through which a very large river (grandissima riviera), deep at
its mouth, forced its way to the sea,” and he adds: “From the sea to
the estuary of the river any ship might pass, with the help of the tide,
which rises eight feet.” This is about the average rise at the present
time, and the fact is one that could have been learned only from
actual observation. It points to the “bar” as then existing, and gives
the narrative every appearance of reality. Many things observed
were noted in what Verrazano calls a “little book,” and evidently it
was from data contained in this book that his brother compiled the
map which illustrates the voyage. Verrazano, however, was cautious,
as he possessed only one ship, and he says: “As we were riding at
anchor in a good berth we would not venture up in our ship without a
knowledge of the mouth; therefore,” he says, “we took the boat and
entering the river, we found the country on its banks well-peopled,
the inhabitants not differing much from the others, being dressed out
with feathers of birds of various colors.” The natives, by their action,
showed that their faith in human nature had not been spoiled by men
leading expeditions like those of Ayllon in 1521, to the Carolinas for
slaves. They were still a simple and unaffected people, not spoiled
by European contact, as in the time of Hudson, and accordingly,
unlike the sly people met where Ayllon’s kidnappers had done their
work, “they came towards us with evident admiration, and showing
us where we could most securely land with our boat.” Continuing, the
narrative says: “We passed up this river about half a league, when
we found it formed a most beautiful lake, three leagues in circuit,
upon which were rowing thirty or more of their small boats from one
shore to the other, filled with multitudes who came to see us.” This
“beautiful lake” (bellissimo lago) was, so far as one is able to judge,
the Bay of New York.
Verrazano passed the bar and anchored at the entrance of the
Narrows, the position being defined as between “little steep hills”
(infra piccoli colli eminenti), which exactly describes the heights of
Staten Island, and the shore of Long Island as far up as Yellow
Hook, the present Bay Ridge. Then far and wide the spacious harbor
was surrounded by well-wooded shores, upon which Verrazano and
his followers, evidently the first of Europeans to enter the port, gazed
with admiration. It would appear that they did not cross the harbor,
but they probably espied in the distance the island upon which our
city now stands, clothed in the dusky brown, touched only here and
there with patches of the evergreen pine. Nothing is said of the
beauty of the foliage in this region, since in March none could have
been apparent, though the population was evidently numerous, and
from the shores the smoke of many wigwams was seen by day, with
the distant illuminations that filled the eye of the sailor by night.
Verrazano little dreamed of the value of the situation. It never
occurred to him that on this “beautiful lake” would one day stand a
city which in wealth and importance would eclipse the far-famed city
of Montezuma. The situation was pleasing, but it did not offer what
Verrazano sought, namely, an opening to India. He learned that he
was at the mouth of a swift river that poured out a powerful tide from
between the hills, and he saw the unreasonableness of continuing
his search at this place. What conclusion he might have reached
eventually, had his stay been prolonged, we cannot predict, but he
was soon hurried away. He says: “All of a sudden, as it is wont to
happen to navigators, a violent contrary wind blew in from the sea
and forced us to return to our ship, greatly regretting to leave this
region, which seemed so commodious and delightful, and which we
supposed must contain great riches, as the hills showed many
indications of minerals.” By a glance at the chart it will be seen that
the ship lay in a position in the lower bay perilous for a stranger, and
in case of a gale she would be in danger of being driven upon the
shore of either Long Island or Staten Island. Verrazano would not
take his ship through the Narrows into the harbor, on account of his
ignorance of the situation, and when the wind set upon shore from
the sea he at once decided to get out of danger. Accordingly he
says: “Weighing anchor we sailed fifty leagues towards the east, the
coast stretching in that direction, and always in sight of it.” Thus he
coasted along the shores of Long Island, and “discovered an island
in triangular form, some ten leagues from the main land, in size
about equal to the Island of Rhodes.” This was Block Island, and we
mention the circumstance here, in order that the reader may
appreciate the fact that Verrazano first visited New York, and that he
properly describes the coast. Block Island is distinctly a triangular
island. Then he went to a harbor in the main, identified as Newport
Harbor.[5] The natives who appeared in the harbor, it will be noticed,
had some thirty small boats (barchettes). The word itself does not
indicate the manner of their construction, but, when at Newport,
Verrazano says distinctly, that these barchettes were hollowed out of
single logs of wood (un sole fusto di legno). The Dutch found the
natives using the same kind of boats here in the early days, though
the bark canoe was also employed. The objections urged against the
authenticity of the voyage of Verrazano have simply resulted in fresh
investigation and the production of proofs that establish beyond
question the truth of the narrative, which is supplemented by a long
series of maps. The series begin with the map of Verrazano, drawn
in the year 1529, by Hieronimo da Verrazano, brother of the
navigator, and the Maijolla map, which also represents the voyage,
giving particulars not given in the narrative of Verrazano. The map of
Verrazano is now preserved in the museum of the “Propaganda
Fide” at Rome,[6] and forms a wonderful advance upon the Ptolemy
of 1513, which, after passing Florida, is vague and, upon the whole,
quite useless as respects our present purpose, since it shows no
knowledge of the Bay and Harbor of New York, and calls for no
particular notice here.
It has already been observed that much of that which is wanting in
the Letter is furnished by the map of Verrazano, noticeably the
Shoals of Cape Cod. The map was constructed by the aid of the
“little book,” in which, as Verrazano told Francis I., there were many
particulars of the voyage, and it forms the best sixteenth century
map of the coast now known to be extant in the original form. After
Verrazano the delineation of the coast, as a whole, gradually, in the
neglect of cartography, became more and more corrupt, culminating
in the monstrous distortions of Mercator.
On the map of Verrazano the Cape of Florida is most
unmistakable, though by an error in following Ptolemy, the draftsman
placed the cape nine degrees too high, thus vitiating the latitudes,
also failing to eliminate the error before reaching Cape Breton. This
however, does not prevent us from recognizing the leading points of
the coast. At Cape “Olimpo” we strike Cape Hatteras, and near
“Santanna” is the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. “Palamsina,” a
corruption perhaps of Pallavicino, marks the entrance to the
Delaware. “Lamuetto,” possibly Bonivet after the general of that
name, distinguishes what apparently was intended for Sandy Hook;
while “San Germano” and “La Victoria” stand on the lower Bay of
New York. Verrazano did not know enough about the river of “the
steep hills” to enable him to give it a pronounced name, though in
after times the Hudson, as we shall see, was called “the river of the
mountains.” It will be readily recognized that San Germano is a
name given out of compliment to his patron by Verrazano, as it
recalls the splendid palace of Francis I., at St. Germaine-en-Lay. If
circumstances had favored, the name of Francis might have been
affixed to a great French metropolis at the mouth of the Hudson.
EXTRACT FROM THE

