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C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations .....................................556
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems ...........................................................566
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems ............................................................577
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions ..................................................................................595
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities.......................................................................607
Section 7.6 Linear Programming...........................................................................617
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................626
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................643
Practice Test .............................................................................................................651
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations
1. solution
(b) 4(1) + ( − 2) = 3
2 ?
2. substitution 4 − 2 ≠ 3
3. points; intersection (1, − 2) is not a solution.
( ) ( )
2
4. break-even (c) 4 − 32 + − 31
?
= 3
3
36 31
5. 2 x − y = 4 4
− 3
≠ 3

8 x + y = − 9
(− 32 , − 313 ) is not a solution.
(a) (0, − 4)
( ) ( )
2 ?
8(0) − 4 ≠ −9 (d) 4 − 74 + − 37
4
= 3
49 37
− = 3
(0, − 4) is not a solution. 4 4
(b) (3, −1) ( ) ( )

− − 74 − − 37
4
?
= 11
7 37
2(3) − ( −1) ≠ 4 4
+ 4
= 11
(3, −1) is not a solution. (− 74 , − 374 ) is a solution.

(c) ( 32 , −1) 7.  2 x + y = 6 Equation 1

8( 32 ) − 1 ≠ − 9 − x + y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 6 − 2 x

( 32 , −1) is not a solution.
Substitute for y in Equation 2: − x + (6 − 2 x) = 0
(d) (− 12 , − 5) Solve for x: −3x + 6 = 0  x = 2
Back-substitute x = 2: y = 6 − 2( 2) = 2
( )
2 − 12 + 5 =
?
4
Solution: ( 2, 2)
−1 + 5 = 4
( )
8 − 12 − 5 = − 9
?
8. x − 4 y = −11

Equation 1
− 4 − 5 = −9 x + 3 y = 3 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x = 4 y − 11
 1 
 − , − 5  is a solution. Substitute for x in Equation 2: ( 4 y − 11) + 3 y = 3
 2 
Solve for x: 4 y − 11 + 3 y = 3  7 y = 14  y = 2
6. 4 x 2 + y = 3
 Back-substitute y = 2: x − 4( 2) = −11  x = −3
 − x − y = 11
Solution: ( −3, 2)
(a) 4( 2) + ( −13) =
2 ?
3
16 − 13 = 3
− 2 − ( −13) = 11
?
− 2 + 13 = 11
(2, −13) is a solution.
556 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 557
9.  x − y = −4 Equation 1
 2
x − y = −2 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = x + 4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 2 − ( x + 4) = −2
Solve for x : x 2 − x − 2 = 0  ( x + 1)( x − 2) = 0  x = −1, 2

Back-substitute x = −1: y = −1 + 4 = 3
Back-substitute x = 2: y = 2 + 4 = 6
Solutions: ( −1, 3), ( 2, 6)
10. 3x + y = 2 Equation 1

 3
 x − 2 + y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 − 3x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: x3 − 2 + ( 2 − 3x) = 0
x3 − 3x = 0
Solve for x: x 3 − 3 x = 0  x( x 2 − 3) = 0  x = 0, ± 3
Back-substitute x = 0: y = 2 − 3(0) = 2
Back-substitute x = 3: y = 2 − 3 3
Back-substitute x = − 3: y = 2 − 3 − ( )
3 = 2+3 3
Solutions: (0, 2), ( )(

3, 2 − 3 3 , − 3, 2 + 3 3 )
11. x 2 + y = 0 Equation 1 12.  x + y = 0 Equation 1
 2  3
x − 4 x − y = 0 Equation 2 x − 5 x − y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = − x 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = − x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x − 4 x − ( − x
2 2
) = 0 Substitute for y in Equation 2: x3 − 5 x − ( − x) = 0
Solve for x: Solve for x:
2 x 2 − 4 x = 0  2 x( x − 2) = 0  x = 0, 2 x 3 − 4 x = 0  x( x 2 − 4) = 0  x = 0, ± 2
Back-substitute x = 0: y = −02 = 0 Back-substitute x = 0: y = −0 = 0

Back-substitute x = 2: y = −2
Back-substitute x = 2: y = −22 = −4
Back-substitute x = −2: y = −( −2) = 2
Solutions: (0, 0), ( 2, − 4)
Solutions: (0, 0), ( 2, − 2), ( −2, 2)
13.  y = x3 − 3 x 2 + 1 Equation 1
 2
 y = x − 3 x + 1 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 2:
x3 − 3x 2 + 1 = x 2 − 3x + 1
x3 − 4 x 2 + 3x = 0
x( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0  x = 0, 1, 3
Back-substitute x = 0: y = 03 − 3(0) + 1 = 1
2
Back-substitute x = 1: y = 13 − 3(1) + 1 = −1
2
Back-substitute x = 3: y = 33 − 3(3) + 1 = 1
2
Solutions: (0, 1), (1, −1), (3, 1)
558 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities
14. − 12 x + y = − 52 Equation 1

 2
 x + y 2 = 25 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: − 12 x = − y − 5

2
 x = 2y + 5
Substitute for x in Equation 2: ( 2 y + 5) + y 2 = 25

2
Solve for 4 y 2 + 20 y + 25 + y 2 = 25  5 y 2 + 20 y = 0  5 y( y + 4) = 0  y = 0, y = −4
Back-substitute y = 0: − 12 x + 0 = − 52  x = 5
Back-substitute y = −4: − 12 x − 4 = − 52  x = −3
Solutions: ( −3, − 4), (5, 0)
15.  x − y = 2 Equation 1

6 x − 5 y = 16 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x = y + 2

Substitute for x in Equation 2: 6( y + 2) − 5 y = 16  6 y + 12 − 5 y = 16  y = 4
Back-substitute y = 4: x − 4 = 2  x = 6
Solution: (6, 4)
16.  2 x + y = 9 Equation 1

3 x − 5 y = 20 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 9 − 2 x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 3 x − 5(9 − 2 x) = 20  3 x − 45 + 10 x = 20  13 x = 65  x = 5
Back-substitute x = 5: y = 9 − 2(5)  y = −1
Solution: (5, −1)
17. 2 x − y + 2 = 0 Equation 1 18. 6 x − 3 y − 4 = 0 Equation 1

 
4 x + y − 5 = 0 Equation 2  x + 2y − 4 = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 x + 2 Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 4 − 2 y

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 4 x + ( 2 x + 2) − 5 = 0 Substitute for x in Equation 1:
6( 4 − 2 y ) − 3 y − 4 = 0
Solve for x: 6 x − 3 = 0  x = 1
2
Solve for y:
Back-substitute x = 1
2
: y = 2x + 2 = 2 ()
1
2
+ 2 = 3 24 − 12 y − 3 y − 4 = 0  −15 y = −20  y = 4
3
Solution: ( 12 , 3) Back-substitute y = 4:
3
x = 4 − 2y = 4 − 2 ( 43 ) = 4
3
Solution: ( 43 , 43 )
19. 1.5 x + 0.8 y = 2.3 Equation 1


0.3x − 0.2 y = 0.1 Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
15 x + 8 y = 23 Revised Equation 1
3x − 2 y = 1 Revised Equation 2
Solve for y in revised Equation 2: y = 3 1

2
x − 2
Substitute for y in revised Equation 1: 15 x + 8 32 x − ( 1

2 ) = 23
Solve for x: 15 x + 12 x − 4 = 23  27 x = 27  x = 1
Back-substitute x = 1: y = 3
2 (1) − 1
2
=1
Solution: (1, 1)
20. 0.5 x + y = − 3.5 Equation 1


 x − 3.2 y = 3.4 Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
5 x + 10 y = − 35 Revised Equation 1
10 x − 32 y = 34 Revised Equation 2
Solve for x in revised Equation 2: 10 x − 32 y = 34  10 x = 32 y + 34  x = 16 17

5
y + 5
Substitute for x in revised Equation 1: 5 (165 y + 175 ) + 10 y = − 35
Solve for y: 16 y + 17 + 10 y = − 35  26 y = − 52  y = − 2
Back-substitute y = − 2: x = 16
5
( − 2) + 17
5
 x = − 32
5
+ 17
5
= −3
Solution: ( − 3, − 2)
21.  15 x + 1
y = 8 Equation 1 23.  6 x + 5 y = −3 Equation 1
2
  5
 x + y = 20 Equation 2 − x − 6 y = −7 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 7 − 5

Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 20 − y 6
y
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 1

5
(20 − y) + 1
2
y = 8 Substitute for x in Equation 1: 6 7 −( 5
6
y ) + 5y = −3
3 40
Solve for y: 4 + 10
y = 8  y = 3 Solve for y: 42 − 5 y + 5 y = −3  42 = −3 (False)
Back-substitute y = 40 40 20 No solution
3
: x = 20 − y = 20 − 3
= 3
Solution: ( 203 , 403 ) 24. − 23 x + y = 2 Equation 1


 2 x − 3 y = 6 Equation 2
22.  12 x + 3
4
y = 10 Equation 1
3 Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2
x + 2
 4 x − y = 4 Equation 2 3
Solve for y in Equation 2: y = 3

4
x − 4 (
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2 x − 3 23 x + 2 = 6 )
Solve for x: 2 x − 2 x − 6 = 6  0 = 12 (False)
Substitute for y in Equation 1: 1
2
x + 3 3
4 4 (
x )
− 4 = 10
No solution
Solve for x:
1 9 17 208
2
x + 16 x − 3 = 10  16
x = 13  x = 17
17
: y = 4 17( ) − 4 = 1788
3 208
Solution: ( 208
17 17 )
, 88
25.  x + y = 12,000 26.  x + y = 12,000

 
0.02 x + 0.06 y = 500 0.04 x + 0.07 y = 630
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: Substitute for y in Equation 2:
0.02 x + 0.06(12,000 − x) = 500 0.04 x + 0.07(12,000 − x) = 630
Solve for x: 0.02 x + 720 − 0.06 x = 500 Solve for x: 0.04 x + 840 − 0.07 x = 630
− 0.04 x = − 220 − 0.03x = − 210
x = 5500 x = 7000
Back-substitute x = 5500: Back-substitute x = 7000:
y = 12,000 − 5500 = 6500 y = 12,000 − 7000 = 5000
So, $5500 is invested at 2% and $6500 is invested at 6%. So, $7000 is invested at 4% and $5000 is invested at 7%.
27.  x + y = 12,000

0.028 x + 0.038 y = 396
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 0.028 x + 0.038(12,000 − x) = 396
Solve for x: 0.028 x + 456 − 0.038 x = 396

− 0.01x = − 60
x = 6000
Back-substitute x = 6000: y = 12,000 − 6000 = 6000
So, $6000 is invested at 2.8% and $6000 is invested at 3.8%.
28.  x + y = 12,000

0.0175 x + 0.0225 y = 254
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 0.0175 x + 0.0225(12,000 − x) = 254
Solve for x: 0.0175 x + 270 − 0.0225 x = 254

− 0.005 x = −16
x = 3200
Back-substitute x = 3200: y = 12,000 − 3200 = 8800
So, $3200 is invested at 1.75% and $8800 is invested at 2.25%.
29.  x 2 − y = 0 Equation 1 30.  x − 2 y = 0 Equation 1

  2
2 x + y = 0 Equation 2 3 x − y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y = −2 x Solve for x in Equation 1: x = 2 y
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2 − ( −2 x) = 0 Substitute for x in Equation 2: 3( 2 y ) − y 2 = 0
Solve for x: Solve for y:

x 2 + 2 x = 0  x( x + 2) = 0  x = 0, − 2 6 y − y 2 = 0  y (6 − y ) = 0  y = 0, 6
Back-substitute x = 0: y = −2(0) = 0 Back-substitute y = 0: x = 2(0) = 0
Back-substitute x = −2: y = −2( −2) = 4 Back-substitute y = 6: x = 2(6) = 12
Solutions: (0, 0), ( −2, 4) Solutions: (0, 0), (12, 6)
y
31.  x − y = −1 Equation 1 − x + 2 y = − 7
 2 36. 
x − y = −4 Equation 2  x − y = 2 −6 −4 −2 2
x
x − y = 2 −2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = x + 1 Point of intersection:
( −3, − 5) −x + 2y = −7
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 2 − ( x + 1) = −4
(−3, −5)
−6
Solve for x: x 2 − x − 1 = −4  x 2 − x + 3 = 0
−8
The Quadratic Formula yields no real solutions.
32.  y = − x Equation 1 y
  x + y = 4
3 2 37.  2
 y = x + 3x + 2 x Equation 2 2
6 x+y=4
x + y − 4 x = 0
4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: − x = x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x Points of intersection: (2, 2)
2
Solve for x: (2, 2), (4, 0) (4, 0)
x
x3 + 3x 2 + 3x = 0  x( x 2 + 3x + 3) = 0 −2
−2
2 6 8
−3 ± i 3 −4
 x = 0, x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0
2
Back-substitute x = 0: y = 0 y
 −x + y = 3 −x + y = 3
The only real solution is (0, 0). 38.  2 12
x − 6 x − 27 + y 2 = 0 10
8
y Points of intersection: (3, 6)
− x + 2 y = − 2 (− 3, 0)
6
33.  6 −x + 2y = −2 (−3, 0), (3, 6)
 3x + y = 20
x
4
2 4 6 8 10 12
Point of intersection:
(6, 2) 2
(6, 2)
−6
x
2 4 6 8 10 x 2 − 6x − 27 + y 2 = 0
−2
−4 3x + y = 20 39. 3 x − 2 y = 0
 2 2
x − y = 4
y
34.  x + y = 0 y
3x − 2y = 0
 x+y=0
2 x − 7 y = −18 6 2x − 7y = − 18
2
4
Point of intersection: 1
(− 2, 2) (− 2, 2)
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
x
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 −2
−2 −3
−4 −4 x 2 − y2 = 4
y
No points of intersection  No solution
 x − 3y = −3
35.  3
5 x + 3 y = − 6 x − 3y = − 3 40.  2 x − y + 3 = 0
2  2
Point of intersection: x + y 2 − 4 x = 0
(− 32 , 12 (
( − 32 , 12 ) −3 −2 1 2
x
y
5
4
5x + 3y = − 6 − 2
3 2x − y + 3 = 0
−3
1
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 5
−2
−3 x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0
No points of intersection  No solution
41.  x 2 + y 2 = 25 45.  y = −2 + ln ( x − 1)
 2 
3x − 16 y = 0 2
3 y + 2 x = 9  y = − 3 x + 3
y
4
6
3x 2 − 16y = 0
4 −1 14
(− 4, 3) (4, 3)
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −6
−2
−4
Point of intersection: (5.31, − 0.54)
−6 x 2 + y 2 = 25
Points of intersection: ( −4, 3), ( 4, 3) 46.  x 2 + y 2 = 4  y1 = 4 − x 2 , y2 = − 4 − x2


2 x 2 − y = 2  y3 = 2 x 2 − 2
42.  x 2 + y 2 = 25 4

( x − 8) + y = 25
2 2
−6 6
Point of intersection: ( 4, − 3), ( 4, 3)

y −4
10
8 (x − 8) 2 + y2 = 25
Points of intersection: (0, − 2), (1.32, 1.5), ( −1.32, 1.5)
6 (4, 3)
4
2
x
47.  y = 2 x Equation 1
−6 −2 2 6 8 10 12 14  2
y = x + 1 Equation 2
−6 (4, − 3)
−8 Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2 x = x 2 + 1
− 10 x 2 + y 2 = 25
Solve for x: x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1) = 0  x = 1
2
43.  y = e x
 Back-substitute x = 1 in Equation 1: y = 2 x = 2
x − y + 1 = 0  y = x + 1
Solution: (1, 2)
6
48. x 2 + y 2 = 9 Equation 1


−6 6
 x − y = − 3 Equation 2
−2 Solve for y in Equation 2: y = x + 3
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2 + ( x + 3) = 9

2
Point of intersection: (0, 1)
Solve for x: x 2 + ( x + 3) = 9
2
44.  y = −4e −x
 2 x2 + 6x + 9 = 9
 y + 3x + 8 = 0
2 x2 + 6x = 0
0
−7 8
2 x( x + 3) = 0
2x = 0  x = 0
x + 3 = 0  x = −3
− 10 Back-substitute x = 0: y = 0 + 3 = 3
Point of intersection: ( −0.49, − 6.53) Back-substitute x = − 3: y = − 3 + 3 = 0
Solutions: (0, 3), ( − 3, 0).
49.  x − 2 y = 4 Equation 1
 2
x − y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y = x 2

Substitute for y in Equation 1: x − 2 x 2 = 4
1± 1 − 4( 2)( 4) 1± −31
Solve for x: 0 = 2 x 2 − x + 4  x =  x =
2( 2) 4
The discriminant in the Quadratic Formula is negative.
No real solution
50.  y = x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1 Equation 1

 y = − x 2 + 3 x − 1 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: − x 2 + 3 x − 1 = x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1

Solve for x: 0 = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x
0 = x ( x 2 − x − 2)
0 = x( x − 2)( x + 1)  x = 0, 2, −1
Back-substitute x = 0 in Equation 2: y = −02 + 3(0) − 1 = −1

Back-substitute x = 2 in Equation 2: y = −22 + 3( 2) − 1 = 1
Back-substitute x = −1 in Equation 2: y = −( −1) + 3( −1) − 1 = −5
2
Solutions: (0, −1), ( 2, 1), ( −1, − 5)
51.  y − e − x = 1  y = e− x + 1 52. x 2 + y = 4  y = 4 − x 2

  x
 y − ln x = 3  y = ln x + 3  e − y = 0  y = e x
y y
Point of intersection: Points of intersection:
6
approximately (0.287), 5 approximately ( −1.96, 0.14),
5
4 (1.751) 3
(1.06, 2.88)
2
2
1
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 −3 −1 1 3
−1
53.  xy − 1 = 0 Equation 1

2 x − 4 y + 7 = 0 Equation 2
1
Solve for y in Equation 1: y =
x
1
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2 x − 4  + 7 = 0
 x
1
Solve for x: 2 x 2 − 4 + 7 x = 0  ( 2 x − 1)( x + 4) = 0  x = , −4
2
1 1
Back-substitute x = : y = = 2
2 12
1 1
Back-substitute x = −4: y = = −
−4 4
1   1
Solutions:  , 2 ,  −4, − 
2   4
x − 2 y = 1 Equation 1 55. C = 8650 x + 250,000, R = 9502 x

54. 
 y = x −1 Equation 2 R = C
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x − 2 x −1 =1 9502 x = 8650 x + 250,000
852 x = 250,000
Solve for x: x −1 = 2 x −1
x ≈ 293 units
(x − 1) = 4( x − 1)
2
x2 − 2x + 1 = 4x − 4
x2 − 6 x + 5 = 0
(x − 1)( x − 5) = 0  x = 1, 5
Back-substitute x = 1: y = 1−1 = 0
Back-substitute x = 5: y = 5 −1 = 2
Solutions: (1, 0), (5, 2)
56. C = 5.5 x + 10,000, R = 4.22 x

R = C
4.22 x = 5.5 x + 10,000
4.22 x − 5.5 x − 10,000 = 0
( x) ( x ) − 10,000 = 0
2
4.22 − 5.5
Let u = x.
2
4.22u − 5.5u − 10,000 = 0
(− 5.5) − 4( 4.22)( −10,000)

2
5.5 ±
u =
2( 4.22)
5.5 ±168,830.25
u =
8.44
u ≈ 49.335, − 48.032
Choosing the positive value for u.
x = u 2  x = ( 49.335) ≈ 2434 units.
2
57. C = 9.45 x + 16,000; R = 55.95 x 58. S = 0.06 x Straight comission


(a) R = C S = 500 + 0.03x Salary plus comission
55.95 x = 9.45 x + 16,000 0.06 x > 500 + 0.03 x
46.5 x = 16,000 0.03 x > 500
x ≈ 344 x > $16,666.67
About 344 units must be sold to break even. To make straight commission the better offer, you would
(b) P = R −C have to sell more than $16,666.67 per week.
100,000 = 55.95 x − (9.45 x + 16,000)
100,000 = 46.5 x − 16,000
116,000 = 46.5 x
x ≈ 2495
About 2495 units must be sold to earn a
$100,000 profit.
59. R = 360 − 24 x Equation 1


R = 24 + 18 x Equation 2
(a) Substitute for R in Equation 2: 360 − 24 x = 24 + 18 x
Solve for x: 336 = 42 x  x = 8 weeks
(b) Weeks, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
R = 360 − 24 x 336 312 288 264 240 216 192 168 144 120
R = 24 + 18x 42 60 78 96 114 132 150 168 186 204
The rentals are equal when x = 8 weeks.
60. p = 1.45 + 0.00014 x 2

p = ( 2.388 − 0.007 x)
2
10
0 150
0
The market equilibrium (point of intersection) is approximately (99.99, 2.85).
61. The error was when the second equation was solved (d) Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Both models
for y. show that each type of energy consumption is
increasing. Wind at a great rate and geothermal also
x2 + 2x − y = 3
increasing but at a much slower rate. It is possible
2x − y = 2  y = 2x − 2 that the models could be used to predict the
consumption of geothermal and wind energy in
x + 2 x − ( 2 x − 2) = 3
2
future years if the trends of each continue.
x2 + 2x − 2x + 2 = 3 (e) Answers will vary.
x2 + 2 = 3
63. 2l + 2 w = 56  l + w = 28
x2 = 1
x = ±1 l = w + 4  ( w + 4) + w = 28
2w + 4 = 28
When x = 1, y = 2(1) − 2 = 0
2w = 24
When x = −1, y = 2( −1) − 2 = − 4 w = 12 meters
Solutions: (1, 0), ( −1, − 4). l = w + 4 = 12 + 4 = 16 meters
Dimensions: 12 meters × 16 meters
62. (a) Geothermal:
C = − 0.115t 3 + 2.97t 2 − 19.1t + 215 64. 2l + 2 w = 42  l + w = 21
3 3
w = l  l + l = 21
Wind energy: 4 4
7
C = −1.705t 3 + 55.03t 2 − 373.9t + 875 4
l = 21
1800
l = 12
(b)
3
w = 4
l = 9
Dimensions: 9 inches × 12 inches

4 14
100
(c) The point of intersection is approximately

(5.21, 180) which means that in the year 2005, the
consumption of geothermal and wind energy were
equal to approximately 180 trillion Btus.
65. 44 = 2l + 2 w 67. False. To solve a system of equations by substitution,

22 = l + w  l = 22 − w you can solve for either variable in one of the two
equations and then back-substitute.
A = lw
120 = lw 68. False. The system can have at most four solutions
because a parabola and a circle can intersect at most
120 = ( 22 − w) w
four times.
120 = 22w − w2
w2 − 22w + 120 = 0 69. Sample answer: If the result is a contradictory equation
such as 0 = N , then you know there are no solutions.
( w − 10)( w − 12) = 0
When solving a system of equations that is a nonlinear
w = 10, w = 12 system, there may be an equation with imaginary or
When w = 10, l = 22 − 10 = 12. extraneous solutions.
When w = 12, l = 22 − 12 = 10. 70. (a) The point of intersection is about ( 2500, 150,000)
Dimensions: 10 kilometers × 12 kilometers which is the break-even point.
(b) (i ) Overall loss: 0 ≤ x < 2500, since the cost is
1
66. A = 2
bh greater than the revenue.
1 2 (ii) Profit: x > 2500, since the revenue is greater
1= 2
a
2 than the cost.
a2 = 2 a
71. Answers will vary.
a = 2
The dimensions are a
2 inches × 2 inches × 2 inches.
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems

1. elimination 6.  x + 3 y = 1 Equation 1

2. equivalent − x + 2 y = 4 Equation 2
Add to eliminate x: x + 3y = 1
3. consistent; inconsistent
−x + 2 y = 4
4. equilibrium point 5y = 5  y = 1
5. 2 x + y = 7 Equation 1 Substitute y = 1 in Equation 1:

 x + 3(1) = 1  x = −2
 x − y = −4 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: 2 x + y = 7 Solution: ( −2, 1)
x − y = −4 y
3x = 3 x = 1 − x + 2y = 4
4
x + 3y = 1
Substitute x = 1 in Equation 2: 1 − y = − 4  y = 5
Solution: (1, 5)
x
y −6 −4 −2
7 −2
6
5
x − y = −4
4
3
2x + y = 7
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 5 6
−1
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 567
7.  x + y = 0 Equation 1 9.  x − y = 2 Equation 1
 
3 x + 2 y = 1 Equation 2 −2 x + 2 y = 5 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −2: −2 x − 2 y = 0 Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2 x − 2 y = 4
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: Add this to Equation 2: 2 x − 2 y = 4
−2 x − 2 y = 0 −2 x + 2 y = 5
3x + 2 y = 1 0 = 9
x = 1 There are no solutions.
y
Substitute x = 1 in Equation 1: 1 + y = 0  y = −1
4
Solution: (1, −1) − 2x + 2y = 5
y
1
4 x
3 −4 −2 −1 2 3 4
2 3x + 2y = 1 −2
x+y=0 x−y=2
x −4
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−2
−3
10. 3 x + 2 y = 3 Equation 1
−4 
6 x + 4 y = 14 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −2: −6 x − 4 y = −6
8.  12 x − y = −2 y
 1
Add this to Equation 2:
 x + 3
y = 3
−6 x − 4 y = −6 6x + 4y = 14
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by 6 6 x + 4 y = 14
3x + 2y = 3
x − 2y = −4 0 = 8 x
−2 2 4
6 x + 2 y = 18
There are no solutions. −2
7x = 14  x = 2
−4
Substitute x = 2 in Equation 1:
1
2
(2) − y = −2  y = 3
11.  3x − 2 y = 5 Equation 1
Solution: ( 2, 3) 
−6 x + 4 y = −10 Equation 2
y
1 x − y = −2 Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 6 x − 4 y = 10
6
2
5 Add this to Equation 2: 6 x − 4 y = 10
4
3
−6 x + 4 y = −10
x + 1y = 3 0 = 0
3
1
x The equations are dependent. There are infinitely many
−2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
−1 solutions.
−2
3a − 5 3 5
Let x = a , then y = = a − .
2 2 2
 3 5
Solution:  a, a − , where a is any real number.
 2 2
y
3x − 2y = 5
4
3
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5
−2
− 6x + 4y = − 10
12.  9 x − 3 y = −15 Equation 1 15. 5 x + 3 y = 6 Equation 1

 
−3 x + y = 5 Equation 2 3x − y = 5 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 3: −9 x + 3 y = 15 Multiply Equation 2 by 3: 9 x − 3 y = 15
Add this to Equation 1: 9 x − 3 y = −15 Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y:
5x + 3 y = 6
−9 x + 3 y = 15
9 x − 3 y = 15
0 = 0
3
14 x = 21  x = 2
There are infinitely many solutions. Let x = a.
3
−3a + y = 5  y = 3a + 5 Substitute x = 2
into Equation 1:
Solution: ( a, 3a + 5), where a is any real number. 5( 32 ) + 3 y = 6  y = − 12

y
−3x + y = 5 Solution: ( 32 , − 12 )
8
6
16.  x + 5 y = 10 Equation 1
9x − 3y = −15 
x
3x − 10 y = −5 Equation 2
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2 x + 10 y = 20
−4
−6 Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y:
−8 2 x + 10 y = 20
3 x − 10 y = −5
13. x + 2 y = 6 Equation 1 5x = 15  x = 3
 Substitute x = 3 into Equation 1: 3 + 5 y = 10
x − 2 y = 2 Equation 2
7
Add the equations to eliminate y: y = 5
x + 2y = 6 Solution: 3,( 75 )
x − 2y = 2
2x = 8 x = 4 17. 2u + 3v = −1 Equation 1

Substitute x = 4 into Equation 1: 7u + 15v = 4 Equation 2
4 + 2y = 6  y = 1 Multiply Equation 1 by − 5 and add to Equation 2.
Solution: ( 4, 1) −10u − 15v = 5

 7u + 15v = 4
14. 3 x − 5 y = 8 Equation 1
 Solve for u: − 3u = 9  u = − 3
2 x + 5 y = 22 Equation 2
Substitute u = − 3 in Equation 1:
Add the equations to eliminate y:
3x − 5 y = 8 5
2( − 3) + 3v = −1  v =
2 x + 5 y = 22 3
5x = 30  x = 6  5
Solution:  − 3, 
 3
Substitute x = 6 into Equation 2:
2(6) + 5 y = 22  y = 2
Solution: (6, 2)
18.  2r + 4 s = 5 Equation 1 21. 4b + 3m = 3 Equation 1

