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Another random document with
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 When a skin
wound exists, it
is better to
remove the horn
and bony
fragment, and to
apply an
antiseptic
dressing in order
to prevent
infection of the
frontal sinus.

EXOSTOSES.

SPAVIN IN THE OX.

Exostoses are
somewhat
uncommon in the
bovine species,
and when they Fig. 12.—Dressing for fracture of the base of the
occur are rarely horn.
of great clinical
interest. Nevertheless, in cows and old working oxen one sometimes
sees metatarsal spavin. Its gravity, however, appears to be very much
less than in the horse, on account of its position. Very commonly
there is only trifling lameness.
Treatment by application of biniodide of mercury ointment or the
actual cautery gives good results. The principal precaution required
is to prevent the animals licking the parts.

RING-BONE.

Ring-bones only occur in working oxen, and particularly in aged

animals used in hilly regions. They result almost exclusively from
wounds, ligamentous and tendinous strains, and articular injuries.
 Fig. 13.—Tibia. Lesions due to
open fracture and displacement.
Irregular callus formation and
segnestrum.

They are preceded (as can usually be proved by dissection of

limbs) by fibrous or fibro-cartilaginous induration in or about the
coronet or one of the phalanges. These thickenings increase the
diameter of the pastern in all directions. Ring-bones are seldom very
large; but as they partially or entirely surround the insertions of the
lateral ligaments, inter-phalangeal articulations or insertions of the
digital extensors, they are painful, and produce lameness of varying
intensity.
Diagnosis is easy, partly because the tension of the skin and the
fibrous thickening render palpation painful.
Prognosis is grave, because the effect of ring-bone is sometimes
to render working animals useless.
 Tr
eat
me
nt.
To
relie
ve
the
dise
ased
claw
of
pres
sure
due
to its
beari
ng
on
the
grou
nd,
Fig. 14.—Sarcoma of the periosteum the Fig. 15.—Sarcoma of
beneath the scapula. shoe the periosteum
shou covering the upper
ld be end of the tibia.
removed and the claw freely pared. If
necessary, the healthy claw of the same foot may be raised by placing
a piece of thick leather between the sole and the shoe. It is advisable
at once to apply an energetic plaster, or, better still, to resort to firing
in points.

SUPPURATING OSTITIS.

In addition to the changes in bone resulting from rachitis, osseous

cachexia, tuberculosis, and actinomycosis, one sometimes sees cases
of periostitis or ostitis pure and simple. As a result of external injury
or direct wounds, the bone may be contused and injured, becoming
the seat of diffused periostitis, necrosis, suppurating ostitis or
osteomyelitis. Open fractures may produce the same results.
Treatment comprises disinfection of wounds, antiseptic injection
of fistulæ, the application of antiseptic pencils, curettage, the
removal of sequestra, and vesicant or resolvent complications. When
such conditions extend to neighbouring joints and produce
suppurative arthritis, the animals ought to be killed.

BONE TUMOURS.

The only bone tumours of real importance from a practical point of

view are malignant growths represented by rapidly spreading
epitheliomata or sarcomata, originating in the periosteum.
Fortunately such tumours are rare.
They are not difficult to diagnose, as they develop rapidly, are
accompanied by pain and lameness ending in diminution or loss of
the power of movement, and frequently attack neighbouring
lymphatic glands. Even when in good condition, animals lose flesh
and appetite, and finally die of general wasting. The diagnosis is
sufficiently guided by the deformity of the parts, the bosselated
appearance of the tumours, the absence of fluctuation, the
hæmorrhage which follows exploratory puncture, the character of
the little fragments of tissue removed through these punctures, and
finally the leukocytosis, which accompanies the development of
malignant tumours.
The prognosis is grave, for it is usually difficult or out of the
question to have recourse to removal, resection or amputation, when
the tumours have acquired any considerable size. Success is
impossible unless intervention is early, and the growth is in a readily
accessible part. In other circumstances early slaughter is indicated.
 CHAPTER II.
DISEASES OF THE FOOT.

CONGESTION OF THE CLAWS.

