2

CHAPTER

Mathematical Tools

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Train Your Brain
To specify the position of a point in space, we use rectangular
axes coordinate system. This system consists of (i) origin (ii) axis Example 1: Find value of a if distance between the points
or axes. If point is known to be on a given line or in a particular (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3 cm) is 13 cm.
direction, only one coordinate is necessary to specify its position.
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
Sol. By using distance formula d =
If it is in a plane, two coordinates are required. If it is in space
three coordinates are needed.
3 − ( −9 )  + [3 − a ]
2 2
⇒ 13
=
Origin ⇒ 132 = 122 + (3 – a)2 ⇒ (3 – a)2 = 132 – 122 = 52
This is any fixed point which is convenient to you. All measurement ⇒ (3 – a) = ± 5 ⇒ a = –2 cm or 8 cm
are taken w.r.t. this fixed point. Example 2: A dog wants to catch a cat. The dog follows
Axis or Axes the path whose equation is y – x = 0 while the cat follows
the path whose equation is x2 + y2 = 8. The coordinates of
Any fixed direction passing through origin and convenient to you possible points of catching the cat are:
can be taken as an axis. If the position of a point or position of all
(1) (2, –2) (2) (2, 2)
the points under consideration always happen to be in a particular
(3) (–2, 2) (4) (–2, –2)
direction, then only one axis is required. This is generally called
the x-axis. If the positions of all the points under consideration Sol. Let catching point be (x1, y1) then, y1 – x1 = 0 and
are always in a plane, two perpendicular axes are required. These x12 + y12 = 8
are generally called x ansd y-axis. If the points are distributed in Therefore, 2x12 = 8 ⇒ x12 = 4 ⇒ x1 = ±2 ; So possible
a space, three perpendicular axes are taken which are called x, y points are (2, 2) and (–2, –2).
and z-axis. Example 3: Distance between two points ( 8, – 4) and
(0, a) is 10. All the values are in the same unit of length.
Position of a point in xy plane
Find the positive value of a.
The position of a point is specified by its distances from origin
Sol. From distance formula (8 – 0)2 + (–4 – a)2 = 100
along (or parallel to) x and y-axis as shown in figure. Here
⇒ (4 + a)2 = 36 ⇒ a = 2 or –10
x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa and ordinate
respectively.
y
x (x,y)
Concept Application
y y
1. Find the distance of point (–12, 5) from the origin.
origin x x 2. Find the distance between points
(0,0)
(i) (5, 4) and (6, 7)
Distance Formula (ii) (–7, 3) and (7, –6)
The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by 3. Find the value of a if distance between (a, 3) cm and
(–2, 6) cm is 5 cm.
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
d=
 TRIGONOMETRY
Concept Application
Angle
it is measure of change in direction. 4. Convert 15° into radians
Arc ( s ) 5π

us
Angle (θ) = arc 5. Convert radians into degrees
Radius ( r )

di
s 6

Ra
r
Angles measured in anticlockwise
and clockwise direction are O  r
Trigonometric Ratios (T-ratios)
Radius
usually taken positive and negative Following ratios of the sides of a right angled triangle are known
respectively. as trigonometrical ratios.
System of measurement of an angle

Perpendicular (P)
(A) Sexagesimal system: (H
)
e
In this system, angle is measured in degrees. us
o ten
In this system, 1 right angle = 90°, 1° = 60′ (arc minutes), H yp
1′ = 60′′ (arc seconds)

(B) Circular system:
Base (B)
In this system, angle is measured in radian. If arc = radius
then θ = 1 rad P
sin θ =
Relation between degrees and radian H
180° B
2π rad = 360° ⇒ π rad = 180° ⇒ 1 rad = = 57.3° cos θ =
π H
π P 1 H
To convert from degree to radian multiply by tan θ = cosec
= θ =
180° B sin θ P
180°
To convert from radian to degree multiply by 1 H 1 B
π sec
= θ = cot
= θ =
cos θ B tan θ P

Train Your Brain Trigonometric Identities

2 2
P B
In figure, P2 + B2 = H2 1
Divide by H2,   +   =
H H
Example 4: A circular arc of length π cm. Find angle ⇒ sin2θ+ cos2θ = 1
subtended by it at the centre in radian and degree. 2 2
P H 2
Divide by B2,   + 1 =  ⇒ 1 + tan = θ sec 2 θ
B B
6 cm 2 2
 cm B H  2
 Divide by P2, 1 +   =
  ⇒ 1 + cot
= θ cosec 2 θ
6 cm P  P 
Commonly Used Values of Trigonometric Functions
s π cm π
Sol. θ= = = rad = 30°
r 6 cm 6 Angle (θ) 0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°
Example 5: The moon’s distance from the earth is 360000 km 1 3 1 4 3
and its diameter subtends an angle of 42′ at the eye of the sin θ 0 1
2 5 2 5 2
observer. The diameter of the moon in kilometers is
3 4 1 3 1
(1) 4400 (2) 1000 cos θ 1 0
2 5 2 5 2
(3) 3600 (4) 8800
1 3 4 3
Sol. Here angle is very small so diameter ≈ arc tan θ 0 1 ∞
3 4 3
 1  1 π 7π
θ= 42=′  42 × = 42 × × = rad
 60  60 180 1800 Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule
7 22 In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. In second
= Rθ 360000 ×
Diameter = =
× 4400 km quadrant, only sinθ and cosecθ are positive. In third quadrant,
1800 7
only tanθ and cotθ are positive.

Mathematical Tools 41
 90°
Train Your Brain
nd st
II quadrant I quadrant
sin All Example 6: The two shorter sides of right angled triangle
0°
180° 360° are 5 cm and 12 cm. Let θ denote the angle opposite to the
tan cos 5 cm side. Find sinθ, cosθ and tanθ.
IVth quadrant Sol.     
rd
III quadrant
52  122  13 cm

5 cm
H
P
270°
In fourth quadrant, only cosθ and secθ are positive  B
12 cm
Remember as ‘Add Sugar To Coffee’ or ‘After School To
College’. P 5cm 5 B 12cm 12
sin =
θ = = ⇒ cos =
θ = =
Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles (Reduction H 13cm 13 H 13cm 13
Formulae) P 5cm 5
tan θ= = =
(i) The value of a trignometric function does not change if you B 12cm 12
add 2np to its argument where n is an integer.
Example 7: Find x, y and perimeter of the triangle shown
sin(2nπ + θ) = sinθ
5 cm
cos (2nπ + θ) = cosθ
tan(2nπ + θ) = tanθ 53°
nπ
(ii) Trigonometric function of an angle  
+ θ  will remain
y x
 2 
same if n is even and sign of trigonometric function will be y 4
according to value of that function in quadrant. Sol. = sin 53°= ⇒ y= 4 cm
5 5
sin(π – θ) = + sinθ
x 3
cos(π − θ) = – cosθ and = cos 53°= ⇒ x= 3 cm
5 5
tan(π − θ) = – tanθ
Perimeter of the triangle = x + y + 5 = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 cm
sin(π + θ) = – sinθ
Example 8: Find the value of :
cos(π + θ) = – cosθ
(i) sin30° + cos60° (ii) sin 0° – cos 0°
tan(π + θ) = + tanθ
(iii) tan 45°–tan 37° (iv) cos 180°
sin(2π − θ) = – sinθ
(v) sin 150° (vi) cos 120°
cos(2π − θ) = + cosθ
(vii) tan 135° (viii) sin(–30°)
tan(2π − θ) = – tanθ
 nπ  (ix) cos(–60°) (x) tan(–45°)
(iii) Trigonometric function of an angle  + θ  will be changed 1 1
 2  Sol. (i) sin 30° + cos 60° = + = 1
into co-function if n is odd and sign of trigonometric function 2 2
will be according to value of that function in quadrant. (ii) sin 0° – cos0° = 0 – 1 = –1
π 3 1
sin  + θ  = + cos θ (iii) tan 45° – tan 37° = 1 − =
2  (iv) cos 180° = –1 4 4
π 1
cos  + θ  = − sin θ (v) sin 150° = sin (90° + 60°) = cos 60° =or
2  2
π 1
tan  + θ  = − cot θ sin 150° = sin(180° – 30°) = sin30° =
2  2
1
 π  (vi) cos 120° = cos(180° – 60°) = –cos60° = −
sin  − θ  = + cos θ 2
2  (vii) tan 135° = tan(180° – 45°) = –tan 45° = –1
π  1
cos  − θ  = + sin θ (viii) sin (–30°)= –sin 30° = −
2  2
π 1
tan  − θ  = + cot θ (ix) cos (–60°) = + cos 60° =
2  2
(iv) Trigonometric function of an angle –θ (negative angles) (x) tan (–45°) = –tan45° = –1
sin(–θ) = –sinθ, cos(–θ) = +cosθ , tan(–θ) = –tanθ