VERRAZANO MAP
REVISED 1891
The influence of the Verrazano Map upon succeeding charts was

most marked down even to 1610, when all obscurity in regard to the
position of the Harbor of New York had passed away. The same is
true of the exhibition of the relation of New York Bay to Rhode Island
and the Island of Luisa. The influence of Verrazano upon the Globe
of Vlpius, 1542, was most emphatic, as will be noticed later; though it
is to be remembered that Verrazano’s voyage was pictured on the
Map of Maijolla before the Verrazano Map was drawn, notes from
Verrazano, probably out of the “little book” that he mentions,
affording the requisite material. Verrazano evidently furnished an
abundance of names for localities, and the various draftsmen
seemed to have exercised their judgment to some extent respecting
their use. It would, however, prove wearisome to the reader to
peruse any minute statements of the contents of the many maps that
indicate the Bay of New York; since neither the authenticity nor the
influence of the voyage of Verrazano can now be questioned. In
directions where it was never suspected, the Letter of Verrazano to
Francis I. had a decided influence, as will be noted hereafter, though
attention may again be called to the fact that Barlow, in his voyage to
North Carolina, 1584, used the Letter without credit, according to the
custom of the time; while, when Gosnold visited New England, in
1602, he sailed, as tacitly acknowledged, with the Letter of
Verrazano, translated by Hakluyt as his guide.
Next, however, the reader’s attention must be directed to the
voyage of Estevan Gomez, who followed Verrazano in 1525. This
adventurer was a Portuguese in the service of Spain. While
Verrazano was abroad on his voyage, Gomez attended the nautical
congress at Badajos, in Spain, when, we are told, Sebastian Cabot
was present. At this congress Portugal opposed the plan presented
for an expedition to the Indies, being very jealous, as usual, of the
power of Spain. The differences of the two powers were
nevertheless reconciled, and the king of Spain, with the aid of
several merchants, fitted out a caravel and put Gomez in command.
Gomez, if he did not stand as high as some men of his time, was a
navigator of experience. In 1519 he sailed as chief pilot with
Magellan, but incurred much odium by leaving him in the Straits
which now bear Magellan’s name, and returning to Spain. Peter
Martyr, who gives an account of the congress at Badajos, says: “It is
decreed that one Stephanus Gomez, himself a skilful navigator, shall
go another way, whereby, between Baccalaos and Florida, long
since our countries, he says he will find out a way to Cataia. Only
one ship, a caravel, is furnished for him,” and, the chronicler
continues, “he will have no other thing in charge than to search out
whether any passage to the great Chan from among the various
windings and vast compassing of this our ocean is to be found.” Of
the voyage out from Spain few particulars are now available, though
the account of the return was penned by Martyr subsequently to
November 13, 1525, and probably before the close of the year. The
voyage was, upon the whole, a short one. Martyr, however, says that
he returned at the end of “ten months,” while Navarrete states that
he sailed in February. Galvano tells us that, having failed to obtain
the command of an expedition to the Moluccas, he went on the coast
of the new world in search of a passage to India, observing that “the
Earl Don Fernando de Andrada, and the doctor Beltram, and the
merchant Christopher de Serro, furnished a galleon for him, and he
went from Groine, in Gallicia, to the Island of Cuba, and to the Cape
of Florida, sailing by day because he knew not the land.” Galvano
tells us, likewise, that he passed the Bay of Angra and the river
Enseada, and so “went over to the other side, reaching Cape Razo
in 46° N.” This means that he sailed up from Florida past the coast of
Maine. Martyr, writing after the return of Gomez, indulges in a strain
of ridicule, and says: “He, neither finding the Straight, nor Cataia,
which he promised, returned back in ten months after his departure;”
and continues: “I always thought and supposed this worthy man’s
fancies to be vain and frivolous. Yet he wanted not for suffrages and
voices in his favor and defense.” Still, Martyr admits that “he found
pleasant and profitable countries agreeable with our parallels and
degrees of the pole.”
The results of the voyage along the coast from Florida to
Newfoundland are indicated on the Map of Ribeiro, 1529, which
represents a new exploration, as nothing seems to have been
borrowed from either the voyage of Verrazano or from the voyages
made by the Portuguese, with the exception that Ribeiro used old
Portuguese maps of Newfoundland, which was the case with
Verrazano. We must, however, confine our observations to things
that relate to this immediate region, and notice what the
accompanying maps so fully exhibit, the difference of the delineation
of Sandy Hook and Long Island. On the Ribeiro Map Sandy Hook
appears as “Cabo de Arenas,” the Sandy Cape, exaggerated in size,
while Long Island is hardly distinguishable, as the coast line runs too
close to the north. It is indicated by the section of the coast between
two rivers, “Montana Vue,” evidently one of the hills of Long Island
that the navigator now views from the sea. On the Verrazano Map,
the region of Sandy Hook is “Lamuetto” and “Lungavilla,” while Long
Island is indicated as a part of the mainland, bearing the names of
“Cabo de Olimpo” and “Angolesme,” the bay of “San Germano” lying
between. The delineations of Verrazano exhibit his short stay and
hasty departure, while the survey of Gomez must have occupied
more time, at least around Sandy Hook. That this map resulted from
the voyage of Gomez is evident from the legend, which calls the land
“Tierra de Estevan Gomez;” (the country of Stephen Gomez) while
eastward, where the coast of Maine is delineated, is the “Arcipelago”
of Gomez. On this Map of Ribeiro the lower Bay of New York is
indicated by “E. de S. Xpoal,” with several Islands. A river appears
between this bay, given in later documents as Bay of “St.
Chrispstabel,” and Long Island, but the name of the river is not
given. “B. de S. Antonio,” however, is given which indicates the
upper bay or harbor, and subsequently we shall see the river itself
indicated as the river “San Antonio,” while the place of Sandy Hook
in the old cartography will be fully established and identified with
Cape de Arenas. Ribeiro evidently had pretty full notes of the
calculations and observations of Gomez.
FRA. DRAKE.
As the reverential old navigators were often in the habit of marking

