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Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Journal of Popular Film and Television


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http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vjpf20

Bush's America and the Return of Cold War Science


Fiction: Alien Invasion in Invasion, Threshold, and
Surface
a
Steffen Hantke
a
Department of English , Sogang University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
Published online: 21 Sep 2010.

To cite this article: Steffen Hantke (2010) Bush's America and the Return of Cold War Science Fiction: Alien Invasion in
Invasion, Threshold, and Surface , Journal of Popular Film and Television, 38:3, 143-151, DOI: 10.1080/01956051.2010.482950

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01956051.2010.482950

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Bush’s America and the Return of Cold War Science Fiction:
Alien Invasion in
Invasion,
Threshold,
and
Surface
Downloaded by [Queensland University of Technology] at 13:36 13 October 2014

By
Steffen
Hantke

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Abstract: In 2005, three U.S. television networks launched science fiction


shows about alien invasion that commented critically on conditions in the
United States after 9/11. Although their close alignment with films from the
1950s limited the efficiency of their critique, their conservative context re-
situated them as moderately oppositional texts.

Keywords: 1950s, alien invasion, Bush years,


historical analogy, politics, &RS\ULJKW‹7D\ORU )UDQFLV*URXS//&
science fiction, television '2,


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