 
16r + 50 s = 55 Equation 2 3b + 11m = 13 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −8: −16r − 32 s = −40 Multiply Equation 1 by 3 and Equation 2 by − 4:
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate r:  12b + 9m = 9
−16r − 32s = −40 
−12b − 44m = −52
16r + 50s = 55
43
18s = 15 Add to eliminate b: −35m = −43  m = 35
5
s = 6 Substitute m = 43
in Equation 1:
35
5
Substitute s = 6
in Equation 1: 4b + 3 ( 3543 ) = 3  b = − 356
2r + 4( )=5r
5
6
= 5
6 Solution: ( − 35 , 35 )
6 43
Solution: ( 56 , 56 )
22. 2 x + 5 y = 8 Equation 1
19. 3x + 2 y = 10 Equation 1 
 5 x + 8 y = 10 Equation 2
2 x + 5 y = 3 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by − 2:
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by − 3:
 10 x + 25 y = 40
 6 x + 4 y = 20 
 −10 x − 16 y = −20
−6 x − 15 y = −9
Add to eliminate x:
Add to eliminate x: −11 y = 11  y = −1
10 x + 25 y = 40
Substitute y = −1 in Equation 1:
−10 x − 16 y = −20
3 x − 2 = 10  x = 4 9y = 20  y = 20
9
Solution: ( 4, −1)
20
Substitute y = 9
in Equation 1:
20.  3 x + 11 y = 4 Equation 1

−2 x − 5 y = 9 Equation 2
2x + 5 ( 209 ) = 8  x = − 14
9
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by 3: Solution: ( − 14

9 9 )
, 20
 6 x + 22 y = 8
 23. 0.2 x − 0.5 y = −27.8 Equation 1
−6 x − 15 y = 27 
0.3 x + 0.4 y = 68.7 Equation 2
Add to eliminate x: 6 x + 22 y = 8
Multiply Equation 1 by 4 and Equation 2 by 5:
−6 x − 15 y = 27
0.8 x − 2 y = −111.2
7 y = 35  y = 5 
1.5 x + 2 y = 343.5
Substitute y = 5 in Equation 1:
Add these to eliminate y: 0.8 x − 2 y = −111.2
3x + 11(5) = 4  x = −17
1.5 x + 2 y = 343.5
Solution: ( −17, 5)
2.3 x = 232.3
x = 101
Substitute x = 101 in Equation 1:
0.2(101) − 0.5 y = −27.8  y = 96
Solution: (101, 96)
24. 0.5 x − 0.3 y = 6.5 Equation 1 28.  7 x + 8 y = 6 Equation 1

 
0.7 x + 0.2 y = 6.0 Equation 2 −14 x − 16 y = −12 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 20 and Equation 2 by 30: Multiply Equation 1 by 2:
10 x − 6 y = 130  14 x + 16 y = 12
 
21x + 6 y = 180 −14 x − 16 y = −12
Add to eliminate y: 31x = 310  x = 10 Add these two together: 0 = 0
Substitute x = 10 in Equation 2: The original equations are dependent. They have
infinitely many solutions.
0.7(10) + 0.2 y = 6.0  y = − 5
Let x = a in 7 x + 8 y = 6 and solve for y.
Solution: (10, − 5)
The points on the line have the form a, ( 3
4 )
− 78 a .
25. 3 x + 2 y = 4 Equation 1
 x + 3 y −1
9 x + 6 y = 3 Equation 2 29.  + = 1 Equation 1
 4 3
Multiply Equation 1 by − 3 and add to Equation 2.  Equation 2
 2 x − y = 12
− 9 x − 6 y = −12
 Multiply Equation 1 by 12 and Equation 2 by 4:
 9x + 6 y = 3
3 x + 4 y = 7
Add: 
8 x − 4 y = 48
− 9 x − 6 y = −12
Add to eliminate y: 11x = 55  x = 5
9x + 6 y = 3
Substitute x = 5 into Equation 2:
0 ≠ −9
2(5) − y = 12  y = −2
No solution.
26. − 6 x + 4 y = 7 Equation 1

 15 x − 10 y = −16 Equation 2 x − 1
30.  +
y + 2
= 4 Equation 1
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by 2:  2 3
 x − 2y = 5 Equation 2

− 30 x + 20 y = 35
 Multiply Equation 1 by 6:
 30 x − 20 y = − 32
Add: 3( x − 1) + 2( y + 2) = 24  3 x + 2 y = 23
− 30 x + 20 y = 35 Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y:

30 x − 20 y = − 32 3x + 2 y = 23
0 ≠ 3 x − 2y = 5
No solution. 4x = 28
x = 7
27. −5 x + 6 y = −3 Equation 1
 Substitute x = 7 in Equation 2:
20 x − 24 y = 12 Equation 2
7 − 2y = 5  y = 1
Multiply Equation 1 by 4:
Solution: (7, 1)
−20 x + 24 y = −12

 20 x − 24 y = 12
Add these two together: 0 = 0
The equations are dependent. There are infinitely many
solutions.
Let x = a , then
5a − 3 5 1
−5 a + 6 y = −3  y = = a − .
6 6 2
 5 1 
Solution:  a, a − , where a is any real number
 6 2
31. −7 x + 6 y = −4 35. 3x − 5 y = 7 Equation 1

 
 14 x − 12 y = 8 2 x + y = 9 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: Multiply Equation 2 by 5:
−14 x + 12 y = −8 10 x + 5 y = 45

 14 x − 12 y = 8 Add this to Equation 1:
Add this to Equation 2: 0 = 0 13 x = 52  x = 4
The original equations are dependent. Back-substitute x = 4 into Equation 2:

Matches graph (a). 2( 4) + y = 9  y = 1
Number of solutions: Infinite Solution: ( 4, 1)
Consistent
36. − x + 3 y = 17 Equation 1
32. 2 x − 5 y = 0 
 4 x + 3 y = 7 Equation 2
2 x − 3 y = −4
Multiply Equation 1 by −1: Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate y:
− x + 3 y = 17
−2 x + 5 y = 0
 −4 x − 3 y = −7
 2 x − 3 y = −4
−5 x = 10  x = −2
Add to eliminate x: 2 y = −4  y = −2
Matches graph (c). Back-substitute x = −2 in Equation 1:
Number of solutions: One −( −2) + 3 y = 17  y = 5

Consistent Solution: ( −2, 5)
33.  7 x − 6 y = −6
 37. − 2 x + 8 y = 20 Equation 1
−7 x + 6 y = −4 
 y = x − 5 Equation 2
Add the equations: 0 = −10
Substitute Equation 2 into Equation 1:
Inconsistent
− 2 x + 8( x − 5) = 20
Matches graph (d ).
− 2 x + 8 x − 40 = 20
Number of solutions: None 6 x = 60
Inconsistent x = 10
Back-substitute x = 10 into Equation 2:
34. 2 x − 5 y = 0
 y = 10 − 5 = 5
 x − y = 3
Solution: (10, 5)
Multiply Equation 2 by −5:
 2x − 5 y = 0 38. − 5 x + 9 y = 13 Equation 1
 
−5 x + 5 y = −15  y = x − 4 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: −3 x = −15  x = 5 Substitute Equation 2 into Equation 1:
Matches graph ( b). − 5 x + 9( x − 4) = 13
Number of solutions: One − 5 x + 9 x − 36 = 13

Consistent 4 x = 49
49
x = 4
49
into Equation 2:
49 33
y = 4
−4 = 4
 49 33 
Solution:  , 
 4 4
39.  y = − 2 x − 17 Equation 1 43. Let x = the number of calories in a cheeseburger.


y = 2 − 3x Equation 2 Let y = the number of calories in a small order
Use substitution because both equations are solved for y, of french fries.
set them equal to one another and solve for x. 2 x + y = 1420 Equation 1

− 2 x − 17 = 2 − 3x 3 x + 2 y = 2290 Equation 2
x = 19 Multiply Equation 1 by − 2 and add this to Equation 2.
Back-substitute x = 19 into Equation 1:
− 4 x − 2 y = − 2840
y = − 2(19) − 17 = − 55
3x + 2 y = 2290
Solution: (19, −15) −x = − 550
x = 550 calories
40.  y = − 3 x − 8 Equation 1
 Back-substitute x = 550 into Equation 2:
 y = 15 − 2 x Equation 2
3(550) + 2 y = 2290
Use substitution because both equations are solved for y,
set them equal to one another and solve for x. 2 y = 640
− 3 x − 8 = 15 − 2 x y = 320 calories
− 23 = x The cheeseburger contains 550 calories and the fries
contain 320 calories.
Back-substitute x = − 23 into Equation 1:
44. Let x = the number of milligrams of vitamin C in an
y = − 3( − 23) − 8 = 61
8-ounce glass of apple juice.
Solution: ( − 23, 61) Let y = the number of milligrams of vitamin C in an
8-ounce glass of orange juice.
41. Let and r1 = the air speed of the plane and
 x + y = 179.2 Equation 1
r2 = the wind air speed. 
2 x + 3 y = 442.1 Equation 2
 3( r1 − r2 ) = 1800 Equation 1
 Multiply Equation 1 by − 2:
2.5( r1 + r2 ) = 1800 Equation 2
− 2 x − 2 y = − 358.4
r1 − r2 = 600 
 2 x + 3 y = 442.1
r1 + r2 = 720
2r1 = 1320 Add to eliminate x: y = 83.7
r1 = 660 Substitute y = 83.7 in Equation 1:

Back substitute into Equation 2 660 + r2 = 720 x + 83.7 = 179.2  x = 95.5
r2 = 60 Apple juice contains 95.5 mg of vitamin C in an 8-ounce

glass, and orange juice contains 83.7 mg in an 8-ounce
The air speed of the plane is 660 miles per hour and the glass.
speed of the wind is 60 miles per hour.
45. 500 − 0.4 x = 380 + 0.1x
42. Let x = the speed of the plane that leaves first and
120 = 0.5 x
y = the speed of the plane that leaves second.
x = 240 units
 y − x = 80 Equation 1
 3 p = $404
2 x + 2
y = 3200 Equation 2
Equilibrium point: ( 240, 404)
−2 x + 2 y = 160
3
2x + 2
y = 3200 46. 25 + 0.1x = 100 − 0.05 x
7
2
y = 3360 0.15 x = 75
y = 960 x = 500 units
960 − x = 80 p = $75
x = 880 Equilibrium point: (500, 75)
Solution: First plane: 880 kilometers per hour; Second
plane: 960 kilometers per hour
47. 140 − 0.00002 x = 80 + 0.00001x (c) Multiply Equation 1 by −87, then add the equations:
60 = 0.00003 x −87 x − 87 y = −43,500
x = 2,000,000 units 87 x + 92 y = 44,500
p = $100.00 5y = 1000
Equilibrium point: ( 2,000,000, 100) y = 200
x + 200 = 500
48. 225 + 0.0005 x = 400 − 0.0002 x x = 300
0.0007 x = 175
Solution: 87 octane: 300 gallons;
x = 250,000 units
92 octane: 200 gallons
p = $350
Equilibrium point: ( 250,000, 350) 51. Let x = the amount of money invested at 3.5%.
Let y = the amount of money invested at 5%.
49. (a) Let x = the number of liters at 25%.
 x + y = 24,000 Equation 1
Let y = the number of liters at 50%. 
0.035 x + 0.05 y = 930 Equation 2
0.25 x + 0.50 y = 12
 Solve Equation 1 for x: x = 24,000 − y
 x + y = 30
Substitute this into Equation 2 to eliminate x:
(b) 30
0.035( 24,000 − y ) + 0.05 y = 930
840 + 0.015 y = 930
y = $6000
0 50
0 Back-substitute y = 6000 into Equation 1:
As the amount of 25% solution increases, the x + 6000 = 24,000
amount of 50% solution decreases. x = $18,000
(c) 0.25 x + 0.50 y = 12 Equation 1 $18,000 should be invested in the 3.5% bond.

 x + y = 30 Equation 2
52. Let x = the amount invested at 5.75%; y = the amount
Solve Equation 2 for y: y = 30 − x invested at 6.25%.
Substitute this into Equation 1 to eliminate y:  x + y = 32,000 Equation 1
0.25 x + 0.50(30 − x) = 12 
0.0575 x + 0.0625 y = 1900 Equation 2
0.25 x + 15 − 0.50 x = 12
Multiply Equation 1 by −5.75 and multiply Equation 2
−0.25 x = −3 by 100; then add the two equations:
x = 12 liters −5.75 x − 5.75 y = −184,000
Back-substitute x = 12 into Equation 2: 5.75 x + 6.25 y = 190,000
12 + y = 30  y = 18 liters 0.5 y = 6000
The final mixture should contain 12 liters of the 25% y = 12,000
solution and 18 liters of the 50% solution. x + 12,000 = 32,000
50. Let x = the number of gallons of 87 octane gasoline; x = 20,000
y = the number of gallons of 92 octane gasoline.
The amount that should be invested in the bond that pays
(a)  x + y = 500 Equation 1 5.75% interest is $20,000.

87 x + 92 y = 44,500 Equation 2
500
(b)
0 500
0
As the amount of 87 octane gasoline increases, the

amount of 92 octane gasoline decreases.
53. (a) Pharmacy A: (b) y = − 44.21x + 89.53

y = − 44.21(1.75) + 89.53
23
y = 12.16
When the price is $1.75, the demand is about 12
11 17 units.
18
55.  5b + 10a = 20.2  b + 2a = 4.04

PA = 0.52t + 12.9 
10b + 30a = 50.1  − b − 3a = − 5.01
Pharmacy B:
23
− a = − 0.97
a = 0.97
b + 2a = 4.04
b + 2(0.97) = 4.04
11 17
18
b = 2.1
PB = 0.39t + 15.7 Least squares regression line: y = 0.97 x + 2.1
8
(b) To find when the prescriptions filled are equal, solve
the system of equations consisting of
P = 0.52t + 12.9 and P = 0.39t + 15.7.
P = 0.52t + 12.9
 0 5
P = 0.39t + 15.7
0
0.52t + 12.9 = 0.39t + 15.7

56.  6b + 15a = 23.6  3b + 7.5a = 11.8
0.13t = 2.8 
15b + 55a = 48.8  − 3b − 11a = − 9.76
2.8
t = ≈ 21.5 − 3.5a = 2.04
013
a ≈ − 0.58
The number of prescriptions filled at pharmacy A
will exceed the number of prescriptions filled at 3b + 7.5a = 11.8
pharmacy B during the year 2021. 3b + 7.5( − 0.58) = 11.8
54. (a) 3.00b + 3.70a = 105.00 Equation 1 3b = 16.15

 b ≈ 5.38
3.70b + 4.69a = 123.90 Equation 2
Least squares regression line:
3.70
Solve Equation 1 for b: b = 35 − a y = − 0.58 x + 5.4
3
8
Substitute this into Equation 2 to eliminate b:
 3.70 
3.70 35 − a  + 4.69a = 123.90
 3 
a ≈ − 44.21 0 5
0
Back-substitute a ≈ − 44.21 into Equation 1:
3.00b + 3.70( − 44.21) = 105.00  b ≈ 89.53

y = − 44.21x + 89.53
100
0 2
0
57. (a) 4b + 7.0a = 174  28b + 49.0a = 1218 (b) Substitute x = 1.6 into y = 14 x + 19.

7b + 13.5a = 322  − 28b − 54.0a = −1288 y = 14(1.6) + 19 = 41.4
− 5a = − 70 The wheat yield is about 41.4 bushels per acre.
a = 14
4b + 7.0a = 174
4b + 7.0(14) = 174
4b = 76
b = 19
y = 14 x + 19
58. (a)  7b + 84a = 112,104.5 Equation 1


84b + 1036a = 1,361,309.3 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −12 and add to Equation 2.
− 84b − 1008a = −1,345,254
84b + 1036a = 1,361,309.3
28a = 16,055.3
a ≈ 573.40
Back-substitute a ≈ 573.40 into Equation 1:
7b + 84a = 112,104.5
7b + 84(573.40) = 112,104.5
7b = 63,938.564
b ≈ 9,134.1
Least squares regression line: y = 573.40 x + 9,134.1
Using a graphing utility, the least squares regression line matches the equation found in (a) is y = 573.40t + 9,134.1.
(b)
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012
y 14,294.7 14,868.1 15,441.5 16,014.9
Year 2013 2014 2015

y 16,588.3 17,161.7 17,735.1
The estimated values are close to the actual values.

(c) Substitute t = 16 into y = 573.40 x + 9,134.1.
y = 573.40(16) + 9,134.1
= 18,308.5
The total national outlay for 2016 is $18,308.5 billion.
(d) Answers will vary.
(e) Answers will vary. Sample answer: No, the gross domestic product probably will not continue to increase at the same rate.
59. False. Two lines that coincide have infinitely many

points of intersection.
60. False. Solving a system of equations algebraically will

always give an exact solution.
61. 4 x − 8 y = −3 Equation 1 66. (a) The graphs seem to be of two parallel lines.

2 x + ky = 16 Equation 2 (b) No, because you do not know definitely that the
Multiply Equation 2 by –2: −4 x − 2ky = −32 slopes of the two lines are the same, and therefore
cannot assume the system is inconsistent.
Add this to Equation 1: 4x − 8 y = −3
67. 100 y − x = 200 Equation 1
−4 x − 2ky = −32 
−8 y − 2ky = −35  99 y − x = −198 Equation 2
Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate x:
The system is inconsistent if −8 y − 2ky = 0.
100 y − x = 200
This occurs when k = −4.
−99 y + x = 198
62.  15 x + 3 y = 6  30 x + = 12 y = 398

−10 x + ky = 9  −30 x + 3ky = 27 Substitute y = 398 into Equation 1:
(6 + 3k ) y = 39 100(398) − x = 200  x = 39,600
If k = −2, then 0 = 39 and the system would be
Solution: (39, 600, 398)
inconsistent.
The lines are not parallel. The scale on the axes must be
63. No, it is not possible for a consistent system of linear changed to see the point of intersection.
equations to have exactly two solutions. Either the lines
will intersect once or they will coincide and then the 68. 21x − 20 y = 0 Equation 1
system would have infinite solutions. 
13 x − 12 y = 120 Equation 2
64. Answers will vary.
( )
Multiply Equation 2 by − 53 : − 65
3
x + 20 y = −200
(a) No solution
Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y:
x + y = 10
 − 23 x = −200  x = 300
x + y = 20
Back-substitute x = 300 in Equation 1:
(b) Infinite number of solutions
21(300) − 20 y = 0  y = 315
 x + y = 3
 Solution: (300, 315)
2 x + 2 y = 6
The lines are not parallel. It is necessary to change the
65. 3 x + 2 y = 4 scale on the axes to see the point of intersection.

5 x − 2 y = 12
2 y = − 3x + 4
y = − 32 x + 2
( )
5 x − 2 − 32 x + 2 = 12
5 x + 3 x − 4 = 12
8 x = 16
x = 2
Back substitute x = 2: 3( 2) + 2 y = 4
6 + 2y = 4
2y = −2
y = −1
Solution: ( 2, −1)
Answers will vary: Sample answer: If the equations can
be added or subtracted without having to multiply by any
coefficient, elimination of variable may be preferred. If
one or both of the equations is already solved for one of
the variables, the method of substitution may be more
efficient.
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 577
69. u sin x + v cos x = 0 Equation 1


 u cos x − v sin x = sec x Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by cos x and multiply Equation 2 by − sin x. Then add the equations to eliminate u.
u sin x cos x + v cos 2 x = 0

− u sin x cos x + v sin 2 x = − sin x sec x
v(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) = − sin x sec x
 1 
v = − sin x sec x = − sin x  = − tan x
 cos x 
Back substitute v into Equation 1
u sin x + ( − tan x) cos x = 0

 sin x 
u sin x −   cos x = 0
 cos x 
u sin x − sin x = 0
u sin x = sin x
u =1
The solution of this system is: u = 1, v = − tan x.
70. u cos 2x + v sin 2x = 0 Equation 1

u ( − 2 sin 2x) + v ( 2 cos 2x) = csc 2x Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 cos 2x and Equation 2 by − sin 2x.
u ( 2 cos 2 2x) + v( 2 sin 2x cos 2x) = 0
u ( 2 sin 2 2x) + v( − 2 sin 2x cos 2x) = −1
u ( 2 sin 2 2 x + 2 cos 2 2x) = −1
u 2(sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2x) = −1

2u = −1
1
u = −
2
u cos 2x + v sin 2x = 0
1
− cos 2x + v sin 2x = 0
2
1
v sin 2x = cos 2x
2
1 cos 2x 1
v = = cot 2x
2 sin 2x 2
1 1
The solution of this system is u = − , v = cot 2x.
2 2
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems

1. row-echelon 4. row operation
2. ordered triple 5. nonsquare
3. Gaussian 6. position
7. 6 x − y + z = −1

(b) 4 ( 32 ) + (− 52 ) − ( 53 ) ≠ 0
4 x − 3 z = −19
 2 y + 5 z = 25
( 32 , − 52 , 53 ) is not a solution.

(c) 4( − 12 ) + ( 34 ) − ( − 54 ) = 0
(a) (0, 3, 1)
6(0) − (3) + (1) ≠ 1 − 8( − 12 ) − 6( 34 ) + ( − 54 ) = − 74
(0, 3, 1) is not a solution. 3( − 12 ) − ( 34 ) = − 94
(b) (− 3, 0, 5) (− 12 , 34 , − 54 ) is a solution.
6( − 3) − 0 + 5 ≠ −1
(d) 4( − 12 ) + ( 16 ) − ( − 34 ) ≠ 0
(− 3, 0, 5) is not a solution
(c) (0, −1, 4)
(− 12 , 16 , − 43 ) is not a solution.
4(0) − 3( 4) ≠ −19 10. − 4 x − y − 8 z = − 6

(0, −1, 4) is not a solution.  y + z = 0
 4x − 7 y = 6

(d) ( −1, 0, 5)
(a) − 4( − 2) − ( − 2) − 8( 2) = − 6
6( −1) − 0 + 5 = −1
−2 + 2 = 0
4( −1) − 3(5) = −19
4( − 2) − 7( − 2) = 6
2(0) + 5(5) = 25
(− 2, − 2, 2) is a solution.
( −1, 0, 5) is a solution.
( )
(b) − 4 − 33
2
− ( −10) − 8(10) ≠ − 6
8. 3 x + 4 y − z = 17

5 x − y + 2 z = − 2
(− 332 , −10, 10) is not a solution.
2 x − 3 y + 7 z = − 21
 (c) − 4( 18 ) − ( − 12 ) − 8( 12 ) ≠ − 6
(a) 3(3) + 4( −1) − 2 ≠ 17
( 18 , − 12 , 12 ) is not a solution.
(3, −1, 2) is not a solution.
(d) − 4( − 12 ) − ( − 2) − 8(1) ≠ − 6
(b) 3(1) + 4(3) − ( − 2) = 17
5(1) − 3 + 2( − 2) = − 2 (− 12 , − 2, 1) is not a solution.
2(1) − 3(3) + 7( − 2) = − 21
11. x − y + 5 z = 37 Equation 1
(1, 3, − 2) is a solution. 
 y + 2z = 6 Equation 2

(c) 3(1) + 4(5) − (6) = 17  z = 8 Equation 3
5(1) − 5 + 2(6) ≠ − 2 Back-substitute z = 8 into Equation 2:

y + 2(8) = 6
(1, 5, 6) is not a solution.
y = −10
(d) 3(1) + 4( − 2) − 2 ≠ 17
Back-substitute y = −10 and z = 8 into Equation 1:
(1, − 2, 2) is not a solution. x − ( −10) + 5(8) = 37
9.  4 x + y − z = 0 x + 10 + 40 = 37
 7 x = −13
− 8 x − 6 y + z = − 4
 3x − y = − 94 Solution: ( −13, −10, 8)

(a) 4 ( 12 ) + (− 34 ) − (− 74 ) ≠ 0
( 12 , − 34 , − 74 ) is not a solution.
12. x − 2 y + 2 z = 20 Equation 1

 y − z = 8 Equation 2
 z = −1 Equation 3

Back-substitute z = −1 into Equation 2:
y − ( −1) = 8
y = 7
Back-substitute z = − 2 and y = − 3 into Equation 1:
x − 2(7) + 2( −1) = 20
x − 16 = 20
x = 36
Solution: (36, 7, −1)
13. x + y − 3z = 7 Equation 1

 y + z = 12 Equation 2
 z = 2 Equation 3

Back-substitute z = 2 into Equation 2: y + 2 = 12  y = 10
Back-substitute y = 10 and z = 2 into Equation 1:
x + (10) − 3( 2) = 7
x + 4 = 7
x = 3
Solution: (3, 10, 2)
14. x − y + 2 z = 22 Equation 1 15. x − 2 y + z = − 14 Equation 1

 
 y − 8 z = 13 Equation 2  y − z = −4 Equation 2
 z = −3 Equation 3 
  z = 11 Equation 3
Back-substitute z = − 3 into Equation 2: Back-substitute z = 11 into Equation 2:
y − 8( − 3) = 13 y − 11 = − 4
y + 24 = 13 y = 7
y = −11 Back-substitute y = 7 and z = 11 into Equation 1:
Back substitute z = − 3 and y = −11 into Equation 1: x − 2(7) + (11) = − 14
x − ( −11) + 2( − 3) = 22 x − 3 = − 14
x + 5 = 22 x = 11
4
x = 17
Solution: (17, −11, − 3)
Solution: (114, 7, 11)
16. x − 8 z = 12 Equation 1 20.  x − y = 7

 
 y − 5 z = 22 Equation 2 2 x − y = 0

 z = −4 Equation 3 x − y = 7

Back –substitute z = − 4 into Equation 2:  y = −14 ( − 2)Eq.1 + Eq.2
y − 5( − 4) = 22  y = 2 x − ( −14) = 7
Back-substitute z = − 4 into Equation 1: x = −7
x − 8( − 4) = 1
 x = − 63 Solution: ( − 7, −14)
2 2
(
Solution: − 63
2
, 2, − 4 ) 21.  x − 2 y = − 2

3 x − y = 9
17.  x − 2 y + 3 z = 5 Equation 1
 x − 2 y = − 2
− x + 3 y − 5 z = 4 Equation 2 
2 x − 3z = 0 Equation 3
 5 y = 15 (− 3)Eq.1 + Eq.2

Add Equation 1 to Equation 2:  x − 2 y = − 2
 1
 y = 3 Eq.2
 x − 2 y + 3z = 5 5

 y − 2z = 9 x − 2(3) = − 2
2 x − 3z = 0
 x = 4
This is the first step in putting the system in row-echelon Solution: ( 4, 3)
form.
22.  x + 2 y = 1
18.  x − 2 y + 3z = 5 Equation 1 
 5 x − 4 y = − 23
− x + 3 y − 5 z = 4 Equation 2
2 x − 3z = 0 Equation 3 x + 2y = 1


Add −2 times Equation 1 to Equation 3:  − 14 y = − 28 (− 5)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 x − 2 y + 3z = 5 x + 2 y = 1
 
− x + 3 y − 5 z =

4
 y = 2 (− 141 )Eq.2
 4 y − 9 z = −10
x + 2( 2) = 1
This is the first step in putting the system in row-echelon
form. x = −3
Solution: ( − 3, 2)
19.  x + y = 0

− 2 x + 3 y = 10
x + y = 0

 5 y = 10 2 Eq.1 + Eq.2
x + y = 0
 1
 y = 2 5
Eq.2
x + ( 2) = 0
x = −2
Solution: ( − 2, 2)
23.  x + y + z = 7 Equation 1 25. 2 x + 4 y − z = 7

 
2 x − y + z = 9 Equation 2 2 x − 4 y + 2 z = − 6
3 x − z = 10 Equation 3  x + 4y + z = 0
 
 x + y + z = 7  x + 4y + z = 0 Interchange equations.
 
