Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th

Edition Marieb Test Bank

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankdeal.com/product/human-anatomy-and-physiology-9th-edition-marieb-
test-bank/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Marieb

Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/human-anatomy-and-
physiology-9th-edition-marieb-solutions-manual/

Human Anatomy and Physiology 10th Edition Marieb Test

Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/human-anatomy-and-
physiology-10th-edition-marieb-test-bank/

Human Anatomy Physiology 11th Edition Marieb Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/human-anatomy-physiology-11th-
edition-marieb-test-bank/

Human Anatomy Physiology 8th Edition Marieb Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/human-anatomy-physiology-8th-
edition-marieb-test-bank/
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition
Marieb Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/essentials-of-human-anatomy-and-
physiology-12th-edition-marieb-test-bank/

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Revised 11th

Edition Marieb Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/essentials-of-human-anatomy-and-
physiology-revised-11th-edition-marieb-test-bank/

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Global 11th

Edition Marieb Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/essentials-of-human-anatomy-and-
physiology-global-11th-edition-marieb-test-bank/

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 10th Edition

Marieb Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/essentials-of-human-anatomy-and-
physiology-10th-edition-marieb-solutions-manual/

Human Anatomy and Physiology Cat Version 10th Edition

Marieb Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/human-anatomy-and-physiology-
cat-version-10th-edition-marieb-solutions-manual/
Exam
Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.

Figure 8.1

Using Figure 8.1, match the following:

1) Periosteum. 1) _____________

2) Articular cartilage. 2) _____________

3) Joint (synovial) cavity. 3) _____________

4) Synovial membrane. 4) _____________

5) Fibrous capsule. 5) _____________

Figure 8.2

Using Figure 8.2, what type of axis does each joint have?

6) Joint 1. 6) _____________

7) Joint 2. 7) _____________

8) Joint 3. 8) _____________

9) Joint 4. 9) _____________

10) Joint 5. 10) _____________

11) Joint 6. 11) _____________

Figure 8.2

Using Figure 8.2, identify each type of synovial joint by name.

12) Joint 1. 12) _____________

13) Joint 2. 13) _____________

14) Joint 3. 14) _____________

15) Joint 4. 15) _____________

16) Joint 5. 16) _____________

17) Joint 6. 17) _____________

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the following:

18) Joint found only in the skull A) Suture 18) ______

19) Tooth in socket A) Symphysis 19) ______

20) Bones united by hyaline cartilage B) Syndesmosis 20) ______

21) Bones united by fibrocartilage C) Gomphosis 21) ______

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
22) The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for 22) ______
the functional classification of joints.

23) All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight. 23) ______

24) Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes. 24) ______

25) Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from 25) ______
blood.

26) The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint 26) ______
stability.

27) The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement 27) ______
and restrict undesirable movement.

28) The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is 28) ______
flexion.

29) Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at 29) ______
the shoulder joint.

30) A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury 30) ______
to the ligaments that attach to that joint.

31) Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the 31) ______
hand is turned from posterior to anterior..

32) The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements. 32) ______

33) Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called 33) ______
circumduction.

34) Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches 34) ______
the shin is called dorsiflexion.

35) The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the 35) ______
"hinge" for the elbow joint.
 36) Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination. 36) ______

37) The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the 37) ______
binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.

38) Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from 38) ______
invasion by microbes or other debris.

39) A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be 39) ______
suffering loss of the synovial fluids.

40) A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint. 40) ______

41) Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion. 41) ______

42) Dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the 42) ______
mandibular condyles ending up in the infratemporal fossa.

43) Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. 43) ______

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
44) A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint. 44) ______
A) suture B) syndesmosis
C) gomphosis D) synchondrosis

45) The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________. 45) ______

A) are also called collateral ligaments
B) prevent hyperextension of the knee
C) attach to each other in their midportions
D) tend to run parallel to one another

46) Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to 46) ______
________.
A) form the synovial membrane
B) provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
C) produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis)
D) attach tendons

47) A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a 47) ______
slight degree of movement is a ________.
A) gomphosis B) suture
C) symphysis D) syndesmosis

48) On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective 48) ______
tissue?
A) pivot B) syndesmosis
C) symphysis D) synchondrosis

49) Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as 49) ______
cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.
A) menisci B) bursae
 C) tendons D) ligaments

50) Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________. 50) ______
A) synovial joints B) diarthroses
C) synarthroses D) amphiarthroses

51) Which of the following are cartilaginous joints? 51) ______

A) Gomphoses B) Syndesmoses
C) Sutures D) Synchondroses

52) The gliding motion of the wrist uses ________ joints. 52) ______
A) pivot B) hinge
C) condyloid D) plane

53) The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial 53) ______
condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and
posteriorly are called ________.
A) tibial collateral ligaments B) anterior ligaments
C) patellar ligaments D) cruciate ligaments

54) Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________. 54) ______
A) circumduction B) flexion
C) extension D) hyperextension

55) In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? 55) ______
A) Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable.
B) All synovial joints are freely movable.
C) Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses.
D) In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present.