Congestion of the claws is not infrequently confused with

contusion of the sole. It is, however, essentially different, and
presents closer analogies with laminitis. The condition is
characterised by congestion of the entire vascular system of the claw
and principally of the velvety tissue. Like laminitis, it affects all four
limbs; in rare cases the two front or two hind.
Congestion of the claw results almost exclusively from enforced
movement on hard, dry and hot ground. It is commoner in animals
unaccustomed to walking, and in heavy beasts which have been
travelled considerable distances to attend fairs or markets. It is
commonest in the bovine and porcine species, and less common in
sheep.
The symptoms appear after animals return from a long journey
by road. They are characterised by unwillingness to bear weight on
the feet and difficulty in movement. Standing is painful, and the
animals resist being moved; as soon as released they lie down.
Diagnosis presents no difficulty, though the condition is
sometimes mistaken for slight laminitis.
Prognosis is favourable.
Absolute and prolonged rest is always followed by recovery, no
internal medication being necessary, though this result is promoted
by enveloping the claws in wet compresses or by using cold foot
baths, etc.

CONTUSIONS OF THE SOLE.

Contusions of the sole are only seen in animals which work

without shoes or in such as are badly shod.
Work on rocky ground, movement over newly metalled roads, and
wounds produced by sharp stones, are the principal causes of
contusion of the sole. Badly applied shoes, flat or slightly convex on
their upper surfaces, may also produce bruising in the region of the
sole. The anterior angle of the claw is rarely affected.
Lameness is the first symptom to attract attention. It is slightly
marked, unless the bruising has been overlooked until suppuration
has set in. It affects only one or two limbs, and is rarely accompanied
by general disturbance, such as loss of appetite, fever, exhaustion
during work, etc.
Locally the claw or claws affected are abnormally sensitive to
percussion of the wall, and particularly to compression of the sole.
The parts are hot to the hand, and thinning the sole with a knife
shows little perforations, irregular points and crevices in the horn.
One may also find softening, infiltration and hæmorrhage within the
horn similar to those of corn in the horse, undermining of the sole
over limited areas, and sometimes suppuration, if the animals have
been forced to work when lame.
Complications like necrosis of the velvety tissue or of the bone,
though comparatively common in the horse, are rare in oxen.
Diagnosis is not difficult provided the history of the case is
known. Confusion with laminitis is scarcely possible, for the gait of
this lameness and the local symptoms are all different. Examination
of the sole will usually dispel any remaining doubt.
Prognosis. The prognosis is favourable. When the horn is simply
softened and a blackish liquid transudes, the lesion is trifling; if the
discharge is reddish grey the lesion is graver, and implicates all the
velvety tissue; finally, separation of the horn from the secreting
membrane and the discharge of true pus point to death of the
keratogenous tissue or of the bone.
Treatment should be commenced by carefully thinning the sole
around the wound and applying moist antiseptic dressings or cold
affusions. Removal of loose portions of horn hastens repair by
allowing discharge, which has accumulated between the living
tissues and the horn itself, to escape freely. The extirpation of
necrotic tissue and the application of surgical dressings are only
called for in specially grave cases.
This treatment usually gives good results. The acute complications
which are so common and so dangerous in the horse seldom occur in
the ox.
Most of these operations can be performed without casting,
provided the animal is placed in a trevis or is sufficiently secured.

LAMINITIS.

