TRADE PROJECT

TITLE: CHALLENGES TO STAFF HOUSING; THE

CASE OF APARTMENT DESIGN APPROACHES
COURSE CODE: 2707
PRESENTED BY: DERICK KIVIASI K
ADM NO: 17673
INDEX NO: 6161042134
CENTER: THE SIGALAGALA NATIONAL
POLYTECHNIC
DEPARTMENT: BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE: DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUPERVISOR: MR. Tom Nyakundi
THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL
EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF COURSE REQUIREMENTS FOR
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
SERIES: NOVEMBER 2022

1
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that, this is my original work and to the best of my knowledge as a sole author. I

therefore accept any responsibility for any omissions and errors whatsoever, positive criticisms

are therefore welcomed.

Student: DERICK KISIA K

Sign .Date

Supervisor:

Sign .Date

2
DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my entire family especially my parents for their undying support to the

end of the project. My brothers and sisters too for their encouragement & support.

I also dedicate this project to my supportive project supervisor for the assistance and guidance

till the completion of the project. Also to all lectures involved and to the entire Institute of The

Sigalagala National Polytechnic community for the provision of resources and ample time till the

completion this project. Not forgetting my fellow classmates for their support too.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My utmost sincere gratitude goes to the almighty God for his utmost love and care throughout

the entire period. Also for the good health and enabling to learn and have knowledge to be able

to accomplish everything.

My dear parents also had a huge role in supporting me morally, spiritually and financially in

order for me to complete the proposed trade project in time and without any constraints.

Mr.Tom Nyakundi also had a very phenomenal effect in his guidance in our preparation for the

write up of the proposed trade project. His words of inspiration and direction will not go

unnoticed.

To my friends and colleagues and other protocols for their enormous mutual support in the

completion of the project. Their ideas advice and encouragement and their useful criticism made

my project even more success. May Almighty God Bless you abundantly.

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ABSTRACT

The Denmark residential apartment is to be constructed at The Sigalagala National polytechnic

in western region. It is aimed at offering accommodations and also being aesthetic to the

residents.

It also carters for people travelling for businesses or pleasure for it will provide various amenities

in addition to sleeping accommodation, entertainment, foods

Its location at The Sigalagala National polytechnic away from urban area is aimed at avoiding

noises from motor vehicles, industrial pollution and also creating beautiful scenery pleasing to

the eye as well as cool fresh air for the higher you go the cooler it becomes, therefore attracting

more people.

The main projects aim is to benefit the entire Kakamega county at whole by offering

employment creation to its residents hence improve their living standards, improve infrastructure

in the area and also educate the community on the importance of cooperation to build the nation

through social conferences.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................2
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................5
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................7
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED..........................................................................8
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................10
BACKGROUND INFORMATION..........................................................................................................10
GENERAL................................................................................................................................................10
PROBLEM STATEMENT........................................................................................................................11
PROJECT OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................12
INRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................12
History......................................................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER THREE:...............................................................................................................................20
METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................................20
a) Reconnaissance survey......................................................................................................................21
b) Chain surveying.................................................................................................................................23
PART II: SOIL MECHANICS..................................................................................................................26
SOIL INVESTIGATION........................................................................................................................26
PAVEMENT AND DRAINAGE DESIGN............................................................................................33
PART III: ARCHITECHTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWINGS...............................................................38
PART V: MEASUREMENTS, ESTIMATION AND COSTING.............................................................58
PART VI: SITE ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION..............................................................67
Site layout and planning............................................................................................................................67
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................70
DISCUSSIONS.........................................................................................................................................70
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS......................................................................................................70
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................70
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................71

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.8 Area of round bar reinforcement (mm²)

Number of bars

Diameter Mass 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mm Kg/m

6 0.222 28 57 85 113 142 170 198 226 255 283

8 0.395 50 101 151 201 252 302 352 402 453 502

10 0.617 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785

12 0.888 113 226 339 452 565 678 791 904 1017 1130

16 1.58 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1809 2010

20 2.47 314 628 942 1256 1570 1884 2198 2512 2826 3140

25 3.86 491 938 1474 1966 2457 2948 3439 3932 4423 4915

32 6.31 804 1608 2412 3216 4020 4824 5628 6432 7236 8040

40 9.87 1257 2513 3770 5027 6283 7540 8796 10053 11310 12566

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED
LL: liquid limit

LS: linear shrinkage

MC: moisture content

CBR: California Bearing Ratio

MDD: Maximum Dry Density

OMC: Optimum Moisture Content

PI: plasticity index

PL: plasticity limit

PM: plasticity modulus

ML: millimeter

WT: weight

%: percentage

NO.: number (order)

No.: number (units)

8
Dia: diameter

Hr: hour

ºc: degrees centigrade

STN: station

FS: foresight

RL: reduced level

9
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
GENERAL
An apartment is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building, generally

on a single story. A residential apartment is a place used for accommodating people and other

residents around that area. They are situated along main highways away from rural areas or

sometimes commercial establishments operated by a single company.

Due to unavailability of residential around the area there was a high need for its

establishment to cater for the rising number of staff at The Sigalagala National Polytechnic.

PRE-EXISTING RESIDENTIAL APARTMENT AROUND IVONA VILLAGE

 MILIMANI APARTMENT – Located ½ Km away to Museno

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1.1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In Accordance with Government’s policy regarding the restructuring of higher education in
Kenya. The Sigalagala National Polytechnic main campus is located in western region Currently
one of the greatest institute that offers selected academic tuition; student numbers are getting
high as well as staff. The institute is isolated from the surrounding neighborhood and fenced off
with a concrete security barrier.
Access to the institute can be obtained through four entrance, but one main entrance
that serves all that is opposite the school administration. Currently, with increasing student
numbers and most students prefer studying at the main campus of The Sigalagala National
Polytechnic, facilities are under-utilized. Buildings and facilities are, however, in excellent
condition and well maintained. On an urban level, the Institute functions as an isolated and
disjointed entity, alienated from the surrounding community with social and virtual boundaries
constraining both the Institute and surrounding environment growth.
The problem statement to be addressed in this study, therefore, consist of the following
interrelated design issues:
 The quality of the Institute and its integration with the residential environment.
 The residential environment surrounding The Sigalagala national polytechnic which
is a fast growing residential node with a growing informal dwelling population.
 The Institutes role in the regeneration of the staff environment.

1.1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. To promote fair housing opportunity for the staff.

2. To promote the understanding that the availability and affordability of workforce is an

important key to success.

3. The aim of this project is to evaluate the extent of aesthetics, an essential aspect of

architectural design and to ensure user satisfaction.

