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Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles, 4th edition Chapter 10
By D. A. Neamen Exercise Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 10
Exercise Solutions
Ex 10.1 Ex 10.4
N   2 1015  From Figure 10.16,  ms  +0.28 V
 fp = Vt ln  a  = (0.0259 ) ln  
10  We find
 ni   1.5 10 
N   2 1016 
= 0.3056 V  fp = Vt ln  a  = (0.0259 ) ln  
10 
 4 s  fp 
1/ 2  ni   1.5 10 
x dT =  = 0.3653 V
 eN a 
 4 s  fp 
1/ 2

=
(
 4(11.7 ) 8.85 10 (0.3056 )  −14
) 1/ 2
x dT = 
 eN a 

(
1.6 10 −19 2 1015 )( 
)

x dT = 6.29  10 −5 cm

=
( )
 4(11.7 ) 8.85 10 −14 (0.3653) 
1/ 2

or x dT = 0.629  m
 (
1.6 10 −19 2 1016)( 
 )
= 2.174  10 −5 cm
_______________________________________
 (max ) = eN a x dT
QSD
Ex 10.2 ( )( )(
= 1.6 10 −19 2 1016 2.1744 10 −5 )
N   10  16
 fp = Vt ln  a  = (0.0259 ) ln  
10 
−8
= 6.958  10 C/cm 2
 ni   1.5 10  Then
= 0.347 V t 
 VTN = ( Q SD
 (max ) − Q ss ) ox  +  ms + 2 fp
 
 ox 
Eg
 ms =  m −    + +  fp 
  2e 
=
( −8
) (
6.958  10 − 1.6  10 −19
)(
2  10 10 80  10 −8)( )
= 3.20 − (3.25 + 0.56 + 0.347 ) (3.9)(8.85 10 −14
)
 ms = −0.957 V + 0.28 + 2(0.3653)
_______________________________________ VTN = 0.1539 + 0.28 + 2(0.3653)
= 1.16 V
Ex 10.3
_______________________________________
From Figure 10.16,  ms  −1.03 V

C ox = =
(
ox (3.9) 8.85  10 −14 ) Ex 10.5
t ox 40  10 −8 From Figure 10.16,  ms  1.06 V
= 8.629  10 −7 F/cm 2 We find
N   2 10 16 
Then  fn = Vt ln  d  = (0.0259 ) ln  
10 
Qss  ni   1.5 10 
V FB =  ms −
C ox = 0.3653 V

= −1.03 −
(2 10 )(1.6 10 )
10 −19
 4 s  fn 
=
1/ 2

8.629  10 − 7
x dT 
 eN d 
V FB = −1.034 V
( )
 4(11.7 ) 8.85 10 −14 (0.3653) 
=
1/ 2

( )( 
)
_______________________________________
 1.6 10 −19 2 1016 
−5
= 2.174  10 cm
Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles, 4th edition Chapter 10
By D. A. Neamen Exercise Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________

 (max ) = eN d  fn
Q SD We find

(
= 1.6 10 −19
)(2 10 )(2.1744 10 )
16 −5 C FB
=
2.174  10 −7
= 0.504
C ox 4.314 10 − 7
= 6.958  10 −8 C/cm 2
_______________________________________
Now
t 
 
 (max ) − Q ss   ox  +  ms − 2 fn
VTP = − Q SD Ex 10.7
 ox  We find
( ) ( )(
− 6.958  10−8 − 5  1010 1.6  10−19 200  10−8 )( ) C ox = =
(
ox (3.9) 8.85  10 −14 )
=
(3.9) 8.85  10−14 ( ) t ox 80  10 −8
+ 1.06 − 2(0.3653) = 4.314  10 −7 F/cm 2
VTP = −0.4495 + 1.06 − 2(0.3653) Then
or VTP = −0.12 V
(
k n =  n C ox = (650 ) 4.314 10 −7 )
−4
_______________________________________ = 2.804  10 A/V 2