56) Synarthrotic joints ________. 56) ______

A) are found only in adults
B) have large joint cavities
C) are cartilaginous joints
D) permit essentially no movement

57) Fibrous joints are classified as ________. 57) ______

A) sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
B) symphysis, sacroiliac, and articular
C) hinge, saddle, and ellipsoidal
D) pivot, hinge, and ball and socket

58) In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with 58) ______
________.
A) hyaline cartilage B) fibrocartilage
C) synovial membranes D) tendon sheaths

59) Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which 59) ______
of the following statements is true about this fluid?
A) It contains hydrochloric acid.
B) It contains lactic acid.
C) It contains hyaluronic acid.
 D) It contains enzymes only.

60) Which of the following statements defines synchondroses? 60) ______

A) interphalangeal joints
B) amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
C) cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of
bones
D) joints that permit angular movements

61) What are menisci? 61) ______

A) semilunar cartilage pads
B) cavities lined with cartilage
C) small sacs containing synovial fluid
D) tendon sheaths

62) Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding 62) ______
movements?
A) Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
B) Gliding movements allow flexibility of the upper limbs.
C) An example of a gliding movement is nodding one's head.
D) Gliding movements are multiaxial.

63) What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along 63) ______
the frontal plane called?
A) adduction B) abduction
C) dorsiflexion D) inversion

64) The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________. 64) ______
A) hands and the feet B) arms
C) feet D) hands

65) The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint. 65) ______
A) multiaxial B) nonaxial
C) biaxial D) uniaxial

66) Which of the following movements does not increase or decrease the 66) ______
angle between bones?
A) circumduction B) abduction
C) extension D) rotation

67) Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________. 67) ______
A) rare because of the ligament reinforcement
B) rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint
C) common in all people who are overweight
D) common due to the weight bearing the hip endures

68) Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped? 68) ______
A) the extracapsular ligament
B) the medial patellar retinacula
C) the lateral patellar retinacula
D) the patellar ligament
69) Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which 69) ______
of the ligaments is (are) damaged as a result?
A) medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate
B) oblique popliteal and extracapsular ligament
C) arcuate popliteal and the posterior cruciate
D) suprapatellar

70) Pointing the toes is an example of ________. 70) ______

A) plantar flexion B) protraction
C) pronation D) circumduction

71) Which of the following is a true statement? 71) ______

A) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid
process of the scapula.
B) The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the
elbow joint.
C) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process.
D) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.

72) Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, 72) ______
and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
A) hinge joint B) synchondrosis
C) symphysis D) suture

73) Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________. 73) ______
A) the patellar ligament extending from femur to patella
B) cruciate ligaments, which help secure the articulating bones
together
C) the oblique popliteal crossing the knee anteriorly
D) lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or
medial angular movements

74) Which of the following is a correct statement about development of 74) ______
joints?
A) Joints develop independent of bone growth.
B) Joints develop in parallel with bones.
C) All fibrous joints are in the adult form by the time of birth.
D) By the end of the fourth week, fetal synovial joints resemble adult
joints.

75) An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is ________. 75) ______

A) the clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends
B) between the humerus and the glenoid cavity
C) the radius and ulna along its length
D) between the vertebrae

76) Which of the following statements best describes angular movements? 76) ______
A) They occur only between bones with flat articular processes.
B) They allow movement in several planes.
C) They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.
D) They allow movement only in one plane.
 77) Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify the saddle 77) ______
joint of the skeleton.
A) Carpometacarpal joint of the phalanges.
B) Meatcarpophalangeal joint of the finger.
C) Interphalangeal joint of the finger.
D) Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

78) Tendon sheaths ________. 78) ______

A) are lined with dense irregular connective tissue
B) act as friction-reducing structures
C) are extensions of periosteum
D) help anchor the tendon to the muscle

79) Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint? 79) ______
A) articular cartilage B) joint cavity
C) articular capsule D) tendon sheath

80) Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to keeping the 80) ______
articular surfaces of diarthroses in contact?
A) arrangement and tension of the muscles
B) strength and tension of joint ligaments
C) number of bones in the joint
D) structure and shape of the articulating bone

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.
81) Turning the foot medially at the ankle would be called 81) _____________
________.

82) Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called 82) _____________
________.

83) Fluid-filled fibrous sacs lined with a synovial membrane and 83) _____________
occurring where ligaments, muscles, and tendons rub together
are called ________.

84) The joint between the frontal and parietal bones is classified by 84) _____________
material as a ________ joint.

85) Why are epiphyseal plates considered temporary joints? 85) _____________

86) Using the functional classification, a freely movable joint would 86) _____________
be called a ________ joint.

87) The hip joint, like the shoulder joint, is a ________ joint. 87) _____________

88) The type of joint between the carpal and the first metacarpal is a 88) _____________
________ joint.

89) Synovial joints have five major features. What are they? 89) _____________

90) Often people who exercise prudently seem to have fewer bouts wit h osteoarthritis.
Will 90) ___
exercise ___
prevent ___
arthritis? ___
If so, _
how?

91) For each of the following movements, indicate the specific kind 91) _____________
of joint involved (e.g., hinge, etc.) and the movement performed
(e.g., extension, etc.).
a. Bending the elbow: ________, ________.
b. Turning head side to side: ________, ________.
c. Lowering your arm to your side: ________, ________.
d. Turning the sole of foot medially: ________, ________.

92) While the fingers can exhibit flexion and extension and other 92) _____________
angular motions, the thumb has much greater freedom. Why?

93) Briefly describe a typical synovial joint. 93) _____________

94) Although uric acid is a normal waste product of nucleic acid 94) _____________
metabolism, why are so many men suffering from a condition
known as gouty arthritis? How does this product that should be
eliminated in the urine cause so much pain when things go
wrong?

95) After reading a medical report, you learn that a 45-year-old 95) _____________
female has the following symptoms: inflammation of synovial
membranes, accumulation of synovial fluid, pain and
tenderness about the joints, pannus formation, and some
immobility at certain joints. On the basis of these symptoms,
what would the patient probably have?

96) Greg is somewhat of a "weekend athlete" who has overextended 96) _____________
himself by pitching baseball for a local team during the week
and playing golf on the weekends for several hours. He
presented himself to the emergency room last week with severe
shoulder pain (at the glenohumeral joint). The physician told
him that the X ray was not conclusive, but he may have damage
to his rotator cuff. What is the rotator cuff, and how might he
have caused this damage? What remedies will the physician
recommend?

97) Many inflammations of joint areas can be treated by injections 97) _____________
of cortisone into the area. Why don't we continually get
injections rather than operations?

98) Why is muscle tone the most important stabilizing factor for 98) _____________
most joints?

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
99) Steven, a football player, complained of severe pain and the inability to use his right
arm and after having been tackled during a game. What would you guess might be his
shoulder problem?

100) Mary has been suffering from a "bad knee" for several months. She is a tennis player
who often slides in to attack a ball; she is an aerobic devotee and a jogger. She
visited an orthopedic surgeon last week who told her that he would "like to have a
look at her knee joint." He also told her that her symptoms indicated damage to the
meniscus, and it might have to be removed. What will the doctor do to see the joint,
and if the meniscus is removed will Mary be able to play tennis again?

101) Farhad begins typing his term paper on his new computer early one morning. After
8 hours of typing, he notices that his wrists are stiff and very sore. The next
morning, Farhad begins to finish his paper, but soon finds his wrists hurt worse
than last night. What is wrong?

102) Probenecid inhibits the active resorption of uric acid in the kidney, which leads to
increased urinary excretion of uric acid. Explain why this drug would be useful in
treating gout.

103) A nurse is instructing the patient care assistants (PCAs) on transfer techniques. For
patients needing to be slid toward the head of the bed, the nurse tells the PCAs use a
draw sheet under the patient's torso. She tells them to avoid pulling on their hands
or arms. Based on your knowledge of the shoulder joint, explain why pulling on the
extremities should be avoided.

104) Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid
arthritis. She complains of painful, stiff hands and feet, feeling tired all the time, and
reports an intermittent low-grade fever. She asks the nurse if she is going to be
"crippled." How might the nurse explain the pathophysiology of rheumatoid
arthritis?