4. To identify basic elements of aesthetics in a resident

5. Working out a common base of aesthetic judgment since the issue of aesthetic is

variously based individually.

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INRODUCTION
An apartment is a self contained unit that occupies only a part of a building. That may be owned
by an occupier or rented. Accommodation is usually provided for three or more families. The
word apartment come from the French word “apartment” and the Italian word “appartimento”
both of which mean a separated place.

History of apartments (historical background)

Need of apartments (Why)

i. Scarcity of land

ii. Higher land value

iii. Inconvenience of services like water supply in individual level

iv. Inconvenience of construction work in individual level

v. Security and privacy

vi. Increase in population

vii. Migration to city

viii. Trend of parent child unit eliminating the extended family concept

ix. Characteristics

2.1.1 History
The “stay vesant” located at 142 East 18th street and designed by architect Richard Morris Hunt
is generally regarded as the first upscale apartment building in new York. It was built in 1869-
1870

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However, the origins of apartment living can be traced back to Roman times. Insulas were
introduced as a kind of apartment building in the ancient Roman empire because of urban
congestion. They could be upto six or seven storeys high, with shops underneath and living
spaces upstairs.

In the 18th century, more luxe version also appeared first in Paris and other large European
cities. They featured mansard roofs and gurret rooms . in New York, tenement living began in
the first half of the 19th century when the population of the city almost doubled hence the need to
accommodate the rapid growth.

Dating back to the middle ages tenements arrived in the 19th century to house the growing
workforce during the industrial revolution in Glasgow, Scotland. They had large rooms, high
ceilings and ornamental features. Apartments though took some time to take off in Australia and
were built for the wealthy. They featured elevators and a concierge.

 Loft apartments: - apartments generally built from former industrial buildings

 Studio apartment: - a small apartment that many times combines the living room,
bedroom and kitchen into a single room.

 High-rise apartment: - defined by height according to their various jurisdiction and has
combined e.g residential and office or hotel and retail. Offers multiple purposes. Become
possible with the invention of the elevator and less experience materials.

 Serviced apartments: - fully furnished apartment available for short-term or long term
stay and provision of hotel-like amenities.

 Penthouse apartment: - Apartment units on highest floors of apartment building usually

differentiated from others by luxury features.

 Low-rise apartment: - usually shorter structure, 35 meters or below divided into regular
floor levels

 Rail road apartment: - has a series of rooms connecting to each other in a line in a layout
similar to that of a typical passenger train car hence the name

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  Classic six: - a six room apartment complex that uses hotel-style booting system. It is
similar to renting but no fixed contracts and occupants can “check out” as they wish

 Basement apartment: - it is located below street level underneath another structure.

 Communal apartments: - apartment divided into common spaces and private rooms.
Residents were meant to share the kitchen, bathroom and corridors among themselves.

 Micro apartments: - one room self-contained living space

 Sky villa: - housing concept that brings together the design of villas and apartments
into a single construct.

In Kenya, the real estate boom began in the mid to late 2000 due to the increase in demand in the
property market.

It was also influenced by the increase of expatriate comminutes in the continent, a significant
number being as a result of Nairobi being a hub for multinational companies. The rebirth of
properties development was so high it attracted the goal attention and led the city to be voted as
one of the top ten cities to watch by a global real estate firm out of 150 cities globally

The residential, market has actually been one of the key drivers of the property market. There has
been a significant number of development projects coming up and its even extending to other
urban areas.

One of the areas where the residential properties are on the rise is Sigalagala institute land in the
environs are being upgraded to commercial or residential use due to what businesses attribute to
better returns. A stone throw away in the football field of Sigalagala institute area where the
proposed apartments will be built. The area is suitable because of accessibility to infrastructure
including roads reliable electricity, water supply, adequate security and space for expansion.

The area is also close to learning institutions, chain stores, hospitals and the strategic location
close to the town center of Kakamega.

This makes it an ideal place for the construction of the proposed residential apartments in
Sigalagala National polytechnic.

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SURVEYING

Construction surveying also known as building surveying is to take out reference points and
makers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings. Makers are
staked out according to a suitable co-ordinate system selected for the project.

Elements of the survey

- Surveying existing buildings and infrastructure

- Stake out corners refererences points and makers to guide construction of structure
- Verify location of structure
- Provide horizontal control
- Conduct As-Built survey to verify if authorized work was completed to set specification

RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYING

Involves intensive study of the entire area that will be used for building. the visit of the site was
done in March 2019 to eliminate the impractical sites and identify the more promising sites. We
achieved this through

i) Preparation for site reconnaissance

To achieve on effective plan and scheduling of survey activities in advance. The topography of
the site was established and the access roads. A schedule was then planned in order to have
sufficient time for the fieldwork. A checklist was also made beforehand in order to complete
necessary activities efficiently

ii) Checking necessary equipment

Depending on purpose, accuracy and site conditions, we checked all instruments and equipments
to ensure they are in good working condition and to help the team familiarize with how to use
them. This included map sheets, stationary equipment.

15
iii) Survey for outlining the project site

Involved visualizing the work to be done and establishing likely obstacles and how to deal
with them. Drawing rough sketches, looking at civil structure and developments that are pre-
existing and checking for existence of important ground features and vegetation.

MARKING AND FIXING OF STATIONS

Chain surveying was used because

The area to be surveyed was comparatively small

The ground was fairly level

The area was open with minimal obstacles

Details to be filled up were simple and less

The number of required stations was fixed at a place from where maximum possible stations
are possible. Methods used were fixing ranging poles,driving pegs,,marking crosses where
the ground was hard and digging and fixing a stone.

RUNNING OF SURVEY LINES

We selected a way of passing the main line which should be horizontal and clean as possible
to pass approximately through the centre of work. Then ranging rods were fixed on stations.
After fixing, chaining could be started. Ranging was made wherever necessary,change and
offsets were then measured and entered in the field book.

LEVELING AND CONTOURING.

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Vertical distance was measured relative to the horizontal line of sight. Contouring was then
developed from leveling to show lines on the map indicating points of the same levels in
reference to the temporary bench mark.

SETTING OUT WORKS

Horizontal and vertical controls are developed to create framework around which other
surveys can be adjusted. A precise position is established among a series of stations
distributed over the area to serve as origin or reference distributed to check subsequent
survey.

Principle of working from whole to part is applied in establishing control points. Base line is
the established by control points which setting out based to increase accuracy.

Horizontal controls

They coordinate horizontal positional data. The positions can be reference by parallels or
plane coordinate axes. They are used as framework hence must be precise and accurate. They
provide a network of monuments.