or k n = 0.2804 mA/V 2
Ex 10.6 Now
(
ox (3.9) 8.85  10 −14 ) k W
C ox = = I D = n  (VGS − VT )
2
t ox 80  10 −8 2 L
= 4.314  10 −7 F/cm 2 =
0.2804
(12)(VGS − 0.4)2
 3 10 16  2
 fp = (0.0259 ) ln   = 0.3758 V
10  (a) I D = (1.6826 )(0.8 − 0.4) = 0.269 mA
2
 1.5 10 
(b) I D = (1.6826 )(1.2 − 0.4) = 1.077 mA
( )
2
 4(11.7 ) 8.85 1014 (0.3758 ) 
1/ 2

= (c) I D = (1.6826 )(1.6 − 0.4) = 2.423 mA

( )( 
)
x dT 2

 1.6 10 −19 3 1016 

−5
_______________________________________
= 1.80  10 cm
Now Ex 10.8
ox We find
 =
( )
C min
  ox (3.9) 8.85  10 −14
t ox +  ox   x dT C ox = =
 80  10 −8
 s  t ox

=
(3.9)(8.85 10 −14 ) = 4.314  10 −7 F/cm 2
W n C ox
 3.9 
80  10 −8 +   1.80  10 (
−5
) I D (sat ) =
2L
(VGS − VT )2
 11.7 
Then
= 5.076  10 −8 F/cm 2
W n C ox
We find I D 2 (sat ) − I D1 (sat ) = (VGS2 − VGS1 )

C min 5.076 10 −8 2L
= = 0.1177
C ox 4.314 10 − 7 0.295 10 −3 − 0.132 10 −3
Now = 1.7176  10 −2 − 1.1489  10 −2 = 5.687  10 −3
ox Then
 =
(6) n (4.314 10 −7 )
C FB
  V 
t ox +  ox  t s 5.687  10 −3 = (1.25 − 1.0)
 s  eN a 2(1.5)

=
(
(3.9) 8.85 10 −14 ) Or
( )
2
 3.9  (0.0259 )(11.7 ) 8.85 10
−14  5.687 10 −3 
80 10 −8 +     = 8.628 10 −7   n
 
 11.7  (
1.6 10 −19 3 1016 )( )  0.25 
 = 2.174 10 F/cm
C FB −7 2   n  600 cm 2 /V-s
Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles, 4th edition Chapter 10
By D. A. Neamen Exercise Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________

We now find Test Your Understanding Solutions

0.132 10 −3 =
(6)(600)(4.314 10 −7 ) (1.0 − V )2
2(1.5) TYU 10.1
T

1/ 2 N 
 0.132 10 −3  (a)  fn = Vt ln  d 
 
 5.1768 10 − 4  = 1.0 − VT  ni 
 
 8 1015 
VT = 0.495 V = (0.0259 ) ln   = 0.3415 V
10 
_______________________________________  1.5 10 
 4 s  fn 
1/ 2

Ex 10.9 x dT =  
N   1016   eN d 
(a)  fp = Vt ln  a  = (0.0259 ) ln  
 ni


 1.5 1010 
  =
(
 4(11.7 ) 8.85 10 −14 (0.3415)  ) 1/ 2

 (
1.6 10 −19 8 1015 )(
 )
= 0.3473 V −5
= 3.324  10 cm
C ox

= ox =
(
(3.9) 8.85 10 −14 ) or x dT = 0.3324  m
t ox 120  10 −8
 4 10 16 
= 2.876  10 −7
F/cm 2 (b)  fn = (0.0259 ) ln   = 0.3832 V
10 
 1.5 10 
2e s N a
=
=
( )
 4(11.7 ) 8.85 10 −14 (0.3832 ) 
1/ 2

( )( 
)
C ox x dT
 1.6 10 −19 4 1016 
=
( ) (
2 1.6 10 −19 (11.7 ) 8.85 10 −14 1016 )( ) = 1.575  10 cm −5

2.876 10 − 7 or x dT = 0.1575  m

 = 0.200 V 1 / 2 _______________________________________
(b) VT =   2 fp + VSB − 2 fp  TYU 10.2
(i) VT N   3 1016 
 fp = Vt ln  a  = (0.0259 ) ln 