3 x + 2 z = 16 Eq.2 + Eq.1 2 x − 4 y + 2 z = − 6
3 x − z = 10
2 x + 4 y − z = 7
 
 x + y + z = 7 x + 4y + z = 0
 
3 x + 2 z = 16  −12 y = −6 (− 2)Eq. 1 + Eq. 2
 
9 x = 36 Eq.2 + 2Eq.3  − 4 y − 3 z = 7 ( − 2)Eq. 1 + Eq. 3
 x + y + z = 7 x + 4 y + z = 0
 
3 x + 2 z = 16  y = 12 1 Eq. 2
− 12
 x = 4 1
Eq.3  − 4 y − 3z = 7
 4 
3( 4) + 2 z = 16 y = 1
2
2z = 4 −4( 12 ) − 3z = 7  z = −3
z = 2
x + 4( 12 ) + ( − 3) = 0
4+ y + 2 = 7
y =1 x =1
Solution: ( 4, 1, 2) Solution: 1, ( 1
2
, −3 )
24. x + y + z = 5 Equation 1 26.  x + y − z = −1 Interchange equations.
 
x − 2 y + 4 z = 13 Equation 2 2 x + 4y + z = 1
  x − 2 y − 3z = 2
 3 y + 4 z = 13 Equation 3 
x + y + z = 5  x + y − z = −1
 
 − 3 y + 3z = 8 − Eq.1 + Eq.2  2 y + 3z = 3 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 
 3 y + 4 z = 13  −3 y − 2 z = 3 (−1)Eq. 1 + Eq.3
x + y + z = 5  x + y − z = −1
 
 − 3 y + 3z = 8  2 y + 3z = 3
  −6 y − 4 z = 6 2Eq.3
 7 z = 21 Eq.2 + Eq.3 
x + y + z = 5  x + y − z = −1
 
 − 3 y + 3z = 8  2 y + 3z = 3
 1  5 z = 15 3Eq.2 + Eq.3
 z = 3 7
Eq. 3 
−3 y + 3(3) = 8  x + y − z = −1

y = 1
3

 y + 3
2
z = 3
2 ( 12 )Eq.2

x + 1
3
+3 = 5  z = 3 ( 15 )Eq.3
5
x = 3 y + 3
2
(3) = 3
2
 y = −3
x − 3 − 3 = −1  x = 5
Solution: ( 53 , 13 , 3)
Solution: (5, − 3, 3)
27.  x − 2 y + 2 z = −9 Interchange equations. 28.  x − 11 y + 4z = 3

 
2 x + y − z = 7 5 x − 3 y + 2z = 3 Interchange equations.
3 x − y + z = 5 2 x + 4 y − z = 7
 
 x − 2 y + 2 z = −9  x − 11 y + 4 z = 3
 
 5 y − 5 z = 25 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2  52 y − 18 z = −12 ( −5)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 
 5 y − 5 z = 32 −3Eq.1 + Eq.3  26 y − 9 z = 1 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.3
 x − 2 y + 2 z = −9  x − 11y + 4 z = 3
 
 5 y − 5 z = 25 52 y − 18 z = −12


 0 = 7 − Eq.2 + Eq.3 
 0 = 7 (− 12 )Eq.2 + Eq.3
Inconsistent, no solution
Inconsistent, no solution
29. 3 x − 5 y + 5 z = 1 Equation 1

2 x − 2 y + 3 z = 0 Equation 2
7 x − y + 3 z = 0 Equation 3

 x − 3y + 2z = 1 Eq. 1 − Eq. 2

2 x − 2 y + 3z = 0
7 x − y + 3z = 0

 x − 3y + 2z = 1

 − 4y + z = 2 2Eq. 1 − Eq.2
7 x − y + 3 z = 0

x − 3y + 2z = 1

 −4y + z = 2
 − 20 y + 11z = 7 7Eq. 1 − Eq. 3

x − 3 y + 2 z = 1

 −4y + z = 2
 6z = − 3 − 5Eq. 2 + Eq. 3

6z = − 3  z = − 12
( )
− 4 y + − 12 = 2  −4y = 5
2
 y = − 58
x − 3( − 58 ) + 2( − 12 ) = 1  x + 7
8
= 1  x = 1
8
Solution: ( 18 , − 85 , − 12 )
30. 2 x + y + 3 z = 1 Equation 1

2 x + 6 y + 8 z = 3 Equation 2
6 x + 8 y + 18 z = 5 Equation 3

2 x + y + 3 z = 1

 5 y + 5z = 2 (−1)Eq.1 + Eq.2

 5 y + 9z = 2 (−3)Eq.1 + Eq.3
2 x + y + 3 z = 1

 5 y + 5z = 2

 4z = 0 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x +

1y
2
+ 3
2
z = 1
2 ( 12 )Eq.1

 y + z = 2
5 ( 15 )Eq.2



z = 0 ( 14 )Eq.3
y + 0 = 2  y = 2
5 5
x + ( ) + 32 (0) =
1 2
2 5
1
2
 x = 3
10
Solution: ( 10 , 5 , 0)
3 2
31. 2 x + 3y = 0 Equation 1 32. 4 x + 3 y + 17 z = 0 Equation 1

 
4 x + 3y − z = 0 Equation 2 5 x + 4 y + 22 z = 0 Equation 2
8 x + 3 y + 3z = 0 Equation 3 4 x + 2 y + 19 z = 0 Equation 3
 
2 x + 3 y = 0 5 x + 4 y + 22 z = 0
 
 −3 y − z = 0 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2 4 x + 3 y + 17 z = 0 Interchange equations.
 −9 y + 3 z = 0 −4Eq.1 + Eq.3 4 x + 2 y + 19 z = 0
 
2 x + 3 y = 0  x + y + 5z = 0 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.1
 
 −3 y − z = 0 4 x + 3 y + 17 z = 0
 6z = 0 −3Eq.2 + Eq.3 
 4 x + 2 y + 19 z = 0
6z = 0  z = 0  x + y + 5z = 0
−3 y − 0 = 0  y = 0 
 − y − 3z = 0 (−4)Eq.1 + Eq.2
2 x + 3(0) = 0  x = 0 
 −2 y − z = 0 (−4)Eq.1 + Eq.3
Solution: (0, 0, 0)  x + y + 5z = 0

 y + 3z = 0 (−1)Eq.2

 5z = 0 (−2)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x + y + 5z = 0

 y + 3z = 0

 z = 0 ( 15 )Eq.3
y + 3(0) = 0  y = 0
x + 0 + 5(0) = 0  x = 0
Solution: (0, 0, 0)
33.  x + 4z = 1 Equation 1 35. 3 x − 3y + 6z = 6 Equation 1

 
 x + y + 10 z = 10 Equation 2  x + 2y − z = 5 Equation 2
2 x − y + 2 z = −5 Equation 3 5 x − 8 y + 13z = 7 Equation 3
 
x + 4z = 1  x − y + 2z = 2 1 Eq.1
 3

 y + 6z = 9 −Eq.1 + Eq.2  x + 2y − z = 5
 −y − 6 z = −7 −2Eq.1 + Eq.3 
 5 x − 8 y + 13 z = 7
x + 4z = 1  x − y + 2z = 2
 
 y + 6z = 9 3 y − 3z = 3 −Eq.1 + Eq.2

 
 0 = 2 Eq.2 + Eq.3 −3 y + 3 z = −3 −5Eq.1 + Eq.3

No solution, inconsistent
 x − y + 2z = 2
 1
34.  2 x − 2 y − 6 z = −4 Equation 1  y − z = 1 3
Eq.2
 
−3 x + 2 y + 6 z = 1 Equation 2  0 = 0 Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x − y − 5 z = −3 Equation 3
 x + z = 3 Eq.2 + Eq.1

 x − y − 5 z = −3  y − z = 1

−3 x + 2 y + 6 z = 1 Interchange equations. Let z = a, then:
 2 x − 2 y − 6 z = −4
 y = a +1
 x − y − 5 z = −3 x = −a + 3

 − y − 9 z = −8 3Eq.1 + Eq.2 Solution: ( −a + 3, a + 1, a)

 4z = 2 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.3
36.  x + 2z = 5 Equation 1
 x − y − 5 z = −3 
 3 x − y − z = 1 Equation 2
 y + 9z = 8 (−1)Eq.2 6 x − y + 5 z =
 16 Equation 3

 z = 1
2 ( 14 )Eq.3  x + 2z = 5

y +9 () 1
2
= 8  y = 7
2  − y − 7 z = −14 ( −3)Eq.1 + Eq.2

x − 72 − 5( 12 ) = −3  x = 3  − y − 7 z = −14 ( −6)Eq.1 + Eq.3
 x + 2z = 5
Solution: (3, 72 , 12 ) 
 − y − 7 z = −14

 0 = 0 ( −1)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x + 2z = 5

 y + 7z = 14 ( −1)Eq.2
Let z = a, then:
y + 7 a = 14  y = −7 a + 14
x + 2a = 5  x = −2a + 5
Solution: ( −2a + 5, − 7 a + 14, a )
37.  x + 2 y − 7z = −4 Equation 1 39.  x + 3w = 4 Equation 1

 
2 x + y + z = 13 Equation 2  2y − z − w = 0 Equation 2
3 x + 
 9 y − 36 z = −33 Equation 3  3y − 2w = 1 Equation 3
2 x − y + 4 z = 5 Equation 4
 x + 2 y − 7 z = −4 

 −3 y + 15 z = 21 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2  x + 3w = 4
 
 3 y − 15 z = −21 −3Eq.1 + Eq.3  2y − z − w = 0

 3y − 2w = 1
 x + 2 y − 7 z = −4
  − y + 4 z − 6w = −3 −2Eq.1 + Eq.4
 −3 y + 15 z = 21 
  x + 3w = 4
 0 = 0 Eq.2 + Eq.3

 y − 4 z + 6w = 3 −Eq.4 and interchange
 x + 2 y − 7 z = −4 
 2y − z − w = 0 the equations.
 y − 5 z = −7 − 13 Eq.2 
 3y − 2w = 1

 x + 3 z = 10 −2Eq.2 + Eq.1
 x + 3w = 4
 y − 5 z = −7 
 y − 4z + 6w = 3
Let z = a, then: 
 7 z − 13w = −6 −Eq.2 + Eq.3
y = 5a − 7  12 z − 20w = −8 −3Eq.2 + Eq.4

x = −3a + 10
x + 3w = 4
Solution: ( −3a + 10, 5a − 7, a) 
 y − 4z + 6w = 3

 z − 3w = −2 − 12 Eq.4 + Eq.3
38.  2 x + y − 3 z = 4 Equation 1 
  12 z − 20 w = −8
 4x + 2 z = 10 Equation 2
 x + 3w = 4
−2 x + 3 y − 13 z = −8 Equation 3

 y − 4z + 6w = 3
2 x + y − 3z = 4 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2 
z − 3w = −2
 
 −2 y + 8 z = 2 Eq.1 + Eq.3 
  16w = 16 −12Eq.3 + Eq.4
 4 y − 16 z = −4
16 w = 16  w = 1
2 x + y − 3z = 4
z − 3(1) = −2  z = 1

 −2 y + 8 z = 2
y − 4(1) + 6(1) = 3  y = 1
 0 = 0 2Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x + 3(1) = 4  x = 1
2 x

+ z = 5 ( )Eq.2 + Eq.1
1
2 Solution: (1, 1, 1, 1)
 −2 y + 8z = 2
 x

+ 1z
2
= 5
2 ( 12 )Eq.1



y − 4 z = −1 (− 12 )Eq.2
Let z = a, then:
y − 4 a = −1  y = 4 a − 1
x + 1
a = 5  x = − 1a + 5
2 2 2 2
(
Solution: − 12 a + 52 , 4a − 1, a )
40.  x + y + z + w = 6 Equation 1 42.  x − 3 y + 2 z = 18 Equation 1

 
 2x + 3y − w = 0 Equation 2 5 x − 13 y + 12 z = 80 Equation 2

−3 x + 4y + z + 2w = 4 Equation 3  x − 3 y + 2 z = 18
 x + 2y − z + w = 0 Equation 4 
  2 y + 2 z = −10 (−5)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 x + y + z + w = 6
  x − 3y + 2z = 18
 y − 2z − 3w = −12 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2 

7y + 4z + 5w = 22 3Eq.1 + Eq.3  y + z = −5 ( 12 )Eq.2

 y − 2z = −6 ( −1)Eq.1 + Eq.4  x + 5z = 3 3Eq.2 + Eq.1


 y + z = −5
 x + y + z + w = 6
 Let z = a , then: y + a = −5  y = −a − 5
 y − 2z − 3w = −12
 x + 5a = 3  x = −5a + 3
 18 z + 26 w = 106 ( −7)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 3w = 6 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.4 Solution: ( −5a + 3, − a − 5, a )

 x + y + z + w = 6 43.  2 x − 3 y + z = −2 Equation 1
 
 y − 2z − 3w = −12
−4 x + 9 y = 7 Equation 2


z + 13
9
w = 53
9 ( )Eq.3
1
18  2 x − 3 y + z = −2
 
 w = 2 ( 13 )Eq.4  3 y + 2z = 3 2Eq.1 + Eq.2
z + ( 2)
13 = 53  z = 3  2x + 3z = 1 Eq.2 + Eq.1
9 9 
 3 y + 2z = 3
y − 2(3) − 3( 2) = −12  y = 0
x +0+3+ 2 = 6  x = 1 Let z = a, then:
Solution: (1, 0, 3, 2) y = − 23 a + 1
x = − 32 a + 1
2
41.  x − 2 y + 5 z = 2

4 x − z = 0 (
Solution: − 32 a + 12 , − 32 a + 1, a )
1
Let z = a, then: x = a.
4 44. 2 x + 3 y + 3z = 7 Equation 1
1a 
4
− 2 y + 5a = 2 4 x + 18 y + 15 z = 44 Equation 2
a − 8 y + 20a = 8
2 x + 3 y + 3z = 7
−8 y = −21a + 8 
 12 y + 9 z = 30 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2
y = 21 a −1
(− 14 )Eq.2 + Eq.1
8
2 x + 3
z = − 12
Answer: ( 14 a, 218 a − 1, a) 

4
12 y + 9 z = 30
To avoid fractions, we could go back and let
z = 8a, then 4 x − 8a = 0  x = 2a.  x +

3
8
z = − 14 ( 12 )Eq.1

2a − 2 y + 5(8a) = 2 

y + 3
4
z = 5
2 (121 )Eq.2
−2 y + 42a = 2
Let z = a, then:
y = 21a − 1
3 5
y + a =  y = − 34 a + 5
Solution: ( 2 a , 21a − 1, 8a ) 4 2 2
3
x + 8
a = 1
−4  x = − 83 a − 1
4
(
Solution: − 83 a − 14 , − 34 a + 52 , a )
45. s = 1 2
2
at + v0t + s0 47. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through (0, 0), ( 2, − 2), ( 4, 0)
(1, 128), (2, 80), (3, 0) (0, 0): 0 = c
128 = 1
a + v0 + s0  a + 2v0 + 2s0 = 256 (2, − 2): −2 = 4 a + 2b + c  −1 = 2a + b
2
80 = 2a + 2v0 + s0  2a + 2v0 + s0 = 80 (4, 0): 0 = 16a + 4b + c  0 = 4 a + b
9
0 = 2
a + 3v0 + s0  9a + 6v0 + 2s0 = 0 Solution: a = 1, b = −2, c = 0
2
Solving this system yields a = −32, v0 = 0, s0 = 144. 1 2
The equation of the parabola is y = 2
x − 2 x.
So, s = 1
2
(−32)t 2 + (0)t + 144 = −16t 2 + 144. 5
1 at 2
46. s = 2
+ v0t + s0 −4 8
(1, 132), (2, 100), (3, 36)

−3
132 = 1 a + v0 + s0 Equation 1
 2 48. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through (0, 3), (1, 4), ( 2, 3)
100 = 2a + 2v0 + s0 Equation 2
 36 = 9 a + 3v + s Equation 3
(0, 3): 3 = c
 2 0 0
(1, 4): 4 = a + b + c  1 = a + b
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 264 2Eq.1
 (2, 3): 3 = 4a + 2b + c  0 = 2a + b
2a + 2v0 + s0 = 100

9a + 6v0 + 2s0 = 72 2Eq.3 Solution: a = −1, b = 2, c = 3
 a + 2v0 + 2s0 = 264 The equation of the parabola is y = − x 2 + 2 x + 3.

 −2v0 − 3s0 = −428 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2 5

 −12v0 − 16s0 = −2304 (−9)Eq.1 + Eq.3
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 264 −5 7

 −2v0 − 3s0 = −428
−3

 2 s0 = 264 (−6)Eq.2 + Eq.3
49. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 264
 (2, 0), (3, −1), (4, 0)
 v0 + 1.5s0 = 214 (−0.5)Eq.2
 s0 = 132 (0.5)Eq.3 (2, 0): 0 = 4 a + 2b + c

v0 + 1.5(132) = 214  v0 = 16 (3, −1): −1 = 9 a + 3b + c
a + 2(16) + 2(132) = 264  a = −32 (4, 0): 0 = 16a + 4b + c
So, s = 1
2
(−32)t 2 + 16t + 132  0 = 4a + 2b + c

= −16t 2 + 16t + 132. −1 = 5a + b −Eq.1 + Eq.2
 0 = 12a + 2b −Eq.1 + Eq.3

 0 = 4a + 2b + c

−1 = 5a + b
 2 = 2a −2Eq.2 + Eq.3

Solution: a = 1, b = −6, c = 8
The equation of the parabola is y = x 2 − 6 x + 8.

10
−6 12
−2
50. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through 51. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through ( 12 , 1), (1, 3), (2, 13)
(1, 3), ( 2, 2), (3, − 3)
( 12 , 1): 1 = a( 12 ) ( 12 ) + c
2
4 +b
(1, 3): 3 = a + b + c
(1, 3): 3 = a(1) + b(1) + c
2
(2, 2): 2 = 4 a + 2b + c −4 8
16
(2, 13): 13 = a( 2) + b( 2) + c
2
(3, − 3): −3 = 9a + 3b + c
−4
 a + b + c = 3  a + 2b + 4c = 4
 
3a + b = −1 (−1)Eq.1 + Eq.2  a + b + c = 3 −3 3
8a + 2b 4a + 2b + c = 13
 = −6 (−1)Eq.1 + Eq.3  −2
 a + b + c = 3 Solution: a = 4, b = −2, c = 1

3a + b = −1 The equation of the parabola is y = 4 x 2 − 2 x + 1.
2a
 = −4 (−2)Eq.2 + Eq.3
Solution: a = −2, b = 5, c = 0
The equation of the parabola is y = −2 x 2 + 5 x.
52. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through ( −2, − 3), ( −1, 0), ( 12 , − 3)

(−2, − 3): −3 = a( −2) + b( −2) + c
2 1
−5 4
(−1, 0): 0 = a( −1) + b( −1) + c

2
( 12 , − 3): −3 = a( 12 ) ( 12 ) + c
2
+ b
−5
4a − 2b + c = −3

 a − b + c = 0

 a + 2b + 4 c = −12
Solution: a = −2, b = −3, c = −1
The equation of the parabola is y = −2 x 2 − 3 x − 1.
53. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through (0, 0), (5, 5), (10, 0) 8
(0, 0): 02 + 02 + D(0) + E (0) + F = 0  F = 0 −8 16
(5, 5): 52 + 52 + D(5) + E (5) + F = 0  5D + 5E + F = −50

−8
(10, 0): 102 + 02 + D(10) + E (0) + F = 0  10 D + F = −100
Solution: D = −10, E = 0, F = 0
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 10 x = 0. To graph, complete the square first, then solve for y.
( x2 − 10 x + 25) + y 2 = 25
(x − 5) + y 2 = 25
2
y 2 = 25 − ( x − 5)
2
25 − ( x − 5)
2
y = ±
25 − ( x − 5) and y2 = − 25 − ( x − 5) .
2 2
Let y1 =
7
54. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through (0, 0), (0, 6), (3, 3)
(0, 0): F = 0
(0, 6): 36 + 6 E + F = 0  E = −6 −6 6
(3, 3): 18 + 3D + 3E + F = 0  D = 0 −1
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 6 y = 0. To graph, complete the square first, then solve for y.
x 2 + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = 9
x 2 + ( y − 3) = 9
2
(y − 3) = 9 − x 2
2
y −3 = ± 9 − x2
y = 3± 9 − x2
Let y1 = 3 + 9 − x 2 and y2 = 3 − 9 − x2.
55. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through ( −3, −1), ( 2, 4), ( −6, 8) 10
(−3, −1): 10 − 3D − E + F = 0  10 = 3D + E − F
(2, 4): 20 + 2D + 4E + F = 0  20 = −2D − 4E − F − 12 6
(−6, 8): 100 − 6D + 8E + F = 0  100 = 6D − 8E − F −2
Solution: D = 6, E = −8, F = 0
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 8 y = 0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.
( x2 + 6 x + 9) + ( y 2 − 8 y + 16) = 0 + 9 + 16
(x + 3) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
(y − 4) = 25 − ( x + 3)
2 2
25 − ( x + 3)
2
y − 4 = ±
25 − ( x + 3)
2
y = 4±
25 − ( x + 3) and y2 = 4 − 25 − ( x + 3) .
2 2
Let y1 = 4 +
56. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through (0, 0), (0, − 2), (3, 0) 1
−2 4
(0, 0): F = 0
(0, − 2): 4 − 2 E + F = 0  E = 2
(3, 0): 9 + 3D + F = 0  D = −3 −3
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 3x + 2 y = 0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.
(x 2
− 3x + 9
4 ) + (y 2
+ 2 y + 1) = 9
4
+1
( x − 32 )
2
+ ( y + 1) =
2 13
4
( )
2
(y + 1) =
2 13 3
4
− x − 2
( )
2
13 3
y +1 = ± 4
− x − 2
( )
2
13 3
y = −1 ± 4
− x − 2
( ) ( ).
2 2
13 3 13 3
Let y1 = −1 + 4
− x − 2
and y2 = −1 − 4
− x − 2
57. The leading coefficient of the third equation is not 1, so 60. Let x = number of television ads.
the system is not in row-echelon form. Let y = number of radio ads.
x − 2 y + 3 x = 12 Let z = number of local newspaper ads.

 y + 3z = 5 x+ y+ z=
 60
 z = 2 
 1000 x + 200 y + 500 z = 42,000
 x− y− z= 0
58. Let x = pounds of brand X. 
Let y = pounds of brand Y.  x+ y+ z= 60

Let z = pounds of brand Z.  − 800 y − 500 z = −18,000 −1000Eq.1 + Eq.2
 −2y − 2z = −60 − Eq.1 + Eq.3.
Fertilizer A: 1
y + 2
z = 5 
3 9
Fertilizer B: 1
x + 2
y + 5
z = 13  x+ y+ z= 60
2 3 9

Fertilizer C: 1
x + 2
z = 4  −2y − 2z = −60 Interchange
2 9 
 −800 y − 500 z = −18,000 Eq.2 and Eq.3
1 x + 2y + 5
z = 13 Interchange Eq.1 and Eq.2.
 2 3 9
 x+ y+ z= 60
1 2
 y + z = 5 
1
3 9  −2y − 2z = −60
 2 x + 2
z = 4  300 z = 6000 − 400Eq.2 + Eq.3
9 
1 x + 2y + 5
z = 13 z = 20
 2 3 9

1
y + 2
z = 5 −2 y − 2( 20) = −60  y = 10
3 9
 2 1 x + 10 + 20 = 60  x = 30
 − 3
y − 3
z = −9 − Eq.1 + Eq.3
30 television ads, 10 radio ads, and 20 newspaper ads
1 x + 2y + 5
z = 13 can be run each month.
 2 3 9
1 2
 y + z = 5
3 9 61.  x + y + z = 180
 1 
 z = 1 2Eq.2 + Eq.3
9 2 x + 7 + z = 180
 y + 2 x − 7 = 180
z = 9 
1y
3
+ 2
9 (9) = 5  y = 9  x + y + z = 180

1x
2
+ 2
3 (9) + 59 (9) = 13  x = 4 2 x + z = 173
2 x + y = 187
4 pounds of brand X, 9 pounds of brand Y, and 9 pounds 
of brand Z are needed to obtain the desired mixture. − x + y = 7 −Eq.2 + Eq.1

59. Let x = amount at 8%. 2 x + z = 173
2 x + y = 187
Let y = amount at 9%. 
Let z = amount at 10%. − x + y = 7

 x + y + z = 775,000  2 x + z = 173
  3x = 180 −Eq.1 + Eq.3
0.08 x + 0.09 y + 0.10 z = 67,500 
 x = 4z
 x = 60°
 y + 5 z = 775,000 2(60) + z = 173  z = 53°

0.09 y + 0.42 z = 67,500 −60 + y = 7  y = 67°
z = 75,000
y = 775,000 − 5 z = 400,000
x = 4 z = 300,000
$300,000 was borrowed at 8%.
62.  x + y + z = 180 63. Let x = the longest side (hypotenuse).

 Let y = leg.
 x + 1.5 z + 3 = 180
 y + 1.5 z − 11 = 180 Let z = shortest leg.

x + y + z = 180  x + y + z = 180
 
+ 1.5 z = 177  x = 2z − 9
x
  y + z = 30 + x
 y + 1.5 z = 191 
 y − 0.5 z = 3 − Eq.2 + Eq.1  x + y + z = 180

 
+ 1.5 z = 177  x − 2 z = −9
x
 − x + y + z = 30
 y + 1.5 z = 191 
 y − 0.5 z = 3  y + 3 z = 189 − Eq.2 + Eq.1

 
+ 1.5 z = 177  x − 2 z = −9
x
 
2 z = 188 −Eq.1 + Eq.3  y − z = 21 Eq.2 + Eq.3

z = 94°  4 z = 168 −Eq.3 + Eq.1

x + 1.5(94) = 177  x = 36°  x − 2 z = −9
 y − z = 21
y − 0.5(94) = 3  y = 50° 
z = 42
x − 2( 42) = −9  x = 75
y − 42 = 21  y = 63
So, the longest side measures 75 feet, the shortest side
measures 42 feet, and the third side measures 63 feet.
64. (a) To use 2 liters of the 50% solution: (b) To use as little of the 50% solution as possible,
Let x = amount of 10% solution. the chemist should use no 10% solution.
Let y = amount of 20% solution. Let x = amount of 20% solution.
Let y = amount of 50% solution.
x + y = 8  y = 8− x
x + y = 10  y = 10 − x
x(0.10) + y (0.20) + 2(0.50) = 10(0.25)
x(0.20) + y (0.50) = 10(0.25)
0.10 x + 0.20(8 − x) + 1 = 2.5
x(0.20) + (10 − x)(0.50) = 10(0.25)
0.10 x + 1.6 − 0.20 x + 1 = 2.5
−0.10 x = −0.1 x(0.20) + 5 − 0.50 x = 2.5
x = 1 liter of 10% solution −0.30 x = −2.5
y = 7 liters of 20% solution x = 8 13 liters of 20% solution
Given: 2 liters of 50% solution y = 1 23 liters of 50% solution
(c) To use as much of the 50% solution as possible, the chemist should use no 20% solution.
Let x = amount of 10% solution.
Let y = amount of 50% solution.
x + y = 10  y = 10 − x
x(0.10) + y(0.50) = 10(0.25)
0.10 x + 0.50(10 − x) = 2.5
0.10 x + 5 − 0.50 x = 2.5
−0.40 x = −2.5
x = 6 14 liters of 10% solution
y = 3 34 liters of 50% solution
65.  I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0 Equation 1 66. t1 − 2t2 = 0

 
3I1 + 2 I 2 = 7 Equation 2 t1 − 2a = 128  2t2 − 2a = 128
  t + a = 32  −2t2 − 2a = −64
 2I 2 + 4I3 = 8 Equation 3  2
− 4a = 64
 I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0
 a = −16
 5I 2 − 3I 3 = 7 (−3)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 t2 = 48
 2 I2 + 4I3 = 8
t1 = 96
I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0 So, t1 = 96 pounds

 10 I 2 − 6 I 3 = 14 2Eq.2 t2 = 48 pounds

 10 I 2 + 20 I 3 = 40 5Eq.3 a = −16 feet per second squared.
I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0

 10 I 2 − 6 I 3 = 14

 26 I 3 = 26 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.3
26 I 3 = 26  I 3 = 1
10 I 2 − 6(1) = 14  I 2 = 2
I1 − 2 + 1 = 0  I1 = 1
Solution: I1 = 1, I 2 = 2, I 3 = 1
67.  4c + 9b + 29a = 20

 9c + 29b + 99a = 70
29c + 99b + 353a = 254

 9c + 29b + 99a = 70 Interchange equations.

 4c + 9b + 29a = 20
29c + 99b + 353a = 254

 c + 11b + 41a = 30 −2Eq.2 + Eq.1

 −35b − 135a = −100 −4Eq.1 + Eq.2
 −220b − 836a = −616 −29Eq.1 + Eq.3

 c + 11b + 41a = 30

 1540b + 5940a = 4400 −44Eq.2
 −1540b − 5852a = −4312 7Eq.3

 c + 11b + 41a = 30

 1540b + 5940a = 4400

 88a = 88 Eq.2 + Eq.3
88a = 88  a = 1
1540b + 5940(1) = 4400  b = −1
c + 11( −1) + 41(1) = 30  c = 0
Least squares regression parabola: y = x 2 − x
68.  4c + 40a = 19

 40b = −12
40c + 544a = 160

 4c + 40a = 19

 40b = −12
 144 a = −30 −10Eq.1 + Eq.3

5
144a = −30  a = − 24
3
40b = −12  b = − 10
5
4c + 40 − 24 = ( ) 19  c = 41
6
Least squares regression parabola:

5 2 3 41
y = − 24 x − 10
x + 6
69. (a)  5c + 250b + 13,500a = 923


 250c + 13,500b + 775,000 a = 52,170
13,500c + 775,000b + 46,590,000a = 3,101,300

5c + 250b + 13,500a = 923


 1000b + 100,000a = 6020 ( − 50)Eq. 1 + Eq. 2

 100,000b + 10,140,000 a = 609,200 (− 2700)Eq. 1 + (3)Eq. 3
5c + 250b + 13,500a = 923

 1000b + 100,000a = 6020

 140,000a = 7200 ( −100)Eq. 2 + Eq. 3
140,000a = 7200  a ≈ 0.0514

1000b + 100,000(0.0514) = 6020  b ≈ 0.8771
5c + 250(0.8771) + 13,500(0.0514) = 923  c ≈ 1.8857
Least-squares regression parabola: y = 0.0514 x 2 + 0.8771x + 1.8857

350
(b)
20 80
50
The model fits the data well.
(c) When x = 75, y = 0.0514(75) + 0.8771(75) + 1.8857 ≈ 356 feet.

