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Chapter 09
1. Which state of matter is associated with the very highest of temperatures?
a. liquid
b. plasma
c. gas
d. solid
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
TOPICS: 9.1 States of Matter
DATE CREATED: 7/6/2016 4:55 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 7/6/2016 4:55 PM
2. An ice cube with a small solid steel sphere frozen inside floats in a glass of water filled to the brim. What happens to
the level of water in the glass as a result of the ice melting?
a. It goes up, overflowing.
b. It stays the same.
c. It goes down.
d. It depends on air pressure, thus the answer is indeterminate.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
TOPICS: 9.1 States of Matter
3. A 1.00-kg platinum-iridium cylinder is 26.0 mm in height and 40.0 mm in diameter. What is the density of the
material?
a. 30.6 g/cm3
b. 29.8 g/cm3
c. 31.2 g/cm3
d. 10.0 g/cm3
e. 59.6 g/cm3
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
TOPICS: 9.2 Density and Pressure
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
Chapter 09
4. The quantity "pressure" expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities (mass, length, time) is equivalent to
a. MLT−1.
b. ML−1T−2.
c. M2L−1T−3.
d. a dimensionless quantity.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
5. The pressure inside a commercial airliner is maintained at 1.00 atm (105 Pa). What is the net outward force exerted on a
1.0 m × 2.0 m cabin door if the outside pressure is 0.30 atm?
a. 140 N
b. 1 400 N
c. 14 000 N
d. 140 000 N
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
6. A stonecutter's chisel has an edge area of 0.50 cm2. If the chisel is struck with a force of 45.0 N, what is the pressure
exerted on the stone?
a. 9.0E+2 Pa
b. 9.0E+3 Pa
c. 9.0E+4 Pa
d. 9.0E+5 Pa
e. 4.5E+5 Pa
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True

Chapter 09

7. When water freezes, it expands about nine percent. What would be the pressure increase inside your automobile engine
block if the water in there froze? (The bulk modulus of ice is 2.0 × 109 Pa, and 1 atm = 1.0 × 105 Pa.)
a. 18 atm
b. 270 atm
c. 1 080 atm
d. 1 800 atm
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
8. The Greenland ice sheet can be one km thick. Estimate the pressure underneath the ice. (The density of ice is 918
kg/m3.)
a. 9.0 × 105 Pa (9 atm)
b. 2.5 × 106 Pa (25 atm)
c. 4.5 × 106 Pa (45 atm)
d. 9.0 × 106 Pa (90 atm)
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
9. What is the total mass of the Earth's atmosphere? (The radius of the Earth is 6.4 × 106 m, and atmospheric pressure at
the surface is 105 N/m2.)
a. 5 × 1016 kg
b. 1 × 1018 kg
c. 5 × 1018 kg
d. 1 × 1020 kg
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
DIFFICULTY: 2
10. A solid object is made of two materials, one material having density of 2 500 kg/m3 and the other having density of
6 000 kg/m3. If the object contains equal volumes of the materials, what is its average density?
a. 3 529 kg/m3
b. 4 250 kg/m3
c. 5 250 kg/m3
d. 8 500 kg/m3
e. more information is needed
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
11. A solid object is made of two materials, one material having density of 2 500 kg/m3 and the other having density of
6 500 kg/m3. If the object contains equal masses of the materials, what is its average density?
a. 3 611 kg/m3
b. 4 500 kg/m3
c. 4 611 kg/m3
d. 9 000 kg/m3
e. more information is needed
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
12. A Boeing-737 airliner has a mass of 20 500 kg. The total area of the wings is 105 m2. What must be the pressure
difference between the top and bottom of the wings to keep the airplane up?
a. 1.91E+3 Pa
Chapter 09
b. 1.99E+1 Pa
c. 1.95E+2 Pa
d. 1.92E+3 Pa
e. 1.81E+3 Pa
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
13. A container is filled with water and the pressure at the container bottom is P. If the container is instead filled with oil
having specific gravity 0.80, what new bottom pressure results?
a. a pressure < P
b. the same pressure P
c. a pressure > P
d. This is unable to be determined with the information given.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
14. A container is filled with water and the pressure at the bottom of the container is P. Then the container is emptied
halfway and topped off with oil of density 0.8 × 103 kg/m3, which floats on top of the water. What is the pressure at the
bottom of the container now?
a. a pressure < P
b. the same pressure P
c. a pressure > P
d. This is unable to be determined with the information given.
e. a pressure < 0.5P
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
HAS VARIABLES: True
Chapter 09
15. A cube-shaped box is sitting on the floor. The pressure the box exerts on the floor is 235 Pa. If the density of the box
is 21.0 kg/m3, what is the length of each side of the box?
a. 0.00910 m
b. 1.14 m
c. 110 m
d. 11.2 m
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
NOTES: New item
16. What is the total force on the bottom of a 2.0-m-diameter by 1.5-m-deep round wading pool due to the weight of the
air and the weight of the water? (Note the pressure contribution from the atmosphere is 1.0 × 105 N/m2, the density of
water is 1 000 kg/m3, and g = 9.8 m/s2.)
a. 5.1E+5 N
b. 1.4E+6 N
c. 2.1E+5 N
d. 3.6E+5 N
e. 2.1E+5 N
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
TOPICS: 9.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth
17. In a large tank of liquid, the hydrostatic pressure at a given depth is a function of
a. depth.
b. surface area.
c. liquid density.
d. Choices a and c are both valid.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
Chapter 09

18. A 14 500-N car on a hydraulic lift rests on a cylinder with a piston of radius 0.100 m. If a connecting cylinder with a
piston of 0.050-m radius is driven by compressed air, what force must be applied to this smaller piston in order to lift the
car?
a. 1.45E+4 N
b. 5.80E+1 N
c. 4.13E+3 N
d. 3.53E+3 N
e. 3.63E+3 N
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
19. By what factor is the total pressure greater at a depth of 900 m in water than at the surface where pressure is one
atmosphere? (water density = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3, 1 atmosphere pressure = 1.01 × 105 N/m2, and g = 9.8 m/s2)
a. 8.9
b. 88
c. 98
d. 78
e. 8 800
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: Revised item
20. If the column of mercury in a barometer stands at 73.0 cm, what is the atmospheric pressure? (The density of mercury
is 13.6 × 103 kg/m3 and g = 9.80 m/s2)
a. 9.73E+4 N/m2
b. 9.73E+6 N/m2
c. 1.17E+5 N/m2

Chapter 09
d. 1.83E+3 N/m2
e. 1.01E+5 N/m2
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
21. Dams at two different locations are needed to form a lake. When the lake is filled, the water level will be at the top of
both dams. The Dam #2 is twice as high and twice as wide as Dam #1. How much greater is the force of the water on
Dam #2 than the force on Dam #1? (Ignore atmospheric pressure; it is pushing on both sides of the dams.)
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
22. Atmospheric pressure is 1.00 × 105 N/m2, and the density of air is 1.29 kg/m3. If the density of air is constant as you
get higher and higher, calculate the height of the atmosphere needed to produce this pressure.
a. 1 260 m
b. 77 000 m
c. 7 900 m
d. 10 300 m
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
23. The water behind Grand Coulee Dam is 1 000 m wide and 200 m deep. Find the hydrostatic force on the back of the
dam. (Hint: the total force = average pressure × area)
Chapter 09
a. 3.92E+11 N
b. 2.26E+11 N
c. 1.96E+11 N
d. 1.66E+11 N
e. 1.18E+9 N
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
24. How deep under the surface of a lake would the pressure be double that at the surface? (1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa)
a. 1.00 m
b. 9.80 m
c. 10.3 m
d. 32.2 m
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
25. A fountain sends water to a height of 113 m. What must be the pressurization (above atmospheric) of the underground
water system? (1 atm = 105 N/m2)
a. 1.0 atm
b. 47.1 atm
c. 12.1 atm
d. 11.1 atm
e. 0.115 atm
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True