= (0.200 ) 2(0.3473) + 1 − 2(0.3473)   ni 

10 
 1.5 10 
= (0.200 )1.3018 − 0.8334  or
VT = 0.0937 V  fp = 0.376 V
(ii) VT We have

= (0.200 ) 2(0.3473) + 2 − 2(0.3473)   ms = −
 Eg 
+  fp  = −(0.560 + 0.376 )
= (0.200 )1.6415 − 0.8334   2e 
or
VT = 0.162 V
 ms = −0.936 V
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Ex 10.10
 n (VGS − VT )
TYU 10.3
fT = From TYU 10.2,
2 L2  fp = 0.376 V
=
(420)(1.5 − 0.4) = 5.11  10 9 Hz We have
2 1.2 10 ( −4 2
)  Eg
 ms = 

−  fp  = 0.560 − 0.376
 f T = 5.11 GHz  2e 
_______________________________________ or
 ms = +0.184 V
_______________________________________
Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles, 4th edition Chapter 10
By D. A. Neamen Exercise Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________

TYU10.4 TYU 10.6

Q k n W
=  ms − ss ID =  (VGS − VT )
2
V FB
C ox 2 L
 3 10 16  From Ex 10.7, k n = 0.2804 mA/V 2
 fp = (0.0259 ) ln   = 0.3758 V
10  Then
 1.5 10 
 0.2804  W 
0.100 =   (1.0 − 0.4)
2
From Equation (10.17)
Eg 1.12  2  L 
ms = −  fp = − 0.3758 W
2e 2  = 1.98
= 0.1842 V L

C ox = ox =
(
(3.9) 8.85 10 −14 ) _______________________________________
t ox 160  10 −8 TYU 10.7
= 2.157  10 −7 F/cm 2
C ox = =
(
ox (3.9) 8.85  10 −14 )
t ox 220  10 −8
V FB = 0.1842 −
(8 10 )(1.6 10 )
10 −19
= 1.569  10 −7 F/cm 2
2.157  10 − 7 Now
= 0.125 V
  p C ox  W 
_______________________________________ I D =   (V SG + VT )2
 L 
 2 
TYU 10.5 (
 (310 ) 1.569 10 −7  )
=   (60 )  (V SG − 0.4)
2
 3 10 16 
 fp = (0.0259 ) ln   = 0.3758 V
10 
 2 
 1.5 10  ( )
= 1.459 10 −3 (V SG − 0.4) A
2

x dT = 
(
 4(11.7 ) 8.85 10 (0.3758 )  −14
) 1/ 2
Then
 (
1.6 10 −19 3 10 16 )(

 ) V SG = 1 V  I D = 0.525 mA
−5
= 1.80  10 cm V SG = 1.5 V  I D = 1.77 mA
QSD (max ) = eN a x dT V SG = 2 V  I D = 3.74 mA

( )(
= 1.6 10 −19 3 1016 1.80 10 −5 )( ) _______________________________________
−8
= 8.644  10 C/cm 2
TYU 10.8
From Figure 10.16,  ms  −1.13 V   p C ox  W 
I D =   (V SG + VT )2
t   L 
VTN = ( Q SD
 (max ) − Q ss ) ox  +  ms + 2 fp  2 
 ox


200 10 −6 = 
 ( )
(310) 1.569 10 −7    W 
  
+ 0.65 =
8.644 10 − (1.6 10 )(5 10 )(t
−8 −19 10
ox )  2  L
(3.9)(8.85 10 ) −14
 (1.25 − 0.4)
2

+ (− 1.13) + 2(0.3758 ) W 
   = 11.4
( )
+ 0.65 = 2.2713 10 t ox − 1.13 + 0.7516
5
L
t ox = 4.52 10 −6 cm _______________________________________
o
or t ox = 45.2 nm = 452 A
_______________________________________
Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles, 4th edition Chapter 10
By D. A. Neamen Exercise Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________