2
70. (a)  4c + 520b + 69,600a = 228


 520c + 69,600b + 9,568,000a = 28,160
69,600c + 9,568,000b + 1,346,880,000a = 3,575,200

4c + 520b + 69,600a = 228

 2000b + 520,000a = −1480 (−130)Eq. 1 + Eq. 2

 520,000b + 135,840,000 a = − 392,000 (−17400)Eq. 1 + Eq. 3
4c + 520b + 69,600a = 228

 2000b + 520,000a = −1480

 640,000 = − 7200 (− 260)Eq. 2 + Eq. 3
640,000a = − 7200  a = − 0.01125

2000b + 520,000( − 0.01125) = −1480  b = 2.185
4c + 520( 2.185) + 69,600( − 0.01125) = 228  c = − 31.3
Least squares regression parabola: y = − 0.01125 x 2 − 31.3

(b) 80
(c) Let x = 170 and find y.
y = − 0.01125(170) + 2.185(170) − 31.3 ≈ 15.025%

2
The percent of females that had offspring when there were 170 females
90
20
170 was approximately 15.025%.
The model fits the data well.
(d) Let y = 42 and solve for x.
40 = − 0.01125 x 2 + 2.185 − 31.3
2
0.01125 x − 2.185 x + 71.3 = 0
x ≈ 153 females
71.  2 x − 2 xλ = 0  2 x(1 − λ ) = 0  λ = 1 or x = 0

−2 y + λ = 0
 2
 y − x = 0
1
If λ = 1: 2 y = λ  y =
2
1 2
x2 = y  x = ± = ±
2 2
If x = 0: x 2 = y  y = 0
2y = λ  λ = 0
2
Solution: x = ± or x = 0
2
1
y = y = 0
2
λ =1 λ = 0
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 595
72. 2 + 2 y + 2λ = 0

2 x + 1 + λ = 0  λ = −2 x − 1
2 x + y − 100 = 0

2 + 2 y + 2( −2 x − 1) = 0  −4 x + 2 y = 0  −4 x + 2 y = 0
2 x + y − 100 = 0  2 x + y = 100  4 x + 2 y = 200
4 y = 200
y = 50
x = 25
λ = −2( 25) − 1 = −51
73. False. For example, refer to Example 6 on page 655, 74. True. If a system of three linear equations is inconsistent,
then no ordered triple satisfies all equations.
 x − 2y + z = 2

2 x − y − z = 1 75. No, they are not equivalent. There are two arithmetic
errors. The constant in the second equation should be
has the solution set of all ordered triples of the form
−11 and the coefficient of z in the third equation should
( a, a − 1, a ) where a is a real number. Therefore, it is be 2.
not an unique solution.
76. When x = 3, y = 3: 3 = a(3) + b(3) + c  9a + 3b + c = 3

2
When x = 4, y = 6: 6 = a( 4) + b( 4) + c  16a + 4b + c = 6
2
When x = 5, y = 10: 10 = a(5) + b(5) + c  25a + 5b + c = 10

2
The system of linear equations is as follows.

 9a + 3b + c = 3

16a + 4b + c = 6
25a + 5b + c = 10

77. Answers will vary. Sample answer: 79. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
 x + y + z = 1  2x + y + z = − 2
 
(2, 0, −1) is a solution to  3x + y + z = 5 ( 1,
2 )
− 3, 0 is a solution to  4 x + y + z = −1
− x + 2 y + 3 z = − 5 − 2 x + 2 y + 3 z = − 7
 
78. Answers will vary. Sample answer: 80. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
 x + y + z = −4  x + 5 y + 2z = 7
 
(− 5, 3, − 2) is a solution to 2 x + y + z = − 9 (4, 2 1
,
5 2 ) is a solution to  x − 5 y + 2 z = 3
 x + 2 y + z = −1 − x + 10 y − 4 z = − 2
 
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions

1. partial fraction decomposition 3x − 1 A B C
6. = + 2 +
x 2 ( x − 4) x x x − 4
2. improper
Matches (c).
3. partial fraction
3x − 1 A Bx + C
4. basic equation 7. = + 2
x( x 2 + 4) x x + 4
3x − 1 A B Matches (d).
5. = +
x( x − 4) x x − 4
Matches (b).
3x − 1 3x − 1 3 A B
8. = 18. = +
x ( x − 4)
2
x( x − 2)( x + 2) x 2 − 3x x −3 x
3 = Ax + B ( x − 3)
A B C
= + +
x x − 2 x + 2 Let x = 3: 3 = 3 A  A = 1
Matches (a). Let x = 0: 3 = −3B  B = −1
3 3 A B 3 1 1
9. = = + = −
x2 − 2x x ( x − 2) x x − 2 x 2 − 3x x −3 x
x − 2 x − 2 A B 3 A B
10. = = + 19. = +
2
x + 4x + 3 ( x + 3)( x + 1) x + 3 x + 1 x2 + x − 2 x −1 x + 2
3 = A( x + 2) + B ( x − 1)
6x + 5 6x + 5 Let x = 1: 3 = 3 A  A = 1
11. =
( x + 2) 4
( x + 2)( 2)( x + 2)( x + 2)
x +
Let x = −2: 3 = −3B  B = −1
A B C D
= + + + 3 1 1
x + 2 ( x + 2)2 ( x + 2)3 ( x + 2)4 = −
x2 + x − 2 x −1 x + 2
5x2 + 3 A B C D x +1 A B
12. = + 2 + + 20. = +
x ( x − 4) x − 4 ( x − 4)2
2
2 x x x2 − x − 6 x −3 x + 2
x + 1 = A( x + 2) + B ( x − 3)
2x − 3 2x − 3 A Bx + C
13. = = + 2 4
x3 + 10 x x( x 2 + 10) x x + 10 Let x = 3: 4 = 5 A  A =
5
x −1 A Bx + C Dx + E 1
14. = + 2 + Let x = −2: −1 = −5 B  B =
5
x( x 2 + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2
x x +1
x +1 1 4 1 
=  + 
8x A B Cx + D Ex + F x2 − x − 6 5 x − 3 x + 2
15. = + 2 + 2 +
x ( x + 3) ( x 2 + 3)
2 2
2 2 x x x + 3
1 A B
21. = +
x2 − 1 x +1 x −1
x2 − 9 A B C Dx + E Fx + G 1 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 1)
16. = + 2 + 3 + 2 +
x ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
2 2
2 2 x x x x +2
1
Let x = −1: 1 = −2 A  A = −
2
1 A B
17. = + 1
x2 + x x x +1 Let x = 1: 1 = 2 B  B =
1 = A( x + 1) + Bx 2
1 12 12 1 1 1 
Let x = 0: 1 = A = − =  − 
x2 − 1 x −1 x +1 2  x − 1 x + 1
Let x = −1: 1 = − B  B = −1
1 1 1 1 A B
= − 22. = +
x2 + x x x +1 4 x2 − 9 2x + 3 2x − 3
1 = A( 2 x − 3) + B ( 2 x + 3)
3 1
Let x = − : 1 = −6 A  A = −
2 6
3 1
Let x = : 1 = 6B  B =
2 6
1 1 1 1 
=  − 
4 x2 − 9 6 2x − 3 2x + 3 
x 2 + 12 x + 12 A B C
23. = + +
x3 − 4 x x x + 2 x − 2
x 2 + 12 x + 12 = A( x + 2)( x − 2) + Bx( x − 2) + Cx( x + 2)
Let x = 0: 12 = −4 A  A = −3
Let x = −2: −8 = 8B  B = −1
Let x = 2: 40 = 8C  C = 5
x 2 + 12 x + 12 3 1 5
= − − +
x3 − 4 x x x + 2 x − 2
x + 2 A B C
24. = + +
x( x − 9)
2
x x +3 x −3
x + 2 = A( x + 3)( x − 3) + B( x)( x − 3) + C ( x)( x + 3)
2
Let x = 0: 2 = −9 A  A = −
9
5
Let x = 3: 5 = 18C  C =
18
1
Let x = −3: −1 = 18 B  B = −
18
x + 2 1 4 1 5 
= − − + 
x( x 2 − 9) 18  x x +3 x − 3
3x A B 4 x2 + 2x − 1 A B C
25. = + 27. = + 2 +
(x − 3) x − 3 ( x − 3)2 x 2 ( x + 1)
2
x x x +1
3 x = A( x − 3) + B 4 x 2 + 2 x − 1 = Ax( x + 1) + B( x + 1) + Cx 2
Let x = 3: 9 = B Let x = 0: −1 = B
Let x = 0: 0 = −3 A + B Let x = −1: 1 = C
0 = −3 A + 9 Let x = 1: 5 = 2 A + 2 B + C
3 = A 5 = 2A − 2 + 1
3x 3 9 6 = 2A
= +
(x − 3) x − 3 ( x − 3)2
2
3 = A
4 x2 + 2 x − 1 3 1 1
2x − 3 A B = − 2 +
26. = + x 2 ( x + 1) x x x +1
(x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2
2 x − 3 = A( x − 1) + B
Let x = 1: −1 = B
Let x = 0: −3 = − A + B
−3 = − A − 1
2 = A
2x − 3 2 1
= −
(x − 1)
2
x − 1 ( x − 1)2
6 x2 + 1 A B C D
28. = + 2 + +
x ( x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2
2 x x
6 x 2 + 1 = Ax( x − 1) + B( x − 1) + Cx 2 ( x − 1) + Dx 2
2 2
Let x = 0: 1 = B
Let x = 1: 7 = D
Substitute B and D into the equation, expand the binomials, collect like terms, and equate the coefficients of like terms.
−2 x 2 + 2 x = ( A + C ) x3 + ( −2 A − C ) x 2 + Ax
A = 2
−2 A − C = −2  C = −2 or
A + C = 0  C = −2
6x2 + 1 2 1 2 7
= + 2 − +
x ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2
2 x x x − 1
x2 + 2 x + 3 A Bx + C 2x A Bx + C
29. = + 2 30. = + 2
x3 + x x x +1 x3 − 1 x −1 x + x +1
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x) 2 x = A( x 2 + x + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = x 2 ( A + B ) + Cx + A 2 x = ( A + B) x 2 + ( A − B + C ) x + ( A − C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = 0,
A − B + C = 2 and A − C = 0.
A + B = 1, C = 2, and A = 3.
Let x = 1:
So, A = 3, B = −2, and C = 2. 2
3A = 2  A =
2
x + 2x + 3 3 2x − 2 3
= − 2
x3 + x x x +1 2 2
A − C = 0  − C = 0  C =
3 3
2 2
A + B = 0  + B = 0  B = −
3 3
2x 2 1 x −1 
=  − 
x3 − 1 3  x − 1 x2 + x + 1
x x A Bx + C
31. = = +
x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 ( x − 1)( x 2 − 2) x − 1 x 2 − 2
x = A( x 2 − 2) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
= Ax 2 − 2 A + Bx 2 − Bx + Cx − C
= ( A + B ) x 2 + (C − B ) x − ( 2 A + C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0 = A + B, 1 = C − B, and 0 = 2 A + C . So, A = −1, B = 1, and C = 2.
x 1 x + 2
= − + 2
x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 x −1 x − 2
x + 6 x + 6 A B C
32. = = + +
x3 − 3x 2 − 4 x + 12 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )( x − 3) x + 2 x − 2 x −3
x + 6 = A( x − 2)( x − 3) + B( x + 2)( x − 3) + C ( x + 2)( x − 2)
9
Let x = 3: 9 = 5C  = C
5
1
Let x = −2: 4 = 20 A  = A
5
Let x = 2: 8 = −4B  −2 = B
1 9
x + 6 5 −2 1 1 10 9 
= + + 5 =  − + 
x3 − 3 x 2 − 4 x + 12 x + 2 x − 2 x −3 5 x + 2 x − 2 x − 3
x x x A B Cx + D
33. = = = + +
4
16 x − 1 (4 x 2
− 1)( 4 x + 1)
2
(2 x + 1)( 2 x − 1)( 4 x + 1)
2
2 x + 1 2x − 1 4x2 + 1
x = A( 2 x − 1)( 4 x + 1) + B( 2 x + 1)( 4 x 2 + 1) + (Cx + D)( 2 x + 1)( 2 x − 1)

2
= A(8 x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 1) + B(8 x3 + 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1) + (Cx + D)( 4 x 2 − 1)

= 8 Ax3 − 4 Ax 2 + 2 Ax − A + 8 Bx3 + 4 Bx 2 + 2 Bx + B + 4Cx3 + 4 Dx 2 − Cx − D
= (8 A + 8 B + 4C ) x3 + ( −4 A + 4 B + 4 D) x 2 + ( 2 A + 2 B − C ) x + ( − A + B − D)
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0 = 8 A + 8B + 4C , 0 = −4 A + 4B + 4D, 1 = 2 A + 2B − C, and
0 = − A + B − D.
1
Using the first and third equations, 2 A + 2 B + C = 0 and 2 A + 2 B − C = 1; by subtraction, 2C = −1, so C = − .
2
Using the second and fourth equations, − A + B + D = 0 and − A + B − D = 0; by subtraction 2 D = 0, so D = 0.
1 1 1
Substituting − for C and 0 for D in the first and second equations, 8 A + 8 B = 2 and −4 A + 4 B = 0, so A = and B = .
2 8 8
1 1  1
x − x 1 1 x 1 1 1 4x 
= 8 + 8 +  2 = + − =  + − 
4
16 x − 1 2x + 1 2x − 1 4x + 1 2
8( 2 x + 1) 8( 2 x − 1) 2( 4 x + 1)
2 2
8 2 x + 1 2 x − 1 4 x + 1
3 3 3 A B Cx + D
34. = = = + + 2
x4 + x x( x 3 + 1) x( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) x x +1 x − x +1
3 = A( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) + B( x)( x 2 − x + 1) + (Cx + D)( x)( x + 1)

Let x = 0: A = 3
Let x = −1: −3B = 3  B = −1
Let x = 1: C + D = −1
Let x = 2: 2C + D = −3  D = 1, C = −2
3 3 1 2x − 1
= − − 2
x4 + x x x +1 x − x +1
x2 + 5 A Bx + C
35. = +
( x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x 2 − 2 x + 3
x 2 + 5 = A( x 2 − 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) = Ax 2 − 2 Ax + 3 A + Bx 2 + Bx + Cx + C
= ( A + B ) x 2 + ( −2 A + B + C ) x + (3 A + C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 = A + B, 0 = −2 A + B + C, and 5 = 3 A + C.
Subtracting both sides of the second equation from the first gives 1 = 3 A − C ; combining this with the third equation gives
A = 1 and C = 2. Because A + B = 1, B = 0.
x2 + 5 1 2
= + 2
(x + 1)( x − 2 x + 3)
2
x + 1 x − 2x + 3
x2 − 4x + 7 A Bx + C
36. = +
( x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x 2 − 2 x + 3
x 2 − 4 x + 7 = A( x 2 − 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) = Ax 2 − 2 Ax + 3 A + Bx 2 + Bx + Cx + C
= ( A + B ) x 2 + ( −2 A + B + C ) x + (3 A + C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 = A + B, − 4 = −2 A + B + C, and 7 = 3 A + C.
Adding the second and third equations, and subtracting the first, gives 2 = 2C , so C = 1. So, A = 2, B = −1, and C = 1.
x2 − 4 x + 7 2 x −1
= −
(x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x2 − 2x + 3
2x2 + x + 8 Ax + B Cx + D 3x 2 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D
37. = + 38. = +
( x2 + 4) ( x 2 + 4) ( x2 + 2) ( x2 + 2)
2 2 2 2
x2 + 4 x2 + 2
2 x 2 + x + 8 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 4) + Cx + D 3 x 2 + 1 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 2) + Cx + D
2 x 2 + x + 8 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( 4 A + C ) x + ( 4 B + D) 3 x 2 + 1 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( 2 A + C ) x + ( 2 B + D)
Equating coefficients of like terms gives Equating coefficients of like terms gives
0 = A
0 = A
2 = B
3 = B
1 = 4A + C  C = 1
0 = 2A + C  C = 0
8 = 4B + D  D = 0
1 = 2B + D  D = − 5
2x2 + x + 8 2 x
= +
3x 2 + 1
(x + 4) ( x + 4) 3 5
2 2
2 x2 + 4 2
= −
(x + 4) x 2 + 2 ( x 2 + 2) 2
2
2
5x2 − 2 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
39. = + +
(x + 3) ( x + 3) ( x2 + 3)
3 2 2 3
2 x +3 2
5 x 2 − 2 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 3) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 3) + Ex + F
2
= Ax5 + 6 Ax3 + 9 Ax + Bx 4 + 6 Bx 2 + 9 B + Cx3 + 3Cx + Dx 2 + 3D + F + Ex

= Ax5 + Bx 4 + (6 A + C ) x3 + (6 B + D) x 2 + (9 A + 3C + E ) x + (9 B + 3D + F )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives
0 = A
0 = B
0 = 6A + C  C = 0
5 = 6B + D  D = 5
0 = 9 A + 3C + E  E = 0
− 2 = 9 B + 3D + F  F = −17
5x2 − 2 5 17
= −
(x + 3) (x + 3) (x + 3)
3 2 3
2 2 2
x2 − 4x + 6 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
40. = + +
(x + 4) ( x + 4) ( x 2 + 4)
3 2 3
2 x2 + 4 2
x 2 − 4 x + 6 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 4) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 4) + Ex + F

2
= Ax5 + 8 Ax3 + 16 Ax + Bx 4 + 8Bx 2 + 16 B + Cx3 + 4Cx + Dx 2 + 4 D + F + Ex

= Ax5 + Bx 4 + (8 A + C ) x3 + (8B + D) x 2 + (16 A + 4C + E ) x + (16 B + 4 D + F )
0 = A
0 = B
0 = 8A + C  C = 0
1 = 8B + D  D = 1
− 4 = 16 A + 4C + E  E = − 4
6 = 16 B + 4 D + F  F = 2
2
x − 4x + 6 1 − 4x + 2 1 4x − 2
= + = −
(x + 4) (x + 4) (x + 4) (x + 4) ( x2 + 4)
3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2
8 x − 12 A B Cx + D Ey + F
41. = + 2 + 2 +
x ( x + 2) ( x2 + 2)
2 2
2 2 x x x + 2
8 x − 12 = Ax( x 2 + 2) + B( x 2 + 2) + (Cx + D) x 2 ( x 2 + 2) + ( Ex + F ) x 2
2 2
= Ax5 + 4 Ax3 + 4 Ax + Bx 4 + 4 Bx 2 + 4 B + Cx5 + 2Cx3 + Dx 4 + 2 Dx 2 + Ex3 + Fx 2

= ( A + C ) x5 + ( B + D) x 4 + ( 4 A + 2C + E ) x3 + ( 4 B + 2 D + F ) x 2 + 4 Ax + 4 B
A + C = 0,
B + D = 0,
4 A + 2C + E = 0,
4 B + 2 D + F = 0,
4 A = 8, and
4 B = −12.
So, A = 2, B = − 3, C = − 2, D = 3, E = − 4, and F = 6.
8 x − 12 2 −3 − 2x + 3 − 4x + 6
= + 2 + 2 +
x ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
2 2
2 2 x x x + 2
x +1 A B C Dx + E Fx + G
42. = + 2 + 3 + 2 +
x ( x + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2
3 2 x x x x +1
x + 1 = Ax 2 ( x 2 + 1) + Bx( x 2 + 1) + C ( x 2 + 1) + ( Dx + E ) x3 ( x 2 + 1) + ( Fx + G ) x3
2 2 2
= Ax 6 + 2 Ax 4 + Ax 2 + Bx5 + 2 Bx3 + Bx + Cx 4 + 2Cx 2 + C + Dx 6 + Dx 4 + Ex5 + + Ex3 + Fx 4 + Gx3

= ( A + D) x 6 + ( B + E ) x5 + ( 2 A + D + C + F ) x 4 + ( 2 B + E + G ) x3 + ( A + 2C ) x 2 + Bx + C
A + D = 0,
B + E = 0,
2 A + D + C + F = 0,
2 B + E + G = 0,
A + 2C = 0,
B = 1, and
C = 1.
So, A = − 2, B = 1, C = 1, D = 2, E = −1, F = 1, and G = −1.
x +1 2 1 1 2x − 1 x −1
= − + 2 + 3 + 2 +
x ( x + 1) x + 1 ( x 2 + 1) 2
2
3 2 x x x
x2 − x −2 x − 1 2x + 1 2 x3 − x 2 + x + 5 18 x + 19
43. = 1+ 2 = 1− 2 45. = 2x − 7 +
2
x + x +1 x + x +1 x + x +1 x 2 + 3x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
18 x + 19 A B
x2 − 4x = +
44.
x2 + x + 6
(x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x + 2
Using long division gives 18 x + 19 = A( x + 2) + B( x + 1)

x2 − 4 x 5x + 6 Let x = −1: 1 = A
2
= 1− 2 .
x + x + 6 x + x + 6
Let x = −2: −17 = − B  B = 17
2 x3 − x 2 + x + 5 1 17
2
= 2x − 7 + +
x + 3x + 2 x +1 x + 2
x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 1 6x − 3 6x − 3
46. = x −1+ 2 = x −1+
x 2 + 3x − 4 x + 3x − 4 ( x + 4)( x − 1)
6x − 3 A B
= +
(x + 4)( x − 1) x + 4 x −1
6 x − 3 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 4)
27
Let x = − 4: − 27 = − 5 A  A =
5
3
Let x = 1: 3 = 5B  B =
5
 27 3 
x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 1  5 5  1  27 3 
2
= x −1+  +  = x −1+  + 
x + x −
3 4  x + 4 x − 
1 5 x + 4 x − 1

 
x4 x4 6x2 − 8x + 3
47. = = x +3+
(x − 1) ( x − 1)
3 3 2 3
x − 3x + 3x − 1
2
6x − 8x + 3 A B C
= + +
(x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
3 2 3
6 x 2 − 8 x + 3 = A( x − 1) + B( x − 1) + C
2
Let x = 1: 1 = C
Let x = 0: 3 = A − B + 1 A − B = 2

Let x = 2: 11 = A + B + 1 A + B = 10
So, A = 6 and B = 4.
x4 6 4 1
= x +3+ + +
(x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)
3 3
16 x 4 16 x 4 24 x 2 − 16 x + 3
48. = = 2x + 3 +
(2 x − 1) (2 x − 1)
3 3 2 3
8 x − 12 x + 6 x − 1
2
24 x − 16 x + 3 A B C
= + +
(2 x − 1) 2 x − 1 ( 2 x − 1) (2 x − 1)
3 2 3
24 x 2 − 16 x + 3 = A( 2 x − 1) + B( 2 x − 1) + C
2
1
Let x = :1 = C
2
24 x 2 − 16 x + 3 = 4 Ax 2 − 4 Ax + A + 2Bx − B + 1
24 x 2 − 16 x + 3 = 4 Ax 2 + ( −4 A + 2 B) x + ( A − B + 1)
6 = A, 3 = A − B + 1
3 = 6 − B + 1
4 = B.
4
16 x 6 4 1
= 2x + 3 + + +
(2 x − 1) 2 x − 1 ( 2 x − 1)2 (2 x − 1)
3 3
x 4 + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 2 3x 2 + 8 x + 2 3x 2 + 8 x + 2
49. = x + 3 = x +
x( x + 1)
3 2 2 2
x + 2x + x x + 2x + x
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 A B C
= + +
x( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1)2
2
x
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 = A( x + 1) + B( x)( x + 1) + C ( x)
2
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 = Ax 2 + 2 Ax + A + Bx 2 + Bx + Cx
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 = ( A + B) x 2 + ( 2 A + B + C ) x + A
Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = 3, 2 A + B + C = 8, and A = 2.
So, A = 2, B = 1, and C = 3.
x 4 + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 2 2 1 3
= x + + +
3 2
x + 2x + x x x + 1 ( x + 1)2
2 x 4 + 8 x3 + 7 x 2 − 7 x − 12 − x 2 − 7 x − 12 − x 2 − 7 x − 12
50. = 2x + 3 = 2x +
x( x + 2)
3 2 2 2
x + 4x + 4x x + 4x + 4x
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 A B C
= + +
x( x + 2) x + 2 ( x + 2)2
2
x
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 = A( x + 2) + B( x)( x + 2) + Cx
2
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 = Ax 2 + 4 Ax + 4 A + Bx 2 + 2 Bx + Cx
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 = ( A + B) x 2 + ( 4 A + 2 B + C ) x + 4 A
4 A = −12  A = −3
A + B = −1  −3 + B = −1  B = 2
4 A + 2 B + C = −7  −12 + 4 + C = −7  C = 1.
2 x 4 + 8 x3 + 7 x 2 − 7 x − 12 3 2 1
= 2x − + +
x3 + 4 x 2 + 4 x x x + 2 ( x + 2)2
5− x A B 4x2 − 1 A B C
51. 2
= + 52. = + +
2x + x − 1 2x − 1 x +1 2 x( x + 1)
2
2x x + 1 ( x + 1)2
− x + 5 = A( x + 1) + B ( 2 x − 1)
4 x 2 − 1 = A( x + 1) + 2 Bx( x + 1) + 2Cx
2
1 9 3
Let x = : = A  A = 3 Let x = 0: −1 = A
2 2 2
Let x = −1: 6 = −3B  B = −2 3
Let x = −1: 3 = −2C  C = −
2
5− x 3 2
= − Let x = 1: 3 = 4 A + 4 B + 2C
2 x2 + x − 1 2x − 1 x +1
2
3 = −4 + 4 B − 3
5
−6 6 = B
2
4x2 − 1 1 1 5 3 
= − + − 
2 x( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1)2 
2
2 x
−6
 
4
−6 6
−4
3x 2 − 7 x − 2 A B C x2 + x + 2 Ax + B Cx + D
53. = + + 55. = +
( x 2 + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
3 2 2
x − x x x +1 x −1 x2 + 2
3x 2 − 7 x − 2 = A( x 2 − 1) + Bx( x − 1) + Cx( x + 1)
x 2 + x + 2 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 2) + Cx + D
Let x = 0: −2 = − A  A = 2
x 2 + x + 2 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( 2 A + C ) x + ( 2 B + D)
Let x = −1: 8 = 2B  B = 4
Let x = 1: −6 = 2C  C = −3
0 = A
3x 2 − 7 x − 2 2 4 3 1 = B
= + −
x3 − x x x +1 x −1
1 = 2A + C  C = 1
4
2 = 2B + D  D = 0
x2 + x + 2 1 x
−6 6 = +
(x + 2) ( x + 2)
2 2
2 x2 + 2 2
−4 2
3x + 6 3x + 6 A Bx + C
54. = = + 2 −3 3
x3 + 2 x x( x 2 + 2) x x + 2
3 x + 6 = A( x 2 + 2) + ( Bx + C ) x −2
3 x + 6 = Ax 2 + 2 A + Bx 2 + Cx
3 x + 6 = ( A + B ) x 2 + Cx + 2 A
2A = 6  A = 3
C = 3
A + B = 0  B = −3
3x + 6 3x + 6 3 − 3x + 3 3 3x − 3
= = + 2 = − 2
x3 + 2 x x( x 2 + 2) x x +2 x x +2
4
−6 6
−4
x3 A B C D
56. = + + +
(x + 2) ( x − 2) ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
2 2 2 2
x + 2 x − 2
x 3 = A( x + 2)( x − 2) + B( x − 2) + C ( x + 2) ( x − 2) + D( x + 2)
2 2 2 2
1
Let x = −2: −8 = 16 B  B = −
2
1
Let x = 2: 8 = 16 D  D =
2
1 1
x 3 = A( x + 2)( x − 2) − ( x − 2) + C ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) + ( x + 2 )
2 2 2 2
2 2
x 3 − 4 x = ( A + C ) x 3 + ( −2 A + 2C ) x 2 + ( −4 A − 4C ) x + (8 A − 8C )
0 = −2 A + 2C  A = C
1= A+C
1 1
1 = 2A  A =  C =
2 2
x3 1 1 1 1 1 
=  − + + 
(x + 2) ( x − 2) 2  x + 2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2) 
2 2 2
x − 2