Advantages of horizontal controls survey

Lost monuments can be replaced accurately

Surveys can be co-ordinate more than station can provide a check to the work

Reduction in cost of project can be achieved.

Vertical controls

Vertical control survey determines elevation with respect to sea level. Can also be used as
benchmark upon which other surveys are based and high degrees of accuracy is required. It
involves at least two armament benchmarks but more be required with respect to the
complexity of the project. It is mostly done in conjunction with a horizontal control survey.

Positioning of structure

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Accurate setting out is a fundamental part of construction work. It is undertaken once the site
has been subject to condition survey and desk study and has been cleared of any debris or
obstruction. Levels are also completed before the layout process begins.

Factors to be considered

Controlling dimensions and references on the plan

Overall length and width

Distances to road centre lines

Distance to other structures

Internal structural measurements approaches and right-of-way

Marking builders corners

Marking horizontal and vertical positions

What to use during marking

Stakes

Butter boards with string lines

Drill holes

Cut and fill relations

For a simple layout, outline of building is marked by cord fixed to corner posts. A theodolite
or builders square is then used to turn off may be required to establish a straight line between
corner posts. Corner posts are usually 50 x 50mm timber posts driven firmly into the ground,
with a nail in the posts center. Outline may be marked on the ground with dry lime. Timber
profile boards can be used at the corners. They are typically between 0.6 – 1m in height and
comprise two 50 x 50mm poles driven at least 600mm into the ground a 150 x 38mm cross
board.

Trenches

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 Layout of trenches establishes excavation size, shape and direction as well as width and
position of the walls. The trenches are excavated once the building outline has been set out.
The width is marked with dry lime powder for accurate exaction by machine.

Outline profile boards are to control trench positioning, width and depth. Profile boards are
set 2m clear of trench positions in order to avoid obstruction during excavation work. Level
of profile crossroad should be related to the site datum and fixed at convenience height above
ground level often with cords strung between two profiles at either end of the trench.

Pegs are driven into the bottom of trench to mark the top of the concrete strip that is
subsequently poured. The corners of walls are transferred from intersecting cord lines to
mortar spots on the concrete foundations using a spirit level per accuracy. If working with
reduced level excavation profile board with fixed height will be used to control excavated
levels between profile boards.

CHAPTER THREE:

METHODOLOGY
PART I: SURVEY

19
I adopted Grid method as the method of taking survey points and also during coming up of

contours. This is because it is easy and the most comprehensive considering availability of

survey equipment which had to be shared in groups.

Survey had to be carried out in order to;

 Conduct the necessary field survey work to determine the best alignment.

 Carry out engineering survey on the chosen alignment in order to obtain data for the

design of horizontal and vertical alignment.

 Determine whether the ground area was even and if not, find out the extend of cut or fill

needed.

Survey procedures carried out were;

a) Reconnaissance survey

b) Chain survey

c) Levelling

d) Contouring

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 a) Reconnaissance survey
This activity was carried out by Mr. Derick Kisia

The activities carried out include;

i. Site selection

ii. Marking of obstacles

iii. Noting of obstacles

iv. Pre-existing features’ identification

v. Running the survey lines

vi. Taking notes

i. Site selection

Based on the clients’ requirements, the proposed residential apartment is to be constructed at the

flat area of the schools football pitch. The proposed space where the structure is to be built is

a80m by 80m land.

ii. Marking of obstacles

Having being grouped into different groups, my group and I went to the field and marked out

obstacles that could possibly hinder construction process.

iii. Noting of obstacles

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Identified obstacles are noted down for easy re-identification during the process of surveying and

also to be able to find alternative methods and lines of site without obstruction.

iv. Pre-existing features

Feature such as heaps of soil will be moved away. Also trees will need to be cut down in order to

allow for the construction to continue smoothly.

v. Running survey lines

The survey lines started from the east. Our baseline was on the eastern end and run across

northwards. The survey lines run through 36points in total. The grid was made up of grids

measuring 20 m by 20 m on a 80m by 80m piece of land.

vi. Taking notes

All my team members each had to take notes on the procedures. The materials needed were;

 Field book

 Pencil

 Tape

 Hammers

 Ranging rods

 Dumpy level

 Cross staff

Problems encountered

Misunderstanding among colleagues due to some of them being unfamiliar with the

surveying method used.

Early tiresomeness among colleagues hence lack of concentration.

Unfavorable weather condition, hot sun all day long.

22
 Inexperienced reading of the dumpy level among members hence took a lot of time.

Omission and errors caused by inaccurate recording of the observed data.

b)Chain surveying
Linear measurements were taken by using a tape measure. A skeleton framework was made

consisting of number of lines forming regular shaped squares on the proposed site. The intervals

between lines were 20m and the whole site was a 100m square. Materials used include;

 Tape measure

 Pangas

 Hammers and mallets

 Ranging rods

 Pegs

c) Levelling

The grids were established on the day of chaining. This was a 20m by 20m grid. They were

marked using wooden pegs. During levelling the dumpy level was used to take readings on the

levelling staff taking readings of each point on the grid. An assumed datum of 1200.00m was

used to calculate the reduced levels of all 20 points surveyed

The reduced levels were as follows;

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 SURVEY FIELD BOOK-LEVELLING

STATION BS IS FS HI RL

A1 0.3980 1200.398 1200 TBM

A2 0.870 1199.528

A3 0.860 1199.538

A4 0.609 1199.789

A5 1.245 1199.153

A6 1.719 1.570 1200.547 1198.828 CP1

B1 1.275 1199.272

B2 1.765 2.085 1200.227 1198.462 CP2

B3 1.448 1198.779

B4 1.350 1198.877

B5 1.210 1199.017

B6 1.109 1199.118

C1 1.115 1199.112

C2 1.700 0.490 1201.437 1199.737 CP3

C3 1.482 1199.955

C4 1.622 1199.965

C5 0.225 0.146 1201.516 1199.291 CP4

C6 2.172 1199.344

D1 1.510 1.510 1200.006 CP5

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 D2 2.281 1199.235

D3 2.342 1199.174

D4 2.407 1199.109

D5 2.418 1199.098

D6 2.472 1199.044

E1 2.506 1199.010

E2 2.480 1199.036

E3 2.461 1199.055

E4 2.902 1198.614

E5 3.413 1198.103

E6 3.210 1198.306

F1 3.118 1198.398

F2 3.222 1198.294

F3 3.341 1198.175

F4 2.476 1199.040

F5 2.554 1198.962

F6 1.670 1199.846

d)Contouring
After reducing the levels of each of the grid points which is at the intersections, the levels were

then put into excel format in a systematic manner to help with coming up with the contours using

AutoCAD which is a computer software used in most civil engineering projects. I being

25
competent and well conversant with AutoCAD operation I came up with the contour lines

without any difficulty. I therefore presented my output in a contour map below.