Chapter 09
26. Why do vapor bubbles get larger in boiling water as they approach the surface?
a. They only appear to get larger, this being a magnification effect due to looking through the water.
b. The bubbles' pressure increases as they rise.
c. The pressure in the water decreases as the bubble moves toward the surface.
d. Bubbles always get bigger after they form.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
27. At a pressure of 1 atmosphere a column of mercury in a barometer is supported to the height h = 0.76 m. The density
of mercury is 13.6 × 103 kg/m3. A barometer of similar design filled with water would support a column of water how
high at a pressure of 1 atmosphere?
a. the same height h
b. about 1.36h
c. less than one tenth h
d. more than ten times h
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
TOPICS: 9.4 Pressure Measurements
28. A reading of a tire gauge tells you that the gauge pressure in a tire is 31 lb/in2. What is the absolute pressure in the
tire? Assume that atmospheric pressure is 14 lb/in2.
a. 17 lb/in2 b. 59 lb/in2
c. 45 lb/in2 d. You can’t be sure since you may have nitrogen-filled tires.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: Revised item

Chapter 09
29. A U-tube is partially filled with water and then an immiscible liquid is added to the right side. The top of the liquid is
a distance h1 above the level of interface between the liquid and water. On the left side of the tube the top of the water is a
distance h2 above the liquid-water interface on the right side. What is the density of the liquid in terms of the density of
water ? Note that h2 < h1.
a. b.
c. d.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
NOTES: Revised item
30. A U-tube is partially filled with water and then an immiscible liquid is added to the right side. The top of the liquid is
a distance h1 = 2.40 cm above the level of interface between the liquid and water. On the left side of the tube the top of the
water is a distance h2 = 1.48 cm above the liquid-water interface on the right side. What is the density of the liquid in
terms of the density of water, 1 000 kg/m3?
a. 1 620 kg/m3 b. 617 kg/m3
c. 622 kg/m3 d. 237 kg/m3
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
HAS VARIABLES: True
31. The spring of the pressure gauge shown in the figure has a force constant of 900 N/m, and the piston has a radius of
1.5 cm.

Chapter 09
As the gauge is lowered into water, what change in depth causes the piston to move in by 0.88 cm? The density of water is
1 000 kg/m3.
a. 1.1 m
b. 0.054 m
c. 76 m
d. 0.017 m
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: New item
32. When lying down, the gauge pressure of the blood at a patient's heart is 13.3 kPa. If the patient suddenly stands up and
her body doesn't compensate quickly enough for the pressure changes, what would be the pressure at her head, 55.0 cm
above her heart? The density of blood is 1 060 kg/m3.
a. 7.59E+3 Pa
b. 5.71E+3 Pa
c. 1.90E+4 Pa
d. 5.85E+5 Pa
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: New item

Chapter 09
33. A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 769 g. The aluminum is submerged in a container of oil (oil's
density = 0.650 g/cm3). How much oil does the metal displace?
a. 285 cm3
b. 185 cm3
c. 438 cm3
d. 2 080 cm3
e. 3 190 cm3
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
HAS VARIABLES: True
TOPICS: 9.5 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes' Principle
34. A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 770 g. The aluminum is submerged in a container of oil of
density 0.650 g/cm3. A spring balance is attached with string to the piece of aluminum. What reading will the balance
register in grams (g) for the submerged metal?
a. 955 g
b. 185 g
c. 585 g
d. 2 430 g
e. 1 010 g
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
HAS VARIABLES: True
35. A block of wood has density 0.500 g/cm3 and mass 2 000 g. It floats in a container of oil (the oil's density is 0.750
g/cm3). What volume of oil does the wood displace?
a. 4 000 cm3
b. 2 670 cm3
c. 1 500 cm3
d. 1 000 cm3
e. 500 cm3
ANSWER: b
Chapter 09
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
36. What volume of water is displaced by a submerged 2.0-kg cylinder made of solid aluminum? (aluminum density = 2.7
× 103 kg/m3 and water density = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3)
a. 5.4E+3 m3
b. 7.4E–4 m3
c. 7.4E+2 m3
d. 5.4E–3 m3
e. 6.4E–4 m3
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
HAS VARIABLES: True
37. A ping-pong ball has an average density of 0.0840 g/cm3 and a diameter of 3.80 cm. What force would be required to
keep the ball completely submerged under water?
a. 1.000 N
b. 0.788 N
c. 0.516 N
d. 0.258 N
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
38. A cube of wood of density 0.780 g/cm3 is 11.2 cm on a side. When placed in water, what height of the block will float
above the surface? (water density = 1.00 g/cm3)
a. 8.74 cm
b. 11.2 cm
Chapter 09
c. 2.46 cm
d. 3.46 cm
e. 1.46 cm
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
39. The bottom of a flat-bottomed aluminum boat has an area of 4.20 m2 and the boat's mass is 63.0 kg. When set afloat in
water, how far below the water surface is the boat bottom? (water density = 1.00 × 103 kg/m3)
a. 15.0 m
b. 0.0150 m
c. 0.115 m
d. 0.265 m
e. 0.0250 m
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
40. The bottom of a flat-bottomed aluminum boat has area = 4.10 m2 and mass = 65.0 kg. If two fishermen and their
fishing gear with total mass of 305 kg are placed in the boat, how much lower will the boat ride in the water? (H2O
density = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3)
a. 0.0159 m
b. 0.0585 m
c. 0.0744 m
d. 0.0902 m
e. 1.25 m
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
Chapter 09
41. Legend says that Archimedes, in determining whether or not the king's crown was made of pure gold, measured its
volume by the water displacement method. If the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3, and the crown's mass is 600 g, what
volume would be necessary to prove that it is pure gold?
a. 3.1E+1 cm3
b. 3.2E–2 cm3
c. 3.2E+1 cm3
d. 3.0E+1 cm3
e. 1.2E+4 cm3
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
42. A solid rock, suspended in air by a spring scale, has a measured mass of 8.50 kg. When the rock is submerged in
water, the scale reads 4.00 kg. What is the density of the rock? (water density = 1 000 kg/m3)
a. 6.8E+2 kg/m3
b. 8.9E+2 kg/m3
c. 3.2E+2 kg/m3
d. 1.9E+3 kg/m3
e. 1.9E+6 kg/m3
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
43. As ice floats in water, about 10% of the ice floats above the surface of the water. If we float some ice in a glass of
water, what will happen to the water level as the ice melts?
a. The water level will rise 10% of the volume of the ice that melts.
b. The water level will rise, but not as much as the 10% indicated in answer a.
c. The water level will remain unchanged.
d. The water level will become lower.
ANSWER: c
Chapter 09
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
44. A large stone is resting on the bottom of the swimming pool. The normal force of the bottom of the pool on the stone
is equal to the
a. weight of the stone.
b. weight of the water displaced.
c. sum of the weight of the stone and the weight of the displaced water.
d. difference between the weight of the stone and the weight of the displaced water.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
45. A blimp is filled with 440 m3 of helium. How big a payload can the balloon lift? (The density of air is 1.29 kg/m3; the
density of helium is 0.178 kg/m3.)
a. 396 kg
b. 568 kg
c. 78.3 kg
d. 489 kg
e. 646 kg
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
46. A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat sinks because of a leak. What happens to the surface level of the
pond?
a. It stays the same.
b. It goes up.
c. It goes down.
Chapter 09
d. More information is needed to reach a conclusion.

ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
47. A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat starts to sink because of a leak but quick action plugging the leak
stops the boat from going under although it is now deeper in the water. What happens to the surface level of the pond?
a. It stays the same.
b. It goes up.
c. It goes down.
d. More information is needed to reach a conclusion.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
48. A block of wood has specific gravity 0.80. When placed in water, what percent of the volume of the wood is above the
surface?
a. 0, the block sinks.
b. 20%
c. 80%
d. 50%
e. 100%
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
49. An ideal fluid flows through a pipe made of two sections with diameters of 1.0 and 4.0 inches, respectively. The speed
of the fluid flow through the 4.0-inch section will be what factor times that through the 1.0-inch section?
a. 16
b. 8
Chapter 09
c. 15
d.
e.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
TOPICS: 9.6 Fluids in Motion
50. The flow rate of a liquid through a 4.0-cm-radius pipe is 0.0080 m3/s. The average fluid speed in the pipe is
a. 0.040 m/s.
b. 0.0050 m/s.
c. 0.16 m/s.
d. 1.6 m/s.
e. 16 m/s.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
51. Think of Bernoulli's equation as it pertains to an ideal fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe. Imagine that you take
measurements along the pipe in the direction of fluid flow. What happens to the sum of the pressure and energy per unit
volume?
a. It increases as the pipe diameter increases.
b. It decreases as the pipe diameter increases.
c. It remains constant as the pipe diameter increases.
d. No choices above are valid.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2

Chapter 09
52. An ideal fluid, of density 850 kg/m3, flows at 0.560 kg/s through a pipe of radius 0.0250 m. What is the fluid speed?
a. 0.773 m/s
b. 0.00419 m/s
c. 285 m/s
d. 0.336 m/s
e. 0.599 m/s
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
53. An ideal fluid, of density 900 kg/m3, flows at 4.80 m/s through a level pipe with radius of 0.22 cm. The pressure in the
fluid is 1.3 × 105 N/m2. This pipe connects to a second level pipe, with radius of 0.72 cm. Find the speed of flow in the
second pipe.
a. 51 m/s
b. 1.5 m/s
c. 0.45 m/s
d. 16 m/s
e. 4.9 m/s
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
54. Water (density = 1.00 × 103 kg/m3) flows at 15.0 m/s through a pipe with radius 0.0400 m. The pipe goes up to the
second floor of the building, 2.50 m higher, and the pressure remains unchanged. What is the speed of the water flow in
the pipe on the second floor?
a. 13.3 m/s
b. 16.6 m/s
c. 176 m/s
d. 14.2 m/s
e. 6.63 m/s
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
Chapter 09
HAS VARIABLES: True

55. Water (density = 1.00 × 103 kg/m3) flows at 7.2 m/s through a pipe with radius 0.025 m. The pipe goes up to the
second floor of the building, 2.00 m higher, and the pressure remains unchanged. What is the radius of the pipe on the
second floor?
a. 0.019 m
b. 0.036 m
c. 0.0013 m
d. 0.23 m
e. 0.022 m
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
HAS VARIABLES: True
56. A hole is poked through the metal side of a drum holding water. The hole is 16.0 cm below the water surface. What is
the initial speed of outflow?
a. 1.77 m/s
b. 17.7 m/s
c. 0.566 m/s
d. 3.14 m/s
e. 1.25 m/s
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
57. Water comes down the spillway of a dam from an initial vertical height of 170 m. What is the highest possible speed
of the water at the end of the spillway?
a. 5.89 m/s
b. 18.4 m/s
c. 57.7 m/s
d. 1 670 m/s
e. 3 330 m/s
Chapter 09
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
58. Water pressurized to 3.00 × 105 Pa is flowing at 5.25 m/s in a pipe which contracts to 1/2 of its former area. What are
the pressure and speed of the water after the contraction? (Density of water = 1 × 103 kg/m3.)
a. 2.59E+5 Pa, 10.5 m/s
b. 3.00E+5 Pa, 2.63 m/s
c. 3.00E+5 Pa, 10.5 m/s
d. 4.59E+5 Pa, 10.5 m/s
e. 2.59E+5 Pa, 2.63 m/s
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
59. A Venturi tube may be used as the inlet to an automobile carburetor. If the inlet pipe of 2.00 cm diameter narrows to
1.00 cm diameter, what is the pressure drop in the constricted section for airflow of 2.16 m/s in the 2.00-cm section?
(Assume air density is 1.25 kg/m3.)
a. 11.7 Pa
b. 43.7 Pa
c. 45.7 Pa
d. 20.3 Pa
e. 87.5 Pa
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
60. It takes 4.00 minutes to fill a gas tank with 50.0 liters of gasoline. If the pump nozzle is 1.35 cm in radius, what is the
average speed of the gasoline as it leaves the nozzle? (1 000 liters = one cubic meter)
Chapter 09
a. 3.64 m/s
b. 0.364 m/s
c. 21.8 m/s
d. 1.36 m/s
e. 12.5 m/s
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
61. Water is being sprayed from a nozzle at the end of a garden hose of diameter 2.25 cm. If the nozzle has an opening of
diameter 1.30 cm, and if the water leaves the nozzle at a speed of 14.0 m/s, what is the speed of the water inside the hose?
a. 4.67 m/s
b. 41.9 m/s
c. 2.38 m/s
d. 5.67 m/s
e. also 14.0 m/s
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
62. A syringe has an inside radius of its barrel of 0.50 cm and at the opening at the end of the needle the radius is 1.0 mm.
If a force F is applied to the plunger, what is the force produced at the opening of the needle?
a. 5F b. 25F
c. F/5 d. F/25
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
63. The equation of continuity applied to an incompressible ideal fluid flowing through a pipe of varying diameter is
based on what of the following being conserved for the fluid in the pipe?
Chapter 09
a. its kinetic energy b. its momentum

c. its flow rate d. its potential energy
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
64. The fluid to which Bernoulli’s equation is applied is based on what being conserved for the fluid?
a. its momentum b. its potential energy
c. its kinetic energy d. its total mechanical energy
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
65. A water pipe with inner radius r1 is connected to a junction with two equal-diameter pipes. Water flows through each
of the two pipes with a speed of v. If the diameter of each of the two pipes is ¼ the diameter of the single pipe, what is the
flow rate in the single pipe?
a. v/8
b. v/4
c. 4v
d. 8v
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
NOTES: New item
66. The flow rate of blood through the average human aorta, of radius 0.95 cm, is about 90 cm3/s. What is the speed of the
blood flow through the aorta?
a. 14 cm/s
b. 32 cm/s
Chapter 09
c. 37 cm/s
d. 32 cm/s
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
TOPICS: 9.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
NOTES: Revised item
67. Air pressure is 1.00 × 105 N/m2, air density is 1.30 kg/m3, and the density of soft drinks is 1.00 × 103 kg/m3. If one
blows carefully across the top of a straw sticking up 0.10 m from the liquid in a soft drink can, it is possible to make the
soft drink rise half way up the straw and stay there. How fast must the air be blown across the top of the straw?
a. 0.036 m/s
b. 27 m/s
c. 1.4 m/s
d. 19 m/s
e. 750 m/s
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
68. How much air must be pushed downward at 40.0 m/s to keep an 830-kg helicopter aloft?
a. 20.8 kg/s
b. 203 kg/s
c. 33 200 kg/s
d. 208 kg/s
e. 193 kg/s
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True

Chapter 09
69. A jet of water flowing from a hose at 18 m/s is directed against a wall. If the mass flow in the fluid stream is 2.0 kg/s,
what force is the water applying to the wall if backsplash is negligible?
a. 36 N
b. 0.11 N
c. 38 N
d. 350 N
e. 34 N
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
70. Water is sent from a fire hose at 34.5 m/s at an angle of 30.0° above the horizontal. What is the maximum height
reached by the water, assuming the fire hose is level with the ground?
a. 7.59 m
b. 15.2 m
c. 30.4 m
d. 300 m
e. 60.7 m
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
71. How much power is theoretically available from a mass flow of 1 000 kg/s of water that falls a vertical distance of
120 m?
a. 1.18E+6 kW
b. 1.20E+5 kW
c. 1.18E+3 W
d. 8.17E+1 W
e. 1.18E+6 W
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True