Laminitis is characterised by congestion, followed by inflammation

of the horn-secreting tissues of the foot. It is now rare in oxen and
very seldom assumes an acute form. The slow pace at which animals
of the bovine species move may sufficiently explain this rarity;
nevertheless, prolonged travel on stony roads with heavy vehicles,
rapid and repeated marches to towns or important fairs, are
sufficient to produce attacks. Before the days of railways, and for
some time after their introduction, in Britain cattle were travelled by
road, and laminitis was common.
Long journeys in crowded railway trucks may also produce the
disease, although the animal has not been forced to walk. Persons
engaged in exhibiting cattle at shows are well aware of this.
Prolonged maintenance of the standing position will produce the
trouble, to which the joltings of the railway journey may also
contribute their share. Prolonged standing on board ship may induce
laminitis.
“Show condition” and the consumption of highly nitrogenous, and
particularly of farinaceous, foods favour the occurrence of laminitis.
Breed is also considered to have some influence, and laminitis is
said to occur more frequently in animals raised in flat districts,
because in their case the space between the digits is larger than in
mountain-bred cattle. In this connection the body weight may
perhaps play a certain part.
The symptoms vary somewhat, depending on whether laminitis
is general and affects all four feet, or restricted to the two front or the
two hind feet.
The internal claws always seem more severely affected and more
sensitive than the external. In very rare cases the animal remains
standing, but usually it lies down, and will only rise under strong
compulsion.
 When standing, the symptoms are similar to those noted in the
horse; the animal appears as though absolutely incapable of moving.
If all four feet are affected the animal assumes a position as though
just about to rise; if the front feet alone are affected the animal
kneels in front whilst it stands on its hind legs, a very unusual
position for the ox to assume; finally, if the hind feet alone are
affected, the animal seems to prefer a position with the feet under
the body both in front and behind. (See Veterinarian, 1894, case by
Bayley, and note by Nunn.)
It is always difficult to make the animal move. Walking seems
painful, and most weight is thrown on the heels. The body swings
from side to side as the limbs are advanced, and each limb is moved
with a kind of general bodily effort.
The claws are hot, sensitive to the slightest touch, and painful on
percussion.
Throughout the development of laminitis the general symptoms
are very marked. The appetite falls off early, fever soon appears, and
in grave cases the temperature rises to 105° or to 106° Fahr. Thirst is
marked, and the animal seems to prefer cold drinks. The muzzle is
dry, the face anxious and expressive of pain. Wasting is rapid.
The ordinary termination is in resolution, which occurs between
the eighth and fifteenth day, provided the patient has been suitably
treated. The disease rarely becomes chronic. On the other hand, the
claw occasionally separates, as a consequence of hæmorrhage or
suppuration, between the horn proper and its secreting membrane.
Should this complication threaten, the pastern becomes greatly
swollen, the extremities become intensely congested, and separation
commences at the coronet. Loss of the claws, however, like
suppuration, is rare.
Diagnosis. Congestion of the sole, the early stage of infectious
rheumatism and osseous cachexia may, at certain periods of their
development, be confused with laminitis; but the history and the
method of development of the above-mentioned diseases always
allow of easy differentiation.
It should, however, be added that, in certain exceptional
conditions (suppurating echinococosis, producing chronic
intoxication, tumours of the liver, and tumours of the pericardium
and mediastinum), symptoms may be shown that suggest the
existence of laminitis, although it is not really present. In these cases
pain may possibly be felt in the bones of the extremities.
The prognosis is usually favourable, but necessarily depends on
the intensity of the disease. Fat stock always suffer severely.
The treatment varies in no important particular from that
prescribed for the horse, and is usually followed by rapid
improvement. The chief indications are free bleeding from the
jugular, the application of a mustard plaster over the chest, and the
administration of a smart purgative (1 to 2 lbs. of sulphate of soda,
according to the size of the animal) at first, followed by laxatives.
This treatment may be completed by giving salicylate of soda per os
in doses of 5 to 8 drams, or arecoline in subcutaneous injection, 1 to
1½ grains. Local treatment consists in cold affusions or poultices to
the feet.
Failing cold baths, clay plasters applied to the feet are useful. To
ensure success all these methods should be utilised simultaneously.
In cases of separation of the claw, antiseptic dressings, with a thick
pad of tow placed under the sole, become necessary.
Chronic laminitis may perhaps occur in the ox as in the horse, but,
as a rule, oxen are slaughtered before the disease can assume this
form. In dealing with fat, or even with fairly well-nourished, oxen it
would clearly be more economical to slaughter early, and so prevent
wasting and the resulting loss from disease.

SAND CRACK.