105) Susan was bitten by a deer tick and now complains of joint pain, flu-like symptoms,
and difficulty thinking. What might be her diagnosis and the treatment required to
alleviate her symptoms?
 1) A
2) C
3) B
4) E
5) D
6) Multiaxial
7) Uniaxial
8) Uniaxial
9) Nonaxial
10) Biaxial
11) Biaxial
12) ball and socket
13) pivot joint
14) hinge joint
15) plane joint
16) saddle joint
17) condyloid joint

18) A
19) C
20) B
21) A
22) TRUE
23) FALSE
24) FALSE
25) TRUE
26) TRUE
27) TRUE
28) FALSE
29) TRUE
30) TRUE
31) TRUE
32) FALSE
33) TRUE
34) TRUE
35) TRUE
36) FALSE
37) TRUE
38) TRUE
39) FALSE
40) TRUE
41) TRUE
42) FALSE
43) FALSE
44) C
45) B
46) B
47) C
48) B
49) B
50) D
51) D
52) D
53) D
54) D
55) B
56) D
57) A
58) A
59) C
60) C
61) A
62) A
63) B
64) C
65) A
66) D
67) A
68) D
69) A
70) A
71) D
72) A
73) D
74) B
75) C
76) C
77) D
78) B
79) D
80) C
81) inversion
82) protraction
83) bursae
 84) suture
85) Once long bone growth in length is complete, the cartilage of the epiphyseal plates can
ossify to become a permanent connection between the bones.
86) diarthrosis
87) ball-and-socket
88) saddle
89) articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, and reinforcing
ligaments
90) Exercise does not prevent arthritis, but lessens it by strengthening muscles that in turn
support and stabilize joints.
91) a. hinge, flexion
b. pivot, rotation
c. ball and socket, adduction
d. plane, inversion
92) The thumb's carpometacarpal joint is a biaxial saddle joint whereas the other
carpometacarpal joints are plane joints with no angular freedom.
93) The ends of each bone are covered with hyaline cartilage that is continuous with the
synovial membrane enclosing the joint. Synovial fluid fills the space between the articular
cartilage. Outside the synovial membrane there is a very tough, fibrous capsule that
prevents the synovial membrane from bulging out as pressure is applied to the ends of the
bones.
94) Males have higher blood levels of uric acid than females. When blood levels of uric acid
rise excessively, it is deposited as urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints. Sometimes gout
sufferers have an excessive rate of uric acid production; or it is possible that some are
unable to flush uric acid in the urine fast enough.
95) Rheumatoid arthritis
96) Greg has either stretched or torn his rotator cuff. He will be told to rest for a few months,
and if the pain does not subside, surgery will be necessary. The rotator cuff is made up of
four tendons that belong to the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres
minor muscles and encircle the shoulder joint. They are vulnerable to damage when the
arm is circumducted vigorously. Greg is obviously overdoing his activities by pitching four
baseball games per week and playing golf on weekends.
97) A joint inflammation is always a symptom of an underlying problem such as cartilage or
ligament damage, arthritis, etc. Continued injection might cause the patient to reinjure the
area, or it might mask a more severe injury that may appear later.
98) The shapes of the articular surfaces may hinder rather than help joint stability. Ligaments
can stretch and reduce stability. Muscle tendons are kept taut at all times by the tone of
their muscle.
99) He might have suffered a shoulder dislocation since the shoulder joint has sacrificed
stability for flexibility.
100) The doctor will perform arthroscopic surgery on Mary in order to view the interior of the
joint. If she has severely damaged the meniscus, it can be removed with little impairment
to the knee except some loss in stability. However, over the long term, the lack of weight
distribution by the missing meniscus increases the likelihood of osteoarthritis in her knee.
Mary might consider taking up swimming instead.
101) Farhad is suffering from tendonitis. If he continues to use the keyboard incorrectly, the
tendonitis could develop into the more serious condition called carpal tunnel syndrome.
102) Uric acid, a normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism, is ordinarily excreted in
urine without any problem. However, when blood levels of uric acid rise excessively, it
may be deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissue of joints. An
inflammatory response follows, which leads to gout. By lowering the uric acid level, no
crystals form, and inflammation subsides.
103) In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of
the body. The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. Shoulder dislocations are fairly
common, therefore forces that are not under the patient's control should be avoided.
104) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and inflammatory disorder. RA is an
autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissue. RA begins
with inflammation of the synovial membrane of the affected joints. Fluid accumulates,
causing joint swelling. The nurse should explain that RA is a chronic crippling disease with
joint stiffening (ankylosis) resulting in restriction of joint movement and extreme pain.
105) She probably has contracted Lyme disease, which is treated with antibiotics.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 — Niinpä sitä minunkin, myhähti Iisakki ja nousi lähteäkseen.

Ja peräkkäin astuivat miehet kumisevaa karjapolkua mitään

toisilleen virkkamatta. Satakieli vain tuntui laulelevan jossakin.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMPIAISPESÄ
***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
 License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.
 Section 3. Information about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.