TYU 10.9

(a) C ox =
(
ox (3.9) 8.85  10 −14
=
)
t ox 120  10 −8
= 2.876  10 −7 F/cm 2
2e s N a
=
C ox

=
( ) (
2 1.6 10 −19 (11.7 ) 8.85 10 −14 1015 )( )
−7
2.876 10
 = 0.0633 1 / 2
V
N   1015 
(b)  fp = Vt ln  a  = (0.0259 ) ln  
10 
 ni   1.5 10 
= 0.2877 V
VT =   2 fp + VSB − 2 fp 
(i) VT

= (0.0633) 2(0.2877 ) + 1 − 2(0.2877 ) 
= (0.0633)1.2551 − 0.7586 
VT = 0.0314 V
(ii) VT

= (0.0633) 2(0.2877 ) + 2 − 2(0.2877 ) 
= (0.0633)1.6048 − 0.7586
VT = 0.0536 V
_______________________________________

TYU 10.10
CM
= 1 + g m RL
C gdT
We find

C ox =
(
ox (3.9) 8.85  10 −14
=
)
t ox 180  10 −8
= 1.9175  10 −7 F/cm 2
W 
g m =    n C ox (VGS − VT )
L
 24 
= (
(420 ) 1.9175 10 (1.5 − 0.4)
−7
)
 1.2 
= 1.772  10 −3 A/V
Then
CM
C gdT
(
= 1 + 1.772  10 −3 100  10 3 )( )
= 178
_______________________________________
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Celtic Scotland
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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eBook.

Title: Celtic Scotland

A history of ancient Alban. Volume 2 (of 3), Church and
culture

Author: W. F. Skene

Release date: January 15, 2024 [eBook #72728]

Language: English

Original publication: Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1886

Credits: MWS, KD Weeks, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CELTIC

SCOTLAND ***
 Transcriber’s Note:
Footnotes were numbered beginning afresh with each
chapter. They have been resequenced across the entire
text for uniqueness. On occasion, notes are cross-
referenced by number. These references have been
changed as well.
Footnotes have been collected at the end of each
chapter, and are linked for ease of reference.
Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been
corrected. Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of
this text for details regarding the handling of any textual
issues encountered during its preparation.
Any corrections are indicated as hyperlinks, which will
navigate the reader to the corresponding entry in the
corrections table in the note at the end of the text.

CELTIC SCOTLAND
 Printed by Thomas and Archibald Constable

FOR

DAVID DOUGLAS, EDINBURGH

LONDON HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND
CO.
CAMBRIDGE MACMILLAN AND BOWES.
GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND
SONS
 CELTIC SCOTLAND:

A HISTORY OF

Ancient Alban

BY
WILLIAM F. SKENE, D.C.L., LL.D.
HISTORIOGRAPHER-ROYAL FOR SCOTLAND.

Volume II.
CHURCH AND CULTURE.

SECOND EDITION.

EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS

1887

All Rights reserved.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

This volume being now likewise out of print, it has been thought
right to issue a new edition.
The Author has for this purpose carefully revised the text, and
made such corrections and alterations as appeared to be demanded.
These, however, he was glad to find are few in number and
unimportant in character.
Edinburgh, 27 Inverleith Row,
2nd May 1887.
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