4
−6 6
−4
2 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 15 x + 5 x +5 x3 − x + 3 2x + 1
57. = 2x + 58. = x −1+
x2 − 2 x − 8 ( x + 2)( x − 4) x2 + x − 2 ( x + 2)( x − 1)
x +5 A B 2x + 1 A B
= + = +
(x + 2)( x − 4) x + 2 x − 4 (x + 2)( x − 1) x + 2 x −1
x + 5 = A( x − 4) + B( x + 2) 2 x + 1 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 2)
1 Let x = −2: −3 = −3 A  A = 1
Let x = −2: 3 = −6 A  A = −
2 Let x = 1: 3 = 3B  B = 1
3
Let x = 4: 9 = 6 B  B = x3 − x + 3 1 1
2 = x −1+ +
x2 + x − 2 x + 2 x −1
2 x3 − 4 x 2 − 15 x + 5 1 3 1 
= 2x +  −  5
x2 − 2x − 8 2 x − 4 x + 2
20 −9 9
−6 6
−7
−20
120 p 120 p A B
59. C = = = +
10,000 − p 2
(100 + p)(100 − p) 100 + p 100 − p
120 p = A(100 − p ) + B(100 + p )
Let p = 100: 200 B = 12,000
B = 60
Let p = −100: 200 A = −12,000
A = − 60
120 p 60 60
C = = − +
10,000 − p 2 100 + p 100 − p
120 p 60 60
Let y1 = and y2 = − + .
10,000 − p 2 100 + p 100 − p
5000( 4 − 3 x)
60. R =
(11 − 7 x)(7 − 4 x)
5000( 4 − 3 x) A B 1800
(a) = + (c)
(11 − 7 x)(7 − 4 x) 11 − 7 x 7 − 4 x Ymax
5000( 4 − 3 x) = A(7 − 4 x) + B(11 − 7 x)

Ymin
20,000 − 15,000 x = 7 A − 4 Ax + 11B − 7 Bx
0 1
−15,000 x + 20,000 = ( −4 A − 7 B) x + (7 A + 11B) 200
−4 A − 7 B = −15,000

 7 A + 11B = 20,000 5000 5000 2
(d) Min = = = 666 °F
 B = 5000, A = −5000 11 − 7 x 11 − 7(0.5) 3
5000( 4 − 3 x) 5000 5000 5000 5000

= − ,0 < x ≤1 Max = = = 1000°F
(11 − 7 x)(7 − 4 x) 7 − 4 x 11 − 7 x 7 − 4x 7 − 4(0.5)
5000
(b) Ymin =
11 − 7 x
5000
Ymax =
7 − 4x
61. False. The partial fraction decomposition is
A B C
+ + .
x + 10 x − 10 ( x − 10)2
62. True. The expression is an improper rational expression.
63. False. The degrees could be equal. For example,

x2 + x + 2 1 x
Exercises #55: = 2 + .
( x + 2) ( x + 2)
2 2
2 x + 2 2
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 607
x − 12 3 2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
64. (a) y = y = , y = − 65. The expression is improper, = 2 so first
x ( x − 4) x x − 4 x( x − 1) x − x
y y
divide the denominator into the numerator to obtain
8 8
x2 + 1 x +1 x +1
6 =1+ 2 =1+ .
y = 3x 2
x − x x − x x( x − 1)
4 y=− 2
x−4
2 2
x x Then find the partial fraction decomposition of
−6 − 4 2 8 10 −6 2 8 10
x +1 A B
y=− 2 = +
y = 3x x−4 x( x − 1) x x −1
−8 −8
66. Answers will vary. Sample answer: One way to find the
3 2 constants is to choose values of the variable that eliminate
y = is the light gray graph, y = is the
x x − 4 one or more of the constants in the basic equation so that
x − 12 you can solve for another constant. If necessary, you can
blue graph, and y = is the black graph.
x( x − 4) then use these constants with other chosen values of the
variable to solve for any remaining constants. Another
The vertical asymptotes of the partial fraction
way is to expand the basic equation and collect like terms.
decomposition are the same as the original rational
Then you can equate coefficients of the like terms on each
function.
side of the equation to obtain simple equations involving
2( 4 x − 3) 3 5 the constants. If necessary, you can solve these equations
(b) y = y = ,
x2 − 9 x −3 x +3 using substitution.
y y
8 8
6 6
5 y= 3
4 y= x−3
x+3
x x
−4 4 6 8 −4 2 4 6 8
−4 5 −4 3
y= y=
−6
x+3 −6 x−3
−8 −8
3 5
y = is the light gray graph, y = is
x −3 x + 3
2( 4 x − 3)
the blue graph, and y = is the black
x2 − 9
graph. The vertical asymptotes of the partial fraction
decomposition are the same as the original rational
function.
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities

1. solution 5. y < 5 − x 2
2. graph Using a dashed line, graph y = 5 − x 2 , and shade the
region inside the parabola.
3. solution
y
4. solution set 6
4
3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
6. y 2 − x < 0 10. 10 ≥ y
Using a dashed line, graph the parabola y 2 − x = 0, Using a solid line, graph the horizontal line y = 10, and
shade below the line.
and shade the region inside this parabola. (Use (1, 0) as
y
a test point.)
14
y
12
3
8
2
6
1 4
x 2
−1 1 2 3 4 5
x
−1 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−2
−3
11. y < 2 − x
7. x ≥ 6 Using a dashed line, graph y = 2 − x, and then shade
Using a solid line, graph the vertical line x = 6, and below the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
shade to the right of this line. y
y
4
6 3
4 2
2 1
x x
−2 2 4 1 8 10 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2
−4 −2
−6
12. y > 4 x − 3
8. x < −4
Using a dashed line, graph y = 4 x − 3, and then shade
Using a dashed line, graph the vertical line x = −4, and above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
shade to the left of this line.
y
y
2
4
1
3
x
2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
1
−2
x
−7 −6 −5 −3 −2 −1 1 −3
−1
−2
−3
−4
13. 2 y − x ≥ 4
9. y > −7
Using a dashed line, graph the horizontal line y = −7, Using a solid line, graph 2 y − x = 4, and then shade
and shade above the line. above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
y y
2 4
x 3
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4 1
−6 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
−8
−10 −2
14. 5 x + 3 y ≥ −15 2
17. y > − 2
Using a solid line, graph 5 x + 3 y = −15, and shade x +1
above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.) 2
Using a solid line, graph y = − . Use (0, 0) as a
2
y x +1
test point. Then shade above the curve.
2
y
x
5
−6 −4 2 4
4
3
2
1
−6 x
−5 −4 −3 3 4 5
−8 −2
−3
−4
−5
15. x 2 + ( y − 3) < 4
2
3
18. y ≤ 2
Using a dashed line, sketch the circle x + x +1
x 2 + ( y − 3) = 4.
2
3
Using a dashed line, graph y = . Use (0, 0)
Center: (0, 3) x2 + x + 1
as a test point. Then shade below the curve.
Radius: 2 y
Test point: (0, 0) 8

7
6
Shade the inside of the circle. 5
y
3
7
2
6 1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4
−2
3
2 19. y ≥ − ln ( x − 1)
5
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
(x + 2) + y 2 > 9
2 −2 8
16.
Using a dashed line, graph the circle
−5
(x + 2) + y 2 = 9 and shade the exterior.

2
20. y < ln ( x + 3) − 1
Center: ( − 2, 0)
4
Radius: 3
Test point: (0, 0) −5 5
Shade outside of the circle.

y −6
5
4 21. y < 2 x
2 6
1
x
−7 −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3
−2
−5 5
−4
−5 −2
22. y ≤ 3− x − 2 28. The parabola through ( −2, 0), (0, − 4), ( 2, 0) is

4 y = x 2 − 4. The shaded region inside the parabola
gives y ≥ x 2 − 4.
−4 6
29. The line through (0, 2) and (3, 0) is y = − 23 x + 2.
−4
The shaded region above the line gives y ≥ − 23 x + 2.
30. The circle shown is x 2 + y 2 = 5. The shaded region

23. y ≤ 2 − 15 x
inside the circle gives x 2 + y 2 < 25.
6
y
31.  x + y ≤ 1
 3
− x + y ≤ 1
−5 5
 y ≥ 0
 2
−2
First, find the points of (0, 1)
24. y > − 2.4 x + 3.3 intersection of each pair (−1, 0) (1, 0)

x
6
of equations. −2 1 2
−1
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

−4 6
x + y =1 x + y =1 −x + y = 1
−2
−x + y = 1 y = 0 y = 0
25. 2y
3
2
+ 2x − 5 ≥ 0 (0, 1) (1, 0) (−1, 0)
2y ≥ 5 − 2 x2 y
3 32. 3 x + 4 y < 12

y ≥ 3
2 (5 − 2 x 2 )  x > 0 4
 (0, 3)
y ≥ 15
− 3x 2  y > 0 3
2
8 First, find the points of 2
intersection of each pair

1
of equations.
(0, 0) (4, 0)
x
1 2 3 4
−6 6
−2
Vertex A Vertex B
26. − 16 x 2 − 2
7
y < − 13 3x + 4 y = 12, x = 0 3 x + 4 y = 12, y = 0
− 72 y < − 13 + 1 x2 4 y = 12 3 x = 12
6
y = 3 x = 4
y < − 72 − 13 + ( 1 x2
6 ) (0, 3) (4, 0)
7 7 2
y < 6
− 12
x Vertex C
4 x = 0, y = 0
−6 6 (0, 0)
−6
27. The line through ( −5, 0) and ( −1, 0) is y = 5 x + 5.

The shaded region below the line gives y < 5 x + 5.
y
33. −3 x + 2 y < 6 35. 2 x + y > 2
 5 
 x − 4 y > −2 6 x + 3 y < 2
 2x + y < 3 3
 The graphs of 2 x + y = 2 and 6 x + 3 y = 2 are
( 109 , 79 (
First, find the points of (−2, 0)
1 parallel lines. The first inequality has the region above
intersection of each pair −3 −1 1 3 4
x the line shaded. The second inequality has the region
of equations. below the line shaded. There are no points that satisfy
−2
both inequalities.
−3
No solution
y
Vertex A Vertex B
−3 x + 2 y = 6 −3x + 2 y = 6 4
x − 4 y = −2 2x + y = 3
(−2, 0) (0, 3) 1
Vertex C −2 −1 2 3 4
x
x − 4 y = −2 −1
−2
2x + y = 3
(109 , 79 ) 36.  x − 2 y < −6


Note that B is not a vertex of the solution region. 5 x − 3 y > −9
y Point of intersection:
34.  x − 7 y > −36
 (6, 6) (0, 3)
5 x + 2 y > 5 6
6 x − 5 y > 6
 37. 2 x − 3 y > 7

First, find the points of 5 x + y < 9
intersection of each pair 2
(1, 0)
2x − 3y = 7
of equations.
x 5x + y = 9  y = − 5x + 9
2 4 6
2 x − 3( − 5 x + 9) = 7
Vertex A Vertex B
2 x + 15 x − 27 = 7
x − 7 y = −36 5x + 2 y = 5
17 x = 34
5x + 2 y = 5 6x − 5 y = 6
x = 2
( −1, 5) (1, 0) y = − 5( 2) + 9 = −1
Vertex C ( 2, −1)
x − 7 y = −36
Point of intersection: ( 2, −1)
6x − 5 y = 6
y
(6, 6) 10
8
Note that A is not a vertex of the solution region.
6
4 (2, − 1)
2
x
−6 −4 −2 4 6 8 10
−2
−4
−6
y
38. The graphs of 4 x − 6 y = 2  y = 2
3
x − 1
3
and 40. 4 x 2 + y ≥ 2
 ( 12 , 1(
− 2x + 3y = 5  y = 2 5  x ≤ 1
3
x + 3
are parallel lines since
 ( − 1, 1
2 ( (1, 1)
 y ≤ 1
their slopes are equal. The first inequality has the region
above the line shaded. The second inequality has the First, find the points of x
−2 −1 2
region below the line shaded. There are no points that intersection of each pair
−1
satisfy both inequalities. Therefore, there are no of equations.
solutions. −2
(1, −2)
y
7
6 Vertex A Vertex B
5
4 2
4 x + y = 2, x = 1 4 x 2 + y = 2, y = 1
3
2 4+ y = 2 4x2 + 1 = 2
x y = −2 4x2 = 1
−5 −2 1 2 3 4 5
−2 (1, − 2) x = ± 12
−3
y
(± 12 , 1)
39. x + y ≤ 7
2
Vertex C

x ≥ −2 6 x = 1, y = 1

 y ≥ 0 5
4 (1, 1)
(− 2, 3)
First, find the points of 3
intersection of each pair (− 2, 0) 2

x − y 2 > 0
41. 
y
of equations. 1
( 7, 0)  (4, 2)
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
x  x − y > 2 2
−1
Points of intersection: 1
2
Vertex A Vertex B y = y + 2 1 2 3 4
x
2
x 2 + y = 7, x = −2 x 2 + y = 7, y = 0 y − y − 2 = 0 −1
(1, − 1)
4+ y = 7 2
x = 7 (y + 1)( y − 2) = 0 −2
y = 3 x = 7 y = −1, 2
(−2, 3) ( 7, 0 ) (1, −1), ( 4, 2)

y
Vertex C  x 2 + y 2 ≤ 25
42. 
 6
x = −2, y = 0 4 x − 3 y ≤ 0
4 (3, 4)
(−2, 0) Points of intersection: 2
( )
2 x
2 4
x + 3
x = 25 −6 −2 2 4 6
25 2
9
x = 25 (− 3, − 4) −4
x = ±3 −6
(−3, − 4), (3, 4)
5
43. 3x + 4 ≥ y 2 y
 1
49.  x 2 y ≥ 1  y ≥ 2
x − y < 0 4
(4, 4)  x
3 0 < x ≤ 4
Points of intersection: 2 
1
 y ≤ 4 −2 7
x − y = 0  y = x x −1
1 2 3 4 5
3y + 4 = y2 (−1, −1)
3
50.  y ≤ e − x 2
2
0 = y2 − 3y − 4 −3

0 = ( y − 4)( y + 1) −4  y ≥ 0

y = 4 or y = −1 −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 −3 3
x = 4 x = −1 −1
(4, 4) and (−1, −1)

51. Line through points (6, 0) and (0, 6): y = 6 − x
y
44. 
x < 2 y − y
2
 (−3, 3)
3
x ≥ 0
0 < x + y 
y ≥ 0
Points of intersection: y ≤ 6 − x

1
− y = 2 y − y2
x 52. Line through points (0, 4) and ( 4, 0): y = 4 − x
y2 − 3y = 0 −3 −2 1
(0, 0)
y ( y − 3) = 0 −1 Line through points (0, 2) and (8, 0) : y = 2 − 1x
4
y = 0, 3
y ≥ 4 − x
(0, 0), ( −3, 3)  1x
y ≥ 2 − 4

45.  y ≤ 3x + 1
7
x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 0
 y ≥ x2 + 1 
−5 7 53. (8, 0), (0, 8)

−1
 x ≥ 0
46.  y < 2 x − 1 
 y ≥ 0
  2
 y ≥ x2 + 1 2
x + y < 64
4
54. (0, 0), (0, 4), ( 8, 8 )

−4 4
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16

−2  x ≤ y

5  x ≥ 0
 y < − x2 + 2 x + 3
47. 
 55. Rectangular region with vertices at
 y > x 2 − 4 x + 3
−4 8
( 4, 3), (9, 3), (9, 9), ( 4, 9) y
10
(4, 9) (9, 9)
−3 x ≥ 4
 8
x ≤ 9
2  6
48.  4
y ≥ x − 2x + 1
2
y ≥ 3
 y ≤ 9
4
 y ≤ 1 − x 2  (4, 3) (9, 3)
−3 3 2
This system may be x
written as: 2 4 6 8 10
−2
4 ≤ x ≤ 9

3 ≤ y ≤ 9
56. Parallelogram with vertices at (0, 0), ( 4, 0), (1, 4), (5, 4) 58. Triangle with vertices at ( −1, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)
y
(0, 0), (4, 0): y ≥ 0
y
(−1, 0), (1, 0): y ≥ 0
6
(4, 0), (5, 4): 4 x − y ≤ 16 5
(−1, 0), (0, 1): y ≤ x +1
3
(1, 4) (5, 4)
(1, 4), (5, 4): y ≤ 4 4 (0, 1), (1, 0): y ≤ −x + 1 2
3 (0, 1)
(0, 0), (1, 4): 4 x − y ≥ 0 2 y ≤ x + 1 (− 1, 0) (1, 0)
 x
4 x − y ≥ 0
1
y ≤ −x + 1 −2 −1 1 2

x 
4 x − y ≤ 16
(0, 0) 1 2 3 (4, 0) 6 y ≥ 0 −1
 0 ≤ y ≤ 4

57. Triangle with vertices at (0, 0), (6, 0), (1, 5)

y
(0, 0), (6, 0): y = 0
7
(0, 0), (1, 5): y = 5x 6
(1, 5)
(6, 0), (1, 5):
5
y = −x + 6 4
3
y ≥ 0 2

 y ≤ 5x 1
(6, 0)
y ≤ −x + 6 x
 (0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
59. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
50 − 0.5 x = 0.125 x
50 = 0.625 x  p ≤ 50 − 0.5 x

80 = x  p ≥ 10
 x ≥ 0.
10 = p 
Point of equilibrium: (80, 10) Consumer surplus = 1
2
(base)( height) = 1
2
(80)( 40) = $1600
p
Consumer Surplus The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
Producer Surplus defined by
50
p = 50 − 0.5x  p ≥ 0.125 x
40

30
p = 0.125x
 p ≤ 10
x ≥ 0.
20 
10
(80, 10)
Producer surplus = 1
2 (base)(height ) = 1
2 (80)(10) = $400
x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
60. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
100 − 0.05 x = 25 + 0.1x
75 = 0.15 x  p ≤ 100 − 0.05 x

500 = x  p ≥ 75

75 = p  x ≥ 0.
Point of equilibrium: (500, 75) Consumer surplus = 1
2
( base)(height) = 1
2
(500)(25) = $6250
p
The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
Consumer Surplus
200 Producer Surplus
defined by
150  p ≤ 25 + 0.1x
p = 100 − 0.05x 
 p ≤ 75
100 (500, 75)  x ≥ 0.

50
p = 25 + 0.1x
x
2
( base)(height ) = 1
2
(500)(50) = $12,500
200 400 600
61. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
140 − 0.00002 x = 80 + 0.00001x  p ≤ 140 − 0.00002 x
60 = 0.00003x 
 p ≥ 100
2,000,000 = x  x ≥ 0.

100 = p
Consumer surplus = 1
2 (base)(height )
Point of equilibrium: ( 2,000,000, 100)
= 1
2 ( 2,000,000)(40)
p
Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus = $40,000,000
160
p = 140 − 0.00002x The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
140
120 (2,000,000, 100)

 p ≥ 80 + 0.00001x

100
 p ≤ 100
 x ≥ 0.
80 
p = 80 + 0.00001x
1,000,000 2,000,000
x Producer surplus = 1
2 (base)(height )
= 1
2 (2,000,000)(20)
= $20,000,000
62. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
400 − 0.0002 x = 225 + 0.0005 x  p ≤ 400 − 0.0002 x
175 = 0.0007 x 
 p ≥ 350
250,000 = x  x ≥ 0.

350 = p
Consumer surplus = 1
2
( base)( height) = 1
2
( 250,000)(50) = $6,250,000
Point of equilibrium: ( 250,000, 350)
The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
p Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus  p ≥ 225 + 0.0005 x
600 
500
p = 400 − 0.0002x  p ≤ 350
(250,000, 350)  x ≥ 0.
400 
300
2
( base)( height ) = 1
2
( 250,000)(125) = $15,625,000
200 p = 225 + 0.0005x
100
x
200,000 400,000
63. x = amount in smaller account 64. x = number of $30 tickets

y = amount in larger account y = number of $20 tickets
y
Account constraints:  x + y ≤ 3000

 x + y ≤ 20,000 15,000
 30 x + 20 y ≥ 75,000
 
 y ≥ 2x  x ≤ 2000
 10,000

 x ≥ 5,000  x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 5,000  y ≥ 0

y
x
10,000 15,000 4500
3500
2500
1500
500
x
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
y
65. x = number of tables 66. x = number of model A
24
y = number of chairs y = number of model B
20
 x + 3
y ≤ 12 Assembly center  x ≥ 2y 16
2
4 
3 x +
3
y ≤ 15 Finishing center 8 x + 12 y ≤ 200 12

2  8
 x ≥ 0  x ≥ 4
  y ≥ 2
4
 y ≥ 0  x
8 12 16 20 24
y
12
10
x
2 4 6 8 10
y
67. (a) x = number of ounces of food X
y = number of ounces of food Y 18
180 x + 100 y ≥ 1000 (calcium)


 6x + y ≥ 18 (iron ) 10
8

 220 x + 40 y ≥ 400 ( magnesium) 6
4

 x ≥ 0 2
x
 y ≥ 0
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 4 5 7
(b) Answers will vary. Some possible solutions which would satisfy the minimum daily requirements for calcium, iron, and
magnesium:
(5, 10)  5 ounces of food X and 10 ounces of food Y
(4, 12)  4 ounces of food X and 12 ounces of food Y
Either of these will satisfy the minimum daily requirements of the dietician’s special dietary diet plan.
68. (a)  y ≥ 0.5( 220 − x) y

(b) Answers will vary. Sample answer: The

y ≤ 0.85( 220 − x) 200 points ( 24, 98) and ( 24, 167 ) are on the

x ≥ 20 150
boundary of the solution set; a person who
x ≤ 70 is 24 years old should have a heart rate

100 between 98 and 167.
50
x
20 40 60 80 100
y
69. (a) Let x = number of bags of gravel
120
Let y = number of bags of stone.
100
The delivery requirements are: 80
 x ≥ 50 60

 y ≥ 40
 20
55 x + 70 y ≤ 7500
x
20 40 60 80 100 120
(b) The points (60, 60) and (70, 52) lie in the solution region. These values would represent the number of bags of each type
of fill while maintaining the maximum weight capacity of the truck. The first (60, 60) is to ship 60 bags of gravel and 60
bags of stone. The second (70, 52) is to is to ship 70 bags of gravel and 52 bags of stone.
Section 7.6 Linear Programming 617
y
70. (a)  xy ≥ 500 exercise equipment space

2 x + π y ≥ 125 Track (Two semi-circles and two lengths) 60
 50
 x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 0
 30
20
10
x
10 20 30 40 50 60
(b) The points (50, 30) and ( 40, 40) lie in the solution region. These values would represent the dimensions of the interior
exercise equipment area. The first (50, 30) is to make the rectangular region 50 meters wide by 30 meters deep. The
second ( 40, 40) is to make the rectangular region 40 meters wide by 40 meters deep. Each of these dimensions satisfy the
constraints given to create the physical fitness facility.
71. True. The figure is a rectangle with a length of 9 units (c) x 2 + y 2 ≥ 16  region outside the circle
and a width of 11 units. 
x + y ≥ 4  region above the line
72. False. The graph shows the solution of the system Matches graph (iii).
 y < 6 (d) x 2 + y 2 ≥ 16  region outside the circle
 
−4 x − 9 y < 6 x + y ≤ 4  region below the line
 3x + y 2 ≥ 2.
 Matches graph (i).
73. Test a point on each side of the line y = − x + 3. 76. x = radius of smaller circle
Because the origin (0, 0) satisfies the inequality, the y = radius of larger circle
solution set of the inequality lies below the dashed line. (a) Constraints on circles:
74. (a) The boundary would be included in the solution. π y 2 − π x 2 ≥ 10


(b) The solution would be the half-plane on the opposite  y > x
side of the boundary.  x > 0

(b) 4
75. (a) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16  region inside the circle

x + y ≥ 4  region above the line −6 6
Matches graph (iv).

(b) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16  region inside the circle −4

x + y ≤ 4  region below the line (c) The line is an asymptote to the boundary. The larger
the circles, the closer the radii can be and the
Matches graph (ii). constraint still be satisfied.
Section 7.6 Linear Programming

1. optimization 7. z = 4 x + 3 y
2. linear programming At (0, 5): z = 4(0) + 3(5) = 15
3. objective At (0, 0): z = 4(0) + 3(0) = 0
4. constraints; feasible solutions At (5, 0): z = 4(5) + 3(0) = 20
5. inside; on The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0).
6. vertex The maximum value is 20 at (5, 0).
618 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Linear Inequalities
8. z = 2 x + 8 y 13. z = 3 x + 2 y
At (0, 4): z = 2(0) + 8( 4) = 32 At (3, 0): z = 3(3) + 2(0) = 9
At (0, 0) : z = 2(0) + 8(0) = 0 The minimum value is 9 at (3, 0).
At ( 2, 0): z = 2( 2) + 8(0) = 4 The maximum value is 24 at any point on the line
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). 3 x + 2 y = 24, that is any point on the line segment
between (0, 12) and (8, 0).
The maximum value is 32 at (0, 4).
y
9. z = 2 x + 5 y
12 (0, 12)
At (1, 0): z = 2(1) + 5(0) = 2 10
8
At ( 4, 0): z = 2( 4) + 5(0) = 8 6
4
At (3, 4): z = 2(3) + 5( 4) = 26 2
(3, 0) (8, 0)
x
At (0, 5): z = 2(0) + 5(5) = 25 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
The minimum value is 2 at (1, 0). 1y

14. z = 5 x + 2
At (0, 8) : z = 5(0) + 1
2
(8) = 4
10. z = 4 x + 5 y
At (16, 0): z = 5(16) + 1
2
(0) = 80
At (0, 2): z = 4(0) + 5( 2) = 10
At ( 4, 0): z = 5( 4) + 1
(0) = 20
At (0, 4): z = 4(0) + 5( 4) = 20 2
The minimum value is 4 at (0, 8).

At (3, 0): z = 4(3) + 5(0) = 12
At ( 4, 3): z = 4( 4) + 5(3) = 31
y
8
(0, 8)
The maximum value is 31 at ( 4, 3).
6
11. z = 10 x + 7 y 4
At (0, 20): z = 10(0) + 7( 20) = 140

2
At (30, 45): z = 10(30) + 7( 45) = 615 (4, 0) (16, 0)

x
8 12
At (60, 20): z = 10(60) + 7( 20) = 740
At (60, 0): z = 10(60) + 7(0) = 600 15. z = 4 x + 5 y
At (0, 45): z = 10(0) + 7( 45) = 315 At (10, 0): z = 4(10) + 5(0) = 40
The minimum value is 140 at (0, 20). At (5, 3): z = 4(5) + 5(3) = 35
The maximum value is 740 at (60, 20). At (0, 8): z = 4(0) + 5(8) = 40
12. z = 40 x + 45 y
The region is unbounded. There is no maximum.
At (0, 400): z = 40(0) + 45( 400) = 18,000 y
At ( 450, 0): z = 40( 450) + 45(0) = 18,000 10
At (900, 0): z = 40(900) + 45(0) = 36,000 (0, 8)
At (0, 800): z = 40(0) + 45(800) = 36,000

4
The minimum value is 18,000 at any point along the line (5, 3)
2
segment connecting (0, 400) and ( 450, 0).
x
2 4 6 8
The maximum value is 36,000 at any point along the line (10, 0)
segment connecting (0, 800) and (900, 0).
16. z = 5 x + 4 y 19. z = x
At ( 4, 1) : z = 5( 4) + 4(1) = 24 At (60, 0) : z = 60
At (0, 5): z = 5(0) + 4(5) = 20 At (7.2, 13.2): z = 7.2

At (6, 0): z = 5(6) + 4(0) = 30 At (16, 0): z = 16
The minimum value is 20 at (0, 5). The minimum value is 7.2 at (7.2, 13.2).
The region is unbounded. There is no maximum. The maximum value is 60 at (60, 0).
y
18
7
6
(0, 5)
5
4
− 10 70
2 −3
(4, 1)
1
(6, 0)
x 20. z = y
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
At (0, 0): z = 0
17. z = 3 x + y At (12, 0): z = 0
At (16, 0): z = 3(16) + 0 = 48
At (10, 8): z = 8
At (60, 0): z = 3(60) + 0 = 180
At (6, 16): z = 16
At (7.2, 13.2): z = 3(7.2) + 13.2 = 34.8
At (0, 20): z = 20
The minimum value is 34.8 at (7.2, 13.2).
The minimum value is 0 at any point along the line
The maximum value is 180 at (60, 0). segment connecting (0, 0) and (12, 0).
18 The maximum value is 20 at (0, 20).
25
− 10 70
−3 −5 40
−5
18. z = 6 x + 3 y
y
At (0, 0): z = 6(0) + 3(0) = 0 25
At (0, 20): z = 6(0) + 3( 20) = 60

15
At (12, 0): z = 6(12) + 3(0) = 72 (223 , 196 )
10
At (6, 16): z = 6(6) + 3(16) = 84 (212 , 0)

(0, 5)
x
At (10, 8): z = 6(10) + 3(8) = 84 (0, 0) 10 15
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). Figure for Exercises 21–24

The maximum value is 84 at any point on the line 21. z = x + 5 y
segment joining (10, 8) and (6, 16).
At (0, 5): z = 0 + 5(5) = 25
25
At ( 223 , 196 ): z = 223 + 5(196 ) = 1396

At ( 21
2
, 0): z = 21 2
+ 5(0) = 21 2
−5 40
−5
At (0, 0): z = 0 + 5(0) = 0
22. z = 2 x + 4 y 26. z = 5 x + 3 y
At (0, 5): z = 2(0) + 4(5) = 20 At ( 4, 3) : z = 5( 4) + 3(3) = 29
At ( 223 , 196 ): z = 2( 223 ) + 4(196 ) = 823 At (12, 5): z = 5(12) + 3(5) = 75
At ( 21
2
, 0) : z = 2( 21
2)
+ 4(0) = 21 The minimum value is 29 at ( 4, 3).
At (0, 0): z = 2(0) + 4(0) = 0 There is no maximum value.