PART II: SOIL MECHANICS

SOIL INVESTIGATION
This is aimed at determining the characteristics of the soil at the proposed site in order to carry

out soil tests.

Samples are taken from various parts of the site in order to get the correct data to be used in

design which is carried out in the geotechnology laboratory.

Soil sampling was done from different trial pits. These tools were required:

 Two spades

 Tamping rod

 Moisture bags

The following soil tests were conducted:

a) Sieve analysis(grading)

b) Plasticity Index

c) Moisture content test(proctor)

d) Bearing capacity test(CBR)

PURPOSE OF SOIL TESTS

 To provide with the necessary data in order to come up with a structurally safe and

economical structure

 To come up with the best construction methods

 To be able to predict any possibilities of challenges and how to deal with them

 To be able to classify soil according to their appearance and physical characteristics

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 a) Sieve analysis(grading)
Purpose: to determine the grain size distribution in soils.

Apparatus

 Riffle box

 Weighing balance

 Assorted sieve sizes

 Pan

Procedure

I. The sample is passed through the riffle box to obtain the required quantity.

II. Weigh the sample to be sieved.

III. The sample is soaked in a solution containing 2g of Sodium Hexameta Phosphate for

24hours. It is then washed and left to dry.

IV. The sieves are then assembled in a descending order.

V. The dry sample is placed on the topmost sieve followed by shaking of the sieves.

VI. The weights of the retained sample through each sieve size are taken.

VII. A graph of percentage retained against sieve size is plotted and then checked against

specification given.

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 b)Plasticity index
The purpose of this test is to determine the plasticity of fine soil.

Apparatus

 Casagrande

 Groove

 Wash bottle

 Glass plate

 Weigh balance

 Palette knives

 Pestle and mortar

 Trough

 Receiver

 Sieve-425μm

28
Procedure

 Sample is crushed using pestle and mortar then passed through the sieve.

 Water is added to the sample that passed through the sieve and mixed thoroughly using

the palette knives on the glass plate to form a uniform paste.

 A portion of the collected material is placed in the casagrande which is then grooved

leaving a gap at the center.

 The sample in the casagrande is then hit with specified number of blows i.e. 50,40,30,20

and 10 till the grooved portions meet.

 A portion of the wet sample for each number of blows is taken for moisture content

determination.

 For shrinkage limit, the sample is hit through 25blows then placed in a 140mm long

trough and air dried for 24hours. The length of the dried sample is measured for the

shrinkage limit determination.

 For plastic limit, the sample of the 50 th blow is used after drying to make rolls that are

used in moisture content determination.

 The higher the number of blows, the lesser the amount of moisture thus, soil is added

to the wet sample on the glass plate with thorough mixing following.

 A graph of moisture content against the number of blows is then plotted to determine the

liquid limit.

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 c) Moisture content tests(proctor)
Purpose: to determine optimum moisture content maximum dry density of the soil.

Apparatus

 Sieve 20

 Mould, base plate and collar.

 Measuring cylinder

 Rammer ( 2.5kg for field)

 Weighing balance

 Straight edge chisel

 Mixing plate

Procedure

 2500g of the sample passed through sieve 20 is weighed.

 Using the measuring cylinder, the lowest amount of water is added to the soil sample then

mixed to achieve a homogeneous product.

 The 2.5rammer is used with the sample placed in 3 layers with 27blows at each layer.

 The collar is then removed from the mould and excess material trimmed using the

straight edge.

30
  The sample is then weighed plus the mould and base plate.

 A portion of the compacted sample is taken for moisture content determination.

 The above processes are repeated with different amount of water till the optimum

moisture content is achieved.

d)Bearing capacity tests(CBR)

The purpose of the test is to determine the strength and stability of the soil material for pavement

construction. It involves penetration of a molded soil sample with a cylindrical plunger at a

constant 1mm/min. The force corresponding to penetration of 2.5mm and 5.0mm are used to

determine the strength and stability of the soil. MDD and OMC that were obtained in proctor test

are used to calculate mass of the wet soil and mass of the dry soil and water content required.

Mass of wet soil= 0.95x 23.0 x MDD x (OMC + 100)

1000

Dry soil = (wet soil + 500) (PMC +100)

100

Amount of water= (PMC-OMC) X Dry soil)

100

31
Apparatus

 Mixing plate

 Mould, base plate and collar

 Weighing balance

 Measuring cylinder

 Spacer disc

 2.5kg Rammer

 Swell disc

Procedure

 Using the obtained proctor results, weigh the dry sample and measure the amount of

water then mix to obtain a wet material.

 Take a portion of the wet material for moisture content determination.

 From the proctor result calculations, weigh the required wet material to be mould.

 -For dynamic method, three moulds are used placing the material in three layers

compacting each layer with 62 blows for the first mould, 25blows for the second and 10

blows for the last mould.

-in static method, the wet material is placed in CBR mould then using a jack, the material

is compressed in the mould.

 Placing a swell disc on top of the mould, the initial swell readings are taken.

 Place the mould in water for 4 days in case of neat material.

 After soaking, the final swell readings are taken.

32
  The mould is left to drain then placed on CBR penetration machine penetrating the top

and bottom. The penetration readings are taken at intervals of 0.25 up to 5.00.

To obtain the strength, the values at 2.50mm and 5.00mm are multiplied by the ring factor for

both the top and bottom then averaged.

Compaction factor= *100

PAVEMENT AND DRAINAGE DESIGN

PAVEMENT DESIGN

Design factors

 Climatic factors

 Traffic

 Drainage

 CBR tests

Materials

The results obtained testing soil from the proposed site gave a CBR value ranging from 7-13.

The table below shows the soil classification and the soil of the proposed site fall under S³ with a

medium of 10.

Subgrade bearing classes

33
Soil Class CBR Change Medium
S₁ 2-5 3.7
S₂ 5-10 7.5
S₃ 7-13 10.0
S₄ 10-18 14.0
S₅ 15-30 22.5
S₆ >30

According to the road design manual part III, the subgrade needs to be improved. The grade will

be improved by material of a subgrade class S₄ in order to increase the bearing capacity.

Selecting possible Type of Pavement

The road will give the standard pavement structure type 1 as defined by the Road Design Manual

Part III.

The layer consists of the following:

i. Surfacing -Double surfacing

ii. Base -Crushed stones

iii. Sub-base -Natural material

(From Road Design Manual Part III)

Subgrade

The soil will have a 300mm thick improved.