42 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 Concept Application Train Your Brain

6. Evaluate Example 9: Find the value of

(i) sin(210°) (ii) cos120° (i) sin 74° (ii) cos 106°
(iii) sin(330°) (iv) tan(300°) (iii) sin 15° (iv) cos 75°
5 Sol. (i) sin 74° = sin (2 × 37°) = 2 sin 37° cos 37°
7. If tanθ is , find
12
(i) sinθ (ii) cosθ  3   4  24
2=
=   
 5   5  25
A few important trigonometric formulae: (ii) cos 106° = cos (2 × 53°) = cos2 53° – sin2 53°
2 2
1. Addition Formulae: 3  4 9 − 16 7
=
  −  = = −
5 5 25 25
(a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(iii) sin 15° = sin (45° – 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45°
(b) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
tan A + tan B 1 3 1 1 3 −1
(c) tan (A + B) = sin 30=
° × − ×=
1 − tan A tan B 2 2 2 2 2 2

2. Subtraction Formulae: (iv) cos 75° = cos (45° + 30°) = cos 45° cos30° – sin 45°

(a) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B 1 3 1 1 3 −1

sin 30=
° × − ×=
(b) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B 2 2 2 2 2 2
Example 10: Find the approximate values of (i) sin 10°
tan A − tan B
(c) tan (A – B) = (ii) tan 20° (iii) cos 10°.
1 + tan A tan B
 π  π π
3. Multiplication Formulae: Sol. (i) sin10
= ° sin 10°× =  sin ≈
 180 °  18 18

(a) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
 π  π π
A A (ii) tan=
20° tan  20°× =  tan ≈
sin A = 2 sin cos  180°  9 9
2 2
 π  π
(b) cos 2 A = cos2 A – sin2A = 2 cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2A (iii) cos10
= ° cos 10°× =  cos
= 1
 180°  18
A A
cos A = cos2 – sin2
2 2 Example 11: Find maximum and minimum values of y:

2 tan A (i) y = 2 sinx (ii) y = 4 – cosx

(c) tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A (iii) y = 3sinx + 4 cosx

A Sol. (i) ymax = 2(1) = 2 and ymin = 2(–1) = –2

2 tan
tan A = 2 (ii) ymax = 4 – (–1) = 4 + 1 = 5 and ymin = 4 – (1) = 3
2 A
1 − tan (iii) ymax =
2 32 + 42 = 5 and ymin = − 32 + 42 = – 5
Small Angle Approximation Example 12: What is the value of x for which y is maximum
If θ is small in radians then sin θ ≈ θ, cos θ ≈ 1 and tanθ ≈ θ y = k sin 2x.
Note: here θ must be in radian. π π
(1) rad (2) rad
Smaller the value of θ, better will be approximation 2 4
Maximum and Minimum Values of Some useful Trigonometric π π
(3) rad (4)
rad
Functions 3 6
Sol. As sin 2x ≤ 1 so y will be maximum if
(i) −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
sin 2x = 1.
(ii) −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 π π
Therefore 2 x = ⇒ x = rad.
2 4
(iii) − a 2 + b 2 ≤ a cos θ ± b sin θ ≤ a 2 + b 2

Mathematical Tools 43
 Example 13: The position of a particle moving along x-axis
Train Your Brain
varies with time t according to equation x = 3 sinωt
– cosωt where ω is constant. Find the region in which the
particle is confined. Example 14: Find roots of equation 2x2 – x – 3 = 0.
Sol. =
x 3 sin ωt − cos ωt Sol. Compare this equation with standard quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have a = 2, b = –1, c = –3.
( 3)
2
+ (=
−1) 2 and
2
xmax
∴=
Now from

( 3)
2
+ ( −1) =−2
2
xmin =− −b ± b 2 − 4ac −(−1) ± (−1) 2 − 4(2)(−3)
=x = ;x
2a 2(2)
Thus, the particle is confined in the region −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 ± 1 + 24 1 ± 5
=x =
4 4
6 −4 3
Concept Application ⇒ x= ,x= ⇒ x=
4 4 2
3
8. Find maximum and minimum value of ⇒ x= or x = −1
2
(i) 8 – 6 cos x
(ii) 3 sin x – 4 cos x
(iii) 5 sin(x) + 12 cos x + 4
9. Find approximate value of Concept Application
(i) sin (1°)
(ii) cos(5°) 11. Find the root of quadratic equation
(iii) tan (3°) 2 2 5
(i) x + x − = 0
 3 3 3
10. Find the value of sin 37° ≈ 
 5 (ii) 4x2 + 6x – 12 = 0
(i) cos(74°) (ii) sin(106°)
12. Find the sum and product of roots of equation
5x2 2
(i) − x+3= 0
ALGEBRA 3 3
3
(ii) 2 x 2 − x + 4 =0
Quadratic Equation 2
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of the
variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation.
The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
MATHEMATICAL SERIES
is the general form of quadratic equation where a ≠ 0.
−b ± b 2 − 4ac Arithmetic Progression (AP)
The general solution of above equation is x =
2a General form : a, a + d, a +2d, ..., a + (n – 1)d

−b + b 2 − 4ac Here a = first term, d = common difference

If values of x be x1 and x2 then x1 =
2a
n
Sum of n terms S n = [ a + a + ( n − 1) d ]= n  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2
−b − b − 4ac 2 2
and x2 =
2a
Geometrical Progression (GP)
Here x1 and x2 are called roots of equation (i). We can easily see that
b General form : a, ar, ar2,..., arn–1 Here a = first term,
sum of roots =x1 + x2 =
−
a r = common ratio
and
c a (1 − r n )
= x=
product of roots 1 x2
Sum of n terms S n = ,r<1
a 1− r

44 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 a (r n − 1)
Sn = , r >1
r −1 Train Your Brain
a
Sum of ∞ term, S∞ = ,r<1
1− r Example 17: Calculate the value of
and for n = ∞, Sn = ∞, r > 1 101
(i) 0.99 (ii) (1030)1/3 (iii)
98
1

Train Your Brain Sol. (i)  1 2  1 

0.99 = 1 −  ≈ 1 −  ≈ 0.995
 100   200 
1
Example 15: Find the sum of first n natural numbers
) 10 1 + 30 
1 3
(ii) (1030
= 3
Sol. Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n  1000 
( )
=
n
(1 + n ) = n n + 1 
≈ 10 1 +
10 
≈ 10.01
2 2  1000 
1 1 1 101 (1.01) 2 1
1
1
Example 16: Find 1 + + + + ....upto ∞ = ≈ 1 + × 0.01 + × 0.02 ≈ 1.015
2 4 8 (iii)
98 (1 − 0.02 ) 1 2 2 2
1 Example 18: The mass m of a body moving with a velocity
Sol. Here, a = 1, r =
2 m0
v is given by m = where m0 = rest mass of body
a 1 v2
So,=
S∞ = = 2 1− 2
1− r 1− 1 c
2 = 10 kg and c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s. Find the value
of m at v = 3 × 107 m/s.
−1/ 2 −1/ 2
 v2    3 × 107  2   1 
−1/ 2