The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). 27. z = x − y
The maximum value is 82

3
at ( 223 , 196 ). At ( 4, 3): z = 4 − 3 = 1
At (12, 5): z = 12 − 5 = 7
23. z = 4 x + 5 y
There is no minimum value.
At (0, 5): z = 4(0) + 5(5) = 25
At ( 223 , 196 ): z = 4( 223 ) + 5(196 ) = 2716
28. z = y − x
At ( 21
2
, 0) : z = 4( 21
2)
+ 5(0) = 42
At ( 4, 3): z = 3 − 4 = −1
At (0, 0): z = 4(0) + 5(0) = 0
At (12, 5): z = 5 − 12 = − 7
The minimum value is − 7 at (12, 5).
The maximum value is 271
6
at ( 223 , 196 ). There is no maximum value.
24. z = 4 x + y 29. Objective function: z = 2.5 x + y
At (0, 5): z = 4(0) + 5 = 5 Constraints:
At ( ) : z = 4( ) + =
22 , 19
3 6
22
3
19
6
65
2
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 3x + 5 y ≤ 15, 5 x + 2 y ≤ 10
At (0, 0): z = 0
At ( 21
2
, 0): z = 4( 21
2)
+ 0 = 42
At ( 2, 0): z = 5
At (0, 0): z = 4(0) + 0 = 0
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). At ( 1920 , 1945 ): z = 95
19
= 5
The maximum value is 42 at ( 212, 0). At (0, 3): z = 3

y
8
The maximum value of 5 occurs at any point on the line
6
4 (12, 5)
segment connecting ( 2, 0) and ( 1920 , 1945 ).
(4, 3) y
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
−2
−4
(0, 3)
( 2019 , 4519 (
−6 2
−8
1
Figure for Exercises 25–28 (2, 0)

x
(0, 0) 1 3
25. z = x + 2 y
At ( 4, 3): z = 4 + 2(3) = 10
At (12, 5): z = 12 + 2(5) = 22
The minimum value is 10 at ( 4, 3).

There is no maximum value, the region is unbounded.
30. Objective function: z = x + y 33. Objective function: z = 3 x + 4 y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, − x + y ≤ 1, − x + 2 y ≤ 4 Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 1, 2 x + y ≥ 4
At (0, 0): z = 0 + 0 = 0 The feasible set is empty.
y
At (0, 1): z = 0 + 1 = 1
5
At ( 2, 3): z = 2 + 3 = 5 4
The constraints do not form a closed set of points. 3
So, z = x + y is unbounded. 2
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). 1
y x
1 2 3 4 5
(2, 3) 34. Objective function: z = x + 2 y

3
Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + 2 y ≤ 4, 2 x + y ≤ 4
(0, 1) At (0, 0): z = 0 + 2(0) = 0
x
At (0, 2): z = 0 + 2( 2) = 4
(0, 0) 1 2 3 4
At ( 43 , 43 ): z = 4
3
+ 2 ( 43 ) = 4
31. Objective function: z = − x + 2 y At ( 2, 0): z = 2 + 2(0) = 2
Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x ≤ 10, x + y ≤ 7
At (0, 0) : z = −0 + 2(0) = 0
The maximum value is 4 at any point along the line
At (0, 7): z = −0 + 2(7) = 14 segment connecting (0, 2) and ( 43 , 43 ).
At (7, 0) : z = −7 + 2(0) = −7 y
The constraint x ≤ 10 is extraneous. (0, 2)

The minimum value is −7 at (7, 0).
( 43 , 43 (
The maximum value is 14 at (0, 7). 1
y
(2, 0)
10 x
(0, 0) 1
(0, 7)
6
2
(7, 0)
x
(0, 0) 2 4 6
32. Objective function: z = x + y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, − x + y ≤ 0, − 3x + y ≥ 3
The feasible set is empty.
y
x
−3 −2 1 2
−1
−2
35. Objective function: z = x + y 37. x = number of $225 models

Constraints: x ≥ 9, 0 ≤ y ≤ 7, − x + 3 y ≤ − 6 y = number of $250 models
At (9, 0): z = 9 + 0 = 9 Constraints:

225 x + 250 y ≤ 63,000
At (9, 1): z = 9 + 1 = 10
x + y ≤ 275
At ( 27, 7): z = 27 + 7 = 34 x ≥ 0
The solution region is unbounded. y ≥ 0
The minimum value is 9 at (9, 0). Objective function: P = 30 x + 31 y
There is no maximum value. Vertices: (0, 0), (0, 252), ( 230, 45) and ( 275, 0)
y
At (0, 0) : P = 30(0) + 31(0) = 0
9
8
7
(27, 7) At (0, 252): P = 30(0) + 31( 252) = 7812
6
5
At ( 230, 45): P = 30( 230) + 31( 45) = 8295
4
3 At ( 275, 0) : P = 30( 275) + 31(0) = 8250
2
(9, 1)
1 An optimal profit of $8295 occurs when 230 units of the
x $225 model and 45 units of the $250 model are stocked
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(9, 0) in inventory.
y
36. Objective function: z = 2 x − y
350
Constraints: 0 ≤ x ≤ 9, 0 ≤ y ≤ 11, 5 x + 2 y ≤ 67
250 (0, 252)
At (0, 0): z = 2(0) − 0 = 0 200
150
At (0, 11): z = 2(0) − 11 = −11 100
50
(230, 45)
At (9, 0): z = 2(9) − 0 = 18 x
(0, 0) 50 100 150 200 250 350
(275, 0)
At (9, 11): z = 2(9) − 11 = 7
The constraint 5 x + 2 y ≤ 67 is extraneous.
The minimum value is −11 at (0, 11).
The maximum value is 1 at (9, 0)

y
20
18
16
14
12 (0, 11) (9, 11)
10
8
6
4
2
x
(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 (9, 0) 16 18 20
38. x = number of model X

y
y = number of model Y
Constraints: 1500 (0, 1500)
(400, 1200)
3 x + 4 y ≤ 6000 Assembling
1000
3x + 2.5 y ≤ 4200 Finishing
(868.75, 637.5)
0.8x + 0.4 y ≤ 950 Packaging 500
x ≥ 0 (1187.5, 0)
x
(0, 0)
y ≥ 0 500 1000 1500
Objective function: P = 300 x + 375 y

Vertices: (0, 0), (1187.5, 0), (868.75, 637.5), ( 400, 1200), (0, 1500)
At (0, 0): P = 300(0) + 375(0) = 0

At (1187.5, 0): P = 300(1187.5) + 375(0) = 356,250
At (868.75, 637.5): P = 300(868.75) + 375(637.5) = 499,687.5
At ( 400, 1200): P = 300( 400) + 375(1200) = 570,000
At (0, 1500): P = 300(0) + 375(1500) = 562,500
For a maximum profit of $570,000, the company should produce 400 units of model X and 1200 units of model Y.
39. x = number of bags of Brand X 40. x = number of hours at Factory X

y = number of bags of Brand Y y = number of hours at Factory Y
y
Constraints: 3 x + 9 y ≥ 30
3 x + 2 y ≥ 16
(0, 13)
7 x + 2 y ≥ 24
x ≥ 0 9
(1, 9)
y ≥ 0 6
(6, 4)
3
Objective function: C = 25 x + 15 y (16, 0)
x
Vertices: (0, 12), ( 4, 2), ( 2, 5), (10, 0) 3 6 9 15
At (0, 12): C = 25(0) + 15(12) = 180 Constraints: 2 x + 5 y ≥ 32

8 x + 2 y ≥ 26
At ( 4, 2): C = 25( 4) + 15( 2) = 130
3x + 3 y ≥ 30
At ( 2, 5): C = 25( 2) + 15(5) = 125 x ≥ 0
At (10, 0): C = 25(10) + 15(0) = 250 y ≥ 0
To minimize cost, use two bags of Brand X and five bags Objective function: H = 120 x + 80 y
of Brand Y for a minimal cost of $125. Vertices: (0, 13), (16, 0), (6, 4), (1, 9)
y
At (0, 13): C = 120(0) + 80(13) = 1040
12 (0, 12)
10 At (16, 0): C = 120(16) + 80(0) = 1920
8
6
At (6, 4): C = 120(6) + 80( 4) = 1040
(2, 5)
4 At (1, 9): C = 120(1) + 80(9) = 840
(4, 2)
2
(10, 0) To minimize labor, Brand X factory operates for one
x
2 8 10 employee-hour and factory Brand Y operates for nine
employee-hours for a minimum of 840 employee-hours.
y
41. x = number of audits 43. x = acres of crop A
y = number of tax returns y = acres of crop B
Constraints: Constraints: x + y ≤ 150, x + 2 y ≤ 240,
(0, 68)
60
60 x + 10 y ≤ 780 (5, 48) 0.3x + 0.1y ≤ 30
40
16 x + 4 y ≤ 272 Objective function: z = 300 x + 500 y
20 (13, 0) y
x ≥ 0 (0, 0)
x 300
y ≥ 0 −5 5 10
250
Objective function: 200 (0, 120)
R = 1600 x + 250 y 150 (60, 90)
Vertices: (0, 0), (13, 0), (5, 48), (0, 68) 100 (75, 75)
50
(100, 0)
At (0, 0): R = 1600(0) + 250(0) = 0
x
At (13, 0) : R = 1600(13) + 250(0) = 20,800
50 100 150 200 250 300
At (5, 48) : R = 1600(5) + 250( 48) = 20,000 At (0, 0) : z = 300(0) + 500(0) = 0

At (0, 20): z = 300(0) + 500(120) = 60,000
At (0, 68): R = 1600(0) + 250(68) = 17,000
At (60, 90): z = 300(60) + 500(90) = 63,000
A maximum revenue of $20,800 occurs when the firm
conducts 13 audits and 0 tax returns. At (75, 75): z = 300(75) + 500(75) = 60,000
y At (100, 0): z = 300(100) + 500(0) = 30,000
42. x = number of audits
y = number of tax returns So, 60 acres of crop A and 90 acres of crop B yield
63,000 bushels.
Constraints: (0, 68)
60
60 x + 10 y ≤ 780 (5, 48)
44. Objective function: z = 185 x + 245 y
40
16 x + 4 y ≤ 272 At (0, 0): z = 185(0) + 245(0) = $0
20 (13, 0)
x ≥ 0 (0, 0) At (0, 120) : z = 185(0) + 245(120) = $29,400
x
y ≥ 0 −5 5 10
At (60, 90): z = 185(60) + 245(90) = $33,150
Objective function:
C = 1400 x + 250 y At (75, 75): z = 185(75) + 245(75) = $32,250
Vertices: (0, 0), (13, 0), (5, 48), (0, 68) At (100, 0): z = 185(100) + 245(0) = $18,500
At (0, 0): C = 1400(0) + 250(0) = 0 So, 60 acres of crop A and 90 acres of crop B yield a
$33,150 profit.
At (13, 0) : C = 1400(13) + 250(0) = 18,200
At (5, 48) : C = 1400(5) + 250( 48) = 19,000
At (0, 68): C = 1400(0) + 250(68) = 17,000

The optimal revenue of $19,000 occurs when the firm
conducts 5 audits and 48 tax returns.
45. x = number of TV ads

y = number of newspaper ads
y
Constraints: 100,000 x + 20,000 y ≤ 1,000,000
60
100,000 x ≤ 800,000
50 (0, 50)
x ≥ 0
40
y ≥ 0
30 (8, 0)
Objective function: A = 20 x + 5 y (A in millions) 20
Vertices: (0, 0), (0, 50), (8, 10), (8, 0) 10 (8, 10)
(0, 0)
At (0, 0): A = 20(0) + 5(0) = 0 x
−2 2 4 6 10 12
At (0, 50): A = 20(0) + 5(50) = 250 million
At (8, 10): A = 20(8) + 5(10) = 210 million
At (8, 0): A = 20(8) + 5(0) = 160 million
The company should spend $0 on television ads and $1,000,000 on newspaper ads. The optimal total audience
is 250 million people.
y
46. x = amount in investment of type A; y = amount in investment of type B
Constraints: x + y ≤ 450,000 400,000
x ≥ 225,000 300,000
y ≥ 112,500 (225,000, 225,000)

200,000
Objective function: R = 0.06 x + 0.1 y (337,500, 112,500)
Vertices: ( 225,000, 112,500), (337,500, 112,500), ( 225,000, 225,000)

x
At ( 225,000, 112,500) : R = 0.06( 225,000) + 0.1(112,500) = 24,750 100,000 400,000
(225,000, 112,500)
At (337,500, 112,500): R = 0.06(337,500) + 0.1(112,500) = 31,500
At ( 225,000, 225,000): R = 0.06( 225,000) + 0.1( 225,000) = 36,000
The optimal return of $36,000 occurs for an investment of $225,000 to type A and $225,000 to type B.
47. True. The objective function has a maximum value at any 49. False. In Exercise 27 the constraint region lies in the first
point on the line segment connecting the two vertices. quadrant and is unbounded, but the objective function
Both of these points are on the line y = − x + 11 and lie has a maximum value. It will depend upon the objective
between ( 4, 7 ) and (8, 3). function. For example, if the objection function is
z = x − y, as y values increase, the objective function
48. False. You cannot conclude that it also has a minimum approaches very large negative values. Therefore, there
value at (0, 0). You would have to evaluate the objective would have existed a maximum for small values of y.
function at the points (0, 0) and ( 20, 0) in order to

determine whether the values are equal.
50. (i) z = 2 x + y (ii) z = 2x − y (iii) z = − x + 2 y

At (0, 0): z = 2(0) + 0 = 0 At (0, 0): z = 2(0) − 0 = 0 At (0, 0): z = − 0 + 2(0) = 0
At (5, 0): z = 2(5) + 0 = 10 At (5, 0): z = 2(5) − 0 = 10 At (5, 0): z = −5 + 2(0) = −5
At ( 4, 3): z = 2( 4) + 3 = 11 At ( 4, 3): z = 2( 4) − 3 = 5 At ( 4, 3) : z = −4 + 2(3) = 2
At (0, 4): z = 2(0) + 4 = 4 At (0, 4): z = 2(0) − 4 = − 4 At (0, 4): z = −0 + 2( 4) = 8
(a) Maximum at vertex A, (0, 4): (iii) (b) Maximum at vertex B, ( 4, 3) : (i)
(c) Maximum at vertex C, (5, 0): (ii) (d) Minimum at vertex C, (5, 0): (iii)
51. If a linear programming problem has an objective function z = 3 x + 5 y and an infinite number of optimal solutions then the
3 3 1
slope of the line connecting two points is m = − , that is z = 3 x + 5 y  y = − x − z.
5 5 5
Review Exercises for Chapter 7

1. x + y = 2 5.  0.5 x + y = 0.75  y = 0.75 − 0.5 x
 
x − y = 0  x = y 1.25 x − 4.5 y = −2.5
x + x = 2 1.25 x − 4.5(0.75 − 0.5 x ) = −2.5
2x = 2 1.25 x − 3.375 + 2.25 x = −2.5
x =1 3.50 x = 0.875
y =1 x = 0.25
Solution: (1, 1) y = 0.625
Solution: (0.25, 0.625)
2. 2 x − 3 y = 3

 x − y = 0  x = y 6. − x + 2y
5
= 3
5
2 y − 3y = 3  1y
− x + 5
= − 54
−y = 3
Multiply both equations by 5 to clear the denominators.
y = −3
−5 x + 2 y = 3
x = −3 
−5 x + y = −4  −5 x = −4 − y
Solution: ( −3, − 3)
(−4 − y) + 2 y = 3
3. 4 x − y − 1 = 0  y = 4 x − 1 −4 + y = 3
 y = 7
8 x + y − 17 = 0
−5 x = −4 − 7
8 x + ( 4 x − 1) − 17 = 0 −5 x = −11
12 x = 18 x = 11
5
3
x = 2 Solution: (115, 7)
4 () 3
2
− y −1 = 0
−y + 5 = 0 7.  x 2 − y 2 = 9

y = 5  x − y = 1  x = y + 1
( 32 , 5) (y + 1) − y 2 = 9
2
Solution:
2y + 1 = 9
4. 10 x + 6 y + 14 = 0 y = 4
 x = 5
 x + 9 y + 7 = 0  x = −9 y − 7
Solution: (5, 4)
10( −9 y − 7) + 6 y + 14 = 0
−84 y = 56 8.  x 2 + y 2 = 169
y = − 23 
3 x + 2 y = 39  x =
1
3
(39 − 2 y)
( )
x + 9 − 23 + 7 = 0 2
 1 (39 − 2 y ) + y 2 = 169
3 
x = −1 1
(1521 − 156 y + 4 y 2 ) + y 2 = 169
( )
9
Solution: −1, − 23
1521 − 156 y + 4 y 2 + 9 y 2 = 1521
13 y 2 − 156 y = 0
13 y ( y − 12) = 0  y = 0, 12
y = 0: x = 1
3 (39 − 2(0)) = 13
y = 12: x = 1
3 (39 − 2(12)) = 5
Solution: (13, 0), (5, 12)
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 627
9.  y = 2 x 2 12. 8 x − 3 y = −3
 
 y = x 4 − 2 x 2  2 x 2 = x 4 − 2 x 2 2 x + 5 y = 28
0 = x4 − 4x2 Point of intersection: (1.5, 5)
0 = x ( x − 4)
2 2 y
0 = x 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2)  x = 0, − 2, 2
8
7
x = 0: y = 2(0) = 0
2
5
(1.5, 5)
x = − 2: y = 2( − 2) = 8
2 4
3
x = 2: y = 2( 2) = 8
2 2
1
x
Solutions: (0, 0), ( −2, 8), ( 2, 8) −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10. x = y + 3
 13.  y = 2 x 2 − 4 x + 1
2
x = y + 1 
 y = x 2 − 4 x + 3
y + 3 = y2 + 1 Points of intersection: (1.41, − 0.66), ( −1.41, 10.66)
0 = y2 − y − 2 y
0 = ( y − 2)( y + 1)  y = 2, −1 21
18
y = 2: x = 2 +3 = 5 15
y = −1: x = −1 + 3 = 2 12
(− 1.41, 10.66) 9
Solution: (5, 2), ( 2, −1)
x
11. 2 x − y = 10 −3 −2 −1
−3
3
(1.41, − 0.66)
4 5

 x + 5 y = −6
Point of intersection: ( 4, − 2)
y
6
4
2
x
−6 6 8 10
−2
−4 (4, −2)
−6
−8
−10
14. y 2 − 2 y + x = 0  ( y − 1) = 1 − x  y = 1 ±
2
1− x
x + y = 0  y = −x
Points of intersection: (0, 0) and ( −3, 3)
y
4
(− 3, 3)
3
1
(0, 0)
x
−5 −4 −3 1 2
−1
−2
15.  y = −2 e − x 20. Let x = total sales (in dollars).

 x
2e + y = 0  y = −2e x  y = 55,000 + 0.015 x First offer

Point of intersection: (0, − 2)  y = 52,000 + 0.02 x Second offer
2 52,000 + 0.02 x > 55,000 + 0.015 x
−6 6 0.005 x > 3,000
x > 600,000
For the second offer to be better, you would have to sell
−6 more than $600,000 per year.
16.  x 2 + y 2 = 100 21. 2l + 2 w = 68

 
2 x − 3 y = −12  w = 89 l
Points of intersection: (6, 8), ( −9.69, − 2.46) 2l + 2 ( 89 )l = 68

12
34
9
l = 68
− 18 18
l = 18
8
w = 9
l = 16
− 12
The width of the rectangle is 16 feet, and the length is
18 feet.
17.  y = 2 + log x 7
 3 22. 20 = l + w  w = 20 − l
 y = 4 x + 5 
96 = lw
No Solution −8 7
96 = l ( 20 − l )
−3
0 = 20l − l 2 − 96
0 = l 2 − 20l + 96
 y = ln ( x − 1) − 3
18. 
 1 0 = (l − 8)(l − 12)
 y = 4 − 2 x
l = 8, l = 12
Point of intersection: (9.68, − 0.84)
When l = 8, w = 20 − 8 = 12.
4
When l = 12, w = 20 − 12 = 8.
0 12 Dimensions: 12 inches × 8 inches
23. 2 x − y = 2  16 x − 8 y = 16
−4 
6 x + 8 y = 39  6 x + 8 y = 39
19.
30 22 x = 55
55 5
x = 22
= 2
5
into Equation 1.
0 26
( 52 ) − y
8
2 = 2
0.68a + 13.5 > 0.78a + 11.7 y = 3
1.8 > 0.1a
18 > a
Solution: ( 52 , 3)
The BMI for males exceeds the BMI for females after
age 18.
24. 12 x + 42 y = −17  36 x + 126 y = −51 29. x + 5 y = 4  x + 5 y = 4

 
30 x − 18 y = 19  210 x − 126 y = 133  x − 3 y = 6  − x + 3 y = −6
246 x = 82 8 y = −2  y = − 14
1
x = 3
Matches graph (d). The system has one solution and is
1
in Equation 1. consistent.
12 ( 13 ) + 42 y = −17 30. −3 x + y = −7  −3 x + y = −7


42 y = −21  9 x − 3 y = 21  3 x − y = 7
0 = 0
y = − 12
Matches graph (c). The system has infinitely many
Solution: ( 13 , − 12 ) solutions and is consistent.
25. 3x − 2 y = 0 31.  3 x − y = 7  6 x − 2 y = 14

 
3x + 2 y = 0 −6 x + 2 y = 8  −6 x + 2 y = 8
0 ≠ 22
Add the equations 6 x = 0  x = 0.
Back substitute into Equation 1. Matches graph (b). The system has no solution and is
inconsistent.
3(0) − 2 y = 0
2y = 0 32. 2 x − y = −3  10 x − 5 y = −15

y = 0  x + 5y = 4  x + 5y = 4
Solution: (0, 0) 11x = −11  x = −1
Matches graph (a). The system has one solution and is

26. 7 x + 12 y = 63  − 7 x − 12 y = − 63 consistent.

2 x + 3 y = 15  8 x + 12 y = 60
33. 22 + 0.00001x = 43 − 0.0002 x
x = −3
0.00021x = 21
Back-substitute x = − 3 in Equation 1.
x = 100,000, p = 23
7( − 3) + 12 y = 63 Point of Equilibrium: (100,000, 23)
12 y = 84
y = 7 34. 45 + 0.0002 x = 120 − 0.0001x
0.0003 x = 75
Solution: ( − 3, 7 )
x = 250,000 units
27. 1.25 x − 2 y = 3.5  5 x − 8 y = 14 p = $95.00

 5 x − 8 y = 14  −5 x + 8 y = −14 Point of equilibrium: ( 250,000, 95)
0 = 0
35. x − 4 y + 3z = 3
There are infinitely many solutions. 
8 14  − y + z = −1
Let y = a, then 5 x − 8a = 14  x = a + . 
5 5
 z = −5
Solution: ( 85 a + 145 , a) where a is any real number. − y + ( −5) = −1  y = −4
x − 4( −4) + 3( −5) = 3  x = 2
28. 1.5 x + 2.5 y = 8.5  3 x + 5 y = 17
 Solution: ( 2, − 4, − 5)
 6 x + 10 y = 24  −3 x − 5 y = −12
0 = 5
The system is inconsistent. There is no solution.
36. x − 7 y + 8 z = 85 40.  x − 2 y + z = − 6 Equation 1

 
 y − 9 z = −35  2x − 3y = −7 Equation 2
 z = 3 − x + 3 y − 3 z = 11
  Equation 3
y − 9(3) = −35  y = −8  x − 2y + z = −6

x − 7( −8) + 8(3) = 85  x = 5  y − 2z = 5 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2
 y − 2z = 5
Solution: (5, − 8, 3)  Eq.1 + Eq.3
 x − 2y + z = −6
37. 4 x − 3 y − 2 z = −65 
 y − 2z = 5

 8 y − 7 z = −14 
 0 = 0 − Eq.2 + Eq.3
 z = 10
 Let z = a, then:
8 y − 7(10) = −14  y = 7 y = 2a + 5
4 x − 3(7) − 2(10) = −65  x = −6 x − 2( 2a + 5) + a = − 6
Solution: ( −6, 7, 10) x − 3a − 10 = − 6
x = 3a + 4
38. 5 x − 7z = 9 Solution: (3a + 4, 2 a + 5, a ) where a is any real

 3 y − 8 z = −4 number.

 z = −7
41.  2 x + 6z = −9 Equation 1
3 y − 8( −7) = −4  y = −20 
 3x − 2 y + 11z = −16 Equation 2
5 x − 7 ( −7 ) = 9  x = −8  3x −
 y + 7 z = −11 Equation 3
Solution: ( −8, − 20, − 7 )
− x + 2 y − 5z = 7 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.1

39.  x + 2y + 6z = 4 Equation 1  3x − 2 y + 11z = −16
  3x − y + 7 z = −11
−3 x + 2y − z = −4 Equation 2 
 4x + 2 z = 16 Equation 3
 − x + 2 y − 5z = 7

 x + 2y + 6z = 4  4 y − 4z = 5 3Eq.1 + Eq.2
  5 y − 8z = 10 3Eq.1 + Eq.3
 8 y + 17 z = 8 3Eq.1 + Eq.2 
 −8 y − 22 z = 0 −4Eq.1 + Eq.3
 − x + 2 y − 5 z = 7

 x + 2y + 6z = 4  4 y − 4z = 5
 
 8 y + 17 z = 8  − 3y = 0 (−2)Eq.2 + Eq.3

 −5 z = 8 Eq.2 + Eq.3 − x + 2 y − 5z = 7



x + 2y + 6z = 4 
 y − z = 5
4 ( 14 )Eq.2
8 y + 17 z = 8 

 z = − 85 − 15 Eq.3
 y = 0 (− 13 )Eq.3

5
0 − z =  z = − 54
( )
8 y + 17 − 85 = 8  y = 22 4
( )
5
− x + 2(0) − 5 − 54 = 7  x = − 43
x + 2( 22
5)
+ 6( − 85 ) = 4  x = 24
5
Solution: ( 24 , 22 , − 58 )
(
Solution: − 34 , 0, − 54 )
5 5
42.  x + 4w = 1 Equation 1

 3y + z − w = 4 Equation 2

 2y − 3w = 2 Equation 3
4 x − y + 2 z = 5 Equation 4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 2y − 3w = 2
 − y + 2z − 16 w = 1 −4Eq.1 + Eq.4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 2y − 3w = 2
 4z − 35w = 4 Eq.3 + 2Eq.4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 −2 z − 7 w = −2 −2Eq.2 + 3Eq.3
 4z − 35w = 4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 −2 z − 7 w = −2
 − 49 w = 0 2Eq.3 + Eq.4

w = 0
− 2 z − 7 ( 0 ) = −2  z = 1
3y + 1 − 0 = 4  y =1
x + 4(0) = 1  x = 1
Solution: (1, 1, 1, 0)
43. 5 x − 12 y + 7 z = 16   15 x − 36 y + 21z = 48
 
3 x − 7 y + 4 z = 9   −15 x + 35 y − 20 z = −45
−y + z = 3
Let z = a. Then y = a − 3 and 5 x − 12( a − 3) + 7 a = 16  x = a − 4.
Solution: ( a − 4, a − 3, a ) where a is any real number.
44. 2 x + 5 y − 19 z = 34  6 x + 15 y − 57 z = 102

3x + 8 y − 31z = 54  −6 x − 16 y + 62 z = −108
− y + 5z = −6
Let z = a. Then:
− y + 5a = −6  y = 5a + 6
2 x + 5(5a + 6) − 19a = 34  x = −3a + 2
Solution: ( −3a + 2, 5a + 6, a ) where a is any real number.
45. y = ax 2 + bx + c through (0, − 5), (1, − 2), and ( 2, 5). 46. y = ax 2 + bx + c through ( −5, 6), (1, 0), ( 2, 20).
(0, − 5): −5 = c  c = −5 (−5, 6): 6 = 25a − 5b + c

(1, − 2): −2 = a +b + c  a + b = 3 (1, 0): 0 = a + b + c  c = −a − b

(2, 5): 5 = 4a + 2b + c  2a + b = 5 (2, 20): 20 = 4a + 2b + c
 2a + b = 5 24a − 6b = 6  24a − 6b = 6
 
− a − b = −3  3a + b = 20  −24a − 8b = −160
a = 2 −14b = −154
b = 1 b = 11
The equation of the parabola is y = 2 x 2 + x − 5. 3a + 11 = 20  a = 3
10 c = −3 − 11  c = −14
The equation of the parabola is y = 3x 2 + 11x − 14.