34
Materials requirements

1. Sub-base

Sub-base is 200mm thick natural gravel.

Materials requirements

Materials shall have a CBR at 95% MDD (Modified AASHTO) CBR of 30% after four days of

dry soak.

From chart SB₁ of the road design manual , part III, the following are the recommendations and

the natural gravel.

 Maximum size to be 2/3 layer thickness or 80mm whichever is lesser

 Uniformity coefficient maximum 5

 Plasticity index maximum 15

 Plasticity modulus maximum 250

Construction procedures

 Thickness of compaction in one layer shall not be less than 100mm or greater than

300mm

 Laying by grader

35
Compaction

 95% MDD (Modified AASHTO)

 Maximum thickness compacted in one layer 200mm

 Compaction moisture content, between 80% and lost 105% (modified AASHTO)

2. Base materials

The base shall be 150mm thick a crushed stones with CBR of at least 80% at 95% MDD

(Modified AASHTO) and after 4 days soak.

Materials requirements

 Los Angeles Abrasion maximum 50

 Aggregates Crushing Value maximum 35

 Plasticity Index maximum 15

 Plasticity modulus maximum 250

Construction Procedures

Minimum thickness of compacted layer shall be 125mm laying by grader.

Compaction

 Minimum dry, normally 95% MDD (Modified AASHTO)

 Higher relative compaction may be adequately specified.

 Compaction moisture content; between 80% and 105% OMC (Modified AASHTO)

 Maximum thickness compacted in one layer 200mm

36
DRAINAGE WORK

The main aim of the drainage pattern in the proposed site is to ensure that the rain water and

surface water is removed from the site so that it cannot bring about flooding in the pavements

and the compound in general and the rain water collected during the rains is channeled to storage

tanks with the help of gutters.

Design of an economical channel

The principle used was the wetted perimeter: maximum discharge depends on the wetted

perimeter, given the coefficient of roughness and slope.

Manning’ Roughness Coefficient \

Channel material Roughness coefficient

Metals 0.010-0.024
Glass 0.009-0.013
Concrete 0.011-0.017
Wood 0.012-0,016
Clay 0.013-0.016
Grave 0.020-0.033
Drainage area Impermeability
Concrete/ Bitumen surface 0.8-0.9
Gravel/ Macadam surface 0.4-0.7
Base/ Impervious soil 0.4-0.7
Impervious soil with turf 0.3-0.6
Slightly pervious soil with turf 0.2-0.4
Pervious soil 0.1-0.3
Wooden area 0.1-0.3

37
Rainfall intensity obtained from the meteorological department of Kenya is 120mm per hour

PART III: ARCHITECHTURAL DESIGN AND

DRAWINGS

38
 1. Loadings And Analysis

Loads

Load Case load Load type Member Value(kN/m²) Load factor

Dead Self-Weight Wholes structure 1.35

Dead Finishes Uniform Whole structure 2.0 1.35

Dead Retained soil Trapezoidal Basement level 1.5-235.8 1.35

planar

Live Car parking Uniform Ground floor, 2.5 1.35

39
 THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

PROJECT: CHALLENGES TO STAFF-HOUSING ; THE CASE OF APARTMENT DESIGN

APPROACHES.
SUBJECT: STRUCTURAL DESIGN DATE: NOVEMBER

ELEMENT: COLUMN 2022

BY:KIVIASI DERICK K SHEET NO.

REF CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

DESIGN OF COLUMNS

400mm

400mm

Procedures

i. Check if the column is long or short

ii. Determine the area of main reinforcements

iii. Determine suitable links

Note

i. Characteristic strength of concrete

Fcu=40N/mm²

40
 ii. Characteristic strength of steel reinforcement

Fy=460N/mm²

 End column of the top of the column for x-x axis = 1

 End condition at the top of the column for y-y axis = 2

 End condition at the bottom of the column for the x-x axis = 3

 End condition at the bottom of the column y-y axis =3

The column is braced

Clause
Le and 6 < if the column is short
3.8:1.3

Table 3.13 x-x direction ; - End condition at the top = 1

-End condition at the bottom = 3

Lex= 6.9 x 3000 = 2700mm

Le = = 6.8

Hence the column is

6.8 < 15 short

y-y direction : End condition at the top = 2

41
 End condition at the bottom = 3

β= 0.95

Ley = (0.95 x 3000) = 2850 mm

= = 7.1

= 7.1 < 15
Clause

3.8.4.3

N = 0.4fcu. Ac + 0.8 Acfy

N = LxWxDXH

O.4x40 (400x400 – Asc) + 0.8x460Asc

16(160000-Asc) + 368Asc

2560000 –16Asc + 368Asc

Provide 6 Y40 at
352Asc = 2560000
Clause 7540mm²
Asc = 7272.1mm²
3.12:7.1

6 Y40 at 7540mm²

Spacing of links should be ≤ (12x shortest diameter)

42
= (12x40) = 480mm

43
 THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

PROJECT: CHALLENGES TO STAFF-HOUSING;THE CASE OF APARTMENT DESIGN

APPROACHES
SUBJECT: STRUCURAL DESIGN DATE: NOVEMBER

ELEMENT: BEAMS 2022

BY: KIVIASI DERICK K SHEET NO.

REF CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

DESIGN OF BEAMS

Consider the main beams.

400mm

400mm

Characteristic load due to self-weight of the slab

0.2x50x24= 240kN/m

Characteristic load due to self-weight of the rib

0.4x0.4x24= 3.84kN/m

Characteristic load due to dead load

12x50= 60 kN/m

44
 Characteristic load due to finishes

1.0x5.0= 5.0kN/m

Characteristic load due to imposed loads

5.0x5.0= 25kN/m

Table 2.1 Ultimate design load due to imposed loads

1.4gk+1.6qk

Dead load = 5.0+60.0+3.84+24.0 = 92.84 kN/m

Imposed load = 22kN/m

(1.4x92.84) + (1.6x25) = 169.76

169.76x5.0 = 848.8 kN/m

Clause Imposed load should be less than dead load.

3.4:3 Dead load > Imposed load

gk>qk

Near middle of the end span, ultimate bending moments.

= 0.09fl

= (0.09x8.48x4.4) = 336.1248

1st support (interior) ultimate bending moments

= 0.11fl

= (0.11x25x5) = 13.75 kN/m

At outer support ultimate shear force

= 0.45fl

= (0.45x848.8) = 381.96 KN

45
 1st support ultimate shear force (interior)

= 0.6fl

= (0.6x848.8) = 509.28 KN

Clause 3.3 Assume 20mm diameter bars.