their progress in connection with prominent days in the Calendar, it is
reasonable to suppose that the Hudson was discovered by Gomez
on the festival of St. Anthony, which falls on January 17. Navarrete
indeed says that he left Spain in February, but the accounts are
more or less confusing. If Martyr, who is more particular, is correct,
and Gomez was absent “ten months,” he must have sailed early in
December, which would have brought him to our coast on the festival
of the celebrated Theban Father. At this time the navigator would
have seen the country at its worst. Evidently he made no extended
exploration of the river, as in January it is often loaded with ice and
snow.
Gomez was laughed at by the courtiers, and had no disposition to
return to the American coast. The legend on the Map of Ribeiro
proclaiming his discovery, that is, exploration of the coast, declared
that here were to be found “many trees and fruits similar to those in
Spain,” but Martyr contemptuously exclaims, “What need have we of
these things that are common to all the people of Europe? To the
South! to the South!” he ejaculates, “for the great and exceeding
riches of the Equinoxial,” adding, “They that seek riches must not go
to the cold and frozen North.” Gems, spices, and gold were the
things coveted by Spain, and our temperate region, with its
blustering winters, did not attract natures accustomed to soft
Andalusian air.
After the voyage of Gomez, which, failing to find a route to the
Indies, excited ridicule, there is nothing of special interest to
emphasize in this connection until 1537. In the meanwhile, the
English were active, and in 1527 two ships, commanded by Captain
John Rut, were in American waters. It has been claimed that he
sailed the entire coast, often sending men on land “to search the
state of these unknown regions,” and it has been affirmed that this is
“the first occasion of which we are distinctly informed that
Englishmen landed on the coast.” Also that, “after Cabot, this was
the second English expedition which sailed along the entire east
coast of the United States, as far as South Carolina.” Granting,
however, that the expedition of Rut actually extended down the
American coast, there is no proof that he gave any attention to the
locality of the Hudson.
A SECTION OF THE
MAP OF ALONZO CHAVES.
We turn now to the account of our particular locality, as given by