Sol. m =
m0 1 − 2  10 1 − 
=   10 1 −
= 
Concept Application  c  3 × 108    100 
  

13. Find sum of 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + .... + 51   1   1  10

≈ 10 1 −  −     ≈ 10 + ≈ 10.05 kg
  2  100  200
1 1 1 1
14. Find sum of the series + + + .......∞
3 6 12 24

15. Find 20th term of series 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + ....... Concept Application

16. Calculate the approximate value of

1
49
BINOMIAL EXPRESSION (i) 52 (ii) (130 ) 3 (iii)
47
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial 17. The value of acceleration due to gravity at height h above
2
expression.  R 
the surface of earth is given by g ' = g   where
 1
2
R+h
For example (a + b), (a + b)3, (2x – 3y)–1,  x +  etc. are g = 9.81 m/s2 and R = 6400 km.
 y
binomial expressions.
Find the acceleration due to gravity at height of
64 km above the surface of earth.
Binomial Approximation
If x is very small, then terms containing higher powers of x can
be neglected so FUNCTION AND GRAPH
(1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx (x << 1) Function
Physics involves study of natural phenomena and describes
(1 + x )n them in terms of several physical quantities. A mathematical
≈ 1 + nx − my (x, y << 1)
(1 + y )
n
formulation of interdependence of these physical quantities is

Mathematical Tools 45
necessary for a concise and precise description of the phenomena. y
These mathematical formulae are expressed in form of equations y2
and known as function.  y

Thus, a function describing a physical process expresses an y1
( ∆x ) + ( ∆y )
2 2
unknown physical quantity in terms of one or more known physical x =
quantities. We call the unknown physical quantity as dependent
c
variable and the known physical quantities as independent 
variables. For the sake of simplicity, we consider a function –x x1 x2 x
that involves a dependent variable y and only one independent
variable x. It is denoted y = f(x) and is read as y equals to f of
x. Here f(x) is the value of y for a given x. Following are some y2 − y1 ∆y
=
Slope of a line m = = slope of tangent
examples of functions. x2 − x1 ∆x
y = 2x + 1, y = 2x2 + 3x + 1, y = sin x, y = ln(2x + 1) When the x and the y axes are scaled identically, slope equals to
Knowledge of the dependent variable for different values of the tangent of the angle, which line makes with the positive x-axis.
independent variable, and how it changes when the independent m = tanθ
variable varies in an interval is collectively known as behavior of It is positive if y increases with increase in x, negative if y
the function. decreases with increase in x, zero if y remains unchanged with
change in x and infinite if y changes but x remains unchanged. For
Graph of a Function these cases the line is inclined up, inclined down, parallel to x-axis
Graph of a function is the diagrammatic representation of and parallel to y-axis respectively as shown in the adjoining figure
a function and allows us to visualize it. To plot a graph the by lines A, B, C and D respectively.
dependent variable (here y) is usually taken on the ordinate and y
the independent variable (here x) on the abscissa. Graph being an B
D
A
alternative way to represent a function does not require elaborate
C
calculations and explicitly shows behavior of the function in a
concerned interval.
–x x
Graphs of Some Commonly Used Functions
Linear, parabolic, trigonometric and exponential functions are the –y
most common in use. Intercept
(i) Straight line Equation and its Graph It is equals to the value of ordinate y, where the line cuts the y-axis.
When the dependent variable y varies linearly with the It may be positive, negative or zero for lines crossing the positive
independent variable x, the relationship between them is y-axis, negative y-axis and passing through the origin respectively.
represented by a linear equation of the type given below
y = mx + c. The equation is also shown in graph by an Train Your Brain
arbitrary line.
y
Example 19: A parallelogram ABCD is shown in figure.
c

y
x+

B (0, 1)
m
y=

(–2, 0) (2, 0)
x
c A C

–x x D (0, –1)

Column-I Column-II
Here m & c are known as slope of the line and intercept on the (A) Equation of side AB (P) 2y + x = 2
y-axis, respectively. (B) Equation of side BC (Q) 2y – x = 2
Slope: (C) Equation of side CD (R) 2y + x = –2
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure to express the inclination (D) Equation of side DA (S) 2y – x = –2
of the line. It is expressed by ratio of change in ordinate to change (T) y + 2x = 2
in abscissa.

46 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 (ii) Quadratic equation and its graph
Sol. A function of the form y = ax2 + bx + c is known as quadratic
1− 0 1 equation. The graph of the quadratic function is a U-shaped
1
: m
For side AB= = = , c 1 ⇒=
y x +1 curve is called a parabola. The simplest parabola has the form
(
0 − −2 ) 2 2
y = ax2. Its graph is shown in the following figure.
0 − 1 −1 −1
: m
For side BC= = = , c 1 ⇒=y x +1 y
2−0 2 2
−1 − 0 1 1
For side CD : m = = , c = −1 ⇒ =
y x −1
0−2 2 2
0 − (−1) 1 1
For side DA : m = =− , c =−1 ⇒ y = x − 1
−2 − 0 2 2 –x x
Example 20: Frequency f of a simple pendulum depends on In general
its length l and acceleration g due to gravity according to the y = ax2 + bx + c
2
following equation f = 1 g  b   −D 
= a  x +  +  
2π l  2a   4a 
Graph between which of the following quantities is a where D = b2 – 4ac
straight line?
(1) f on the ordinate and l on the abscissa
(2) f on the ordinate and l on the abscissa a > 0 (U shaped)
(3) f 2 on the ordinate and l on the abscissa  b D 
 ,   vertex
1  2a 4a 
(4) f 2 on the ordinate and l on the abscissa
a < 0 (inverted
1
Sol. f ∝ 2 U-shaped)
l
a>0  smiling parabola. (parabola opens upwards)
a<0  sad parabola. (parabola opens downwards)
Vertex can lie in any quadrant depending on value of a, b and c.
Concept Application
Graph of some trigonometric functions
Among all the trigonometric functions, sinusoidal function,which
18. Four lines are drawn in the figure below. Match the
includes both sine and cosine is most commonly in use.
entries in Column-I with entries in Column-II
y Sine Function y = a sin x
y
B
(0,2)
(3,0) a
A
x
(–2,0) C x

D (0,–1) –a
y 2
y = a sin x
Column-I Column-II
a
A. Equation of line AB P. 3y – x + 3 = 0
B. Equation of line BC Q. 2y + x + 2 = 0
x
C. Equation of line CD R. y = x + 2
D. Equation of line AD S. 3y + x = 2
Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the maximum
T. 3y + 2x = 6 magnitude of y. In the adjoining figure graph of a sine function
is shown, which has amplitude a units.

Mathematical Tools 47
 Cosine Function y = a cos x Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the maximum
y magnitude of y. In the adjoining figure graph of a cosine
function is shown, which has amplitude a units.
(iii) Exponential function and its graph
a Behavior of several physical phenomena is described by
exponential function to the base e. Here e is known as Euler’s
x Number. e = 2.718218
y y
–x
–a y = ae
x y = ae

y a a x
2 x
y = a cos x
Most commonly used exponential function has the form
a y = aex, y = ae–x. In the adjoining figure graph of this function
is shown.
(iv) Circle and Ellipse
x
x2 y 2
Circle : x2 + y2 = a2  Ellipse: 2 + 2 = 1
a b