Clause Bars size = 20mm

3.3:1:2 Normal maximum size aggregates = 20mm

Clause 3.3 Exposure conditions severe cover = 40mm

Assume minimum cover to main steel = 40mm

Effective depth

Clause d = (600-40-20) 540mm

3.11:3 Assume 25mm diameter bar for main steel bar size = 25mm

 Exposure condition severe = 40mm

 Fire resistance ≥ 11 ≥ 20mm

Assume nominal cover to steel 40mm

Assume 8mm diameter bars for links.

d = ((200+400)-40-8-13) = 539mm

Clause

3.3:6 minimum bar dimensions for links given cover beam width ≥ 200mm

46
Clause

3.4:4 Bending

Clause

3.4:4.4
K=

K= = 1.533x

K’ > K

0.156 >1.533x

[
Z = d 0.5+ ]

= d(1.207)

Z = 1.207d ≥ 0.95d
Provide 10Y 25

Clause As = M = 384

3.12:11.1

47
Clause
= = 4511.53mm²
3.12:11.2

= 4511.53mm²

10Y25 at 4915mm

Minimum spacing of reinforcement should be ≥ 25mm

It is adequate

Clause

3.4.4

Maximum spacing of reinforcement

There is no redistribution and fy = 460 KN/mm

The actual spacing between the bars ≤ 155mm

Actual spacing = = 140mm

140 < 155mm

Bending

K= =[ ]

48
 K = 0.08

K’ > K

= d(0.999)

Z = 485.85mm

X=[ = 0.5d

0.5 x 539 = 269.5mm

Assume 16mm diameter bars for area of steel (As)

d’ = 25+8+8 = 41mm

( )= = 0.15
Provide 5Y20

Clause
0.13 < 0.37 bottom reinforcement
3.12:10.2

As =

= = 1623.3mm

A minimum 50% of the man bottom steel is curtailed of distance 0.08l

from the end supports

49
 As = ( )
Clause

3.4.5 As = 1623.3mm²

Clause
= ( ) = 0.75
3.4:5.2

Table 3.8
For shear at the internal support use 100% of the area.

Shear at outer supports.

OK
Shear stress.

V= =( ) = 1.86 N/m
Table 3.7

Maximum shear stress = = 5.01N/mm²

V = < maximum permitted value

Effective depth d>400

d = 539

d > 400

Clause

50
3.4.6
100 = 10.0
Table 3.9

Vc = (0.63x1.17) = 0.7371 N/mm

0.5Vc = 0,36 N/mm (Vc+0.4)

= (0.7371+0.4) = 1.13 N/mm

Table 3.10

(Vc + 0.4) < w < 0.8 or 5 N/mm²

Deflection

Table 3.9

= 0.08

0.3 0.008

= k.fcu = 0.08 40 = 3.2

Clause

51
3.12:5.3
Service stress = fs = Area required
Table 3.25

Area provided in the table

=[ ]= 266.67N/mm²

Use conservative estimate of modification factor of; 10.06, since no

compression, reinforcement is required, this does not apply.

( values in table 3.9) x ( values in the table 3.16)

Clause

3.12:5.3 ( 20.8 1.06) = 22

= = 7.79

Clause

3.12:10

Minimum percentage reinforcement

Flanged beam with webs in tension and fy = 460 N/mm

= = 0.08

52
 0.08 < 0.4

= = 0.68

Minimum As required =

= = 1632mm²

Provided in the table will be greater.

Traverse reinforcement

Area required =

= = 600mm

This is already provided in the slab steel

Curtailed

At interior supports

53
 Top reinforcements

100% of steel extends ≥ 0.15Lbar

O.15L = 0.15 4200 = 630mm

600mm ≤ 45 bar diameter

= ( 45x20) = 900mm

Curtail bars at 900mm from the face of the support

60% steel extend ≥ 0.25L

= (0.25 4200) = 1050mm

Curtail 1 bar at 1050mm from the face of the support

Bottom reinforcement

70% ifmidspan reinforcement extends to steel within 0.15L of the

centerline of the support.

0.15x4200 = 630mm

At the end support (assuming single support) bottom reinforcement

50% of the midspan reinforcement

Extends to the width 0.08L of the centerline to the support.

0.08x4200 = 336m

54
 THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

PROJECT: CHALLENGES TO STAFF-HOUSING:THE CASE OF APARTMENT DESIGN

APPROACHES

SUBJECT: STRUCURAL DESIGN DATE:APRIL 2020

ELEMENT:SLAB SHEET NO.

BY: KIVIASI DERICK K

REF CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

DESIGN FOR SLAB

Design loading\

Characteristic load due to self-weight of the slab

(0.45x524) = 235.8 kN

Characteristic loading due to dead oad

(12x5x10) = 60 kN

Characteristic load due to finishes

(1.0x5x1.0) = 5 Kn

Characteristic load due to imposed load

(5x5) = 25 kN

table 2.1 Ultimate design loading

55
 =(1.4gk) + (1.6Qk)

=(1.4x113) + (1.6x25)

=158.2 + 40 = 198.2 kN

Table 3.12 Use this table to determine bending moment and shear force near middle

of end span.

Ultimate bending momet is equal to = 0.086ft

= 0.086x198.2x5 = 85.226 Kn/m

In outer support ultimate shear force = 0.4f

= 0.4x198.2 = 79.28 kN

At 1st interior support, ultimate shear force = 0.6f

= 0.6x198.2 = 118.92 kN

Clause Cover

3.3.7 Assume 20mm diameter bar

Clause Bar size 20mm

3.3.12
Exposure condition severe 40mm
Table 3.3

Table 3.4
Minimum fire resistance 1h > 20mm

56
 Assume minimum cover to main steel = 40mm

Clause

3.3.6 Minimum dimensions for 1m cover. Thickness is adequate

Floor thickness ≥ 95

300 > 95

Effective depth

d = (200-400-10) = 150mm

Bending moment and shear force evaluated using the co-efficient from

the table 3.12

For an end span with simply supported area.

Clause

3.4.4 Bending

b = Area of consideration

K=

K = 0.009

K’≤ K

57
 0.009 < 0.156

Z = d(0.5+ )

= 150( 0.5+ ) = 111mm

Clause Providing Y16 at

3.12;11.1 spacing of 150mm c/c

Clause As =

3.12:11.2

As = = 900mm
Clause

3.12:10.3
Minimum spacing is not critical in slab.

Maximum spacing of reinforcement.

3d > n

450 > 250

Percentage reinforcement
Clause

58
3.8:5.2
= = 0.6%

50% of the main steel is curtailed a distance of 0.5L from the support.