Oviedo in 1537, who wrote an account of the coast based largely
upon the Map of Alonzo Chaves. It appears that, in 1536, Charles V.
ordered that the official charts should “be examined and corrected by
experienced men, appointed for that purpose.” Acting under their
instructions, Alonzo Chaves drew up a chart, embodying the
information that he had been able to collect from maps and
narratives. It is evident that he had notes of the voyage of Gomez,
and that he used the Ribeiro Map, but he had no information about
the voyage of Verrazano or that of Cartier in 1534. His delineation of
the coast began in the Bay of Mexico, and extended to
Newfoundland. Oviedo, in his “History of the Indies,” used this map,
and describes the coast by its aid. The Map of Chaves does not
appear to be accessible, but its American features have been
reconstructed from the descriptions of Oviedo, and this portion of the
Map is given herewith, the latitudes and distances being exactly
preserved. From the Cape of Florida, Oviedo moves northward in his
descriptions, which are distinctly recognizable. “Cabo de Sanct
Johan” stands at the mouth of the Chesapeake, and from this place
“Cabo de los Arenas” is thirty leagues to the north-northeast. The
latter cape is 38° 20′ N. From “Arenas” the coast runs thirty leagues
to “Cabo de Santiago,” which is 39° 20′ N. On this map Sandy Hook
appears as Cape Santiago, but generally the name of “Arenas,” the
Sandy Cape, is affixed to the Hook[7]. Oviedo, on reaching the end
of Sandy Hook, proceeds to give an unmistakable delineation of the
Bay and Harbor of New York, and of the river which is now known as
the Hudson. “Thence,” continues Oviedo, with his eye on the Map of
Chaves, “the coast turns southwest twenty leagues to the Bay of
Sanct Christobal, which is in 39°, passes said bay, and goes thirty
leagues to Rio de Sanct Antonio, north and south with the bottom of
this bay; and the ‘Rio de Sanct Antonio’ is in 41° N.” Dr. Kohl says
that “it is impossible to give a more accurate description of the
Hudson River,” but this is not quite true. It was an excellent
description for that period, considering the material at hand; yet it
must be remembered that all the distances are given as general
estimates on the decimal system. Besides, the Map of Chaves, like
all the maps, was drawn on a small scale, and Sandy Hook and the
Lower Bay are both exaggerated, as on the Map of Ribeiro, which
will be seen by a comparison of the two maps, placed side by side to
facilitate investigation. Both Ribeiro and Chaves had erroneous
measurements of distances, and made the Lower Bay quite a large
gulf, while the latitude of “Rio Sanct Antonio” is placed one degree
too high. Ribeiro, however, gave the Hook its right name, “Arenas.”[8]
The size of the Hook is exaggerated on the Maijolla Map, 1527,
though not on the Verrazano, 1529. These things show free-hand
drawing on the part of the mapmakers, and defective rule-of-thumb
measurements by the navigator, who probably viewed the waters
behind the Hook when veiled in mist, failing to test his own
estimates.
Oviedo says that “from the Rio de Sanct Antonio the coast runs
northeast one-fourth east forty leagues to a point (punta), that on the
western side it has a river called the Buena Madre, and on the
eastern part, in front of (de lante) the point, is the Bay of Sanct
Johan Baptista, which point (punta) is 41° 30′ N.”; or, rather,
correcting the error of one degree, in 40° 30′ N. This point is
Montauk Point, Long Island being taken as a part of the main. The
Thames River in Connecticut answers to the River of the Good
Mother, and the Bay of John Baptist is evidently the Narragansett.
Oviedo then goes on to the region of Cape Cod, varying from the
general usage, and calling it “Arrecifes,” or the Reef Cape, instead of
“Cabe de Baxos,” which signifies substantially the same thing. Under
the circumstances, the description of Long Island is remarkably
exact, as its shore trends northward almost exactly half a degree in
running to Montauk Point. What, therefore, lies on either side of the
River San Antonio fixes beyond question the locality of the Hudson,
and proves that it was clearly known from the time of Gomez to
1537.