Some standard graph & their equation

y
m = +ve y
y m = tan 
–c

 < 90°
mx

Straight c
m = +ve
x+
y=

line
 m
O x y = mx y=
Straight line
c
Straight line m = +ve c
 x  x
O O

m = tan y y
y
 > 90°
m = ve x = –ky
2
x = ky2
y + mx = c
k = +ve
x x
Straight line O k = +ve O
Parabola
 Parabola
x
O

y
y y O Rectangular Hyperbola
x 1
Parabola y
2
y = –kx x

2 k = +ve
y = kx
xy = constant
k = +ve
Parabola
x x
O O

48 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 y x2 y 2
2 2
x +y =a 2
y  1
a 2 b2 y

b y = |x |

O a a x
x O
Circle
x
Ellipse a = semi major axis
b = semi minor axis

Logarithm
Logarithm is the exponent or power to which a base must be Concept Application
raised to yield a given number. Expressed mathematically, x
is the logarithm of n to the base b is bx = n in which case one 19. Calculate the value of
writes x = logbn. For example 25 = 32, therefore 5 is the logarithm (i) log1016 (ii) log104 + log1012
of 32 to base 2 or 5 = log232. Similarity since 103 = 1000 then
(iii) log1064 (iv) log103 – log1024
3 = log101000.
Logarithms with base 10 are called common and are written
simply as log
DIFFERENTIATION & ITS APPLICATIONS
Logarithm laws
™ logaa = 1 (i) Finite difference: The finite difference between two values
™ log mn = log m + log n of a physical quantity is represented by ∆ notation.
m For example: Difference in two values of y is written as ∆y

™ log = log m − log n
n as given in the table below.
™ log mn = n log m
y2 100 100 100
Logarithms with base e denoted by ln are called natural logarithms
where e (Euler’s number) is an irrational number approximates
y1 50 99 99.5
equal to 2.71828. The relation between natural logarithms and
common logarithm is given by
Dy = y2 – y1 50 1 0.5
loge m = 2.303 log10m
ln 2 = 0.69
(ii) Infinitely small difference: The infinitely small difference
log 2 = 0.3010 means very-very small difference. And this difference is
ln e = 1 represented by ‘d’ notation instead of ‘∆’.
ln 1 = 0
For example infinitely small difference in the values of y is
written as ‘dy’ if y2 = 100 and y1 = 99.99999999........

Train Your Brain

then dy = 0.000000...................00001

Definition of Differentiation
Example 21: Calculate the value of log1012
Another name for differentiation is derivative. Suppose y is a
(Given log102 = 0.301, log103 = 0.477)
function of x or y = f (x)
Sol. log1012 = log10(4 × 3) = log104 + log103
Differentiation of y with respect to x is denoted by symbol
= log1022 + log103 = 2log102 + log103 dy
f  ’(x) where f ’(x) = dx is very small change in x and dy is
dx
= 2 × 0.301 + 0.477 = 1.079
corresponding very small change in y.

Mathematical Tools 49
Notation: There are many ways to denote the derivative of a ∆y QR
function y = f (x). Besides f ’(x), the most common notations are Geometrically, = = tan θ = Slope of the line PQ
∆x PR
these: therefore we can say that average rate of change of y with respect
“y prime” or Nice and brief but does not name the to x is equal to slope of the line joining P and Q.
y′
“y dash” independent variable
The Derivative of a Function
dy Names the variables and used d for We know that, average rate of change of y w.r.t. x is
“dy by dx”
dx derivative
∆y f ( x + ∆x) – f ( x)
= .
df ∆x ∆x
“df by dx” Emphasizes the function’s name.
dx If the limit of this ratio exists as ∆x → 0, then it is called the
derivative of given function f(x) and is denoted as
d Emphasizes the idea that differentiation is dy f ( x + ∆x) – f ( x)
f ( x) “d by dx of f ” f ’(x) = = lim
dx an operation performed on f.
dx ∆ x → 0 ∆x
d( f ) “d of f ” A common operator notation.
Derivatives with Respect to Time
 One of Newton’s notations, now common In physics, we are often looking at how things change over time:
y “y dot” dy
for time derivatives i.e. . 1. Velocity is the derivative of position with respect to time
dt d
v (t ) = ( x (t )).
dt
Slope of a Line
2. Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time:
It is the tan of angle made by a line with the positive direction of
d d2
x-axis, measured in anticlockwise direction. = a (t ) = ( v (t )) ( x (t )).
Slope = tan θ dt dt 2
(In 1st quadrant tan θ is +ve and 2nd quadrant tan θ is –ve) 3. Momentum (usually denoted p) is mass times velocity, and
force (F) is mass times acceleration, so the derivative of
In figure (a)slope is positive
dp d dv
In figure (b)slope is negative momentum is = ( mv=) m = ma = F.
dt dt dt
θ < 90° (1st quadrant)
θ > 90° (2nd quadrant) Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation
The geometrical meaning of differentiation is very much useful in
the analysis of graphs in physics. To understand the geometrical
meaning of derivatives we should have knowledge of secant and
tangent to a curve
Secant and Tangent to a Curve
A secant to a curve is a straight line, which intersects the curve at
figure (a) figure (b) any two points.
y
Average Rates of Change
Given an arbitrary function y = f(x) we calculate the average rate Secant
q
of change of y with respect to x over the interval (x, x + ∆x) by
dividing the change in value of y, i.e. ∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x), by
length of interval ∆x over which the change occurred. P

Q x
y+y

y Tangent
A tangent is a straight line, which touches the curve at a particular
y
P  R point. Tangent is a limiting case of secant which intersects the
x curve at two overlapping points.
x x + x In the figure (a) shown, if value of ∆x is gradually reduced
then the point Q will move nearer to the point P. If the process
The average rate of change of y with respect to x over the is continuously repeated (figure (b)) value of ∆x will be infinitely
∆y f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) small and secant PQ to the given curve will become a tangent at
interval [x, x + ∆x] = =
∆x ∆x point P.

50 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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  ∆y  dy
Therefore   = = tan θ Formulae for differential coefficients of trigonometric,
∆x →0 ∆x  dx logarithmic and exponential functions
d d
1. (sin x) = cos x 2. (cos x) = − sin x
dx dx
d d
3. (tan x) = sec 2 x 4. (cot x) = − cosec 2 x
dx dx
d d
5. (sec x) = sec x tan x 6. (cosec x) = − cosec x cot x
dx dx
d 1 d x
7. (log e x) = 8. (e ) = e x
dx x dx

 dy 
we can say that differentiation of y with respect to x, i.e.   Train Your Brain
 dx 
dy
is equal to slope of the tangent at point P (x, y) or tan θ =
dx dy
Example 22: Find , when
Theorems of Differentiation dx
(i) y = x (ii) y = x5 + x4 + 7
d
1. If c is constant, then (c ) = 0 (iii) y = x2 + 4x–1/2 – 3x–2
dx
2. If y = cu, where c is a constant and u is a function of x, then Sol. (i) Here, y = x
dy d du dy d d 1/2 1 −1/2 1

= = (cu ) c = =( x) =(x ) = x
dx dx dx dx dx dx 2 2 x
3. Addition/Subtraction rule (ii) Here, y = x5 + x4 + 7
If y = u ± v ± w, where, u, v and w are functions of x, then dy d 5 d d d
= ( x + x 4 + 7) = ( x5 ) + ( x 4 ) + (7)
dy d du dv dw dx dx dx dx dx
= (u ± v ± w) = ± ±
dx dx dx dx dx = 5x4 + 4x3 + 0 = 5x4 + 4x3
4. Product rule (iii) Here, y = x2 + 4x–1/2 – 3x–2
If y = u v where u and v are function of x, then dy d 2
= ( x + 4 x −1/2 − 3 x −2 )
dy d dv du dx dx
= (uv = ) u +v
dx dx dx dx d 2 d d
= ( x ) + (4 x −1/2 ) − (3 x −2 )
5. Quotient/division rule dx dx dx
u d 2 d d
If y =, where u and v are functions of x, then = ( x ) + (4 x −1/2 ) − (3 x −2 )
v dx dx dx
du dv d 2 d d
v −u = ( x ) + 4 ( x −1/2 ) − 3 ( x −2 )
dy d  u  dx dx dx
=   = dx 2 dx
dx dx  v  v  1
= 2x + 4  −  x–3/2 – 3(–2)x–3 = 2x – 2x–3/2 + 6x–3
 2
6. If y = xn where n is a real number, then
Example 23: If 3y = 4x2 – 5 find dy
dy d n dx