Sand crack—that is to say, the occurrence of vertical fissures in the

wall of the claw—is not absolutely rare in bovines. It is commonest in
working oxen drawing heavy loads, though in very exceptional cases
it affects animals which have never worked. (Moussu describes one
case in a young ox where four sand cracks existed simultaneously.) It
may also result from injuries to the coronet. In contrast to the case of
the horse, and owing to the different conditions under which the ox
performs its work, the disease is commoner in front than in hind
feet. In drawing, the ox’s front limbs play the principal part, and the
animal pivots, so to speak, on the claws of the front limbs.
 The position of the crack may vary. It is commonest on the inner
surface of the claw, rare at the toe, and still rarer at the quarter. It is
often superficial and complete, extending throughout the entire
height of the claw, but not throughout its thickness; sometimes it is
complete and profound, the fissure then extending to the
podophyllous tissue.
The symptoms are purely local in the case of superficial lesions.
When the injury is deep seated, or when it originates in a wound of
the coronet, lameness is present. Intense lameness, swelling of the
coronet, and blood-stained or purulent discharge point to grave
injury and probable complications.
Diagnosis is easy. The prognosis naturally varies with the
symptoms. It is favourable when the fissure is merely superficial, but
becomes grave when it is deep seated and the animal is exclusively
used for heavy draught.
Treatment. When the lesion is superficial and unaccompanied by
lameness, no surgical interference is necessary. Rest or very light
work is alone required. As soon as lameness appears, rest is
obligatory. The application of antiseptic poultices, containing 2½ to
3 per cent. of carbolic acid, creolin, etc., usually alleviates pain in a
short time, and facilitates healing in the depth of the fissure.
In exceptional cases, where complications have occurred in
consequence of suppuration beneath the fissure, suppuration in the
coronary region, or necrosis of the podophyllous tissues, an
operation becomes necessary, and is of exactly similar character to
that performed under like circumstances in the horse.
Over a space of 1 to 1½ inches on either side of the fissure the horn
is thinned “to the blood,” and the subjacent dead tissue removed.
The claw is then thoroughly cleansed with some antiseptic solution,
the wound freely dusted with equal parts of iodoform, tannin and
boric acid, and covered with pads of tow or cotton wool, fixed in
position by appropriate bandages. After such operations a long rest is
essential for complete recovery, during which, however, the animal
may be fattened.
The object of operation is to prevent complications, like chronic
suppuration and necrosis, which would endanger the animal’s life,
rather than to effect perfect restoration of usefulness for the work
previously done.

PRICKS AND STABS IN SHOEING.

The wall of the ox’s claw is so thin that shoeing is always somewhat
difficult, more especially as nails can only be inserted in the external
wall. Moreover, as very fine nails must be used, they are apt to bend,
penetrate the podophyllous tissue, and cause injuries of varying
importance. The ox is often very restless when being shod, and, even
though firmly fixed, usually contrives to move the foot every time the
nail is struck. The farrier, therefore, may easily overlook the injury
which he has just caused, and by proceeding and ignoring it may
transform a simple stab into a much more dangerous wound.
Symptoms. In most cases lameness appears immediately the
animal leaves the trevis, but, although this is more difficult to
explain, lameness is sometimes deferred until the day after, or even
two days after, shoeing. Though little marked at first, lameness may
become so severe that the animal cannot bear the pain caused by the
foot touching the ground. When this stage is reached general
disturbance becomes marked, fever sets in, rumination stops, and
appetite is lost.
These symptoms point to the occurrence of suppuration. The pus,
confined within the horny covering of the foot, causes very acute
suffering and sometimes grave general disturbance; later it burrows
in various directions, separating the podophyllous tissue from the
horn, and ends by breaking through “between hair and hoof” in the
region of the coronet. In exceptional cases, complications such as
necrosis of the podophyllous tissue extending to the bone, and
suppuration of its spongy tissue, may be observed.
Diagnosis. When the farrier suspects he has pricked an animal
the immediate withdrawal of the nail will remove any doubt, because
bleeding usually follows. If the condition is only detected at a later
stage, the early lameness having been misinterpreted, examination of
the claw and tapping the clenches of the nails will cause the animal
to show pain at a given point, thus indicating the penetration of the
nail. Removal of the offending nail is painful, and is often followed
by discharge of pus or blood-stained fluid, which clearly points to the
character of the injury. In obscure cases the shoe should not be
reapplied.
When the horn wall is separated from the sensitive structures,
there is marked general disturbance, and pus is discharging at the
coronet, it is practically impossible to err in diagnosis.
Prognosis. In cases of simple nail puncture the prognosis is
hopeful, provided that the condition is at once diagnosed. The longer
it remains unrecognised, particularly if complication like necrosis
has occurred, the graver becomes the outlook.
Treatment. In cases of simple puncture the nail should
immediately be withdrawn and the animal placed on a perfectly
clean bed to prevent the wound becoming soiled or infected. If
lameness appear and become aggravated, the shoe should be
removed and antiseptic poultices applied. In the majority of cases the
lameness will then diminish, and in a few days completely disappear.
In cases of discovery within the first few days the same treatment
is applicable, and is often sufficient. If, on the contrary, pus is
discharging at the coronet, if lameness is intense and the general
symptoms marked, it may be needful to operate.
The stages of operation comprise: thorough thinning of the horn in
the shape of an inverted V over the affected portion of the wall,
removal of the loose necrosed parts, disinfection of the wound, and
the application of a surgical dressing covering the entire claw.