=( 904) = 452mm

= = = 0.3

Shear stress

Table 3.8
=

V = 95.12

Clause
= = 0.0006 N
3.4:6.3

Maximum shear is < 0.8

Table 3.10

= 0.8 = 5.06

U < Maximum permitted value.

Vc = ( 0.38 1.17) = 0.44N/mm

59
 N/B – This allows for the use of class 40 concrete.

V <Vc

Deflection

= ratio 26.0 estimate for end span.

Minimum
= Kfy
reinforcement satisfied

= (0.009 460) = 4.14 N/mm²

Surface stress = fs = ( )

Clause

3.12:10.3
= ( ) = 307.5 N/mm²

= = 20

20 < 32

60
Minimum percentage tension reinforcement.

Minimum As required =( )

=( ) = 260mm²

(260 < 494)

Bottom reinforcement

60% of midspan reinforcement extend to within 0.2L

0.2x5000 = 1000mm

Curtail bars at 100mm from the centerline of the support at the end of

the support (assuming simple support)

= -0.15 = (0.15x5000) = 7500mm or

= 45 Y12) = 540mm

61
 PART V: MEASUREMENTS, ESTIMATION AND
COSTING

FINAL TRADE PROJECT

DATE: MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES TO STAFF
HOUSING;THE CASE OF
APARTMENT DESIGN
APPROACH
MEASURED BY: KIVIASI DERICK K PAPER NO: THE SIGALAGALA
NATIONAL
POLYTECHNIC
T D S DESCRIPTION

TAKING OFF SUBSTRUCTURE

Checklist
i. Excavation of the top soil.
ii. Disposal of excavated soil
iii. Underground floor excavation
iv. Setting of the column base
v. Planking and strutting
vi. Dewatering
vii. Surface treatment
viii. Formwork
ix. Compaction of the base
x. Concrete foundation
xi. Hardcore
xii. Floor finish
xiii. Retaining wall
xiv. Slab
xv. Concrete in column base
xvi. D.P.C

SITE CLEARANCE

L= 65.4
W=50.0

62
 Add w.s

L=65.4
3.0
68.4

W=50.0
3.0
53.0

Remove all the top soil

68.4
53.0
ꝸ

Dispose from site average distance of 30m

UNDERGROUND FLOOR EXCAVATION

68.4
53.0 Depth -4m
4.0 . Length -68.4
Width -53.0

Excavation of the top soil up to 3m depth starting from the strip level

Extra-cover excavation up to 4m depth

Remove all the excavated soil from the site average distance
Of 100m from the site.

63
 SETTING OF THE COLUMN BASE

1200
1200 L= 1200
200 . W= 1200
D= 200

Excavation of column base commence from basement level and not

exceed 4.5m.

Ditto
For blinding core, column base does not need form work.

REINFORCEMENT FOR THE COLUMN BASE

64
 200

Provide 5Y20 for the column base

Main bars 5Y20 at 110mm

Length = 1200
Width = 1200

Less 2/25
2
1.150 L = 1150
1.150 W = 1150

Use 20 high yield bars at 110mm

c/c with tying wires and space blocks

FORMWORK FOR THE COLUMN

65
32
0.4
0.4
3.5

32
L = 400
1.20
W = 400
1.20
h = 3500
0.20
Provide soft sawn timber for formwork nailed well.

32
CONCRETE FOR COLUMN BASE
0.4
0.4
3.5
L = 1200
W = 1200
D = 200

Provide a mix in concrete in ratio 1:2:4 well mixed and compacted.

66
 COCRETE FOR THECOLUMN
68.4
53.0
L = 400
W = 400
H = 3500

Provide concrete in 1:2:4 and well compacted.

COMPACTION OF THE BASE

Compact the base of the basement to ensure it gains maximum

strength with a roller.

65.4
50.0
0.20 .

65.4
50.0
0.20 . FOUNDATION SLAB

1. Hardcore

65.4 Provide hardcore well laid amd compacted to detail

50.0
0.20 .

67
 2. Lime

65.4 Provide lime well compacted to attain strength 655(32/200 from

50.0 column
0.20 .

3. D.P.C
65.4
50.0 Provide D..P.C for all the slab
0.15 .

65.4
50.0 4. WIREMESH
0.05 .
Provide wiremesh for the base of the concrete 655(32/200)

2
65.4 5. CONCRETE
50.0
0.20 Provide concrete well compacted to attain maximum strength,
concrete mix in ratio 1:2:4

6. BITUMEN

Item Provide bitumen for the slab well compacted less for the column

(32/200)

FORMWORK FOR THE SLAB

Item
L = 2/65400
Item W = 2/50000
Depth = 200

Provide soft sawn timber for formwork of the ground floor slab

PLANKING AND STRUTTING

68
 Planking and strutting

t-support

Allow for planking and strutting to the side of the walls to act as a
retaining wall to prevent the collapse of the side

Allow for the removal of water

Allow for surface treatment before laying of the hardcore

FINAL TRADE PROJECT

DATE: BUILD UP OF RATES CHALLENGES TO STAFF-
HOUSING THE CASE
APARTMENT DESIGN
APPROACHES
ESTIMATOR: KIVIASI DERICK K PAPER NO: THE SIGALAGALA
NATIONAL
POLYTECHNIC
ITEM KSHS CENTS

COST OF TIPPING LORRY

- Volume of the dumper 5m³
- Tipping distance 400m
- Hiring cost 500/hr
- Bulking factor 25%
- Fuel consumption 3/l at 102/litre
- Skilled labour 100/hr

Assume it takes 40 minutes to dip efficiency of the lorry 100% works for 8hrs a day

Hiring cost

500x8 = 4000
4000 00
Fuel

3l per hour = (3x8x102) = 2448

69
 2448 00

Skilled labour

100/hr = 100x8 = 800

800 00

Total volume

(65.4x53.0x3.5) = 12131.7m³

Add bulking factor ( 12131.7) = 15164.625

If it takes 40 min to dip 30m³

1hr = 45m³
8hr =?

360m³ per day

1 day = 360m³
= 15163.625m³

42 days to dip all the excavated soil

1 day = 7,248
42 days = ?