= = ( x ) nx n −1
dx dx 4 5
Sol. y = x 2 −
7. Chain rule 3 3
dy dy du dy 8 x
= · ⇒ =
dx du dx dx 3
It sometimes helps to think about the Chain Rule the following dy
way. Example 24: y= x − 1, find
dx
If y = f(g(x)),
dy
dy Sol. y = x2 – 2x + 1 ⇒ = 2 x − 2
= f '[g(x)].g'(x). dx
dx

Mathematical Tools 51
 y
Slope = 0 Local
Concept Application A maximum
+ve
slope C
–ve Slope = 0
dv slope +ve slope D
20. If acceleration = . Find acceleration at t = 1 sec y = f(x)
dt B
from v = 3t2 – 1 local minimum
x
dy 1 dy
y
21. = x − 3 x 2 , find y
22. = − 2 x , find In a smoothly changing function a maximum or minimum is
dx x2 dx
always where function flattens out or where slope of tangent line
3x − 5 dy dy dy
23. y = 2
find 24. x = 9y2 find is zero. We know slope = . So a function reaches its maximum
x dx dx dx
dy dy
Find for the following or minimum value when = 0.
dx dx
In the neighbourhood of maximum (point A), slope changes from
25. y = x7/2 26. y = x–3
positive to zero at point A and then becomes negative as x increases
27. y = x 28. y = x5 + x3 + 4x1/2 + 7 d d dy  d 2 y
which means ( slope ) < 0 ⇒  =  <0
29. y = 5x4 + 6x3/2 + 9x 30. y = ax2 + bx + c dx dx  dx  dx 2
1 In the neigbourhood of minimum (point B), slope changes from
31. y = 3x5 – 3x – negative to zero and then becomes positive as x increases which
x
means
dS
32. Given S = t2 + 5t + 3, than d d dy d2y
dt ( slope ) > 0 ⇒  = >0
dx dx  dx  dx 2
1 2
33. Given S = ut + at , where u and a are constants. Obtain
2 Second Derivative Test
dS  dy 
the value of . When a functions slope   = 0 at a point and its second
dt
derivative at that point is  dx 
34. The area of a blot of ink is growing such that after
t seconds, its area is given by A = (3t2 + 7) cm2. Calculate (i) less than zero, it is a local maximum
the rate of increase of area at t = 5 seconds. (ii) greater than zero, it is a local minimum
35. The area of a circle is given by A = πr2, where r is the radius.
What is the rate of increase of area w.r.t. rate of change of
radius. Train Your Brain
Obtain the differential coefficient (differentiation) of
the following: Example 25: What is the minimum value of y for the curve
36. (x – 1) (2x + 5) y = – 8x3 + x4.
37. (9x3 – 8x + 7) (3x5 + 5) Sol. y = –8x2 + x4
38. If t = s − 1 , then the velocity at t = 2 sec is dy
= –16x + 4x3 = –x(16 – 4x2)
dx
39. If S = 3t2, then double differentiation of s with. respect The function will have a maximum or minimum value
to t. is
dy
40. Velocity of a body is given by v = 3t2 – 4t, then rate of when =0
dx
change of velocity w.r.t. to time at t = 1 sec is ⇒ x(16 – 4x2) = 0
dv ⇒ x = 0 or x = ±2
41. Acceleration is given by a = . then acceleration at
dt d2y
t = 10 sec from v = 3t2 + t Now, = 16 – 12x2
dx 2
1 3x + 4 x2 d2y
42. 43. 44. 3 At x = 0, = –16 (maximum)
2x + 1 4x + 5 x +1 dx 2
d2y
At x = ±2, = –16 + 48 = +32 (minimum)
Maxima and Minima dx 2
Finding maxima and minima of a function using derivatives: So, function has minimum value at x = ±2
A maximum is a high point and minimum is low point of a function ymin = –8 × 4 + 16 = –16
(see figure below)

52 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 d 1 1
Example 26: A ball is thrown vertically upward in the air.
i.e., (log e x) = ⇒ ∴ ∫ dx = log e x
dx x x
Its height y at any time t is given by y = 10t – 5t2 where y is
Similarly, the formulae for integration of some other
in meters and t is in seconds. What is the maximum height
functions can be obtained if we know the differential
attained by the ball?
coefficients of various functions.
dy
Sol. y = 10t – 5t2 ⇒ = 10 – 10t = 0
dt
Basic formulae of integration: Following are a few basic
d2y
⇒ t = 1 sec ⇒ = – 10 (maximum) formulae of integration:
dt
ball attains maximum height at t = 1s 1. ∫ 1dx= x + C 2. ∫ a dx= ax + C
∫ x dx ( ( x ) / ( n + 1) ) + C; n ≠ −1
ymax = 10 × 1 – 5 × 12 = 5m. n n +1
3.=

4. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C 5. ∫ cos x=dx sin x + C

Concept Application 6. ∫ sec 2 x=dx tan x + C 7. ∫ csc2 x dx = − cot x + C

8. ∫ sec x ( tan x=) dx sec x + C

45. Find the minimum value of
(i) y = 1 + x2 – 2x (ii) y = 5x2 – 2x + 1 9. ∫ csc x ( cot x ) dx =− csc x + C
46. The position of a particle moving along the y-axis is 10. ∫ (1/ x )=
dx ln x + C
given by y = 3t2 – t3, where y is in meters and t is in sec.
The time when particle attains its maximum positive y 11. ∫ e x dx
= ex + C
position is
(a) 1.5 sec (b) 4 sec
(c) 2 sec (d) 3 sec

Train Your Brain

INTEGRATION
Example 27: Integrate w.r.t. x:
(i) Integration is the inverse process of differentiation:
(i) x11/2 (ii) x–7 (iii) xp/q
Integration is the process of finding the function, whose
11
derivative is given. For this reason, the process of +1
11/2 x2 2 13/2
integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Sol. (i) ∫x dx
=
11
c
+=
13
x +c
Consider a function f(x), whose derivative w.r.t. x is another +1
2
d
function f ′(x) i.e. ( f ( x))= f ′( x) −7 x −7 +1 1
dx (ii) ∫ x dx = + c =− x −6 + c
−7 + 1 6
If differentiation of f(x) w.r.t. x is equal to f′(x), then p
+1
f(x) + c is called the integration of f ′(x), where c is called p q
x q
the constant of integration. (iii) ∫x
q
dx
= c
+= x ( p + q )/ q + c
p p+q
Symbolically, it is written as ∫ f ′( x)dx = f ( x) + c +1
q
Here, f ′(x) dx is called element of integration and ∫ is  x
Example 28: Find integer w.r.t. x, for  2 
called indefinite integral operator. Let us proceed to obtain  x 
d −3
integral of xn w.r.t. x, ( x n +1=
) (n + 1) x n +1
dx x
1 −3 x2
dx = ∫ 3
−2 +

Since the process of integration is the inverse process of Sol. ∫x 2

dx = ∫x 2
dx = ∫x 2

− +1
differentiation, −2 2
n n = +c
∫ (n + 1) x dx or (n + 1)∫ x dx
x

∫ ( x + 1)
2
x n +1 Example 29: dx
or ∫ x n dx =
n +1
Sol. ∫ x dx + 2∫ xdx + 1∫ dx
2
The above formula holds for all values of n, except n = –1.
1 x3 x2 x3
n
∫ x dx ∫=
It is because, for n = –1, = x −1dx ∫ dx + 2 + x + c = + x2 + x + c
x 3 2 3
Since 1/x is differential coefficient of loge x

Mathematical Tools 53
 v ∞ −1/2
Concept Application 57. ∫u M υd υ 58. ∫0 x dx
π /2 π /2

6x + 4 2
59. ∫0 sin x dx 60. ∫0 cos x dx
47. ∫ (1 − 3x 3 )dx 48. ∫ dx π /2
x2 61. ∫−π/2 cos x dx
 1 
49. ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx 50. ∫  x 3
− cos x  dx

1 Application of Integration
51. ∫ cos 3x dx 52.  2 + 3sin 2x  dx ™ Area under the curve:
 x 
y
y = f(x)
(ii) Definite integrals: When a function is integrated between
a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite
d
integral. If ( f ( x) )= f ′ ( x ) , then ∫ f ′( x)dx is called y
dx
b
indefinite integral and ∫a f ′( x)dx is called definite integral
x=a x=b
x
Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the dx
x
variable x.
Area of small element = ydx = f(x)dx
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated between
b
upper and lower limits as explained below:
b b
If we sum up all areas between x = a and x = b then ∫ f ( x ) dx
∫ f ′( x)dx =| f ( x) |a = f (b) − f (a)
a
a = shaded area between curve and x-axis.
™ Average value
x =b

Train Your Brain

if y = f(x) than y or yaverage =
∫ x=a
f ( x)dx
b–a
5 2 Area under the curve
Example 30: Evaluate the integral: ∫1 x dx =
interval
5
5 2 x3 1 3 5 1
Sol. ∫ x= dx = |=
x |1 ((5)3 − (1)3 )
1 3 1 3 3
Train Your Brain
1 124
= (125 −=
1)
3 3
π Example 32: Find the area bounded by y = x and x-axis
Example 31: ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx
0
between x = 0 and x = 2.