Chapter 09

72. When an artery gets a constricted region due to plaque, how does the pressure in this region compare to the pressure in
an unconstricted region adjacent?
a. Since this is a closed system, the pressure is the same in both regions.
b. In the constricted region the blood moves at a higher speed than in the unconstricted region resulting in an
increased pressure.
c. In the constricted region the blood moves at a higher speed than in the unconstricted region resulting in a
decreased pressure.
d. In the constricted region the blood moves at a lower speed than in the unconstricted region resulting in an
increased pressure.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
73. The condition for onset of turbulent flow is that the Reynolds Number reaches what value?
a. 1 000
b. 2 000
c. 3 000
d. 4 000
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
TOPICS: 9.8 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow
74. A fluid has a density of 1 040 kg/m3. If it rises to a height of 1.60 cm in a 1.50-mm diameter capillary tube, what is the
surface tension of the liquid? Assume a contact angle of zero.
a. 0.0612 N/m
b. 0.122 N/m
c. 6.12 N/m
d. 0.245 N/m
e. 12.2 N/m
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
Chapter 09
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
75. A pipe carrying water has a radius of 1.0 cm. If the flow velocity is 9.0 cm/s, which of the following characterizes the
flow? Take the viscosity of water to be 1.0 × 10−3 N⋅s/m.
a. stagnant
b. unstable
c. turbulent
d. streamlined
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
76. In order to overcome a surface tension of a fluid, a force of 1.35 × 10−2 N is required to lift a wire ring of
circumference 13.0 cm. What is the surface tension of the fluid?
a. 0.052 N/m
b. 0.104 N/m
c. 0.552 N/m
d. 5.19 N/m
e. 17.6 N/m
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
77. A pipe of diameter three cm is replaced by one of the same length but of diameter six cm. If the pressure difference
between the ends of the pipe remains the same, by what factor is the rate of flow of a viscous liquid through it changed?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
Chapter 09
e. 32
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
78. A fluid is drawn up through a tube as shown in the figure. If the height difference from the top of the tank to the
bottom of the siphon is H = 1.40 m, then what is the outflow speed? Assume the pressure is the same at the top of the tank
and at the siphon outlet.
a. 3.70 m/s b. 27.4 m/s

c. 5.24 m/s d. 6.86 m/s
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: Revised item
79. The SI units for viscosity are N·s/m2. Another commonly used unit for viscosity is the poise, where 10 poise = 1
N·s/m2. The poise is a fairly large unit, and it is more common to use the centipoise. Which of the following is equal to
the centipoise?
a. 10−3 N·s/m2 b. 10−2 N·s/m2
c. 10−1 N·s/m2 d. 102 N·s/m2
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
Chapter 09

80. In addition to its weight, what force is needed to lift a wire ring of radius 2.0 cm from the surface of blood
plasma? The surface tension of blood plasma is 7.3 × 10¯2 N/m.
a. 1.8E+1 N
b. 3.7E–2 N
c. 9.2E–3 N
d. 1.8E–2 N
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: New item
81. Spherical particles of density 2.0 g/cm3 are shaken in a container of water (viscosity = 1.0 × 10−3 N⋅s/m3). The water
is 9.0 cm deep and is allowed to stand for 25 minutes. What is the greatest terminal velocity of the particles still in
suspension at that time?
a. 3.0E–5 m/s
b. 4.5E–5 m/s
c. 7.5E–5 m/s
d. 6.0E–5 m/s
e. 8.4E–5 m/s
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
TOPICS: 9.9 Transport Phenomena
82. Spherical particles of density 1.8 g/cm3 are shaken in a container of water (viscosity = 1.0 × 10−3 N⋅s/m3). The water
is 9.0 cm deep and is allowed to stand for 30 minutes. What is the radius of the largest particles still in suspension at that
time?
a. 2.5E–6 m
b. 6.4E–6 m
Chapter 09
c. 5.4E–6 m
d. 1.8E–6 m
e. 4.1E–6 m
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
HAS VARIABLES: True
83. A centrifuge rotates at 100 rev/s (i.e., 628 rad/s). If the test tube places the suspension at 8.00 cm from the axis of
rotation, by what factor are the terminal speeds of the settling particles increased as compared to sedimentation cause by
gravity?
a. 3.2E+3
b. 3.2E+5
c. 3.2E+4
d. 5.0E+3
e. 4.2E+3
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
84. Which of the following characterizes the net force on a particle falling through a fluid at its terminal speed?
a. It is at a maximum.
b. It is upwards.
c. It is downwards.
d. It is zero.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
85. A substance is allowed to diffuse along a 10-cm length of tubing filled with water. The cross section of the tube is

Chapter 09
5.3 cm2. If the diffusion coefficient is 5.0 × 10¯10 m2/s, and 6.5 × 10¯14 kg is transported along the tube in 16 s, what is
the difference in the concentration levels of the substance at the two ends of the tube?
a. 3.9E–1 kg/m3
b. 4.3E–2 kg/m3
c. 1.5E–3 kg/m3
d. 8.1E–4 kg/m3
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: New item
86. A small sphere is allowed to fall through air, and when the sphere has a speed of 4.8 × 10–4 m/s, the viscous force on
the sphere is 3.0 × 10–15 N. If the viscosity of air is 1.4 × 10–5 N·s/m2, what is the radius of the drop?
a. 2.4E–8 m
b. 8.4E–6 m
c. 2.3E–7 m
d. 8.5E–7 m
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: New item
87. A copper wire of length 5.0 m, cross sectional area 6.9 × 10−6 m2, and Young's modulus 11 × 1010 N/m2 has a 190-kg
load hung on it. What is its increase in length? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
a. 5.0E–3 m
b. 1.8E–2 m
c. 7.3E–3 m
d. 1.2E–2 m
e. 2.5E–2 m
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2

Chapter 09

HAS VARIABLES: True
TOPICS: 9.10 The Deformation of Solids
88. In an elastic solid there is a direct proportionality between strain and

a. elastic modulus.
b. temperature.
c. cross-sectional area.
d. stress.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
89. The quantity "stress" expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities (mass, length, time) is equivalent to
a. MLT−1.
b. ML−1T−2.
c. M2L−1T−3.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
90. The quantity "strain" expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities (mass, length, time) is equivalent to
a. MLT−1.
b. ML−1T−2.
c. M2L−1T−3.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
Chapter 09

91. The bulk modulus of a material, as a meaningful physical property, is applicable to which of the following?
a. only solids
b. only liquids
c. only gases
d. solids, liquids and gases
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
92. A uniform pressure of 5.7 × 105 N/m2 is applied to all six sides of a copper cube. What is the percentage change in
volume of the cube? (for copper, B = 14 × 1010 N/m2)
a. 0.00070%
b. 0.00040%
c. 0.0000020%
d. 0.00041%
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
93. Bar One has a Young's modulus that is bigger than that of Bar Two. This indicates Bar One
a. is longer than Bar Two.
b. has a greater cross-sectional area than Bar Two.
c. has a greater elastic limit than Bar Two.
d. is made of material that is different from Bar Two.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 1
Chapter 09

94. Consider two steel rods, A and B. B has three times the area and twice the length of A, so Young's modulus for B will
be what factor times Young's modulus for A?
a. 3.0
b. 0.5
c. 1.5
d. 1.0
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
95. A tire stops a car by use of friction. What modulus should we use to calculate the stress and strain on the tire?
a. Young's modulus
b. compression modulus
c. shear modulus
d. bulk modulus
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
96. How large a force is necessary to stretch a 1.1-mm-diameter steel wire (Y = 2.0 × 1011 N/m2) by 2.0%?
a. 3.8E+6 N
b. 3.8E+3 N
c. 3.8E+6 N
d. 7.6E+7 N
e. 3.8E+3 N
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
Chapter 09

