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CHAPTER 8
BAND SOCIETIES
True-False Questions
3. The nice thing about studying hunter-gatherer societies is the fact that they have never been in
contact with or influenced by other cultures; thus, they are pristine cultural systems that
anthropologists find intriguing.
4. !Kung San women were often able to gather enough food from wild sources in one or two days to
feed their children for an entire week.
5. Since cooking fires had to be fueled with expensive oil made from blubber, Eskimos ate much of
their meat raw.
6. Since hunter-gatherer societies are mobile, the environment does not influence demographic
characteristics such as population growth, fertility, and mortality in these band societies.
7. Infanticide is how young children, especially infants, learn about their own culture.
8. Anthropological research has shown that biological rather than cultural factors are responsible for
the rapid growth and incredibly high fertility rates of forager populations.
9. Australian aborigines relied heavily on the bow and arrow for hunting.
10. A form of exchange in which the time of repayment and the value are not calculated is called
generalized reciprocity.
12. The attempt to get something for nothing is called negative reciprocity.
13. All forager groups have a concept of private land ownership similar to that found in Western
societies.
14. Band organization among foragers is very rigid and unchanging since individuals must remain band
members for life.
15. A cross cousin is the offspring of one's father's sister or one's mother's brother.
16. An ideal marriage partner in a forager group is often a parallel cousin, the offspring of one's father's
sister or one's mother's brother.
17. Most band societies practice a form of post-marital residence that is termed patrilocality or patrilocal
residence.
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18. Bride service occurs when an eligible woman offers her domestic services to her future or potential
husband's family in exchange for allowing her to marry their son.
19. Because of the strict marriage and post-marital residence rules found in hunter-gatherer societies, it
is very difficult to obtain a divorce.
20. As expected, because of their physical strength and superior endurance, males provide the bulk of
the food in all hunter-gatherer societies.
21. Since older individuals in foraging societies cannot participate in hunting and gathering activities as
readily as they did when they were younger, they are considered of little use and quickly lose status
and prestige.
22. In most forager societies, once an individual has ceased to be of economic value, they are simply left
to die as the band moves on to a new location.
23. In foraging societies, the band is the fundamental element of social organization, as well as the basic
political unit.
24. Chiefs of bands are usually males who are elected by majority vote, and who rule, as most chiefs do,
by coercion and intimidation.
25. As in U.S. politics, there is much prestige, wealth, and power associated with being a bandleader in a
forager society.
26. Social control in forager societies is maintained by a standing police force that wields so much
power that most individuals simply do not even think about committing a crime.
27. The belief that spirits inhabit all inorganic and organic matter is called dualism.
28. Dreamtime for the Australian Aborigines is a fundamental, complex concept that includes the past,
present, and future where spirits come to the earth and act as intermediaries between the world and
the everyday lives of the people.
29. Sadly, foragers do not have any music or art since their days are mainly taken up in subsistence
activities, politics, and religion.
31. The term "hunter and gatherer" evokes for anthropologists a society:
A. whose economic, social, and political unit is the band
B. that exists as a large, sedentary community
C. that is organized as a tribe with a powerful chief
D. that subsists on domesticated plants and animals
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32. In contrast to Paleolithic hunting-and-gathering societies, contemporary band societies exist only in:
A. marginal environments
B. rich environments
C. tropical forests
D. deserts and savannas
33. Marginal environments often sustain hunting and gathering societies where agricultural societies
cannot exist because:
A. the resource and energy demands of agricultural societies are low
B. foraging societies have lower resource and energy requirements
C. marginal environments have always sustained large populations of foragers
D. most agricultural societies have become industrialized
36. Anthropologist Richard Lee has estimated that the traditional !Kung San spent between
days each week finding food.
A. 2 to 3
B. 4 to 5
C. 5 to 6
D. 6 to 7
37. In the traditional society of the Mbuti pygmies of the Ituri rainforest, hunting is undertaken by:
A. the older men of the village
B. men, youths, women, and children
C. boys who have undergone sacred puberty rites
D. adult women of the hunting clans
38. The Semang of Malaysia, who hunt with blowguns, get most of their meat from:
A. elephants and buffalo
B. kangaroos and the ostrich-like emu
C. fish and other small game
D. monkeys and crocodiles
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39. The main characteristic shared by all hunting and gathering societies, past and present, is:
A. poor nutrition
B. existence in a marginal habitat
C. use of the bow and arrow
D. mobility
40. "Fission" and "fusion" in hunting and gathering societies refer to:
A. hazards of contacts with the industrialized world
B. cyclical change in population density relative to resources
C. decision-making processes used by tribal leaders
D. the dynamics of wild plant resources
41. Hunting and gathering societies will sometimes resort to infanticide in order to:
A. engage in more frequent intercourse
B. supplement scarce hunting resources
C. reduce the effects of anticipated food shortages
D. make sacrifices to tribal gods
42. Which of the following would NOT have the effect of lowering fertility?
A. marriage at an older age
B. weaning babies at an older age
C. practicing infanticide
D. an earlier onset of menarche
43. The most likely reason why hunter-gatherer technology is limited to simple tools made of stone,
wood, and bone is because foraging peoples:
A. lack the basic intelligence necessary to make anything more complex
B. are too busy looking for food to spend time on more advanced tools
C. have not acquired knowledge of more sophisticated technologies
D. substitute profound knowledge of their environment for complex tools
44. The principal technology used for obtaining plant foods by tropical foragers is the:
A. boomerang
B. blowgun and darts
C. polished stone axe
D. digging stick
45. The produced the most extensive material culture found among hunting and gathering
societies.