π π

Sol. ∫ sin xdx + ∫ cos xdx = − cos x 0 + sin x 0

π π

0 0

= −[cos π − cos 0] + [sin π − sin 0] = –(–2) + 0 = 2 Sol.

dx
2
Concept Application
∫ ydx = ∫ xdx
0
x =1 π/ 2 2
1 2
∫ ( ax + b ) dx ∫ sin ( 3 x − 1) dx
2
53. 54. x = 2 unit
x = −1 x= 0 2 0
This result can also be obtained by using geometry
∞ GMm r q1 q2
55. ∫R r 2
dr 56. ∫r12 −k r2
dr 1
∆OAB = × 2 × 2 = 2 units
2

54 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 Example 33: A gas expands its volume from V to 3V Example 36: Calculate average value of current from t = 0
as shown in figure. Calculate the work in this process if to t = T seconds (T = 2p/w).
W = ∫ pdv.
p I = 5 sint
I
P = 6/V T/2
t(sec)
0 T
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 5 (4) 2
V
T
(1) 6.6 (2) 6.9 (3) 3 (4) 3.5
∫ 5sin ωt 5
[ − cos ωt ]0
T
3V 3V
Sol. I average = 0
T
=
6 ωT
dv =[ 6 log e v ]V = 6.6 J
3V
Sol. W = ∫ pdv ⇒
V
∫
V
v ∫ dt
0

5  2π 
Example 34: Calculate average value of current from t = 0 = − [cos ωT − cos 0] = 0 ω = T 
ωT  
to t = 4 seconds.

5A

I Concept Application
t(sec)
0 2 4 62. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 4 – x2 from
(1) 2.5 (2) 3 (3) 3.5 (4) 2 x = –2 to x = 2
63. Find the shaded area bounded by the curve y = x and
b
y = x as shown in figure?
∫ Idttotal area 5 × 2
Sol. I average
= =
a
= = 2.5 amp
y
b
total time 4
∫ dt
a
y=1

Example 35: Find the shaded area bounded by line y = x

and y = x2 as shown in figure.
y
x
x=1
y=1
64. Find the area bounded by y = 2x – x2 and x-axis between
x = 0 to x = 2 as shown in figure.
y

x
x=1

1 1 1 1
x2 x3 1 1 1
∫0 xdx − ∫0 x dx = 2 − 3
2
=
Sol. A = − = units x
0 0
2 3 6 x=2

Mathematical Tools 55
 PRARAMBH EXERCISE-1 (TOPICWISE)
TROGNOMETRY ALGEBRA
1. Change degree into radian: 10. The equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of the
(1) 160° (2) 135° equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is:
(3) 75° (4) 65° (1) a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
2. Change radian into degree: (2) a2x2 – (b2 – 4ac)x + c2 =0
π 7π (3) a2x2 – (b2 – 2ac)x +c2 =0
(1) (2)
4 2 (4) a2x2 + (b2 – ac)x +c2 =0
3π 2π 11. The value of 'a' for which one root of quadratic equation
(3) (4)
5 3 (a2 – 5a + 3) x2 + (3a – 1)x + 2 = 0 is twice as large as
3π other is:
(5) 2 −2
4 (1) (2)
3. Evaluate: 3 3
(1) cos 15° (2) cos 53° 1 −1
(3) (4)
(3) tan 37° (4) sin53° – cos 37° 3 3
4. Evaluate: AP AND GP SERIES
sin135° sin120° 12. Find the sum of first 20 natural Number.
(1) (2)
cos120° cos15° (1) 210 (2) 200
(3) sin 105° (4) sin300° (3) 220 (4) 230
(5) cos 240° (6) sin2 (20°) + sin2 (70°) 13. The sum of the first five multiples of 3 is:
5. Evaluate: (1) 45 (2) 55 (3) 65 (4) 75
(1) 2 sin 15° cos 15° (2) sin 22.5° cos 22.5° 1 1 1 1 1
14. Find sum of 1 − + − + − ...... ∞.
(3) tan 75° (4) sin2 22.5° 2 4 8 16 32
6. Evaluate: 3 4 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
 5π   2π  4 3 3 2
(1) cos   (2) sin  
 4   3  1 1 1
15. Find sum of 1 + + + + .... up to ∞.
 3π   7π  3 9 27
(3) sin   (4) tan  
 4   6  3 2 4 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
7. 1 + sin θ is equal to 2 3 3 4

(1) (sin θ + cos θ) (2) sin θ – cos θ 16. Find the sum of the geometric series:
θ θ θ θ 4 – 12 + 36 – 108 + ………….. to 10 terms
(3) sin + cos (4) sin − cos
2 2 2 2 (1) 59048 (2) –30421
(3) –59048 (4) 30421
8. 1 + cos θ is equal to
θ θ BINOMIAL APPROXIMATION
(1) 2 sin (2) 2 cos
2 2
17. Find approximate value of the 0.95 :
1 θ 1 θ
(3) sin (4) cos (1) 1 (2) 0.595 (3) 0.60 (4) 0.975
2 2 2 2
18. Find approximate value of the 104 :
sin θ + cos θ 7
9. If = , , then tan θ = (1) 10.2 (2) 12 (3) 13.5 (4) 15
sin θ − cos θ 3
19. Find approximate value of the (4.04)3
3 5
(1) (2) (1) 60.05 (2) 75.63 (3) 65.92 (4) 55.72
5 2
3 2 20. Find approximate value of the (9.6)4
(4) (4)
5 5 (1) 4200 (2) 3600 (3) 2100 (4) 8400

56 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS 28. Velocity of a particle undergoing SHM is v = ω A2 − x 2
21. The equation of straight line having slope 3 and y intercept where ω > 1. The graph representing v versus x will be
v
of –2 will be:
v
A A
(1) =y 3x + 2 (2) =y 3x − 2
(1) (2) –A x
(3) y = − 3x − 2 (4) y = − 3x + 2 –A A
x A
22. The equation of line is 2y = 3x – 6 its x and y intercepts are –A
(1) –3, 2 (2) 3, –2 (3) 2, –3 (4) –2, 3 v
–A
v
23. The distance between points (2, 3, –7) and (–2, 0, 5) is A
(1) 5 (2) 13 (3) 145 (4) 119
(3) (4)
24. The points where the line y = x intersect the curve –A A
x x
x2 + y2 = 32 is
(1) 4 2, 4 2 (2) 4, 4
–A

(3) −4 2, −4 2 (4) –2, –2 LOGARITHMS

25. P – V graph for ideal gas at constant temperature is {ideal 29. log 25 + log 4 – log 5 is equal to
gas eqn PV = nRT} (1) log 20 (2) log 25 (3) log 15 (4) log 10
P P 30. loge 8 is equal to
(1) loge 2 (2) 2loge 2 (3) 3loge 2 (4) 4loge 2
(1) (2)
31. loge 15 is equal to
(1) loge 3 + loge 5 (2) loge 5 – loge 3
(3) loge 10 + loge 5 (4) loge 10 – loge 5
V V
P P
x
32. log5x – log5(y) = 2, find the value of
(3) (4) y
(1) 100 (2) 25 (3) 50 (4) 75