97. What is the minimum diameter of a steel wire if it is to support a mass of 80 kg. The elastic limit of steel is 5.0 ×
108 Pa.
a. 1.4 mm
b. 2.0 mm
c. 1.0 mm
d. 2.0 mm
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 2
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: New item
98. A machinist needs to punch a 5.0-cm-radius hole in a steel plate which is 0.45 cm thick. If the ultimate shear strength
of steel is 2.50 × 108 Pa, what is the force required to accomplish this task?
a. 8.8E+5 N
b. 3.5E+5 N
c. 5.6E+6 N
d. 1.1E+8 N
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: 3
HAS VARIABLES: True
NOTES: New item

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The explorer launched a beam—just one. Then Quedrin Radnor
pressed a contact and out against the invader there flamed a beam
of such violence that the amœbus had no time to touch his controls,
that even the automatic trips of his zone of force—if he had such
trips—did not have time in which to react. The defensive screens
scarcely flashed, so rapidly did that terrific beam drive through them,
and the vessel itself disappeared almost instantly—molten,
vaporized, consumed utterly. But there was no exultation beneath
Valeron's mighty dome. From the Bardyle down, the defenders of
their planet knew full well that the real attack was yet to come, and
knew that it would not be long delayed.
It was not. And the ships which came to reduce Valeron's far-flung
stronghold in no way resembled any form of space ship with which
humanity was familiar. Two stupendous structures of metal
appeared, plunging stolidly along, veritable flying fortresses, of such
enormous bulk and mass that it seemed scarcely conceivable for
them actually to support themselves in air.
Simultaneously the two floating castles launched against the
towering dome of defense the heaviest beams they could generate
and project. Under that awful thrust Valeron's mighty generators
shrieked a mad crescendo and her imponderable shield radiated a
fierce, eye-tearing violet, but it held. Not for nothing had the mightiest
minds of Valeron wrought to convert their mechanisms and forces of
peace into engines of war; not for nothing had her people labored
with all their mental and physical might for almost two-score days
and nights, smoothly and efficiently as one mind in one body. Not
easily did even Valeron's Titanic defensive installation carry that
frightful load, but they carried it.
Then, like mythical Jove hurling his bolt—like, that is, save that
beside that Valeronian beam any possible bolt of lightning would
have been as sweetly innocuous a caress as young love's first kiss
—Radnor drove against the nearer structure a beam of concentrated
fury; a beam behind which there were every volt and every ampere
that his stupendous offensive generators could yield.
The Chloran defenses in turn were loaded grievously, but in turn they
also held; and for hours then there raged a furiously spectacular
struggle. Beams, rods, planes, and needles of every known kind and
of every usable frequency of vibratory energy were driven against
impenetrable neutralizing screens. Monstrous cannon, hurling shells
with a velocity and of an explosive violence far beyond anything
known to us of Earth, radio-beam-dirigible torpedoes, robot-manned
drill planes, and the many other lethal agencies of ultra-scientific war
—all these were put to use by both sides in those first few frantic
hours, but neither side was able to make any impression upon the
other. Then, each realizing that the other's defenses had been
designed to withstand his every force, the intensive combat settled
down to a war of sheer attrition.
Radnor and his scientists devoted themselves exclusively to the
development of new and ever more powerful weapons of offense;
the Chlorans ceased their fruitless attacks upon the central dome
and concentrated all their offensive power into two semicircular arcs,
which they directed vertically downward upon the outer ring of the
Valeronian works in an incessant and methodical flood of energy.
They could not pierce the defensive shields against Valeron's
massed power, but they could and did bring into being a vast annular
lake of furiously boiling lava, into which the outer ring of fortresses
began slowly to crumble and to dissolve. This method of destruction,
while slow, was certain; and grimly, pertinaciously, implacably, the
Chlorans went about the business of reducing Valeron's only citadel.
The Bardyle wondered audibly how the enemy could possibly
maintain indefinitely an attack so profligate of energy, but he soon
learned that there were at least four of the floating fortresses
engaged in the undertaking. Occasionally the two creations then
attacking were replaced by two precisely similar structures,
presumably to return to Chlora in order to renew their supplies of the
substance, whatever it was, from the atomic disintegration of which
they derived their incomprehensible power.
And slowly, contesting stubbornly and bitterly every foot of ground
lost, the forces of Valeron were beaten back under the relentless,
never-ceasing attack of the Chloran monstrosities—back and ever
back toward their central dome as ring after ring of the outlying
fortifications slagged down into that turbulently seething, that
incandescently flaming lake of boiling lava.
XX.
Valeron was making her last stand. Her back was against the wall.
The steadily contracting ring of Chloran force had been driven
inward until only one thin line of fortified works lay between it and the
great dome covering the city itself. Within a week at most, perhaps
within days, that voracious flood of lava would lick into and would
dissolve that last line of defense. Then what of Valeron?
All the scientists of the planet had toiled and had studied, day and
night, but to no avail. Each new device developed to halt the march
of the encroaching constricting band of destruction had been nullified
in the instant of its first trial.
"They must know every move we make, to block us so promptly,"
Quedrin Radnor had mused one day. "Since they certainly have no
visiray viewpoints of material substance within our dome, they must
be able to operate a spy ray using only the narrow gravity band, a
thing we have never been able to accomplish. If they can project
such viewpoints of pure force through such a narrow band, may they
not be able to project a full materialization and thus destroy us? But,
no, that band is—must be—altogether too narrow for that."
Stirred by these thoughts he had built detectors to announce the
appearance of any nongravitational forces in the gravity band and
had learned that his fears were only too well founded. While the
enemy could not project through the open band any forces
sufficiently powerful to do any material damage, they were thus in
position to forestall any move which the men of Valeron made to
ward off their inexorably approaching doom.
Far beneath the surface of the ground, in a room which was not only
sealed but was surrounded with every possible safeguard, nine men
sat at a long table, the Bardyle at its head.
"—and nothing can be done?" the coördinator was asking. "There is
no possible way of protecting the edges of the screens?"
"None." Radnor's voice was flat, his face and body alike were
eloquent of utter fatigue. He had driven himself to the point of
collapse, and all his labor had proved useless. "Without solid
anchorages we cannot hold them—as the ground is fused they give
way. When the fused area reaches the dome the end will come. The
outlets of our absorbers will also be fused, and with no possible
method of dissipating the energy being continuously radiated into the
dome we shall all die, practically instantaneously."
"But I judge you are trying something new, from the sudden cutting
off of nearly all our weight," stated another.
"Yes. I have closed the gravity band until only enough force can get
through to keep us in place on the planet, in a last attempt to block
their spy rays so that we can try one last resort—" He broke off as an
intense red light suddenly flared into being upon a panel. "No; even
that is useless. See that red light? That is the pilot light of a detector
upon the gravity band. The Chlorans are still watching us. We can do
nothing more, for if we close that band any tighter we shall leave
Valeron entirely and shall float away, to die in space."
As that bleak announcement was uttered the councilors sat back
limply in their seats. Nothing was said—what was there to say? After
all, the now seemingly unavoidable end was not unexpected. Not a
man at that table had really in his heart thought it possible for
peaceful Valeron to triumph against the superior war craftiness of
Chlora.
They sat there, staring unseeing into empty air, when suddenly in
that air there materialized Seaton's projection. Since its reception
has already been related, nothing need be said of it except that it
was the Bardyle himself who was the recipient of that terrific wave of
mental force. As soon as the Terrestrial had made clear his
intentions and his desires, Radnor leaped to his feet, a man
transformed.
"A laboratory of radiation!" he exclaimed, his really profound
exhaustion forgotten in a blaze of new hope. "Not only shall I lead
him to such a laboratory, but my associates and I shall be only too
glad to do his bidding in every possible way."
Followed closely by the visitor, Radnor hurried buoyantly along a
narrow hall and into a large room in which, stacked upon shelves,
lying upon benches and tables, and even piled indiscriminately upon
the floor, there was every conceivable type and kind of apparatus for
the generation and projection of etheric forces.
Seaton's flashing glance swept once around the room, cataloguing
and classifying the heterogeneous collection. Then, while Radnor
looked on in a daze of incredulous astonishment, that quasi-solid