The volume now published contains the second of the three books
into which the history of Scotland during the Celtic period has been
divided, and, like the first volume, forms a substantive work in itself.
It deals entirely with the history of the old Celtic Church, and its
influence on the culture of the people. The early ecclesiastical history
of Scotland is a subject beset with even greater difficulties than
those which affect its early civil history. It shares with the latter that
perversion of its history which has been caused by the artificial
system elaborated by our oldest historians. The fictitious antiquity
given by it to the settlements of the Scots is accompanied by a
supposed introduction of Christianity at an earlier period, equally
devoid of historic foundation; and this supposed early Christian
Church has given rise to what may be called the Culdean
controversy, by which the true history has been further obscured. It is
a disadvantage which affects the history of all churches, that it is
almost inevitably viewed through the medium of the ecclesiastical
prepossessions of the historian. This has been peculiarly the case
with the history of the early church in Scotland, which has become
the battle-field on which Catholic and Protestant, Episcopalian and
Presbyterian, have contended for their respective tenets; and this
evil is greatly aggravated when the basis of the controversy consists
of such a strange mixture of fact and fable as that which
characterises the history of the early Scottish Church, as it is usually
represented.
People are tired, however, of this incessant repetition by church
historians of the same one-sided arguments, and partial statement of
authorities adduced to assimilate the early Celtic Church, in its
doctrine and constitution, to one or other of the great ecclesiastical
parties of the modern church. They want to know what sort of a
church this early Celtic Church really was, irrespective of all
ecclesiastical bias, and this the Author has attempted to show in the
following volume. He has endeavoured simply to tell the tale of the
early Celtic Church, as he finds it recorded in the oldest and most
authentic sources of information. With this view he has treated of the
history of the church mainly in its external aspect, and has been
unable to touch, to any great extent, upon its doctrinal history, or to
attempt to exhibit its theological characteristics. The discussion of
these questions must still be left to the polemical historians. From
the works of these writers the Author has thus derived little
assistance; but his task has been greatly aided by another class of
writers, who have brought to bear upon the different branches of the
subject that sound judgment, extensive research, and critical
acumen, which are requisite to extricate the true history of the early
church from the fictitious and controversial matter with which it has
been encumbered.
The first to bring these qualities to bear upon the subject was
undoubtedly the late Dr. Joseph Robertson, in a very remarkable
essay which appeared in the Quarterly Review in 1849, under the
title of ‘Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals’ (vol. lxxxv. p. 103); and this
was followed by a valuable essay ‘On the Scholastic Offices in the
Scottish Church in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries,’ printed in
1852 in the Miscellany of the Spalding Club (vol. v. p. 56). But, in
1857, there appeared by far the most important work bearing upon
the history of the early Scottish Church. This was the edition of
Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, by the Rev. Dr. Reeves, now Dean
of Armagh, printed for the Irish Archæological Society and the
Bannatyne Club. This work is a perfect model of an exhaustive
treatment of its subject, and exercised at once an influence upon the
study of Scottish church history, the importance of which cannot be
over-estimated. It was followed, in 1864, by a work of the same
author on The Culdees of the British Islands as they appear in
History, in which he has brought together almost all the evidence we
possess with regard to their history. In the same year the late Bishop
of Brechin commenced his useful labours in this department of
history by publishing the Missal of Arbuthnot, with a valuable
preface. And in 1866 the late Dr. Joseph Robertson produced his
last and most important work, viz., the Statuta Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ,
which he edited for the Bannatyne Club, in two volumes, the first of
which consists of an elaborate introduction by himself. It is cause of
much regret that this accurate and acute historian had not lived to
devote his great abilities and extensive research to a complete
history of the church, which would have rendered the present
attempt unnecessary.
Dr. John Stuart, who had already, in his great work on the
Sculptured Stones of Scotland, made one of the most important
contributions to the elucidation of Scottish antiquities which we
possess, edited in 1868 the Charters of the Priory of the Isle of May
for the Society of Antiquaries, with a valuable preface; and in 1869
we are indebted to him for an admirable edition of the Book of Deer,
printed for the Spalding Club, to which he has prefixed an elaborate
preface. Chapters IV. and V. of this preface on Celtic polity and on
the early Scottish Church are essays of singular ability, and full of
acute and valuable suggestive matter.
In 1872 the late Bishop of Brechin published his ‘Kalendars of
Scottish Saints, with personal notices of those of Alba, Laudonia,
and Strathclyde: an attempt to fix the districts of their several
missions and the churches where they were chiefly had in
remembrance.’ It is a very useful compilation, and may be referred to
for the churches dedicated to the various founders of the early
churches mentioned in this work. It is only necessary to add that in
1874 Dr. Reeves’s valuable edition of Adamnan’s Life of St.
Columba was, with his consent, published in the series of Scottish
Historians, with a translation of the Life by the late Bishop of Brechin;
and that in the same year there appeared in the same series an
edition by him of the Lives of St. Ninian and St. Kentigern, with
translations, introduction, and notes.
Such is a short view of what has already been done for the history
of the early Celtic Church of Scotland by historians of this class. The
author of the present work is fully conscious of the imperfect manner
in which he has executed the task he set before himself; but, without
claiming to possess the same qualities in an equal degree, he has at
least endeavoured to perform it in the same spirit, and takes this
opportunity of acknowledging the extent to which he has freely
availed himself of their labours. He has especially to acknowledge
the valuable aid given him by W. Maunsell Hennessey, Esq., of the
Public Record Office, Dublin, in enabling him to enrich his work with
a translation of the Old Irish Life of St. Columba, by that eminent
Irish scholar, which will be found in the appendix; and he has also to
thank John Taylor Brown, Esq., and Felix Skene, Esq., for a careful
revision of the proof-sheets of this work.
Edinburgh, 27 Inverleith Row,
14th April 1877.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

