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1810
CHAPTER IV
INTRODUCTION
The beginning of the year 1810 saw the army of Lord Wellington
withdrawn from Spain, and awaiting in Portugal the attack of the
French, which seemed the inevitable. It was destined to wait many
months before the blow fell. King Joseph and his advisers committed
the error of invading Andalusia, the subjugation of which, and the
siege of Cadiz, involved the employment of the larger portion of the
forces at their disposal. Before they could invade Portugal, it was
necessary for them to give time for reinforcements to arrive from
France. The Emperor, having concluded peace with Austria, was
now able to spare some of his legions for the complete conquest of
the Peninsula. But the time of waiting was long. Astorga in the north
did not fall till 22nd April; Ciudad Rodrigo was not taken till 9th July.
In July the opposing forces were brought into contact on the 24th
in the Combat of the Coa, in which, owing to the obstinacy of
General Crawfurd, the Light Division was severely handled by very
superior numbers and nearly cut off. Followed the advance of the
French army and the siege of Almeida, which was taken on 27th
August.
Meanwhile, during these weary months of waiting, the Portuguese
army was growing in numbers and steadily improving in efficiency
and discipline. The language used concerning it in the letters is full of
confidence, and offers a contrast to the rather despondent tone of
the references to it at the beginning of the previous year.
Major Warre, after a very busy time in August, seems to have
been attacked by his old malady and to have been sent to Lisbon.
He thus, much to his chagrin, missed Bussaco and the retreat to the
lines of Torres Vedras. Early in October he had recovered sufficiently
to rejoin the Marshal at his Headquarters within the lines. But the
hard life and exposure resulted in a very serious relapse, which
brought him to death’s door, and the Medical Board determined that
he must be sent home. He arrived at Falmouth, after a bad voyage
of ten days, early in November, and the last two letters of this year’s
series, from Falmouth and Honiton respectively, indicate a very
tedious journey and a precarious state of health.
LETTERS
Lisbon, Feb. 6, 1810.
My Dear Kind Mother,
I was made quite happy, on my arrival three days since at this
place, by receiving your affectionate letter of 29th Decr. and 1st
Jany. (I have also received yours of Dec. 12th)....
I own I think you very much more gloomy than necessary as to
public affairs, and do not agree with you as to Ministers, as I approve
much of many of their measures. Our misfortunes in Spain they
neither could foresee or prevent. Who could imagine the Spaniards
would betray those who went to their assistance? Cowards they are
not—that is the soldier. He is capable of being equal to any in the
world. But without Officers, or of course confidence, without
discipline and betrayed by their Government, what could they do?
Our last accounts, and their enemy being before Cadiz, was as
unexpected as an earthquake, and quite as unaccountable, as that
Spain has no army. They [the French] will find it very difficult to
conquer this country, and though things in Spain are certainly very
dispiriting, the game is not lost. Nothing, however, but a revolution
(horrid as the idea is to humanity) can save it, and that is already
begun, I suspect, and I hope the traitors will fall. I am quite of the
opinion that Public safety is the Supreme Law, and the cant of
humanity, when the country is to be saved, I consider as weak and
unmanly. They have paid dearly for a bigoted adherence to old
absurd forms and prejudices. I do not mean that a revolution and
popular Government will now save them. But I am sure that it is the
only thing that can. They are very enthusiastical and violent, and
they abhor the French, against whom their fury will be directed as
well as against their Government and traitors; and in this tumult
some great characters may start up.
As to Flushing, our expedition there was disastrous, but well
meant. Who could foresee that Austria would so soon make peace?
And the diversion, had it continued the war, would have been of
great consequence. Besides, as a soldier, I think we make too much
fuss about the loss of men where a great object is to be obtained.
Victorious or beaten we must lose men, but while we regret their loss
individually, we should not as a public one, in so glorious and just a
cause, that of our political existence as a nation.
I write to Tom some account of our tour, which was very pleasant,
though rapid. We travelled near 200 leagues in less than two
months. Nothing can exceed the beauty of part of the country we
went through, and we had only one day rain, and our inspection of
the progress of the discipline of the Portuguese troops was as
pleasant as our most sanguine wishes could expect.
I am very sorry you had not received the letters I wrote from this in
answer to that you wrote in company from Hendon, which I
answered, each individually. I wrote also to my father and Emily in
December, which letters I hope you have since received, and I only
did not write from Porto, as I intended, from really not having time
hardly to sleep or eat, what between duty and grand ceremonies and
rejoicings. Nothing can have been more honourable or flattering to
the Marshal than his reception in that City, and indeed in every place
we have been in throughout the country, and he deserves it for his
unremitted exertions, and Herculean labour. There exists not a more
honourable firm man or a more zealous Patriot. His failings are mere
foibles of a temper naturally warm and hasty, and great zeal to have
everything right, without much patience. Those who accuse him of
severity are either those who have felt it because they deserved it,
their friends, or people wilfully ignorant of the state in which he found
the army. And of how much he has foreborne, as to myself, I declare
I do not know one instance of severity, and [do know] numberless
ones of his mercy, and goodness of heart, where others would have
been less lenient. You see I insensibly fall into politics, or the shop,
so called, but one naturally writes about what one’s mind is
constantly occupied with, and as the subject is not uninteresting I
hope you will not be angry at my writing to a lady on such grave
matters as Politics and Tactics, or rather more properly speaking, on
public concerns.
I was three days at Arouca with dear Clara, who is a most amiable
sensible woman. Her manners and sense are really quite
astonishing for one so constantly secluded from the world. She was
quite well. We put the convent in a terrible fuss by the Marshal’s
arrival to breakfast there, on his way to Vizeu. It was very kind of him
to go to pay her a visit, and he was very much pleased with her.
I have got an order from the Nuncio to remove her where I please,
in case of danger, but it is not quite what I wanted, and I shall try to
get a more general one, and bring her to Lisbon, when necessary,
where my friends the Louriçals will be glad to receive her. The
Marchioness has just lost her sister the Duchess of Laffões, and has
the care and guardianship of the young Duchess and her sister,
nieces to the Prince, a dismal prospect for her, poor thing, in the
present state of public affairs, but notwithstanding she will not allow
me to place Clara anywhere else, and she cannot be with more
amiable charming people. Adieu, as I write to Tom and know that he
will see this letter, and you his, shall say no more, but beg you will
give kindest love to my dear father, with thanks for his letter, from
your sincerely affectionate Son,
Wm. Warre.