The next navigator whose work touched our part of the coast was
Jehan or Jean Allefonsce, who, in 1542, came to Canada as pilot of
Roberval, and gained considerable knowledge of the North Atlantic
shores. This hardy sailor was a native of Saintonge, a village of
Cognac, France. After following the sea for a period of more than
forty years, and escaping many dangers, he finally received a mortal
wound while engaged in a naval battle in the harbor of Rochelle.
Melin Saint-Gelais wrote a sonnet in his honor during the year 1559.
It can hardly be doubted that Allefonsce himself ran down the coast
in one of the ships of Roberval, probably when returning to France.
With the aid of Paulin Secalart he wrote a cosmographical
description, which included Canada and the West Indies, with the
American coast. Very recognizable descriptions are given as far
down as Cape Cod and the islands to the southward. The
manuscript also possesses interest in connection with the region of
the Hudson, though farther south the description becomes still more
available.
Allefonsce after disposing of the region of New England, turns
southward, and says: “From the Norombega River,” that is, the
Penobscot, “the coast runs west-southwest about two hundred and
fifty leagues to a large bay (anse) running inland about twenty
leagues, and about twenty-nine leagues wide. In this bay there are
four islands close together. The entrance to the bay is by 38° N., and
the said islands lie in 39° 30′ N. The source of this bay has not been
explored, and I do not know whether it extends further on.... The
whole coast is thickly populated, but I had no intercourse with them.”
Continuing, he says: “From this bay the coast runs west-northwest
about forty-six leagues. Here you come upon a great fresh-water
river, and at its entrance is a sand island.” What is more, he adds:
“Said island is 39° 49′ N.”
From the description of Allefonsce, it is evident that the “great
fresh-water river” is the Hudson, described five years before by
Oviedo, out of the Map of Chaves, as the River of St. Anthony, while
the “island of sand” was Sandy Hook.[9]
Turning from the manuscript of Allefonsce to the printed
cosmography, we discover that the latter is only an abridgement, it
being simply said that after leaving Norombega, the coast turns to
the south-southeast to a cape which is high land (Cape Cod), and
has a great island and three or four small isles. New York and the
entire coast south have no mention. The manuscript, however,
suffices for our purpose and proves that the coast was well known.
It has been already stated that it would be impossible to say when
the first Englishman visited this region; yet in the year 1567-8,
evidence goes to prove that one David Ingram, an Englishman, set
ashore with a number of companions in the Bay of Mexico,
journeyed on foot across the country to the river St. John, New
Brunswick, and sailed thence for France. Possibly he was half
crazed by his sufferings, yet there can be little doubt that he crossed
the continent and passed through the State of New York, traveling on
the Indian paths and crossing many broad rivers. If the story is true,
Ingram is the first Englishman known to have visited these parts.
In April, 1583, Captain Carline wrote out propositions for a voyage
“to the latitude of fortie degrees or thereabouts, of that hithermost
part of America,” and, in 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert had this region
under consideration, Hakluyt observing on the margin of his “Divers
Voyages” that this was “the Countrey of Sir H. G. Uoyage.” Hays
says in his account of the region, that “God hath reserved the same
to be reduced unto Christian civility by the English nation” and, also
that “God would raise him up an instrument to effect the same.” All
this is very interesting in connection with English claims and
enterprise. In the same year the French were active on the coast,
and one Stephen Bellinger, of Rouen, sailed to Cape Breton, and
thence coasted southwesterly six hundred miles “and had trafique
with the people in tenne or twelve places.” Thus the French were
moving from both the north and the south towards this central region;
but we cannot say how far south Bellinger actually came, as there is