BOOK II.

CHURCH AND CULTURE.

CHAPTER I.
THE CHURCHES IN THE WEST.
PAGE
Early notices of the British Church 1
Church of Saint Ninian 2
Mission of Saint Columbanus to Gaul 6
Controversy regarding Easter 7
Three orders of Saints in the early Irish Church; Secular,
Monastic, and Eremitical 12
The Church of Saint Patrick 14
Collegiate Churches of Seven Bishops 24
Church of the Southern Picts 26
Early Dalriadic Church 33
Church south of the Firths of Forth and Clyde 35
Apostasy of early Churches 39
CHAPTER II.
THE MONASTIC CHURCH IN IRELAND.
The second order of Catholic Presbyters 41
The entire Church monastic. Relative position of Bishops
and Presbyters 42
The Presbyter-abbot 44
Monastic character of the Church derived from Gaul 45
Monachism reached the Irish Church through two different
channels 45
First channel through the monastery of Candida Casa, or
Whithern, in Galloway 46
Second channel through Bretagne and Wales 49
The school of Clonard 50
The Twelve Apostles of Ireland 51
Saint Columba one of the twelve 52
A.D. 545. Founds the monastery of Derry 53
A.D. 558. Foundation of Bangor 55
The primitive Irish monastery 57
The Monastic family 61
Island monasteries 62
Monasteries were Christian colonies 63
Privilege of sanctuary 65
Law of succession to the abbacy 66
The right of the church from the tribe 71
The right of the tribe from the church 72
Influence of the church 73
Monasteries were seminaries of instruction 75
Early churches founded in the Western Isles 76
Mission of Saint Columba to Britain 78
CHAPTER III.

THE MONASTIC CHURCH IN IONA.

A.D.563. St. Columba crosses from Ireland to Britain with
twelve followers 85
Founds a monastery in Iona 88
Description of the island 88
Character of the Columban Church 93
Site of the original wooden monastery 95
Constitution of the monastery 101
St. Columba’s labours among the Picts 104
A.D. 565. Converts King Brude 105
Character of the paganism of the Scots and Picts 108
Proceedings of St. Columba in converting the northern Picts 119
A.D. 574. St. Columba inaugurates King Aidan and attends
the assembly of Drumceatt 122
CHAPTER IV.

THE FAMILY OF IONA.