A. !Kung San
B. Eskimo
C. Shoshone
D. Mbuti
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46. The !Kung San term hxaro refers to:
A. a system for circulating material possessions among individuals
B. a complex ritual performed by young boys before their first hunt
C. trade with their agricultural neighbors
D. a type of root obtained in the spring with pointed digging sticks
48. What form of reciprocity would you expect to be the LEAST common among !Kung San, Mbuti,
and Inuit groups?
A. balanced reciprocity
B. generalized reciprocity
C. negative reciprocity
D. unbalanced reciprocity
51. It has been suggested that, in forager societies, the more concentrated and predictable the resources:
A. the less likely the group will be egalitarian in nature
B. the least amount of reciprocity will occur
C. the more pronounced the conceptions of private ownership and exclusive rights to territories
D. the more likely it will be that negative reciprocity will occur when individuals meet
52. A principal criticism of the theory that hunter-gatherers work fewer hours than agriculturalists is
that:
A. It was based on the Western definition of work as the quest for food.
B. It took into account labor expended in tool making, cooking, and healing.
C. It was based mostly on archaeological evidence.
D. It neglected to take relations of reciprocity into account.
53. The two basic elements of social organization for foraging groups are the:
A. clan and tribe
B. nuclear family and band
196
C. troop and horde
D. throng and band
E. ensemble and group
54. A typical form of post-marital residence found in forager groups, in which the newly married couple
resides with the husband's father, is known as:
A. "build your own house" residence
B. patrilocal residence
C. matrilocal residence
D. husbilocal residence
E. father-in-law residence
55. In some forager societies, patrilocal residence and cross-cousin marriage combine to create a system
called restricted marital exchange. In this system, two groups exchange women. The purpose of this
is to:
A. make sure that everyone in the group has a wife or husband
B. limit marriages to close friends and family members
C. foster group solidarity by encouraging kinship alliances
D. make sure that women do what the men want them to do
E. limit population growth and maintain the band well below the carrying capacity of the region
56. If you discovered a society in which males and females participated equally in political decisions,
where females were treated with the same respect as males, and where there was little evidence of
male domination or maltreatment of women, you would probably be in a/an culture.
A. amorphous
B. egalitarian
C. hierarchical
D. anarchical
E. patrilineal
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59. Christopher Boehm has hypothesized that the lack of political domination and power in band level
societies is due to what he calls "reverse dominance." Reverse dominance ensures that the whole
group will prevent a single individual from being politically dominant or exercising undue coercive
powers. Reverse dominance is practiced through criticism, ridicule, disobedience, and outright
abandonment or deposition of the dominating leader. This reverse political process:
A. causes bands to be unstable political units that often fission without warning
B. reinforces patterns of egalitarianism intrinsic to band level societies
C. makes it impossible for a band leader to make any changes that might benefit the group,
making band societies static and unchanging cultural entities
D. makes it extremely difficult for these bands to find anyone who will assume a leadership role,
and bands are often without leaders for years
61. The belief that spirits reside within all inorganic and organic materials is called:
A. superstition
B. animism
C. dream-wishing
D. irrational behavior
E. dualism
62. If the art forms found among foragers reflect the spiritual aspects of their culture, then:
A. the most common subjects of artistic expression are plants and animals
B. most of their art is abstract in nature
C. their art work never involves living creatures, only ghosts and spirit beings
D. their only artists are also the shamans for the group
64. Divorce:
A. does not occur in forager societies because couples are never formally married
B. is very difficult to accomplish in hunting-gathering societies
C. is easily accomplished in hunting-gathering societies
D. is not allowed in any forager society because it is too disruptive to family life
198
Essay Questions
65. What types of things can we learn from studying hunter-gatherer societies that might help us
understand and interpret life in industrial societies today?
66. How can the study of contemporary foragers provide us with an understanding of Paleolithic
lifestyles?
67. If you were a hunter-gatherer, where would you prefer to live and why?
68. What types of economic exchange would you expect to find in hunter-gatherer societies? Are the
individuals in foraging societies naturally altruistic, magnanimous, and generous, or are they no
nobler than other peoples?
69. Is private ownership of land a universal concept that applies to all societies across the world? How
much variation in "ownership" is found among forager groups?
70. Are hunter-gatherers (foragers) the "original affluent society" or "leisured society," or did they, and
do they, lead short, brutal, hard lives on the brink of starvation?
71. Are gender roles strongly related to the division of labor in forager societies, or does flexibility
exist?
72. Evaluate the hypothesis that suggests, in societies where female contributions to the food supply are
less critical or less valued than the male's contribution, female status is lower.
73. How are the elderly treated in foraging societies? Is there any variation, or are the old considered to
be useless entities that cannot hunt or gather? How are the elderly treated in the society you grew up
in?
74. Would you rather be involved in warfare as a member of a forager society or as a member of an
industrial nation? Why?
75. What do you perceive as some of the basic differences between your religious beliefs and those of
foragers outlined in the text? Are there any similarities, or are the beliefs too disparate?
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Answer Key with Page Numbers
200
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