nothing to indicate his mode of computation. It is not improbable that
he knew and profited by the rich fur-trade of the Hudson.
In 1598 and there about, we find it asserted that the Dutch were
upon the ground, for, in the year 1644, the Committee of the Dutch
West India Company, known as the General Board of Accounts, to
whom numerous documents and papers have been intrusted, made
a lengthy report, which they begin as follows: “New Netherland,
situated in America, between English Virginia and New England,
extending from the South [Delaware] river, lying in 34½ degrees to
Cape Malabat, in the latitude of 41½ degrees, was first frequented
by the inhabitants of this country in the year 1598, and especially by
those of the Greenland Company, but without making any fixed
settlements, only as a shelter in winter. For which they built on the
North [Hudson] and the South [Delaware] rivers there two little forts
against the attacks of the Indians.” Mr. Brodhead says that the
statement “needs confirmation.” Still it is somewhat easy to
understand why a statement of this kind coming from such a body
should require confirmation; but the Committee had no reason for
misstating the facts, and ought to have been accurately informed.
Yet if confirmation is insisted upon, we are prepared to give it, such
as it is, from an English and, in fact, an unexpected source. Our
authority is no less a personage than Governor Bradford, of
Plymouth Colony, whose office and inclinations led him to challenge
all unfounded claims that might be put forth by the Dutch.
Nevertheless, writing to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the father of New
England colonization, who likewise was hostile to the pretensions of
the Dutch, Bradford says, under date of June 15, 1627, that the
Dutch on the Hudson “have used trading there this six-or-seven-and-
twenty years, but have begun to plant of later time, and now have
reduced their trade to some order.” Bradford lived in Holland in 1608,
and had abundant opportunities for knowing everything relating to
Dutch enterprise. It is perfectly well known that the Plymouth
Colonists of 1620 intended to settle at the Hudson, though
circumstances directed them to the spot pointed out by Dermer in
1619, when in the service of Gorges. Thus, about seventeen years
before the Committee of 1644 reported, Governor Bradford, an
unwilling, but every way competent and candid witness, carried back
the Dutch occupancy, under the Greenland Company, to the year
1600. Besides, on the English map of the voyage of Linschoten,
1598, there is a dotted trail from the latitude of the Hudson, 40° N. to
the St. Lawrence, showing that the route was one known and
traveled at that time. It is evident, from a variety of considerations,
that both the Dutch and French resorted to the Hudson at this period
to engage in the trade. Linschoten was one of the best informed of
Dutch writers, and probably understood the significance of the
representation upon his map. The probability is that this route was
known a long time before, and that it may be indicated by Cartier,
who, when in Canada, 1534, was told of a route by the way of the
river Richelieu, to a country a month’s distance southward, supposed
to produce cinnamon and cloves, which Cartier thought the route to
Florida. Champlain, writing in Canada, says that, in the year
previous, certain French who lived on the Hudson were taken
prisoners when out on an expedition against the northern Indians,
and were liberated, on the ground that they were friends of the
French in Canada. This agrees with the report of the Labadists, who
taught that a French child, Jean Vigné, was born here in 1614.
Evidently the French had been on the ground in force for some
years, and were able to make expeditions against the savages. Very
likely the French were here quite as early as the Hollanders.
There seems to be, however, another curious piece of
confirmation, which comes from the writings of the celebrated Father
Isaac Jogues, who was in New Amsterdam during the year 1646. In
a letter written on August 3d of that year, he says that the Dutch
were here, “about fifty years” before, while they began to settle