What St. Columba had accomplished in twelve years; and
meaning of the expression ‘Family of Iona’ 127
Monasteries founded by him in the islands 128
Monasteries founded during his life by others in the islands 133
Monasteries founded by Columba and others among the
northern Picts 134
A.D. 584-597. Monasteries founded by Columba among the
southern Picts 135
Visit of Saint Columba to Ireland 138
Last day of his life 138
Character of Saint Columba 143
Primacy of Iona and successors of St. Columba 148
A.D. 597-599. Baithene, son of Brendan 149
A.D. 599-605. Laisren, son of Feradhach 150
A.D. 605-623. Fergna Brit, son of Failbhe 151
A.D. 623-652. Segine, son of Fiachna 154
A.D. 634. Extension of Columban Church to Northumbria 154
A.D. 634. Church of the southern Scots of Ireland conforms to
Rome 159
A.D. 652-657. Suibhne, son of Cuirtri 163
A.D. 657-669. Cummene Ailbhe, son of Ernan 163
A.D. 664. Termination of the Columban Church in 164
Northumbria
A.D. 669-679. Failbhe, son of Pipan 168
A.D. 673. Foundation of church of Applecross by Maelrubha 169
A.D. 679-704. Adamnan, son of Ronan 170
A.D. 686. First mission to Northumbria 170
Adamnan repairs the monastery of Iona 171
A.D. 688. Second mission to Northumbria 172
A.D. 692. Synod of Tara. The northern Scots, with the
exception of the Columban monasteries, conform to Rome 173
A.D. 704-717. Schism at Iona after the death of Adamnan 175
A.D. 717. Expulsion of the Columban monks from the
kingdom of the Picts 177
CHAPTER V.

THE CHURCHES OF CUMBRIA AND LOTHIAN.

A.D. 573. Battle of Ardderyd. Rydderch Hael becomes king of
Strathclyde 179
Oldest account of birth of Kentigern 180
Jocelyn’s account of his birth 181
Anachronism in connecting St. Servanus with St. Kentigern 184
Earlier notices of Kentigern 185
Kentigern driven to Wales 186
Kentigern founds the monastery of Llanelwy in Wales 188
A.D. 573. Rydderch Hael becomes king of Cumbria and
recalls Kentigern 190
Kentigern fixes his see first at Hoddam 191
Mission of Kentigern in Galloway, Alban, and Orkneys 192
Meeting of Kentigern and Columba 194
Death of Kentigern 196
A.D. 627. Conversion of the Angles to Christianity 198
The Monasteries in Lothian 200
Saint Cudberct or Cuthbert 201
Irish Life of St. Cuthbert 203
A.D. 651-661. Cudberct’s life in the monastery of Melrose 206
A.D. 661. Cudberct becomes prior of Melrose 208
A.D. 664. Cudberct goes to Lindisfarne 209
A.D. 669-678. St. Wilfrid, bishop over all the dominions of
King Osuiu, and founds church of Hexham, which he
dedicates to St. Andrew 210
A.D. 670. Cudberct withdraws to the Farne island 211
A.D. 684. Cudberct becomes bishop of Lindisfarne 213
A.D. 686. Cudberct resigns the bishopric and retires to Farne
island 214
A.D. 687. Death of Cudberct 214
A.D. 698. Relics of Cudberct enshrined 218
A.D. 688. Strathclyde Britons conform to Rome 219
A.D. 705-709. Wilfrid founds chapels at Hexham, dedicated to
St. Michael and St. Mary 220
A.D. 709-731. Relics of St. Andrew brought to Hexham by
Acca 222
Monastery of Balthere at Tyninghame 223
Anglic bishopric of Whithern, founded about A.D. 730, and
comes to an end about A.D. 803 224
CHAPTER VI.

THE SECULAR CLERGY AND THE CULDEES.

No appearance of the name of Culdee till after the expulsion
of Columban monks 226
Monastic Church affected by two opposite influences 227
First by secular clergy 227
Legend of Bonifacius 229
Legend of Fergusianus 232
Churches dedicated to St. Peter 233
Second influence: the Anchoretical life 233
Anchorites called Deicolæ or God-worshippers 237
Anchorites called the people of God 239
A.D. 747. Order of Secular Canons instituted 241
Deicolæ brought under canonical rule 242
Deicolæ in the Saxon Church 243
Anchoretical life in Ireland and Scotland 245
Anchorites called Deoraidh De, or God’s pilgrims 247
The third order of Irish Saints—Eremitical 248
Deicolæ termed in Ireland Ceile De 250
Deicolæ and Ceile De show the same characteristics 252
Ceile De brought under the canonical rule 254
Ceile De called Keledei in Scotland, and first appear in
territory of the southern Picts 255
Legend of St. Servanus 255
Servanus introduces Keledei, who are hermits 258
Keledei of Glasgow, who were solitary clerics 259
Legends connected with the foundation of St. Andrews 261
Older legend belongs to foundation of monastery in sixth
century 266
Columban monasteries among the Picts fell into the hands of
laymen 268
Second legend belongs to later foundation, to which relics of
St. Andrew were brought 271
Keledei of St. Andrews originally hermits 275
Canonical rule brought into Scotland, and Keledei become
canons 275
Conclusion as to origin of the Culdees 276
CHAPTER VII.