−5 5
24
− 10
− 12 12
− 24
47. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 through ( −1, − 2), (5, − 2), and ( 2, 1).
(−1, − 2): 5− D − 2E + F = 0   D + 2E − F = 5

(5, − 2): 29 + 5D − 2 E + F = 0  5D − 2 E + F = −29
(2, 1): 5 + 2 D + E + F = 0  2 D + E + F = −5
From the first two equations
6 D = −24
D = −4.
Substituting D = −4 into the second and third equations yields:
−20 − 2 E + F = −29  −2 E + F = −9

−8 + E + F = −5   − E − F = −3
−3E = −12
E = 4
F = −1
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 4 y − 1 = 0.

To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the equation for y.
( x2 − 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 1 + 4 + 4
(x − 2) + ( y + 2) = 9
2 2
(y + 2) = 9 − ( x − 2)
2 2
9 − ( x − 2)
2
y = −2 ±
9 − ( x − 2) and y2 = −2 − 9 − ( x − 2) .
2 2
Let y1 = −2 +
4
−6 9
−6
48. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 through 49. From the following chart we obtain our system of
equations.
(1, 4), ( 4, 3), ( −2, − 5).
(1, 4): 17 + D + 4 E + F = 0 A B C
(4, 3): 25 + 4 D + 3E + F = 0 Mixture X
1
5
2
5
2
5
(−2, − 5): 29 − 2 D − 5E + F = 0 Mixture Y 0 0 1
1 1 1
 D + 4E + F = −17 Equation 1 Mixture Z 3 3 3

4 D + 3E + F = −25 Equation 2
Desired Mixture
6 8 13
2 D + 5E − F = 29 Equation 3
27 27 27

1x 6 
 D + 4E + F = −17 5
+ 13 z = 27  10 12
 x = , z =
 − 13 E − 3F = 43 ( −4)Eq.1 + Eq.2 2
5
x + 13 z = 8
27 

27 27

 − 3E − 3F = 63 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.3 2
x + y + 13 z = 13
 y = 5
5 27 27
 D + 4 E + F = −17 To obtain the desired mixture, use 10 gallons of spray X,

 − 3E − 3F = 63 Interchange equations. 5 gallons of spray Y, and 12 gallons of spray Z.
 − 13E − 3F = 43

50. Let x = number of par-3 holes
 D + 4 E + F = −17 y = number of par-4 holes


 − 3E − 3F = 63 z = number of par-5 holes.

 10 F = −230 ( )Eq.2 + Eq.3
− 13
3
x + y + z = 18

Equation 1
 y − 7z = 0 Equation 2
F = −23, E = 2, D = −2
x + z = 4 Equation 3

The equation of the circle is
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y − 23 = 0. Solve Equation 3 for x : x = 4 − z
To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the Solve Equation 2 for y : y = 7 z
equation for y.
Substitute x = 4 − z and y = 7 z into Equation 1.
( x2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = 23 + 1 + 1 (4 − z ) + 7 z + z = 18
( x − 1) + ( y + 1) = 25
2 2
7 z = 14
( y + 1) = 25 − ( x − 1)
2 2
z = 2
x = 4− 2 = 2
25 − ( x − 1)
2
y = −1 ±
y = 7( 2) = 14
25 − ( x − 1) and
2
Let y1 = −1 + So, there are 2 par-3 holes, 14 par-4 holes, and 2 par-5
7
holes.
25 − ( x − 1) .
2
y2 = −1 −
51. Let x = amount invested at 7%
− 10 11
y = amount invested at 9%
z = amount invested at 11%.
−7
y = x − 3000 and
z = x − 5000  y + z = 2 x − 8000
 x + y + z = 40,000

0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 3500
 y + z = 2 x − 8000

x + ( 2 x − 8000) = 40,000  x = 16,000
y = 16,000 − 3000  y = 13,000
z = 16,000 − 5000  z = 11,000
So, $16,000 was invested at 7%, $13,000 at 9%, and
$11,000 at 11%.
52. Let x = amount invested at 5%

y = amount invested at 7%
z = amount invested at 8%.
y = x − 2000 and z = x − 3000
Add the two equations.
 y = x − 2000

 z = x − 3000
 y + z = 2 x − 5000

Add Equation 1 to Equation 3, and solve for x.
 x + y + z = 46,000

0.05 x + 0.07 y + 0.8 z = 3020
 2x − y − z = 5000

x + 2 x = 51,000  3 x = 51,000  x = 17,000
y = 17,000 − 2000  y = 15,000
z = 17,000 − 3000  z = 14,000
So, $17,000 was invested at 5%, $15,000 at 7%, and $14,000 at 8%.
1 2
53. s = 2
at + v0t + s0
When t = 1: s = 134: 12 a(1) + v0 (1) + s0 = 134  a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

2
When t = 2: s = 86: 12 a( 2) + v0 ( 2) + s0 = 86  2a + 2v0 + s0 = 86

2
When t = 3: s = 6: 12 a(3) + v0 (3) + s0 = 6  9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 12

2
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

2a + 2v0 + s0 = 86
9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 12

a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −450 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2

 − 12v0 − 16 s0 = −2400 (−9)Eq.1 + Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −450

 3v0 + 4 s0 = 600 (− 14 )Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −450

 − s0 = −150 3Eq.2 + 2Eq.3
− s0 = −150  s0 = 150
−2v0 − 3(150) = −450  v0 = 0
a + 2(0) + 2(150) = 268  a = −32
The position equation is s = 1

2
(−32)t 2 + (0)t + 150, or s = −16t 2 + 150.
54. When t = 1: s = 184: 12 a(1) + v0 (1) + s0 = 184  a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

2
When t = 2: s = 116: 12 a( 2) + v0 ( 2) + s0 = 116  2a + 2v0 + s0 = 116

2
When t = 3: s = 16: 12 a(3) + v0 (3) + s0 = 16  9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 32

2
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

2a + 2v0 + s0 = 116
9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 32

a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

 − 2v0 − 3 s0 = −620 ( −2)Eq.1 + Eq.2

 − 12v0 − 16 s0 = −3280 (−9)Eq.1 + Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = − 620

 3v0 + 4 s0 = 820 (− 14 )Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −620
 − s0 = − 220 3Eq.2 + 2Eq.3

− s0 = −220  s0 = 220
−2v0 − 3( 220) = −620  v0 = −20
a + 2( −20) + 2( 220) = 368  a = −32
The position equation is s = 1
2
(−32)t 2 + ( −20)t + 220, or s = −16t 2 − 20t + 220.
3 3 A B x2 2 x − 15
55. = = + 61. =1− 2
x 2 + 20 x x( x + 20) x x + 20 2
x + 2 x − 15 x + 2 x − 15
−2 x + 15 A B
x −8 x −8 A B = +
56. = = + ( x + 5)( x − 3) x + 5 x − 3
x 2 − 3 x − 28 ( x − 7)( x + 4) x − 7 x + 4
−2 x + 15 = A( x − 3) + B( x + 5)
3x − 4 3x − 4 A B C
57. 3 = 2 = + 2 + 25
x − 5x2 x ( x − 5) x x x −5 Let x = −5: 25 = −8 A  A = −
8
x − 2 A Bx + C Dx + E 9
58. = + 2 + Let x = 3: 9 = 8 B  B =
x ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
2 2
2 x x + 2 8
x2 25 9
4− x A B =1− +
59. 2 = +
2
x + 2 x − 15 8( x + 5) 8( x − 3)
x + 6x + 8 x + 2 x + 4
4 − x = A( x + 4) + B( x + 2) 9 A B
62. = +
Let x = −2: 6 = 2 A  A = 3 x2 − 9 x −3 x +3
Let x = −4: 8 = −2B  B = −4 9 = A( x + 3) + B( x − 3)
4 − x 3 4 3
= − Let x = 3: 9 = 6 A  A =
x2 + 6x + 8 x + 2 x + 4 2
−x A B 3
Let x = −3: 9 = −6 B  B = −
60. 2
= + 2
x + 3x + 2 x +1 x + 2
− x = A( x + 2) + B( x + 1) 9 1 3
=  −
3 

x2 − 9 2 x − 3 x + 3
Let x = −1: 1 = A
Let x = −2: 2 = − B  B = −2
−x 1 2
2
= −
x + 3x + 2 x +1 x + 2
x2 + 2x x2 + 2x 4x2 A Bx + C
63. = 66. = +
x − x + x − 1 ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
3 2
( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) x − 1 x 2 + 1
=
A Bx + C
+ 2 4 x 2 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
x −1 x +1
= Ax 2 + A + Bx 2 − Bx + Cx − C
x 2 + 2 x = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
= ( A + B) x 2 + ( − B + C ) x + ( A − C )
= Ax 2 + A + Bx 2 − Bx + Cx − C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 4 = A + B,
= ( A + B) x 2 + (− B + C ) x + ( A − C )
0 = − B + C , and 0 = A − C. Adding both sides of all
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 = A + B, three equations gives 4 = 2 A, so A = 2. Then
2 = − B + C , and 0 = A − C. Adding both sides of all B = 2 and C = 2.
3 1 4 x2 2 2x + 2
three equations gives 3 = 2 A. So, A = ,B = − , = + 2
2 2 ( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
2
3
and C = .  1 x +1
2 = 2 + 2 
 x − 1 x + 1
3 1 3
− x +
x2 + 2x 2 2 2 67. y ≥ 5
= +
x3 − x 2 + x − 1 x −1 x2 + 1 y
1 3 x − 3 8
=  − 
2  x − 1 x2 + 1 6
4
4x A B
64. = +
3( x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2
2
4 x
x = A( x − 1) + B −4 −2 2 4
3 −2
4
Let x = 1: = B
3 68. x < − 3
y
8 4 4
Let x = 2: = A +  A =
3 3 3
4
4x 4 4
= +
3( x − 1)
2 2 2
3( x − 1) 3( x − 1)
x
−6 −4 −2 2
2
3x + 4 x Ax + B Cx + D −2
65. = +
(x + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2
2 x2 + 1 −4
3 x 2 + 4 x = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 1) + Cx + D
69. y ≤ 5 − 2 x
= Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( A + C ) x + ( B + D)
y

0 = A
4
3 = B
4 = 0 +C  C = 4 2
0 = B + D  D = −3 x
−4 −2 2 4
3x 2 + 4 x 3 4x − 3 −2
= +
( x2 + 1) x + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2
2 2
y
70. 3 y − x ≥ 7 73.  x + 2 y ≤ 2
8 
− x + 2 y ≤ 2
6  y ≥ 0

4 y
5
4
x
−6 −4 −2 2 3
−2 2
(0, 1)
y
(− 2, 0) (2, 0)
x
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) < 16
2 2
71. −2 −1 1 2 4
8
−2
6 −3
4
Vertex A
2
−4 −2 4 6
x  x + 2y = 2

−2
− x + 2 y = 2
4y = 4  y = 1
72. x + ( y + 5) > 1
2 2 y
x + 2(1) = 2  x = 0
1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x (0, 1)
−1
−2 Vertex B
−3
x + 2 y = 2

 y = 0
−7 x + 2(0) = 2
x = 2
(2, 0)
Vertex C
− x + 2 y = 2

 y = 0
− x + 2(0) = 2
x = −2
(− 2, 0)
y y
74. 2 x + 3 y < 6 76. 3x − 2 y > − 4
 5 
 x > 0
4
6 x − y < 5 4
 
 y ≥ 0 3  y < 1 (− 2, 1
3 ( (1, 1)
(0, 2) 1
2
x
−4 2 4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
x −2
−2 −1 1 2 3 5
−1
−4
−2
Vertex A Vertex A
2 x + 3 y = 6 3x − 2 y = − 4
 
 x = 0  y = 1
2(0) + 3 y = 6  y = 2 3x − 2(1) = − 4  3x = − 2
(0, 2) (− 23 , 1)
Vertex B Vertex B
2 x + 3 y = 6 6 x − y = 5
 
 y = 0 y = 1

2 x + 3(0) = 6  x = 3 6 x − (1) = 5  6 x = 6  x = 1
(3, 0) (1, 1)
Vertex C
77.  y < x + 1
x = 0 
 2
y > x − 1
y = 0
(0, 0) Vertices:
y
x + 1 = x2 − 1
75.  2 x − y < −1
0 = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)
 6
− 3 x + 2 y > 4 5 y
 (2, 5) x = −1 or x = 2
 y > 0 4
6
3 y = 0 y = 3 5
2
(− 43 , 0( (−1, 0) (2, 3) 4
(2, 3)
3
x
−4 −3 1 2 3 4 2
−2 (− 1, 0)
x
−4 −3 1 2 3 4
Vertex A −2
 2 x − y = −1  4 x − 2 y = − 2

− 3 x + 2 y = 4  − 3x + 2 y = 4 78.  y ≤ 6 − 2 x − x 2

x = 2  y ≥ x + 6
2( 2) − y = −1  − y = − 5  y = 5 Vertices: x + 6 = 6 − 2 x − x2
( 2, 5) x 2 + 3x = 0
Vertex B x( x + 3) = 0  x = 0, − 3
y
− 3 x + 2 y = 4 (0, 6), ( −3, 3)
 8
 y = 0
(0, 6)
− 3 x + 2(0) = 4  x = − 43 4
(−3, 3)
( − 43 , 0 ) 2
x
−6 −2 4
−2
79.  x 2 + y 2 > 4  y 2 > 4 − x 2 : The region outside the circle centered at (0, 0) with radius of 2.
 2
 x + y ≤ 9  y ≤ 9 − x : The region inside and on the circle centered at ( 0, 0) with radius of 3.
2 2 2
Vertices: 4 − x 2 = 9 − x 2 4
0 ≠ 5
The circles do not intersect, so there are no vertices. 1
x
−4 −1 1 4
−4
y
80.  x 2 + y 2 ≤ 169 82.
 7
 x + y ≤ 7 6
5 (0, 5)
 x + y = 169  x + y = 169
2 2 2 2 4
 3
 x + y = 7  y = 7 − x 2
1
(5, 0)
x 2 + (7 − x) = 169
2 x
Vertices: (0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 2 + x 2 − 14 x + 49 = 169 −2
2 x 2 − 14 x − 120 = 0
Line through (0, 0) and (5, 0), y = 0.
x 2 − 7 x − 60 = 0
Line through (0, 0) and (0, 5), x = 0.
(x − 12)( x + 5) = 0
x = 12, x = − 5 Line through (5, 0) and (0, 5)
x = 12  y = 7 − 12  y = − 5 5− 0
m = = −1
0 −5
x = − 5  y = 7 − ( − 5)  y = 12
y = −x + 5
(12, − 5), (− 5, 12)
x + y ≤ 5
y 
 x ≥ 0
(− 5, 12)
15
 y ≥ 0

5
83. (a) p Consumer Surplus
x Producer Surplus
− 15 −5 5 15 175
−5 (12, − 5) p = 160 − 0.0001x
150
− 10
125
− 15
100 (300,000, 130)
75
81. Rectangular region with vertices at: 50 p = 70 + 0.0002x
(3, 1), (7, 1), (7, 10), and (3, 10)

100,000 200,000 300,000
x
y
x ≥ 3
 10
(3, 10) (7, 10) 160 − 0.0001x = 70 + 0.0002 x
x ≤ 7
 8
90 = 0.0003 x
y ≥1
x = 300,000 units
y ≤ 10
6
 p = $130
4
This system may be Point of equilibrium: (300,000, 130)
2
written as: (3, 1) (7, 1)
x (b) Consumer surplus: 1
2
(300,000)(30) = $4,500,000
3 ≤ x ≤ 7 2 4 6 8 10
 Producer surplus: 1
(300,000)(60) = $9,000,000
1 ≤ y ≤ 10 2
p
84. (a) Consumer Surplus 87. Objective function: z = 3 x + 4 y
Producer Surplus
200
p = 130 − 0.0002x Constraints:  x ≥ 0
150 
(200,000, 90)  y ≥ 0
100 
2 x + 5 y ≤ 50
50 4 x + y ≤ 28
p = 30 + 0.0003x 
y
100,000 300,000
x
At (0, 0): z = 0
15
At (0, 10): z = 40
130 − 0.0002 x = 30 + 0.0003 x 12
(0, 10)
100 = 0.0005 x At (5, 8) : z = 47 9 (5, 8)
x = 200,000 units
At (7, 0): z = 21 6
p = $90 3
The minimum value
Point of equilibrium: ( 200,000, 90) (0, 0) (7, 0)
is 0 at (0, 0). 3 6 9 12 15
x
(b) Consumer surplus: 1

2 ( 200,000)( 40) = $4,000,000
The maximum value is
Producer surplus: 1
2 ( 200,000)(60) = $6,000,000 47 at (5, 8).
85. x = number of units of Product I 88. z = 10 x + 7 y

y = number of units of Product II At (0, 100): z = 10(0) + 7(100) = 700
y
20 x + 30 y ≤ 24,000 At ( 25, 50): z = 10( 25) + 7(50) = 600
 1600
12 x + 8 y ≤ 12,400
 At (75, 0): z = 10(75) + 7(0) = 750
 x ≥ 0 1200
 y ≥ 0 The minimum value is 600 at ( 25, 50).

 800
400
There is no maximum value.
y
x
400 800 100 (0, 100)
75
86. (a) x = amount of food X 50

(25, 50)
y = amount of food Y 25
(75, 0)
x
200 x + 150 y ≥ 800 25 75 100

 3 x + 2 y ≥ 10
 89. Objective function: z = 1.75 x + 2.25 y
100 x + 80 y ≥ 200
 x ≥ 0
 Constraints:  x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 0 
 y ≥ 0
y 
 2x + y ≥ 25
7 3 x + 2 y ≥ 45

5
At (0, 25): z = 56.25
4 y
At (5, 15): z = 42.5 27
2 (0, 25)
24
1 At (15, 0): z = 26.25 21
x 18
1 2 3 5 6 7 (5, 15)
−1 The minimum value is 15
(b) Answers will vary. For example, (5, 5) or (6, 4) 26.25 at (15, 0). 12
9
6
represent acceptable quantities ( X , Y ) for foods X Because the region is 3 (15, 0)
unbounded, there is no x
and Y. 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
maximum value.
90. z = 50 x + 70 y
At (0, 0): z = 50(0) + 70(0) = 0
At (0, 750): z = 50(0) + 70(750) = 52,500
At (500, 500): z = 50(500) + 70(500) = 60,000
At (700, 0): z = 50(700) + 70(0) = 35,000
The maximum value is 60,000 at (500, 500) .
y
(0, 750)
600
(500, 500)
400
200
(0, 0) (700, 0)
x
200 400 600 800
91. x = number of haircuts

y = number of permanents
Objective function: Optimize R = 25 x + 70 y subject to the following constraints:
y
 x ≥ 0
 25
 y ≥ 0
(0, 1447)

( )x + ( ) y
20
20 70
 60 60
≤ 24  2 x + 7 y ≤ 144
15
At (0, 0): R = 0 10
At (72, 0) : R = 1800 5
(0, 0) (72, 0)
( )
x
At 0, 144
7
: R = 1440 20 40 60
The revenue is optimal if the student does 72 haircuts and no permanents. The maximum revenue is $1800.
92. x = number of model A

y = number of model B
2 x + 2.5 y ≤ 4000

4 x + y ≤ 4800

Constraints:  x + 0.75 y ≤ 1500
 x ≥ 0

 y ≥ 0
Objective function: P = 45 x + 50 y
y
Vertices: (0, 0), (0, 1600), (750, 1000), (1050, 600), (1200, 0)
5000
At (0, 0): P = 45(0) + 50(0) = 0 4000
At (0, 1600): P = 45(0) + 50(1600) = 80,000 3000

(0, 1600)
(750, 1000)
At (750, 1000): P = 45(750) + 50(1000) = 83,750 2000
(1050, 600)
At (1050, 600): P = 45(1050) + 50(600) = 77,250 1000 (1200, 0)
x
At (1200, 0): P = 45(1200) + 50(0) = 54,000 (0, 0) 500 1000 1500 2000
The optimal profit of $83,750 occurs when 750 units of model A and 1000 units of model B are produced.
93. True. Because y = 5 and y = − 2 are horizontal lines, 98. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
exactly one pair of opposite sides are parallel. The (
solution −2, 11
5 )
. One possible system is:
non-parallel sides of the trapezoid are equal in length.
Therefore, the trapezoid is isosceles as shown below. x + 5 y = 9
y 
x + 10 y = 20
12
8
99. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
(4, 5) (6, 5) solution ( 4, −1, 3). One possible system is as follows:
4
−2 2 4 6 8 10
x x + y + z = 6

−4 (2, −2) (8, −2) x + y − z = 0
x − y − z = 2
−8 
The distance from ( − 4, 5) to ( 2, − 2) is equal to the 100. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
distance from (6, 5) to (8, − 2). solution ( −3, 5, 6). One possible system is:
2  x − 2 y + z = −7
(4 − 2) + 5 − ( − 2)
2
d1 = = 53 
 2 x + y − 4 z = −25
− x + 3 y − z = 12
d2 = (8 − 6)2 + ( − 2 − 5) =
2
53 
94. False. The correct form of the partial fraction 101. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
decomposition is
A B
+ 2 +
C
+
D
. ( )
solution 5, 32 , 2 . One possible system is:
( x + 2)
2
x x x + 2
2 x + 2 y − 3z = 7

95. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the  x − 2y + z = 4
solution ( −8, 10). One possible system is: − x + 4 y − z = −1

 4 x + y = −22
1 102. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
 2 x + y = 6
( )
solution − 12 , − 2, − 34 . One possible system is:
96. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
 2 x + y + 4 z = −6
solution (5, − 4) . One possible system is: 
−4 x + 2 y + 4 z = −5
 x − y = 9  4x − y + z = − 3
  4
3x + y = 11
103. A system of linear equations is inconsistent if it has no
97. There are infinite linear systems with the solution ( )
4
3
, 3 . solution.
One possible system is: 104. The lines are distinct and parallel.
 3x + y = 7  x + 2y = 3
 
−6 x + 3 y = 1 2 x + 4 y = 9
Problem Solving for Chapter 7 643
Problem Solving for Chapter 7

1. The longest side of the triangle is a diameter of the circle and has a length of 20.
The lines y = 1
2
x + 5 and y = −2 x + 20 intersect at the point (6, 8).
The distance between ( −10, 0) and (6, 8) is: y
12 (6, 8)
(− 10, 0)
(6 − (−10))
2
+ (8 − 0)
2
d1 = = 320 = 8 5 8
a b
The distance between (6, 8) and (10, 0) is: c (10, 0)
x
−8 −4 4 8
d2 = (10 − 6) 2
+ (0 − 8) =
2
80 = 4 5 −4
−8
( ) ( )
2 2
= ( 20)
2
Because 320 + 80 − 12
400 = 400,
the sides of the triangle satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. So, the triangle is a right triangle.
2. The system will have infinite solutions when the lines coincide, or are identical.
3x − 5 y = 8  6 x − 10 y = 16

2 x + k1 y = k2  6 x + 3k1 y = 3k2
3k1 = −10  k1 = − 10
3
3k2 = 16  k2 = 16
3
3. The system will have exactly one solution when the slopes of the line are not equal.
 a e
ax + by = e  y = − b x + b

 cx + dy = f  y = − c x + f
 d d
a c
− ≠ −
b d
a c
≠
b d
ad ≠ bc
4. Reducing the system to row-echelon form produces the following.

 x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 x + z = 2
ax + by + cz = 0

x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 y − z = 0 Eq.1 − Eq.3
 (b − a ) y + cz = − 2a − a Eq.1 + Eq.4

x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 2z = 2 Eq.2 − Eq.3
 ( a − b + c )z = − 2b − (b − a ) Eq.2 − Eq.4

x + y = 2

 y + z = 2
 z = 1 1
 2
Eq.3

 ( a − b + c) z = − 2b
x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 z = 1
 0 = a +b + c (a − b + c) Eq.3 − Eq.4

Use back-substitution to yield the following.
z = 1, y + 1 = 2  y = 1, x + 1 = 2  x = 1, and a + b + c = 0.
Therefore, the system will have
(a) a unique solution when a + b + c = 0, such as a = 1, b = 1, c = − 2,
(b) no solutions if a + b + c ≠ 0 (Sample answer : a = 1, b = 1, c = 2),
(c) not possible to have an infinite number of solutions.
5. (a)  x − 4 y = −3 Eq. 1 (b)  2x − 3 y = 7 Eq. 1

 
5 x − 6 y = 13 Eq. 2 −4 x + 6 y = −14 Eq. 2
y y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
−1 −1
−2 −2
−4 −4
x − 4 y = −3 2 x − 3 y = 7
 
 14 y = 28 −5Eq.1 + Eq.2  0 = 0 2Eq.1 + Eq.2
 x − 4 y = −3 The lines coincide. Infinite solutions.

 1
 y = 2 14
Eq.2 3 7
y
Let y = a, then 2 x − 3a = 7  x = a +
2 2
4
3 7 
3 Solution:  a + , a 
2 2 
1
x
The solution(s) remain the same at each step of the process.
− 2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
−3
−4
x = 5 4Eq.2 + Eq.1

y = 2
y
4
3
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
−1
−2
−3
−4
Solution: (5, 2)
6. There are a finite number of solutions.

(a) If both equations are linear, (b) If one equation is linear (c) If both equations are quadratic,
then the maximum number and the other is quadratic, then the maximum number
of solutions to a finite system then the maximum number of solutions to a finite system
is one. of solutions is two. is four.
7. The point where the two sections meet is at a depth of 10.1 feet. The distance between (0, −10.1) and ( 252.5, 0) is:
+ (0 − ( −10.1))
2
( 252.5 − 0)
2
d = = 63,858.26
d ≈ 252.7
Each section is approximately 252.7 feet long.
y
10
(− 252.5, 0) (252.5, 0)
x
− 250 − 50 50 250
(0, − 10.1)
2x − 50y = 505
2x + 50y = − 505 − 20
8. Let C = weight of a carbon atom.

Let H = weight of a hydrogen atom.
2C + 6 H = 30.069  8C + 24 H = 120.276

3C + 8 H = 44.096  − 9C − 24 H = −132.288
−C = −12.012
C = 12.012 u
H = 1.0075 u
9. Let x = cost of the cable, per foot.

Let y = cost of a connector.
6 x + 2 y = 15.50  6 x + 2 y = 15.50

3 x + 2 y = 10.25  −3 x − 2 y = −10.25
3x = 5.25
x = 1.75
y = 2.50
For a four-foot cable with a connector on each end, the cost should be 4(1.75) + 2( 2.50) = $12.00.
10. (a) Let t = time that the 9:00 A.M. bus is on the road.
1
Then t − 4
= time that the 9:15 A.M. bus is on the road.
d1 = 30t

d 2 = 40 t − ( 1
4 )
( ) = 30t
d
1
(b) 40 t − 4
40
40t − 10 = 30t
30
10t = 10
20
t =1
10
d = 30 t
1 2
Solution: (1, 30)
1 1 3
−2 2 2
(c) The 9:15 A.M. bus will catch up with the 9:00 A.M. bus in one hour. At that point both buses have traveled 30 miles and are
5 miles from the airport.
1 1 1
11. Let X = , Y = , and Z = .
x y z
12 12
 x − y = 7  12 X − 12Y = 7  12 X − 12Y = 7

 3 4
 − = 0  3X + 4Y = 0  9 X + 12Y = 0
 x y
(a)  21X = 7

 1
X =
 3

 1
Y = −
 4
1 1 1 1
So, =  x = 3 and = −  y = −4.
x 3 y 4
 2 1 3
(b)  + − = 4  2 X + Y − 3Z = 4 Eq.1
x y z

 4 2
 + = 10  4 X + 2Z = 10 Eq.2
 x z
 2 3 13
− + − = −8  −2 X + 3Y − 13Z = −8 Eq.3
 x y z
2 X + Y − 3Z = 4

 −2Y + 8Z = 2 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2

 4Y − 16 Z = −4 Eq.1 + Eq.3
2 X + Y − 3Z = 4

 −2Y + 8Z = 2
 0 = 0 2Eq.2 + Eq.3

The system has infinite solutions.
−a + 5
Let Z = a, then Y = 4a − 1 and X = .
2
1 1 1 1 1 −a + 5 2
Then = a  z = , = 4a − 1  y = , and =  x = .
z a y 4a − 1 x 2 −a + 5
 2 1 1 1
Solution:  , , , a ≠ 5, , 0
 − a + 5 4a − 1 a  4
12. Solution: ( −1, 2, − 3)
x + 2 y − 3 z = a  ( −1) + 2( 2) − 3( −3) = 12 = a
− x − y + z = b  −( −1) − 2 + ( −3) = −4 = b
2 x + 3 y − 2 z = c  2( −1) + 3( 2) − 2( −3) = 10 = c
So, a = 12, b = −4, and c = 10.
13. Solution: (1, −1, 2)
 4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16 Equation 1

 x + y = 0 Equation 2
− x − 3 y + 2 z = 6 Equation 3

(a) 4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16

 x + y = 0
 x + y = 0 Interchange the equations.