figure of force made tangible wrought what was to the Valeronian a
scientific miracle. It darted here and there with a speed almost
impossible for the eye to follow, seizing tubes, transformers, coils,
condensers, and other items of equipment, connecting them together
with unbelievable rapidity into a mechanism at whose use the
bewildered Radnor, able physicist though he was, could not even
guess.
The mechanical educator finished, Seaton's image donned one of its
sets of multiple headphones and placed another upon the
unresisting head of his host. Then into Radnor's already reeling mind
there surged an insistent demand for his language, and almost
immediately the headsets were tossed aside.
"There, that's better!" Seaton—for the image was, to all intents and
purposes, Seaton himself—exclaimed. "Now that we can talk to each
other we'll make those jelly brains hard to catch. They'll think they've
got hold of a wild cat by the tail pretty quick now, and they'll be
yelling for help to let go."
"But the Chlorans are watching everything you do," protested
Radnor, "and we cannot block them out without cutting off our gravity
entirely. They will therefore be familiar with any mechanism we may
construct and will be able to protect themselves against it."
"They just think they will," was the grim response. "I can't close the
gravity band without disaster, any more than you could, but I can find
any spy ray they can use and send back along it a jolt that'll burn
their eyes out. You see, there's a lot of stuff down on the edge of the
fourth order that neither you folks nor the Chlorans know anything
about yet, because you haven't had enough thousands of years to
study it."
While he was talking, Seaton had been furiously at work upon a
small generator, and now he turned it on.
"If they can see through that," he said, "they're a lot smarter than I
think they are. Even if they're bright enough to have figured out what
I was doing while I was doing it, it won't do them any good, because
this outfit will scramble any beam they can send through that band."
"I must bow to your superior knowledge, of course," Radnor said
gravely, "but I should like to ask one question. You are working a full
materialization through less than a quarter of the gravity band—
something that has always been considered impossible. Is there no
danger that the Chlorans may analyze your patterns and thus
duplicate your feat?"
"Not a chance," Seaton assured him positively. "This stuff I am using
is on a tight beam, so tight that it is absolute proof against analysis
or interference. It took the Norlaminians—and they're a race of real
thinkers—over eight thousand years to go from the beams you and
the Chlorans are using down to what I'm showing you. Therefore I'm
not afraid that the opposition will pick it up in the next week or two.
But we'd better get busy in a big way. Your most urgent need, I take
it, is for something—anything—that will stop that surface of force
before it reaches the skirt of your defensive dome and blocks your
dissipators?"
"Exactly!"
"All right. We'll build you a four-way fourth-order projector to handle
full materializations—four way to handle four attackers in case they
get desperate and double their program. With it you will send
working images of yourselves into the power rooms of the Chloran
ships and clamp a short circuiting field across the secondaries of
their converters. Of course they can bar you out with a zone of force
if they detect you before you can kill the generators of their zones,
but that will be just as good, as far as we're concerned—they can't
do a thing as long as they're on, you know. Now put on the headset
again and I'll give you the dope on the projector. Better get a
recorder, too, as there'll be some stuff that you won't be able to carry
in your head."
The recorder was brought in and from Seaton's brain there flowed
into it and into the mind of Radnor the fundamental concepts and
complete equations and working details of the new instrument. Upon
the Valeronian's face was first blank amazement, then dawning
comprehension, and lastly sheer, wondering awe as, the plan
completed, he removed the headset. He began a confused
panegyric of thanks, but Seaton interrupted him briskly.
"'Sall right, Radnor, you'd do the same thing for us if things were
reversed. Humanity has got to stick together against all the vermin of
all the universes. But, say, I'm getting a yen to see this mess all
cleaned up, myself—think I'll stick around and help you build it.
You're all in, clear to the neck, but you won't rest until the Chlorans
are whipped—I can't blame you for that, I wouldn't either—and I'm
fresh as a daisy. Let's go!"
In a few hours the complex machine was done. Radnor and Siblin
were seated at two of the sets of controls, associate physicists at the
others.
"Since I don't know any more about their system of conversion than
you do, I can't tell you in detail what to do," Seaton was issuing final
instructions. "But whatever you do, don't monkey with their primaries
—shortening them would overload their liberators and blow this
whole Solar System over into the next Galaxy. Take time to be dead
sure that you've got the secondaries of their main converters, and
slap a short circuit on as many of them as you can before they cut
you off with a zone. You'll probably find a lot of liberator-converter
sets on vessels of that size, but if you can kill the ones that feed the
zone generators they're our meat."
"You are much more familiar with such things than we are," Radnor
remarked. "Would you not like to come along?"
"I'll say I would, but I can't," Seaton replied instantly. "This isn't me at
all, you know. But let's see—"
"Oh, of course," Radnor apologized. "In working with you so long and
so cordially I forgot for the moment that you are not here in person."
"Nope, can't be done." Seaton frowned, still immersed in the hitherto
unstudied problem of the reprojection of a projected image. "Need
over two hundred thousand relays and—um—synchronization—
neuro-muscular—not on this outfit. Wonder if it can be done at all?
Have to look into it sometime—but excuse me, Radnor, I was
thinking and got lost. Ready to go? I'll watch you on the plate here
and be ready to offer advice—not that you'll need it. Shoot!"
Radnor snapped on the power and he and his aid shot their
projections into one of the opposing fortresses, Siblin and his
associate going into the other. Through compartment after
compartment of the immense structures the as yet invisible
projections went, searching for the power rooms. They were not hard
to find, extending as they did nearly the full length of the stupendous
structures; vaulted caverns filled with linked pairs of mastodonic
fabrications, the liberator-converters.
Springing in graceful arcs from heavily insulated posts in the ends of
one machine of each pair were five great bus-bars, which Radnor
and Siblin recognized instantly as secondary leads from the
converters—the gigantic mechanisms which, taking the raw intra-
atomic energy from the liberators, converted it into a form in which it
could be controlled and utilized.
Neither Radnor nor Siblin had ever heard of five-phase energy of
any kind, but those secondaries were unmistakable. Therefore all
four images drove against the fivefold bars their perfectly conducting
fields of force. Four converters shrieked wildly, trying to wrench
themselves from their foundations; insulation smoked and burst
wildly into yellow flame; the stubs of the bars grew white-hot and
began to fuse; and in a matter of seconds a full half of each
prodigious machine subsided to the floor, a semimolten, utterly
useless mass.
They drove their fields of force against the fivefold bars.
Similarly went the next two in each fortress, and the next—then
Radnor's two projections were cut off sharply as the Chloran's
impenetrable zone of force went on, and that fortress, all its beams
and forces inoperative, floated off into space.
Siblin and his partner were more fortunate. When the amœbus
commanding their prey threw in his zone switch nothing happened.
Its source of power had already been destroyed, and the two
Valeronian images went steadily down the line of converters, in spite
of everything the ragingly frantic monstrosities could do to hinder
their progress.
The terrible beam of destruction held steadily upon that fortress by
the beamers in Valeron's mighty dome had never slackened its
herculean efforts to pierce the Chloran screens. Now, as more and
more of the converters of that floating citadel were burned out those
screens began to radiate higher and higher into the ultra-violet. Soon
they went down, exposing defenseless metal to the blasting,
annihilating fury of the beam, to which any conceivable substance is
but little more resistant than so much vacuum.
There was one gigantic, exploding flash, whose unbearable brilliance
darkened even the incandescent radiance of the failing screen, and
Valeron's mighty beam bored on, unimpeded. And where that
mastodonic creation had floated an instant before there were only a
few curling wisps of vapor.
"Nice job of clean-up, boys—fine!" Seaton clapped a friendly hand
upon Radnor's shoulder. "Anybody can handle them now. Better you
take a week off and catch up on sleep. I could do with a little shut-
eye myself, and you've been on the job a lot longer than I have."
"But hold on—don't go yet!" Radnor exclaimed in consternation.
"Why, our whole race owes its very existence to you—wait at least
until our Bardyle can have a word with you!"
"That isn't necessary, Radnor. Thanks just the same, but I don't go in
for that sort of thing, any more than you would. Besides, we'll be
here in the flesh in a few days and I'll talk to him then. So long!" and
the projection disappeared.
In due time Skylark Two came lightly to a landing in a parkway near