V V DIFFERENTIATION
26. Time period of oscillations of a pendulum is given by
33. f (x) = cos x + sin x then f (π/2) will be
 (1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 0
T = 2π then graph between T &  is:
g Direction (No. 34 to 35): Derivative of given function w.r.t.
(1) Straight line (2) Parabola corresponding independent variable is.
(3) Ellipse (4) Rectangular hyperbola
s 5t 3 − 3t 5
34. =
27. Which of the following curve is related to function T2 ∝ 3
ds ds
(1) = 15 t 2 + 15 t 4 (2) = 15 t 4 + 15 t 2
dt dt
(1) T
2

ds ds
(3) = 15 t 4 –15 t 2 (4) = 15 t 2 − 15 t 4
 dt dt
35. y = 5sin x

(2) T
2 dy dy
(1) = 3cos x (2) = 5cos x
dx dx
 dy dy
(3) = 5sin x (4) = 3sin x
dx dx

(3) T
2 Direction (No. 36 to 39): First derivative and second derivative
of given functions w.r.t. Corresponding independent variable is.
 36. y = 6 x 2 − 10 x − 5 x −2
(1) 12x – 10 + 10x–3, 12 – 30x–4
(4) T
2 (2) 10x – 12 + 20x–3, 15 – 30x–4
(3) 12x – 10 + 15x–3, 12 – 30x–4
 (4) 10x – 15 + 12x–3, 12 – 30x–4

Mathematical Tools 57
 12 4 1 2x + 1
37. r = − 3+ 4 45. z =
θ θ θ x2 − 1
(1) 12θ–2 – 12θ–4 + 4θ–5, 24θ–3 + 48θ–5 + 20θ–6 −2 x 2 − 2 x + 2 −2 x 2 − 2 x − 2
(1) (2)
(2) –12θ–2 + 12θ–4 – 4θ–5, 24θ–3 – 48θ–5 + 20θ–6 2
( x + 1) 2
( x 2 − 1) 2
(3) –6θ–2 + 12θ–4 – 8θ–5, 12θ–3 – 24θ–5 + 10θ–6 −2 x 2 + 2 x + 2 −2 x 2 − 2 x − 2
(4) –8θ–2 + 12θ–4 – 6θ–5, 24θ–3 – 24θ–5 + 10θ–6 (3) (4)
( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 − 1)
7 3 2
38. =
ω 3 z − 7 z + 21 z dy
Direction (No. 46 to 49): for following functions is.
(1) 21z6 +21z2 – 42z, 126z5 + 42z – 42. dx
y (2 x + 1)5
46. =
(2) 14z6 –28z2 + 22z, 120z5 –21z + 42.
(1) 10(2 x + 1)3 (2) 10(2 x + 1) 4
(3) 28z6 –14z2 + 42z, 122z5 –42z + 21
(3) 10(2 x − 1)3 (4) 10(2 x − 1) 4
(4) 21z6 –21z2 + 42z, 126z5 –42z + 42
47. y= (4 − 3 x)9
39.=y sin x + cos x
(1) cos x – cos x , – sin x – sin x (1) −8(4 − 3 x)8 (2) −27(4 − 3 x)9
(2) sin x – sin x , – sin x – cos x (3) −27(4 + 3 x)9 (4) −27(4 − 3 x)8
(3) cos x – sin x , – sin x – cos x −7
 x
(4) sin x + cos x , – cos x – cos x 48. y= 1 − 
 7
Direction (No. 40 to 42): Derivative of given functions w.r.t. the 8 −8 −5 −4
 x  x  x  x
independent variable x is. (1) 1 −  (2) 1 −  (3) 1 −  (4) 1 − 
 7   7   7   7
40. y = x sin x
49.=y 2sin(ωx + φ) where ω and φ constants
(1) sin x + x cos x (2) sin x – x cos x
(3) cos 2 x – x sin 2 x (4) sin 2 x – x cos 2 x (1) 2ω cos(ωx + φ) (2) 2ω cos(ωx – φ)
(3) ω cos(ωx + φ) (4) 2ωcosec(ωx + φ)
41. y = e x n x
ex ex SLOPE OF TANGENT
(1) e x nx – (2) e x nx –
x x2 50. Find the slope of tangent of curve y = 1 + x2 – 2x at (3, 3).
(1) 1 (2) 2
ex ex (3) 3 (4) 4
(3) e x nx + (4) e x nx +
x2 x 51. Find the slope of tangent of curve y = 5x2 + 2x + 1 at (0, 0).
(1) 1 (2) 2
42. y = ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
(3) 3 (4) 4
dy dy 52. If y = a(1 – cosq) and x = a(q + sinq), then find the slope of
(1) = 3x (2) = 3x 2
dx dx π
tangent of y verses x at θ = .
dy dy 2
(3) = 2 x2 (4) = 2x
dx dx (1) 1 (2) – 1 (3) 2 (4) – 2
1
Direction (No. 43 to 45): Derivative of given function w.r.t. the 53. The slope of the normal to the curve y = x2 – 2 at (– 1, 0)
is: x
independent variable is
1 1
sin x (1) (2) − (3) 4 (4) – 4
43. y = 4 4
cos x
(1) sec2 x (2) sec x (3) sec2 2x (4) sec3 2x DIFFERENTIATION AS A RATE MEASUREMENT
2x + 5 54. Suppose that the radius r and area A = πr2 of a circle are
44. y = differentiable functions of t. equation that relates dA/dt to
3x − 2
dr/dt is:
−19 19 dA dr dA dr
(1) y′ = 2
(2) y′ = (1) = πr (2) = πr 2
(3 x − 2) (3 x − 2) 2 dt dt dt dt
19 −19 dA dr dA dr
(3) y′ = (4) y′ = (3) = 2πr 2 (4) = 2πr
(3 x − 2) (3 x + 2) 2 dt dt dt dt

58 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 dy 66. x + y = 10 then find the maximum value of f = xy ?
y 2u 3 , =
55. = u 8 x − 1. Find (1) 25 (2) 30 (3) 15 (4) 35
dx
(1) 48(8 x − 1) 2 (2) 48(8 x + 1) 2 67. If l + r = 12 here l is length of cylinder and r is radius of
cylinder then find maximum value of volume of cylinder
(3) 48(8 x − 1) (4) 48(8 x + 1)
(1) 156 π (2) 350 π (3) 256 π (4) 250 π
dy
56. =
y sin u , =
u 3 x + 1 . Find INTEGRATION
dx
(1) 3cos(3 x –1) (2) 3cos(3 x + 1) 68. ∫ (2 x) dx will be
(3) 3sin(3 x –1) (4) 3sin(3 x + 1) (1) x2 + C (2) 2x + C (3) 2x2 + C (4) –x2 + C
57. dy . 2
= y sin
= u , u cos x. Find
dx
69. ∫ (x ) dx will be

(1) –cosu.sinx (2) − cos u. 1 + u 2 x3 x2

(1) x + C (2) 2x + C (3) + C (4) +C
3 2
(3) − sin x. 1 − y 2 (4) All of above 70. ∫ (x2 – 2x + 1) dx will be
dy
58. y = 3t 2 − 1, x = t 2 . Find . x3 x3
dx (1) − x2 – x + C (2) − x2 + x + C
3 3
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1/3 (4) 1/2
x3 x3
(3) + x2 – x + C (4) + x2 + x + C
MAXIMA & MINIMA 3 3