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Determine whether or not the function is one-to-one.

9) f(x) = (-2x - 2)2

Decide whether or not the functions are inverses of each other.

26) f(x) = x + 2, domain [-2, ∞ ); g(x) = x2 + 2, domain (-∞ , ∞)

30) {(17, 11), (10, 11), (3, -6)}

31) {(9, 5), (10, 5), (11, 8), (12, 4)}

32) {(-2, 4), (2, -4), (8, -2), (-8, 2)}

33) {(6, -7), (11, -6), (9, -5), (7, -4)}

34) {(3, -5), (5, -3), (9, 2), (-9, -2)}

35) {(0, 0 4 ), (1, 1 4), (3, 2 4 ), (5, 3 4)}

If f is one-to-one, find an equation for its inverse.

39) f(x) = 2x3 - 6

43) f(x) = (x + 5)2

The given function is one-to-one. Find f-1 (x).

57) f(x) = 6x3 - 1

3 x+1 3 x +1 3 x-1 x+1 2

58) f(x) = 7 - 6x3

Decide whether or not the functions are inverses of each other.

74) f(x) = x4 - 6x2 + 5; [-3, 3] by [-40, 40]

78) f(x) = -x2 + 18

79) f(x) = (x - 15)2

80) f(x) = (x + 3)2

86) f(x) = -x2 + 12, x ≥ 0

87) f(x) = (x - 9)2 , x ≥ 9

88) f(x) = ∣x - 10∣ - 1, x ≥ 10

Answer the question or provide an explanation.

96) True or false? If a function f has an inverse function, then f is one-to-one.

99) Explain why the function f(x) = (x + 9)3 - 10 is a one-to-one function.

Graph the function.

Solve the equation.

Graph the function.

Solve the inequality. Express the answer in interval notation.

136) 642x ≥ 16x + 1

139) $1,000 at 5% compounded semiannually for 5 years

140) $14,000 at 10% compounded semiannually for 14 years

141) $480 at 17% compounded quarterly for 6 years

142) $12,000 at 10% compounded quarterly for 6 years

143) $580 at 2% compounded continuously for 13 years

Solve the problem.

Provide an appropriate response.

domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (- ∞, 0)

domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (0, ∞)

domain: (- ∞, ∞), range: (2, ∞)

A) f(x) = 12x B) f(x) = 256x C) f(x) = 81x D) f(x) = 4x

Write an equivalent expression in logarithmic form.

168) 103 = 1000

169) 10-4 = 0.0001

Write an equivalent expression in exponential form.

174) log10 0.0001 = -4

A) 0.0001-4 = 10 B) 100.0001 = -4 C) -4 10 = 0.0001 D) 10-4 = 0.0001

Solve the equation.

186) x = log10 0.0001

191) log 2.02

192) log 4721