PICKED-UP NAILS, Etc. (“GATHERED NAIL.”)

Penetrating wounds of the plantar region are, as in the horse,

usually included under the heading of “Picked-up Nails.” They are
only seen in oxen or cows which are not shod. Pointed objects, like
nails, harrow teeth, sharp fragments of wood or glass, etc., may
produce injuries of the character of that now in question.
In considering the position of such wounds we may for
convenience divide the plantar region into two zones, one extending
from the toe of the claw to the point of insertion of the perforans
tendon, the other comprising the region between this insertion and
the bulb of the heel.
 Symptoms. Lameness occurs immediately, and varies with the
intensity of the existing pain. If the offending body has not remained
fixed in the wound, this lameness may in a few moments disappear,
either for good or merely for a time. The recurrence of lameness on
the following day or a couple of days later marks the commencement
of inflammatory changes in the deeper seated tissues. This lameness
in many instances is accompanied by a movement suggestive of
stringhalt, the foot being kept on the ground only for a very short
time, or sometimes not being brought into contact with the ground at
all.
The depth to which the offending object has penetrated, and the
direction it has taken, may sometimes be discovered by a mere casual
examination of the sole. In other cases only the orifice by which it
has penetrated can be found. If the injury has existed for several
days, the discharge from the puncture will be thin and blackish,
purulent, or blood-stained, according to the case. Fever and general
systemic disturbance suggest an injury of a grave character.
Diagnosis. The diagnosis is easy, inasmuch as the lameness
almost directs examination to the foot.
Prognosis is rarely grave. The direction, the situation and mode
of insertion of the flexor tendon, which forms the plantar
aponeurosis, ensure this aponeurosis being rarely injured by objects
penetrating from without. The points of the offending bodies usually
pass either forwards to the phalanx or backwards in the direction of
the plantar cushion.
Treatment. The first stage in treatment consists in removing the
foreign body and thoroughly thinning the neighbouring horn. An
antiseptic poultice consisting of linseed meal saturated with 3 per
cent. carbolic acid or creolin solution is then applied. Considerable
and progressive improvement usually takes place in a few hours. If
lameness persists, surgical interference becomes necessary; in the
anterior zone it is confined to removing any dead portions of the
velvety tissue and to extirpating the fragment of bone which has
undergone necrosis. In the posterior zone the sinus must be probed
and laid open, so that all the diseased parts can be treated as an open
wound.
If, as happens in exceptional cases, the plantar aponeurosis is
found to be severely injured, the complete operation for picked-up
nail, as practised in the horse, may be performed, or the claw may be
amputated. In the former operation the horn covering the sole is first
thinned “to the blood.”
The stages of operation are as follows:—
(1.) Ablation of the anterior portion of the plantar cushion.
Transverse vertical incision at a distance of 1¼ inches in front of the
heel; excision of the anterior flap.
(2.) Transverse incision and ablation of the plantar aponeurosis by
the same method.
(3.) Curettage of the point of implantation of the aponeurosis into
the bone.
(4.) Antiseptic dressing of the claw.
Finally, if the primary lesion, wherever it may have started, has
become complicated by arthritis of the inter-phalangeal joint, it will
be necessary to remove the claw, or, better still, to remove the two
last phalanges, the latter operation being easier than the former, and
providing flaps of more regular shape and better adapted for the
production of a satisfactory stump.

INFLAMMATION OF THE INTERDIGITAL SPACE.