the council hall, to be examined curiously by an excited group of
Valeronians who wondered audibly that such a tiny space ship
should have borne their salvation. The four Terrestrials, sure of their
welcome, stepped out and were greeted by Siblin, Radnor, and the
Bardyle.
"I must apologize, sir, for my cavalier treatment of you at our
previous meeting." Seaton's first words to the coördinator were in
sincere apology. "I trust that you will pardon it, realizing that
something of the kind was necessary in order to establish
communication."
"Speak not of it, Richard Seaton. I suffered only a temporary
inconvenience, a small thing indeed compared to the experience of
encountering a mind of such stupendous power as yours. Neither
words nor deeds can express to you the profound gratitude of our
entire race for what you have done for Valeron.
"I am informed that you personally do not care for extravagant
praise, but please believe me to be voicing the single thought of a
world's people when I say that no words coined by brain of man
could be just, to say nothing of being extravagant, when applied to
you. I do not suppose that we can do anything, however slight, for
you in return, in token that these are not entirely empty words?"
"You certainly can, sir," Seaton made surprising answer. "We are so
completely lost in space that without a great deal of material and of
mechanical aid we shall never be able to return to, nor even to locate
in space, our native Galaxy, to say nothing of our native planet."
A concerted gasp of astonishment was his reply, then he was
assured in no uncertain terms that the resources of Valeron were at
his disposal.
A certain amount of public attention had of course to be endured; but
Seaton and Crane, pleading a press of work upon their new
projectors, buried themselves in Radnor's laboratory, leaving it to
their wives to bear the brunt of Valeronian adulation.
"How do you like being a heroine, Dot?" Seaton asked one evening,
as the two women returned from an unusually demonstrative
reception in another city.
"We just revel in it, since we didn't do any of the real work—it's just
too perfectly gorgeous for words," Dorothy replied shamelessly.
"Especially Peggy." She eyed Margaret mischievously and winked
furtively at Seaton. "Why, you ought to see her—she could just
simply roll that stuff up on a fork and eat it, as though it were that
much soft fudge!"
Since the scientific and mechanical details of the construction of a
fifth-order projector have been given in full elsewhere there is no
need to repeat them here. Seaton built his neutronium lens in the
core of the near-by white dwarf star, precisely as Rovol had done it
from distant Norlamin. He brought it to Valeron and around it there
began to come into being a duplicate of the immense projector which
the Terrestrials had been obliged to leave behind them when they
abandoned gigantic Skylark Three to plunge through the fourth
dimension in tiny Two.
"Maybe it's none of my business, Radnor," Seaton turned to the
Valeronian curiously during a lull in their work, "but how come you're
still simply shooting away those Chloran vessels by making them put
out their zones of force? Why didn't you hop over there on your
projector and blow their whole planet over into the next Solar
System? I would have done that long ago if it had been me, I think."
"We did visit Chlora once, with something like that in mind, but our
attempt failed lamentably," Radnor admitted sheepishly. "You
remember that peculiar special sense, that mental force that Siblin
tried to describe to you? Well, it was altogether too strong for us. My
father, possessing one of the strongest minds of Valeron, was in the
chair, but they mastered him so completely that we had to recall the
projection by cutting off the power to prevent them from taking from
his mind by force the methods of transmission which you taught us
and which we were then using."
"Hmm! So that's it, huh?" Seaton was greatly interested. "Maybe I'll
take one on the chin, but I'm going to lock horns with that bunch of
squidges myself, one of these days. When this projector gets itself
done I'll skip over there and try them a whirl—with this fifth-order
outfit I think maybe I'll be able to make big medicine on them."
True to his word, Seaton's first use of the new mechanism was to
assume the offensive. He first sought out and destroyed the Chloran
structure then in space—now an easy task, since zones of force,
while impenetrable to any ether-borne phenomena, offer no
resistance whatever to forces of the fifth order, propagated as they
are in that inner medium, the sub-ether. Then, with the Quedrins
standing by, to cut off the power in case he should be overpowered,
he invaded the sanctum sanctorum of all Chlora—the private office
of the Supreme Great One himself—and stared unabashed and
unaffected into the enormous "eye" of the monstrous ruler of the
planet.
There ensued a battle royal. Had mental forces been visible, it would
have been a spectacular meeting indeed! Larger and larger grew the
"eye" until it was transmitting all the terrific power generated by that
frightful, visibly palpitating brain. But Seaton was not of Valeron, nor
was he handicapped by the limitations of a fourth-order projector. He
was now being projected upon a full beam of the fifth, by a
mechanism able to do full justice to his stupendously composite
brain.
The part of that brain he was now employing was largely the
contribution of Drasnik, the First of Psychology of ancient Norlamin;
and from it he was hurling along that beam the irresistible sum total
of mental power accumulated by ten thousand generations of the
most profound students of the mind that our Galaxy has ever known.
The creature, realizing that at long last it had met its mental master,
must have emitted radiations of distress, for into the room came
crowding hordes of the monstrosities, each of whom sought to add
his own mind to those already opposing the intruder. In vain—all
their power could not turn Seaton's penetrating glare aside, nor
could it wrest from that glare's unbreakable grip the mind of the
tortured Great One.
And now, mental waves failing, they resorted to the purely physical.
Hand rays of highest power blasted at that figure uselessly; fiercely
driven bars, spears, axes, and all other weapons rebounded from it
without leaving a mark upon it, rebounded bent, broken, and twisted.
For that figure was in no sense matter as we understand the term. It
was pure force—force made palpable and coherent by the
incomprehensible power of disintegrating matter; force against which
any possible application of mechanical power would be precisely as
effective as would wafted thistledown against Gibraltar.
Thus the struggle was brief. Paying no attention to anything, mental
or physical, that the other monstrosities could bring to bear, Seaton
compelled his victim to assume the shape of the heretofore-despised
human being. Then, staring straight into that quivering brain through
those hate-filled, flaming eyes, he spoke aloud, the better to drive
home his thought:
"Learn, so-called Great One, once and for all, that when you attack
any race of humanity anywhere, you attack not only that one race,
but all the massed humanity of all the planets of all the Galaxies! As
you have already observed, I am not of the planet Valeron, nor of
this Solar System, nor even of this Galaxy; but I and my fellows have
come to the aid of this race of humanity whom you were bold enough
to attack.
"I have proved that we are your masters, mentally as well as
scientifically and mechanically. Those of you who have been
attacking Valeron have been destroyed, ships and crews alike.
Those en route there have been destroyed in space. So also shall be
destroyed any and all expeditions you may launch beyond the limits
of your own foul atmosphere.
"Since even such a repellent civilization as yours must have its place
in the great scheme of things, we do not intend to destroy your
planet nor such of your people as remain upon it or near it, unless
such destruction shall become necessary for the welfare of the
human race. While we are considering what we shall do about you, I
advise you to heed well this warning!"
XXI.
The four Terrestrials had discussed at some length the subject of
Chlora and her outlandish population.
"It looks as though you were perched upon the horns of a first-class
dilemma," Dorothy remarked at last. "If you let them alone there is no
telling what harm they will do to these people here, and yet it would
be a perfect shame to kill them all—they can't help being what they
are. Do you suppose you can figure a way out of it, Dick?"
"Maybe—I've got a kind of a hunch, but it hasn't jelled into a
workable idea yet. It's tied in with the sixth-order projection that we'll
have to have, anyway, to find our way back home with. Until we get
that working I guess we'll just let the amœbuses stew in their own
juice."
"Well, and then what?" Dorothy prompted.
"I told you it's nebulous yet, with a lot of essential details yet to be
filled in—" Seaton paused, then went on, doubtfully: "It's pretty wild—
I don't know whether—"
"Now you must tell us about it, Dick," Margaret urged.
"I'll say you've got to," Dorothy agreed. "You've had a lot of ideas
wild enough to make any sane creature's head spin around in circles
before this, but not one of them was so hair raising that you were
backward in talking about it. This one must be the prize brain storm
of the universe—spill it to us!"
"All right, but remember that it's only half baked and that you asked
for it. I'm doping out a way of sending them back to their own Solar
System, planet and all."
"What!" exclaimed Margaret.
Dorothy simply whistled—a long, low whistle highly eloquent of
incredulity.
"Maintenance of temperature? Time? Power? Control?" Crane, the
imperturbable, picked out unerringly the four key factors of the
stupendous feat.
"Your first three objections can be taken care of easily enough,"
Seaton replied positively. "No loss of temperature is possible through
a zone of force—our own discovery. We can stop time with a stasis
—we learned that from watching those four-dimensional folks work.
The power of cosmic radiation is practically infinite and eternal—we
learned how to use that from the pure intellectuals. Control is the
sticker, since it calls for computations and calculations at present
impossible; but I believe that when we get our mechanical brain
done, it will be able to work out even such a problem as that."
"What d'you mean, mechanical brain?" demanded Dorothy.
"The thing that is going to run our sixth-order projector," Seaton
explained. "You see, it'll be altogether too big and too complicated to
be controlled manually, and thought—human thought, at least—is on
one band of the sixth order. Therefore the logical thing to do is to
build an artificial brain capable of thinking on all bands of the order
instead of only one, to handle the whole projector. See?"
"No," declared Dorothy promptly, "but maybe I will, though, when I
see it work. What's next on the program?"
"Well, it's going to be quite a job to build that brain and we'd better
be getting at it, since without it there'll be no Skylark Four—"
"Dick, I object!" Dorothy protested vigorously. "The Skylark of Space
was a nice name—"
"Sure, you'd think so, since you named her yourself," interrupted
Seaton in turn, with his disarming grin.
"Keep still a minute, Dickie, and let me finish. Skylark Two was pretty
bad, but I stood it; and by gritting my teeth all out of shape I did
manage to keep from squawking about Skylark Three, but I certainly
am not going to stand for Skylark Four. Why, just think of giving a
name like that to such a wonderful thing as she is going to be—as
different as can be from anything that has ever been dreamed of
before—just as though she were going to be simply one more of a
long series of cup-challenging motor boats or something! Why, it's—
it's just too perfectly idiotic for words!"
"But she's got to be some kind of a Skylark, Dot—you know that."
"Yes, but give her a name that means something—that sounds like
something. Name her after this planet, say—Skylark of Valeron—
how's that?"
"O.K. by me. How about it, Peg? Mart?"
The Cranes agreed to the suggestion with enthusiasm and Seaton
went on:
"Well, an onion by any other name would smell as sweet, you know,
and it's going to be just as much of a job to build the Skylark of
Valeron as it would have been to build Skylark Four. Therefore, as I
have said before and am about to say again, we'd better get at it."
The fifth-order projector was moved to the edge of the city, since
nowhere within its limits was there room for the structure to be built,
and the two men seated themselves at its twin consoles and their
hands flew over its massed banks of keyboards. For a few minutes
nothing happened; then on the vast, level plain before them—a plain
which had been a lake of fluid lava a few weeks before—there
sprang into being an immense foundation-structure of trussed and
latticed girder frames of inoson, the hardest, strongest, and toughest
form of matter possible to molecular structure. One square mile of
ground it covered and it was strong enough, apparently, to support a
world.
When the foundation was finished, Seaton left the framework to