59. Maximum and minimum values of function 2x3 – 15x2 + 71. ∫ (–3x–4)dx will be
36x + 11 is (1) x–3 + C (2) x3 + C
(1) 39, 38 (2) 93, 83 (3) 45, 42 (4) 59, 58 (3) –3x–3 + C (4) 3x–3 + C
60. Find out minimum/maximum value of y = 1 – x2 also find  5 
out those points where value is minimum/maximum. 72. ∫  2  dx will be
x 
(1) max 2, x = –1 (2) max 1, x = 0
5 5
(3) min 1, x = –1 (4) min 2, x = 0 (1) − + C (2) +C
x x
61. For y = (x–2)2, what is the maximum/minimum value and x x
the point at which y is maximum/minimum? (3) +C (4) – + C
5 5
(1) max 2, x = 0 (2) max 0, x = 0
(3) min 1, x = –1 (4) min 0, x = 2  3 
73. ∫  2 dx will be
x
62. Particle's position as a function of time is given by x =
– t2 + 4t + 4 find the maximum value of position co-ordinate (1) 2 x3 + C (2) 3 x + C
of particle.
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) –8 (4) 8 (3) x3 + C (4) x4 + C
63. Find out minimum/maximum value of y = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 11  1 
also find out those points where value is minimum/maximum.
74. ∫ 33 x  dx will be
 
(1) max = 39 at x = 2, min = 39 at x = –2 3 2
(2) max = 39 at x = 3, min = 38 at x = 2 x4 x3
(1) +C (2) +C
(3) max = 39 at x = 2, min = 38 at x = 3 2 3
(4) max = 39 at x = 2, min = 38 at x = –2 2
2
64. Determine the position where potential energy will be x3
(3) x3 +C (4) +C
minimum if U(x) = 100 – 50x + 1000x2 J. 2
(1) 0.25 × 10–2 (2) 2.5 × 10–2 3 1 
(3) 2.5 × 10–1 (4) 250 × 10–2
75. ∫  x+ 3  dx will be
x
65. Find out minimum/maximum value of y = 4x2 – 2x + 3 also 4 2 4 2
find out those points where value is minimum/maximum. 3x 2 3x 4 3x 2 3x 1
(1) + +C (2) + +C
11 1 11 1 4 2 4 2
(1) =min = ,x (2) max
= = ,x
4 2 4 4 3 3 4 2
11 1 11 1 3x 4 3x 2 3x 3 3x 3
(3) =min = ,x (4) max
= = ,x (3) + +C (4) + +C
4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2

Mathematical Tools 59
  1 −3/2  81. Use a definite integral to find the area of the region between
76. ∫  − 2 x  dx will be the given curve and the x-axis on the interval [0, b] y = 2x
y
(1) x–1/2 + C (2) x+1/2 + C y = 2x
(3) x2 + C (4) x–2/1 + C
0 b x
77. ∫ (3 sin x) dx will be
(1) +3 cos x + C (2) +4 cos x + C
(3) –3 cos x + C (4) –4 cos x + C b3
(1) b2 (2) b3 (3) 2b2 (4)
3
 1 
78. ∫  3x  dx will be +2

∫ (t )
2
82. − 1 dt.
1 3 −2
(1) lnx + C (2) lnx + C
3 1 3 4 1 2
(1) (2) ( 3) ( 4)
2 1 4 3 4 3
(3) lnx + C (4) lnx + C
3 2 83. A body is moving along x axis as v = 2t + 3t2 + 2 here v is
velocity and t is time in second then find average velocity
79. ∫ sin 3x dx , will be: when particle moves from t = 0 to t = 5 second.
1
(1) − cos 3x + C (2) cos 3 x − C (1) 25 (2) 40 (3) 32 (4) 30
3
1 1 84. Find the area of the curve y = sinx between 0 and p.
(3) − cos 3 x − C (4) − cos 3 x + C (1) 2 sq. unit (2) 5 sq. unit
2 3
−1 (3) 4 sq. unit (4) 10 sq. unit
π
80. ∫ 2 dθ will be 85. Find the area of the region bounded by the two parabolas
−4 y = x2 and y2 = x.
3π 2π (1) 1/3 sq. units (2) 1/5 sq. units
(1) (2) (3) 3π (4) 2π
2 3 (3) 1/2 sq. units (4) 1/4 sq. units

60 P NEET (XI) Module-1 PHYSICS

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 Answer Key

CONCEPT APPLICATION
π 1 −1 1
1. 13 2. (i) 10 (ii) 277 3. 2 or –6 4. 5. 150° 6. (i) −
(ii) (iii) − (iv) − 3
12 2 2 2
5 12 x 5x x 7 24
7. (i) (ii) 8. (i) 14, 2 (ii) 5, –5 (iii) 17, –9 9. (i) (ii) (iii) 10. (i) (ii)
13 13 180 180 60 25 25
5 −3 ± 57 2 9 3 2
11. (i) 1, − (ii) 12. (i) , (ii) , 2 13. 676 14. 15. 77
3 4 5 5 4 3
16. (i) 7.21 (ii) 5.067 (iii) 1.02 17. 9.61m/s2 18. (A)-R, (B)-T, (C)-P, (D)-Q
1  1 
19. (i) 1.204 (ii) 1.678 (iii) 1.806 (iv) 0.903 20. 6 m/s2 21. − 6 x 22. −2  3 + 1
2 x x 
−3 10 1 7 5/2
23. + 24. ± 25. x 26. –3x–4 27. 1 4 2
28. 5x + 3x + 2x –1/2
x 2 x3 6 x 2
29. 20x3 + 9x1/2 + 9 30. 2ax + b 31. 15x4– 3 + 1/x2 32. 2t + 5 33. u + at 34. 30 cm2
35. 2πr 7 5 4 2
36. 4x + 3 37. 216 x – 144 x + 105 x + 135x – 40 38. 6 39. 6 40. 2 41. 61
−2 1 2 x − x4 4
42. 43. 44. 45. (i) 0 (ii) 46. (c)
(2 x + 1) 2 (4 x + 5) 2 ( x3 + 1) 2 5
3 4 4 1 sin 3 x
47. x − x + C 48. 6x − + C 49. sin x – cos x + C 50. −  2 + sin x  + C 51. + C
4 x  2x  3
1 3  2a 1  3π   GMm 1 1
52. −  + cos 2 x  + C 53. + 2b 54. − cos  − 1 − cos (1)  55. 56. kq1 q2  − 
x 2  3 3  2   R  r2 r1 
1 32 1 4
57. M (v 2 − u 2 ) 58. ∞ 59. 1 60. 1 61. 2 62. units 63. units 64. units
2 3 6 3
PRARAMBH EXERCISE-1 (TOPICWISE)
8π 3π 5π 13π
1. (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) 2. (1) 45°, (2) 630°, (3) 108°, (4) 120°, (5) 135°
9 4 12 36

3 +1 3 3 6 3 +1 − 3 −1
3. (1) (2) , (3) , (4) 0 4. (1) − 2 , (2) , (3) , (4) , (5) , (6) 1
2 2 5 4 3 +1 2 2 2 2

1 1 3 +1 2 −1 1 3 1 1
5. (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) 6. (1) – , (2) , (3) , (4)
2 2 2 3 −1 2 2 2 2 2 3
7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (3) 11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (3)
17. (4) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (4) 21. (2) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. (2)
27. (1) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (3) 31. (1) 32. (2) 33. (2) 34. (4) 35. (2) 36. (1)
37. (2) 38. (4) 39. (3) 40. (1) 41. (4) 42. (2) 43. (1) 44. (1) 45. (2) 46. (2)
47. (4) 48. (2) 49. (1) 50. (4) 51. (2) 52. (1) 53. (1) 54. (4) 55. (1) 56. (2)
57. (1) 58. (1) 59. (1) 60. (2) 61. (4) 62. (4) 63. (3) 64. (2) 65. (3) 66. (1)
67. (3) 68. (1) 69. (3) 70. (2) 71. (1) 72. (1) 73. (2) 74. (4) 75. (4) 76. (1)
77. (3) 78. (1) 79. (4) 80. (1) 81. (1) 82. (2) 83. (3) 84. (1) 85. (1)

Mathematical Tools 61