4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16
x + y = 0

 −6 y + 5 z = 16 −4Eq.1 + Eq.2
5a − 16 −5a + 16
Let z = a, then y = and x = .
6 6
 −5a + 16 5a − 16 
Solution:  , , a
 6 6 
When a = 2, we have the original solution.
(b)  4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16

− x − 3 y + 2z = 6
− x − 2 y + 2z = 6 Interchange the equations.


 4x − 3 y + 5 z = 16
− x − 3y + 2z = 6 4Eq.1 + Eq.2

 −14 y + 13z = 40
13a − 40 −11a + 36
Let z = a, then y = and x = .
14 14
 −11a + 36 13a − 40 
Solution:  , , a
 14 14 
(c)  x + y = 0

− x − 3y + 2z = 6
 x + y = 0

 − 2 y + 2 z = 6 Eq.1 + Eq.2
Let z = a, then y = a − 3 and x = − a + 3.
Solution: ( − a + 3, a − 3, a )
(d) Each of these systems has infinite solutions.
14.  x1 − x2 + 2 x3 + 2 x4 + 6 x5 = 6
3 x − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 12 x5 = 14
 1
 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 5 x4 + 15 x5 = 10
 1
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 13
 x1 − x2 + 2 x3 + 2 x4 + 6 x5 = 6
 x = 2 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2
 1
 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x5 = 10
 1 2 3 4
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13x5 = 13
 x1 − 3x2 = 0 Eq.1 + 2Eq.3

 x = 2
 1
 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x = 10
 1 2 3 4 5
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 13
 −3 x2 = −2 Eq.1 − Eq.2

 x1 = 2

 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x = 10
 1 2 3 4 5
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 13
Substitute into the subsequent equations and simplify:
 x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 − 23 − x3 − x4 − 3x5 = −3

2 2 − 2 2 + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x
 ( ) 3 () 3 4 5 = 10
 2
()
2( 2) − 2 3 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13x5 = 13
x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = − 73
 22
 4 x3 + 5 x4 + 15 x5 = 3
 31
 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 3
x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 x3 + x4 + 3x5 = 7 −Eq.3
3
 Eq.4 + ( 4)Eq.3
 x4 + 3x5 = −2
 x5 = 1 Eq.5 + ( 4)Eq.3

x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 x3 = 13 Eq.3 − Eq.4
3
 Eq.4 − (3)Eq.5
 x4 = −5
 x5 = 1

t
15. t = amount of terrestrial vegetation in kilograms
a = amount of aquatic vegetation in kilograms
30
25
 a + t ≤ 32 20

 0.15 a ≥ 1.9 10
193a + 772t ≥ 11,000
 5
a
−5 5 10 15 20 25 30
−5
16. x = number of inches by which a person’s height exceeds 4 feet 10 inches.

y = person’s weight in pounds
(a)  y ≥ 91 + 3.6 x (b) 200

y ≤ 115 + 4.5 x

x ≥ 0
y ≥ 91
 0 20
90
12 in.
(c) 6 ft × = 72 in.  use x = 72 − 58 = 14
1 ft
Minimum Weight: 91 + 3.6(14) = 141.4 pounds
Maximum Weight: 115 + 4.5(14) = 178 pounds

141.4 lb ≤ y ≤ 178 lb
17. x = milligrams of HDL cholestrol

y = milligrams of LDL/VLDL cholestrol
(a) 0 < y < 130

x ≥ 60
x + y ≤ 200

y
(b)
200
150
(70, 130)
100
50 (60, 130)
x
50 100 150 200
(c) y = 120 is in the region because 0 < y < 130.

x = 90 is in the region because 60 ≤ x ≤ 200.
x + y = 210 is not the region because x + y ≤ 200.
(d) Sample answer: If the LDL/VLDL reading is 135 and the HDL reading is 65, then x ≥ 60 and x + y ≤ 200, but
y < 130.
x + y
(e) < 4
x
x + y < 4x
y < 3x
165
Sample answer: The point (75, 90) is in the region, and = 2.2 < 4.
75
Practice Test for Chapter 7 651
Practice Test for Chapter 7

For Exercises 1– 3, solve the given system by the method of substitution.
1.  x + y = 1

3x − y = 15
2.  x − 3 y = −3
 2
x + 6 y = 5
3.  x + y + z = 6

2 x − y + 3 z = 0
5 x + 2 y − z = −3

4. Find the two numbers whose sum is 110 and product is 2800.
5. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if its perimeter is 170 feet and its area is 1500 square feet.
For Exercises 6– 8, solve the linear system by elimination.
6. 2 x + 15 y = 4

 x − 3 y = 23
7.  x + y = 2

38 x − 19 y = 7
8. 0.4 x + 0.5 y = 0.112


0.3x − 0.7 y = −0.131
9. Herbert invests $17,000 in two funds that pay 11% and 13% simple interest, respectively. If he receives $2080 in yearly
interest, how much is invested in each fund?
10. Find the least squares regression line for the points ( 4, 3), (1, 1), ( −1, − 2), and ( −2, −1).
For Exercises 11 –12, solve the system of equations.
11.  x + y = −2

2 x − y + z = 11
 4 y − 3 z = −20

12. 3 x + 2 y − z = 5

6 x − y + 5 z = 2
13. Find the equation of the parabola y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through the points (0, −1), (1, 4) and ( 2, 13).
For Exercises 14 –15, write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational functions.
10 x − 17
14.
x2 − 7 x − 8
x2 + 4
15.
x4 + x2
16. Graph x 2 + y 2 ≥ 9.
17. Graph the solution of the system.

x + y ≤ 6

 x ≥ 2
 y ≥ 0

18. Derive a set of inequalities to describe the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 7), and ( 2, 3).
19. Find the maximum value of the objective function, z = 30 x + 26 y , subject to the following constraints.
 x ≥ 0

 y ≥ 0

2 x + 3 y ≤ 21
5 x + 3 y ≤ 30

20. Graph the system of inequalities.

 x2 + y2 ≤ 4
 2 +
( x − 2) y2 ≥ 4
For Exercises 21–22, write the partial fraction decomposition for the rational expression.
1 − 2x
21.
x2 + x
6 x − 17
22.
(x − 3)
2
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every trial, and conquer Satan for us, when he
tries to make us fall.
"For Thine is the Kingdom, and the Power,

and the Glory, for ever. Amen." God is our King,
we are His subjects; He has all power, so that
we can rely on His help; He has all glory, and
will share it with us by and by, if we will yield
ourselves to Him and obey Him. And this will be
for ever and ever!
When the Lord Jesus had finished telling the disciples

about praying, He went on to explain to them some of the
beautiful things which they would find around them which
would help them to trust in the Heavenly Father's love.
He said to them in words like these:
"Do not be anxious about what you will have to eat

another day—look at the birds which fly round you! Are they
anxious? They do not sow any seed; they do not reap the
fields, and gather the grain into storehouses—yet your
Father feeds them. Are not you of more value than they
are?
"Do you make yourself grow? Can you make yourself

taller? Is it not God Who does that for you?
"Think of—consider—the lilies of the field," He says,

"how they grow! They do not work, they do not spin, and
yet King Solomon, in all his glory, was not dressed like one
of these lilies. So, if God clothes them like that, how much
more will He give you clothes to wear!"
That is how the Lord spoke to those men and women

and children who listened to Him on the mountain.
I was given a bunch of flowers the other day. I sat down
at the table, and just thought of all this.
Could I make one of those? Think of the root, and the

earth to grow it in! Think of the stalk, with its tiny little
pipes and channels! Think of leaves all alike, and all on that
plant getting nourished from the root. Consider the flowers
—so white, so exquisitely made; each little flower a perfect
bell. And then the scent—consider the scent of those lilies,
which was exactly the same scent fifty years ago, and no
other flower has exactly the same smell.
I "considered" it all, as our Lord had said, and I bowed

my head and worshipped Him, Who liveth for ever and ever!
So if at any time a doubt or a faithless fear should enter

your heart, just get a daisy, or a buttercup, or a blade of
grass, and sit down and think Who made it; and trust Him
better.
David says, in the eighth Psalm, "When I consider Thy

heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the moon and the stars
which Thou hast ordained; what is man, that Thou art
mindful of him? and the son of man, that Thou visitest
him?"
Then our Lord goes on to say, in words like these: "Do

not be anxious about what you will have to eat or drink, or
what you are going to wear, for your Heavenly Father knows
that you have need of all these things."
I have seen so many instances of God's love and care,

both in my own life, and in that of other people!
There was a bed-ridden woman who was very poor. The
district nurse said to her one morning, "My dear, we want a
new bed-jacket, I think."
And the dear old invalid looked up brightly in answer:

"My Heavenly Father will send me one, just when He thinks
it is the right time," she said confidently.
And He did send her, two days after, a beautiful warm

jacket!
She had sought the Kingdom of God first, and He had

added to her "all her need."
IV. The Sermon on the Mount

HOW TO PRAY, AND ENTER IN
Here is a wonderful encouragement and a wonderful

promise.
As our Lord proceeded with the Sermon on that Mount,

and as He looked into the anxious, eager faces of the
multitude around Him, He revealed to them some of the
deepest needs of our hearts.
His words are very simple, and the youngest child can
understand a little about them.
"Ask," He says.
If a father or a mother says, "Ask me when you next
see me," the child is quite sure he will get his request!
Years ago, when I was quite a little girl, a favourite aunt

tried to teach us all this lesson. When the grandchildren
went to stay at that dear country house, they were told that
on a Saturday they could ask their aunt for a "Saturday
penny." She wanted to impress upon our minds that God
loved us to ask for what He had promised! So as surely as
we asked, however many there were of us, she gave what
she had promised.
And, though that is seventy years ago, you see I have

not forgotten it!
Well! Our Lord says "Ask." That shows that He knows

we have some want in our hearts that we hardly are
conscious of.
What is the need that hides down below everything

else? It is forgiveness—to be assured that our sins are
washed away.
People, however, try a number of remedies first.
They think "they will turn over a new leaf."
They think they will strive more earnestly to improve.
They make endless resolutions.
But all these remedies fall short of the need. They do

not go down to the root of the disease.
Suddenly we find the remembrance of some sin flashes
into our thoughts and makes us miserable; or there is a
defilement in our lives which we cannot get rid of by any of
the means within our reach!
What then?
The words of Jesus Christ on the Mount, given so long

ago, but of living power to-day, are—
"Ask! Ask of God." He seems to say, "Ask, and you shall

receive!" Go to God for forgiveness. Ask Him to wash you
clean and white in "the Blood of Jesus Christ, which
cleanseth from all sin," and then you will be at peace, and
life will be a different thing to you.
Then our Lord goes on to say, "Seek, and ye shall find."
A woman who loses a piece of silver sweeps diligently

till she finds it! A merchant seeking goodly pearls sells all he
possesses to obtain Pearl of Great Price!
And then comes the third thought and the third

promise.
"Knock!" Do not just go to the door of God's storehouse

of blessings and give a careless knock, and then turn away
without even expecting an answer!
You see a boy delivering circulars down your road. He

knocks and then runs on, and does not trouble himself
further.
But there comes a needy man to one door. He has been

told to come at any hour on any day, and he knocks.
There is no immediate answer. Shall he turn away? His

need is so great that he knocks again. And still the answer
is delayed.
"He told me to come," murmured the man. "He told me

to knock at his door!"
So he goes on knocking; and by and by the master, who

is alone in the house, comes to the door, and with words of
welcome, he bids the needy man enter.
And inside the master's house there is a storehouse of

blessings! More than the needy man can ask or think.
And the master showers warmth, and love, and food,

and riches upon him, so that he goes on his way with every
want supplied, and with promises of an endless supply.
How to enter in.
The answer comes back to us, like sweet chimes from

afar, in our Lord's own words—
"I am the Door: by Me, if any man enter in, he shall be

saved."
And Jesus shows us what to do and what to avoid, if we

want to enter the Kingdom of Heaven.
He says: "Enter ye in at the Strait Gate: for wide is the

gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth unto destruction,
and many there be which go in thereat because strait is the
Gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto Life, and
few there be that find it."
The Broad Way, looking so easy and attractive at first, is

the way of sin, and leads downwards to destruction. The
gate is wide open, and so tempting.
The Narrow Way leads upwards, to Everlasting Life.
The entrance to it is narrow and strait, and the path

needs courage and perseverance to walk in it bravely; but
at the end there are "pleasures for evermore," and no more
pain or sorrow or death, but Eternal Life! St. Paul says "I
have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have
kept the faith: henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of
righteousness, which the Lord, the Righteous Judge, shall
give me at that day."
Shall we not accept Him Who is Himself the Way? He is

the Way, all along the path, let it be smooth or rough. He is
the Truth, and will never deceive us. He is the Life, and in
Jesus Christ it is reserved in Heaven for us.
V. The Last Supper
The Jewish Feast of the Passover drew near, and our

dear Lord sent two of His disciples to prepare for it. He told
them they were to go to a certain house in Jerusalem and
they would find an upper room furnished; and there they
were to make ready to eat the Passover, as all other Jewish
men did at this season.
It will help us very much to understand this last supper

of our Lord and Saviour if we go back and recall the
circumstances of the first Passover supper fourteen hundred
years before.
We read in the 12th of Exodus: "It is a night to be much

observed unto the Lord, for bringing them out from the land
of Egypt: this is that night of the Lord to be observed of all
the Children of Israel in their generations."
You may remember that the children of Jacob had gone

from Canaan into Egypt to buy food in a time of famine.
There they found their brother Joseph, whom they had

sold as a slave, who now was the greatest lord in Pharaoh's
kingdom.
Joseph was very kind to his brothers, and Pharaoh

welcomed them and their father Jacob to stay in the land,
and be nourished there.
But by and by there arose a king who did not remember

Joseph, and he began to put burdens on these Children of
Israel the Pharaohs, one after another, making them into
slaves, till at last their bondage was so cruel that they
turned to the Lord their God, and cried to Him to deliver
them.
He raised up Moses; and at length there came a night—

that wonderful night—when the whole multitude of the
Children of Israel were delivered right out of Egypt!
God told Moses that on this night He was going to send

a destroying angel through the land of Egypt, and that the
firstborn of all the Egyptians and of every living thing was to
be destroyed, as a great judgment.
But God had provided "a way of escape" for the

Children of Israel.
He told them to take a lamb for each of their

households, and to kill it and roast it and eat it that night in
all their houses.
God told them that when they killed that lamb they
were to save its blood in a basin, and take a bunch of
hyssop and sprinkle that blood upon the lintel and on the
side-posts of their doors; and He promised that if they did
this, He would not allow the destroying angel to come near
that house, and they would be perfectly safe. God said,
"When I see the blood I will pass over you."
And this was why it was called "The Pass-over."

THIS DO IN REMEMBRANCE OF ME.
So during that night there was a dreadful cry in the land

of Egypt, for in every house, where the blood had not been
sprinkled, there was one lying dead!
The Egyptians were so terrified that they thrust out the

Children of Israel—they and all their little ones escaped
right out of the land of Egypt for ever! And this is why, the
night before our Lord was crucified for us—the Lamb of God
Who taketh away the sin of the world—He gathered His
twelve disciples together, and sat down to eat that Feast
with them in the upper room.
Jesus told them that, with great desire, He had desired

to eat this Passover with them. He knew that to-morrow He
would die.
And as they were eating, Jesus was troubled in spirit,

and told them that one of them would betray Him.
Close to His side, leaning on His bosom, was the disciple

whom Jesus loved; and Peter beckoned to him to ask the
Lord who it would be who should betray Him?
So John, lying on Jesus' breast, whispered, "Who is it,

Lord?" And Jesus answered, "It is he to whom I give a sop
when I have dipped it." And he gave the sop to Judas
Iscariot.
And as they were eating, Jesus "took bread, and gave

thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them saying, 'This is
My Body, which is given for you: this do in remembrance of
Me.' Likewise also the cup, after supper, saying, 'This cup is
the new testament in My Blood, which is shed for you.'"
St. Paul says, "Christ our Passover is sacrificed for us,

therefore let us keep the Feast."
And from that Last Supper before His death, till now,
nearly for two thousand years, in one unbroken chain, week
by week, those who love Christ have partaken of this Holy
Feast, in remembrance of Him, till He shall come back
again.
The Holy Supper was over. Judas had left them to go
and betray his Master, and was gone out into the darkness.
In that wonderful conversation, as Jesus talked with them
for the last time, He told them many things, which they
understood more clearly afterwards. He told them that He
would not leave them comfortless, but would come to them;
He told them that He was going to prepare a place for all
who loved Him, in the many mansions of His Father's house.
All His words were full of glory and comfort.
And then they sang a hymn together—Jesus and His

disciples—and after that they went into the Mount of Olives,
where the Easter Passover moon was shining among the
sombre trees; and there it was that Judas found Him, and
betrayed Him to the multitude.
VI. Peter Denies His Lord; and the Risen

Saviour Forgives
The time had come at length for our Lord Jesus Christ
to go to the death which He had come to bear for us.
He had told His disciples that He would be betrayed,

and given into the hands of the Jews; and that now all the
prophecies in the Old Testament about Himself were going
to be fulfilled.
The disciples had listened, but they could not believe
that such dreadful things would really happen to Him.
On the very night that He was betrayed by Judas, the

Lord told them that all of them would be offended because
of Him that night; and would forsake Him, but that after He
was risen from the grave, He would go before them into
Galilee, where they should see Him again.
Then Peter answered: "Though all men shall be

offended because of Thee, yet will I never be offended!"
Jesus said unto him, "Verily I say unto thee, that this
night, before the cock crow, thou shalt deny Me thrice."
Still, Peter, confident in himself, and confident in his

love for his Master, said that he would rather die with Him
than deny Him! And so they all said.
But Peter had to find out, by bitter experience, that he

was weak in himself; for when Judas betrayed Jesus with a
kiss in Gethsemane, and when the soldiers from the High
Priest seized Him and too Him bound to Jerusalem, all the
disciples forsook Him and fled!
PETER DENIES HIS LORD.
Peter, however, followed Him afar off, right into the High
Priest's palace; but the servants round the fire in the hall
charged him with being one of the disciples, and their
raillery, and the accusations of a maid, were Satan's wiles
to cause Peter, to stumble and fall: and so he denied all
knowledge of Jesus, with oaths and curses.
And at that moment the cock crew; and Peter

remembered what Jesus had said: and horrified at what he
had done, he hurried to the door; and as he went, the Lord
turned and looked upon Peter. And he went out and wept
bitterly.
Poor sorrowful Peter! Ah, no one can fathom what he

went through that night, and the next awful day of the
Crucifixion: and the two following days, when the Lord's
Body lay in the grave, and Peter recalled with agony that he
had forsaken Him when He needed his love most! We can
only picture it to ourselves; but it must have been truly
dreadful.
At length came the third day, when Jesus had told the
disciples He would rise from the dead.
Their hearts were so heavy with grief, and so slow to

take in what our Lord had so constantly told them, that they
did not expect, when they visited the grave on that third
day, to find it empty!
The women with their loving hearts were the first to

reach the spot, carrying sweet spices to anoint their Lord!
They had expected to find His dearly loved Body lying in

the grave—dead. Instead, they found the grave empty and
a Vision of Angels!
They were so frightened that they were hurrying away,

but the Angel who was sitting within the empty tomb told
them not to be frightened, for though they sought Jesus of
Nazareth Who was crucified, yet He was not there, for He
was risen!
And then the Angel gave them this message from God:
"Go tell His disciples, and Peter, that He goeth before you
into Galilee: there shall ye see Him, as He said unto you."
Why was that separate message sent to Peter?
Oh, the graciousness of the forgiveness of Jesus! Peter

had said "he was not one of them," meaning not one of His
disciples. And it may be, that if the Angel's message had
only been "Go, tell His disciples," that Peter would have
been utterly hopeless.
But the sorrowing man had a message all to himself!
Ah, what that must have meant to Peter!
And we have another sweet assurance of the forgiving

love of our God and Saviour.
We read, in the last chapter of Luke, that those two

whom Jesus had met going to Emmaus after His
Resurrection, had hurried back to Jerusalem to tell the
eleven that they had seen the Lord; and were greeted with
the joyful news which the other disciples had also heard—
that "the Lord was risen indeed, and had appeared to Simon
Peter!"
We have no account of what Jesus said to Peter, nor

what Peter said to Jesus.
But the fact is full of deepest comfort to all of us who so

often grieve Him, that, in spite of Peter's sad denial, his
risen Lord appeared to him, forgave him his sin, and
restored him to his place among the others.
Thenceforward Peter became one of the most faithful of

Christ's disciples; and when he preached that wonderful
sermon at Pentecost, a few weeks afterwards, God gave
him the honour of bringing three thousand souls to love and
believe in our Lord Jesus Christ, Who was dead, but is alive
again!
Many years afterwards, St. Paul mentions the name of

Peter among the list of those who saw the Lord after His
Resurrection. He calls him "Cephas;" but if you turn to the
first chapter of St. John's Gospel, you will see that our Lord,
when He makes Simon the son of Jonas one of His disciples,
calls him Cephas, which means "a stone," or Peter; and I
have read that Cephas means "a piece of Rock," and The
Rock Itself—is Christ!
VII. "Father's Plan"
Now I want you to picture to yourselves an earthly

father gathering his children around him before he took a
journey.
He told them he would only be away a month, and at

the end of that time it would be holiday time, and they
could all prepare for a visit to the seaside.
He bade them get everything packed up; and he said he

had engaged a house at a certain place, and had arranged
with an experienced boatman to be at their service all day
long.
He had hired a pony carriage for their mother, and
everything was all ready when he should come home.
You can imagine how delighted the children were, and

how they talked of nothing else but "Father's plan" for the
whole month.
But did all this ever happen?
No; not one of these "plans" came to pass.
The cloud of war came that summer, and darkened all

the bright prospect.
That visit to the seaside never came off. Instead, their

father was detained in a foreign country for months and
months; the lodgings were shut up, for the coast was in
danger; the boatmen had to join the Navy; the holidays
came, indeed, but an epidemic at the school spoilt all plans
for many months, and the children had to learn, and so had
the dear mother and father, what bitter disappointment
means. And yet nothing seemed more certain than "Father's
plan."
But there is One Whose Throne is above the highest

Heavens; and when He plans, there is no mistake; no war
can hinder it; no illness nor misfortune can prevent the
carrying out of what He purposes.
In chapter xlvi, of Isaiah we read what God says about

this, and it is a very solemn verse—
"Remember the former things of old: for I am God, and

there is none else; I am God, and there is none like Me,
declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient
times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel
shall stand, and I will do all My pleasure . . . I have
purposed it, I will also do it."
When we look into our Bibles, and begin to think about

the things which God has told people beforehand, and which
have come to pass, we are amazed to find how many there
are, and how wonderful are the fulfilments.
THE PROPHECY IN EDEN.
Gen. iii. 15.—Gal. iv. 4.
The first Prophecy, and with it a great Promise, was

given by God in the Garden of Eden.
When Adam and Eve were disobedient, and were

tempted by Satan to eat the forbidden fruit, God could not
let them stay in that beautiful garden any longer, but He
told Adam he must go and dig the ground. And God told
Satan that he would be like a Serpent always, and eat dust;
and then God gave this promise to Eve, that her Seed—that
meant one of her children's children, long after, should
bruise the head of the Serpent who had deceived her.
And this came true four thousand years after!
God sent His Son; and it was through the death of Jesus
on the Cross that He destroyed the power of Satan; for
those who turn to Jesus Christ for Salvation have
Everlasting Life given them.
PROPHECY OF THE FLOOD.

Gen. vi. 17.—1 Peter iii. 20.
In the two thousand years after that promise in the

Garden of Eden, there came to be a great many people on
the earth, but most of them were very wicked, and at last
God said that He would destroy the wicked people by a
great Flood, in one hundred and twenty years.
But there was one man who loved God, and his name
was Noah.
So God told Noah He was going to send a Flood, and He

instructed him to prepare an Ark, so that he and his family
should be saved from the Flood.
But though it was such a long time that the Ark was
being built, and God was very long-suffering, at last the day
came when He told Noah to come into the Ark with his wife
and children, and to take two, and in some cases seven
pairs, of every living creature into the Ark with him.
Then "the Lord shut them in" safely, and the rain began,
and never ceased till even the highest mountains were
covered right up.
Thus the Word of the Lord, spoken one hundred and

twenty years before, was fulfilled.
At length the rain stopped and the waters began to go

down, and at last the Lord told Noah to come out of the
Ark. So he and his family and all the living creatures came
out; and Noah built an Altar, and the Lord accepted his
sacrifice.
Then God gave a beautiful Promise and a beautiful

Prophecy, and of both we see the constant fulfilment now.

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Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition

Larson Solutions Manual

Precalculus with Limits 3rd Edition Larson Solutions

Precalculus with Limits A Graphing Approach Texas

Precalculus with Limits A Graphing Approach Texas

Graphical Approach to Precalculus with Limits 7th

Calculus I with Precalculus 3rd Edition Larson

Graphical Approach to Precalculus with Limits 6th

Precalculus 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Precalculus 10th Edition Larson Test Bank

Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations .....................................556

Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems ...........................................................566

Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems ............................................................577

Section 7.4 Partial Fractions ..................................................................................595

Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities.......................................................................607

Section 7.6 Linear Programming...........................................................................617

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................626

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................643

Practice Test .............................................................................................................651

3. points; intersection (1, − 2) is not a solution.

(b) (3, −1) ( ) ( )

(3, −1) is not a solution. (− 74 , − 374 ) is a solution.

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 6 − 2 x

Solve for x : x 2 − x − 2 = 0  ( x + 1)( x − 2) = 0  x = −1, 2

10. 3x + y = 2 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 − 3x

Solutions: (0, 2), ( )(

Back-substitute x = 0: y = −02 = 0 Back-substitute x = 0: y = −0 = 0

Solutions: (0, 1), (1, −1), (3, 1)

14. − 12 x + y = − 52 Equation 1

Solve for x in Equation 1: − 12 x = − y − 5

Substitute for x in Equation 2: ( 2 y + 5) + y 2 = 25

Solutions: ( −3, − 4), (5, 0)

Solve for x in Equation 1: x = y + 2

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 9 − 2 x

Solution: (5, −1)

17. 2 x − y + 2 = 0 Equation 1 18. 6 x − 3 y − 4 = 0 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 x + 2 Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 4 − 2 y

19. 1.5 x + 0.8 y = 2.3 Equation 1

Solve for y in revised Equation 2: y = 3 1

Substitute for y in revised Equation 1: 15 x + 8 32 x − ( 1

20. 0.5 x + y = − 3.5 Equation 1

Solve for x in revised Equation 2: 10 x − 32 y = 34  10 x = 32 y + 34  x = 16 17

Substitute for x in revised Equation 1: 5 (165 y + 175 ) + 10 y = − 35

Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 7 − 5

Substitute for x in Equation 1: 1

Solution: ( 203 , 403 ) 24. − 23 x + y = 2 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 2: y = 3

25.  x + y = 12,000 26.  x + y = 12,000

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Solve for x: 0.028 x + 456 − 0.038 x = 396

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Solve for x: 0.0175 x + 270 − 0.0225 x = 254

29.  x 2 − y = 0 Equation 1 30.  x − 2 y = 0 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 2: y = −2 x Solve for x in Equation 1: x = 2 y

Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2 − ( −2 x) = 0 Substitute for x in Equation 2: 3( 2 y ) − y 2 = 0

Solve for x: Solve for y:

Back-substitute x = 0: y = −2(0) = 0 Back-substitute y = 0: x = 2(0) = 0