Crane, while he devoted himself to filling the interstices and
compartments as fast as they were formed. He first built one tiny
structure of coils, fields, and lenses of force—one cell of the gigantic
mechanical brain which was to be. He then made others, slightly
different in tune, and others, and others.
He then set forces to duplicating these cells, forces which
automatically increased in number until they were making and
setting five hundred thousand cells per second, all that his
connecting forces could handle. And everywhere, it seemed, there
were projectors, fields of force, receptors and converters of cosmic
energy, zones of force, and many various shaped lenses and
geometric figures of neutronium incased in sheaths of faidon.
From each cell led tiny insulated wires, so fine as to be almost
invisible, to the "nerve centers" and to one of the millions of
projectors. From these in turn ran other wires, joining together to
form larger and larger strands until finally several hundred enormous
cables, each larger than a man's body, reached and merged into an
enormous, glittering, hemispherical, mechano-electrical inner brain.
For forty long Valeronian days—more than a thousand of our Earthly
hours—the work went on ceaselessly, day and night. Then it ceased
of itself and there dangled from the center of the glowing, gleaming
hemisphere a something which is only very vaguely described by
calling it either a heavily wired helmet or an incredibly complex
headset. It was to be placed over Seaton's head, it is true—it was a
headset, but one raised to the millionth power.
It was the energizer and controller of the inner brain, which was in
turn the activating agency of that entire cubic mile of as yet inert
substance, that assemblage of thousands of billions of cells, so soon
to become the most stupendous force for good ever to be conceived
by the mind of man.
When that headset appeared Seaton donned it and sat motionless.
For hour after hour he sat there, his eyes closed, his face white and
strained, his entire body eloquent of a concentration so intense as to
be a veritable trance. At the end of four hours Dorothy came up
resolutely, but Crane waved her back.
"This is far and away the most crucial point of the work, Dorothy," he
cautioned her gravely. "While I do not think that anything short of
physical violence could distract his attention now, it is best not to run
any risk of disturbing him. An interruption now would mean that
everything would have to be done over again from the beginning."
Something over an hour later Seaton opened his eyes, stretched
prodigiously, and got up. He was white and trembling, but
tremendously relieved and triumphant.
"Why, Dick, what have you been doing? You look like a ghost!"
Dorothy was now an all solicitous wife.
"I've been thinking, and if you don't believe that it's hard work you'd
better try it some time! 'Sall right, though, I won't have to do it any
more—got a machine to do my thinking for me now."
"Oh, is it all done?"
"Nowhere near, but it's far enough along so that it can finish itself.
I've just been telling it what to do."
"Telling it! Why, you talk as though it were human!"
"Human? It's a lot more than that. It can outthink and outperform
even those pure intellectuals—'and that,' as the poet feelingly
remarked, 'is going some'! And if you think that riding in that fifth-
order projector was a thrill, wait until you see what this one can do.
Think of it"—even the mind that had conceived the thing was awed
—"it is an extension of my own brain, using waves that traverse even
intergalactic distances practically instantaneously. With it I can see
anything I want to look at, anywhere; can hear anything I want to
hear. It can build, make, do, or perform anything that my brain can
think of."
"That is all true, of course," Crane said slowly, his sober mien
dampening Dorothy's ardor instantly, "but still—I can not help
wondering—" He gazed at Seaton thoughtfully.
"I know it, Mart, and I'm working up my speed as fast as I possibly
can," Seaton answered the unspoken thought, rather than the words.
"But let them come—we'll take 'em. I'll have everything on the trips,
ready to spring."
"What are you two talking about?" Dorothy demanded.
"Mart pointed out to me the regrettable fact that my mental
processes are in the same class as the proverbial molasses in
January, or as a troop of old and decrepit snails racing across a
lawn. I agreed with him, but added that I would have my thoughts all
thunk up ahead of time when the pure intellectuals tackle us—which
they certainly will."

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a. its kinetic energy b. its momentum

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In due time Skylark Two came lightly to a landing in a parkway near

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