= 304,416 304,416 00

Hence the unit rate for hardcore /m³

= 268

EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION TRENCH IN ROCK

70
Assume
1. A rock is broken by labor using a mechanical drill power by compressor and
it can break 1m³ at 1000/hour
2. It takes operators (2) and 2 laborers 1 hr to break and get out 1m³ of rock
3. Operators all-in rates filled as Kshs 50 per hour
4. Laborers all-in rates is Kshs 30 per hour

Price build up
a. Plant

In 1hr 1m³ of rock is broken

Cost 1m³ = 1000 1 = 1000
1000 00

b. Labor

Cost 1m = 2(50+30) = 160 160 00

290 00
Add 1160 = 290

c/f1450 00

Add
81 75
Cost of 1m³ of normal soil as previously established.
1368 25
Hence, the unit rate of extra over foundation trench excavation for excavating in rock
at Kshs 1368.25

VIBRATED REINFORCED CONCRETE 1:2:4 IN FOUNDATION

Assumption

1. Concrete is mixed on site using 10/7 mixer

2. Concrete is transported in wheelbarrows
3. Prices:
a) mixer hire is 800 per hour
b) cement kshs is 750/50 Kg bag

71
 c) vibrator hire Kshs 250 per hour
d) sand kshs 1600 per m³
e) ballast kshs 1000 per m³
f) labourkshs 50 per hour for unskilled labour

Price build up (m³)

1. Materials
a) Cement
i. Density of cement is 1442kg/m³
ii. Loading 1m³ of cement per hour

Cost of cement per m³ =

21630 00

= 50 00

Cost of loading 1m³ of cement = ksh 50

3200 00
b) Sand

Cost of 2m³ of sand = 2

c) Ballast 4000 00

Cost of 1m³ of ballast = 1000

Cost 4m³ of ballast = 28880 00

11552 . 00
40432 00
Cost of 7m³ of mortar =
2021 . 60
42453 60
Allow 40% consolidation =

Allow 5% for wastes =

2. Plant

72
 Cost of mixer per m³ 333 33

1hr = 2.4m³ = 800

= 1m³=?

104 . 20
437 53

Cost of vibrator hire per m³

1hr = 2.4m³ = 250
1 m³ =?

3. Labour

Assume that - charger = 2

- wheelers = 6
- spreaders = 2 208 . 33
10 645 86

Cost per hour = 10x50 = 500

161 . 47
807 33

Cost per m³ =

Add 25% for plo chargers

Hence the unit rate V.R.C(1:2:4) in the stripped foundation is kshs 807.33 per m³

HARDCORE

Buildup of rates for 200mm thick hardcore to make up level for m₂

Assumptions
- Cost of hardcore kshs 4000/m³ delivered
- Loss of bulk for compaction 25%

73
 8hrs for unskilled labour to place, spread and compact 72m³ in 1 layer kshs
50/hour 800 00
- 25% for profits and overhead charges
- 5% for waste

Item A
Materials 200 . 00
1000 00

Cost 1m³ =
50 . 00
1050 00
Allow 25% for compaction

9450 00

Allow 5% waste =

The cost of 1m³ of material is kshs 1050

1m³ = 1050
9m³ = ?

1hr = kshs 9450

6 25

Item B

Labour 1. 88
9458 13
9m³ per hour

72m³ = kshs 50
9m³ = ?

Add 25% for compaction and 5% waste

74
PART VI: SITE ORGANISATION AND
ADMINISTRATION
Introduction

 The site organization and administration is per the project direction and guidelines

 Site work plan and material storage, the site space has to be able to accommodate office,

material storage, working areas and general circulation areas.

75
Site layout and planning
The site should be planned in such a way that it is able to accommodate all temporary facilities

and utilities that will ensure;

 Increase in productivity

 Safety

 Save space in areas needed for temporary construction

 Maximizing utilization

The following key areas should be considered in layout;

1. SAFETY

 Fire prevention; fire extinguishers should be installed on the site immediately as

construction commences.

 Medical services; first aid kit is very important and should be kept in safety office to be

used in case of an emergency.

76
 Construction safety gear; the contactor who will be the best bidder and given a contract

should ensure that he supplies his employees at the construction site with basic site attire.

This include the safety boots, hard hat (helmet), gloves, goggles and the ear muffs.

2. SITE ACCESSIBILITY

 Easy accessibility will help keep the equipment operators and vehicle drivers’ morale

high, minimize the chances of accidents saves time when maneuvering and leaving the

site. Therefore should be located adjacent to flexible pavement.

3. SECURITY

 Entrance; the entrance guard should be provided with a booth to keep track of all visitors

going into the site.

 Lighting; electrical installation should be done immediately as construction commences

to avoid accidents and maintain lighting.

 Fencing; hoarding should be done all round the site to prevent unwanted access and for

the safety of anyone passing near the site.

4. INFORMATION SIGNS

 Site map; site details of the project should be placed at the polytechnic entrances.

 Traffic regulatory signs; this should be displayed to guide traffic on site and to avoid

accidents to considerable extents.

5. OFFICES

 The offices should be close together, close to the site and in safe area. This offices

include; job office, general contractor office, sub contactors office and clerk of works

office.

77
 6. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

 There should be steady supply of water on the site for constructional use. Toilet facilities

should be placed in the convenient location to accommodate work force.

7. STORAGE AND SITE CLEANING

Sheltered facilities should be built for storage of materials and equipment until they are required

to be used on the job. All material should be kept in a central point to avoid multiple movement

of material.

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS
DISCUSSIONS
The structural analysis of the residential apartment was undertaken with focus on the design of

the basic structural elements involved which are; beams, columns, slabs, retaining walls and

ramps. These were designed to support the various loads involved.

Challenges were faced in coming up with the optimum rooms space capacity both in term of

static and dynamic capacity. The overall economic design was also a challenge, considering

member sizing and location.

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DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Undertaking this type of project is cost effective and time consuming since in terms of cost, most

of the materials required are expensive. Also this project has helped me to develop new skills

and putting what I have been taught into practice such as survey and soil mechanics which

exposed me widely to what is happening in the real world and able to be in touch with the new

revolutionary skill methods and equipment newly invented.

The architectural designs and drawings consumed most of my time and also gave me the

expertise unto which I am to be pursuing during my professionalism. Measurements, estimation

and costing proved that the rate of buying materials is rising steadily and that is the key reason as

to why the rate of improving the economy in Kenya is still slow.

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Design of the residential was undertaken satisfactorily in accordance with BS 8110. It is

recommended that to further improve on the output, investigation should be done on the most

economic choice of material, member sizes and general design layout. Furthermore this should

be should be able to generate income through taxes paid.

The Kenyan government through the ministry of education should ensure that the quality of

training is meeting the required competence for skilled personnel to acquire tedious and complex

design skills.

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REFERENCES
The codes which were adopted for the design work included;

 The BS 8110 (for concrete design)

 The Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurements(CESMM)

 Research from the internet was also included

 The price quotations used in estimation was obtained from standard prices of building

materials.

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