THE COÄRBS OF COLUMCILLE.

A.D. 717-772. Schism still exists in Iona 278
Two parties with rival abbots 279
Two missionaries, St. Modan and St. Ronan, in connection
with Roman party 282
A.D. 726. An Anchorite becomes abbot of Iona 283
The term Comhorba or Coärb applied to abbots of Columban
monasteries 285
A.D. 772-801. Breasal, son of Seghine, sole abbot of Iona 288
A.D. 794. First appearance of Danish pirates, and Iona
repeatedly ravaged by them 290
A.D. 801-802. Connachtach, abbot of Iona 290
A.D. 802-814. Cellach, son of Congal, abbot of Iona 291
A.D. 802-807. Remains of St. Columba enshrined 292
A.D. 814-831. Diarmaid, abbot of Iona 297
Monastery rebuilt with stone 297
Shrine of St. Columba placed in stone monastery 300
A.D. 825. Martyrdom of St. Blathmac protecting the shrine 300
A.D. 831-854. Innrechtach ua Finachta, abbot of Iona 306
A.D. 850-865. Tuathal, son of Artguso, first bishop of Fortrenn
and abbot of Dunkeld 307
Cellach, son of Aillelo, abbot of Kildare and of Iona 307
A.D. 865-908. Primacy transferred to Abernethy, where three
elections of bishops take place 310
Legend of St. Adrian 311
A.D. 878. Shrine and relics of St. Columba taken to Ireland 317
CHAPTER VIII.

THE SCOTTISH CHURCH.

A.D. 878-889. First appearance of the name ‘The Scottish
Church’ when freed from servitude under Pictish law 320
A.D. 908. Primacy transferred to St. Andrews. Cellach first
bishop of Alban 323
A.D. 921. Introduction of canonical rule of the Culdees 324
Fothad, son of Bran, second bishop of Alban 327
A.D. 955-963. Malisius bishop of Alban 329
A.D. 963-970. Maelbrigde bishop of Alban 330
A.D. 970-995. Cellach, son of Ferdalaig, bishop of Alban 331
Iona ravaged by Danes; shrine of St. Columba transferred to
Down 332
A.D. 1025-1028. Alwynus bishop of Alban 336
Lay abbots of Dunkeld 337
Hereditary succession in benefices 338
Church offices held by laymen, and retained by their heirs 338
A.D. 1028-1055. Maelduin bishop of Alban 343
A.D. 1055-1059. Tuthald bishop of Alban 344
A.D. 1059-1093. Fothad last bishop of Alban 344
Character of Queen Margaret, and her reforms in the church 344
Anchorites at this time 351
Queen Margaret rebuilds the monastery of Iona 352
A.D. 1093-1107. After death of Fothad no bishop for fourteen
years 354
Keledei of St. Andrews 356
The Cele De of Iona 360
CHAPTER IX.

EXTINCTION OF THE OLD CELTIC CHURCH IN SCOTLAND.

Causes which brought the Celtic Church to an end 365
A.D. 1093-1107. See of St. Andrews remains vacant, and
churches founded in Lothian only 366
A.D. 1107. Turgot appointed bishop of St. Andrews, and the
sees of Moray and Dunkeld created 368
Establishment of the bishopric of Moray 368
Establishment of the bishopric of Dunkeld 370
Rights of Keledei pass to St. Andrews 372
Canons-regular introduced into Scotland 374