(CONDYLOMATA.)
Condylomata result from chronic inflammation of the skin
covering the interdigital ligament. Any injury to this region causing
even superficial damage may result in chronic inflammation of the
skin and hypertrophy of the papillæ, the first stage in the production
of condylomata.
Injuries produced by cords slipped into the interdigital space for
the purpose of lifting the feet when shoeing working oxen are also
fruitful causes.
Inflammation of the interdigital space is also a common
complication of aphthous eruptions around the claws and in the
space between them. Continual contact with litter, dung and urine
favour infection of superficial or deep wounds, and by causing
exuberant granulation lead to hypertrophy of the papillary layer of
the skin. When the animal stands on the foot the claws separate
under the pressure of the body weight and the condylomata are
relieved of pressure. When, however, the limbs are rested, the claws
mutually approach, compress the abnormal vegetations, flatten,
excoriate, and irritate them, thus favouring their further
development.

Fig. 16.—Condylomata of the interdigital space and sidebones.

The symptoms are easy to detect. The animals appear in perfect

health, but have difficulty in walking, and show pain. They walk as
though on sharp, rough ground, and lameness is sometimes severe.
Locally, the anterior surface of the claws and the interdigital space
are markedly congested and sensitive, or painful on pressure. The
growths are of varying size, isolated or confluent, bleeding,
excoriated, or covered with horn, and are visible between the claws
when the animal stands on the limb. In many cases they form a
perfect cast of the vertical interspace. When the superficial layers
have undergone conversion into a horn-like material, lameness
diminishes or disappears.
Diagnosis presents no difficulty.
Prognosis is only grave in so far as the condition interferes with
animals working, but it may render working oxen entirely useless.
 Treatment in the early stages is of a preventive character, and
consists in placing animals which have been accidentally injured or
attacked with foot-and-mouth disease on a perfectly clean bed.
Surgical treatment is the only reliable method in cases where
hypertrophy of the papillary layer is well marked, and is extremely
simple.
The animal should be fixed in the trevis, the foot to be operated on
separately secured, and the growths completely removed with sharp
scissors or with a bistoury and forceps. When bleeding has subsided
the wound is covered with a mixture of equal parts of iodoform,
tannin, and powdered boric acid, and an interdigital dressing is
applied. The dressing is removed after five to ten days, according to
circumstances. If the cicatrix shows signs of exuberant growth it is
dusted with powdered burnt alum, and the parts are treated as an
open wound. When the growths are covered with horn and no longer
painful it is not desirable to interfere with them.

CANKER.

Canker—i.e., chronic suppurative inflammation of the

podophyllous or velvety tissue—is accompanied by hypertrophy of
the papillæ and progressive separation of the horn of the sole. It is
much rarer in the ox than in the horse, although it occasionally
occurs.
Prolonged retention in dirty stables, where the bedding is mixed
with manure and continually moistened with urine, is the principal
cause of the disease. Individual predisposition and the action of
some specific organism may also have some influence.
Canker in oxen, like the same disease in horses, is recognised by
softening and separation of the horn of the sole, and by progressive
extension of the process towards neighbouring parts. The usual
course consists in invasion of the podophyllous tissue, separation of
the wall and of the heels, and pathological hypertrophy of the horn-
forming tissues, producing condylomata.
The new growths do not attain the same dimensions as in the
horse, but, on the other hand, the disease very frequently takes a
progressive course, involving the whole of the claw. A trifling
accidental injury may be followed by infection of the subungual
tissues, and thus become the point of origin for canker.
Canker may attack only one claw; on the other hand, it may extend
to both claws of one foot, or to the claws of more than one foot in the
same animal.
Diagnosis. Diagnosis is easy. The separation of the horn, the
presence of a caseous, greyish-yellow and offensive discharge
between the separated parts and the horn-secreting tissues, the
appearance of the exposed living tissues, etc., leave no room for
doubt.
Prognosis. The prognosis is grave; for, as in the horse, the
disease is obstinate.
Treatment consists in scrupulously removing all separated horn,
so as fully to expose the tissues attacked by the disease. The parts
should then be thoroughly disinfected with a liquid antiseptic, and a
protective pressure dressing applied.
As a rule, cauterisation with nitric acid, followed by applications of
tar or of mixtures of tannin and iodoform, iodoform and powdered
burnt alum, etc., effect healing, without such free use of the knife as
has been recommended in the horse during the last few years.

GREASE.

Grease in the ox seems only to have been described by Morot and

Cadéac, and even in these cases the descriptions appear rather to
apply to elephantiasis or fibrous thickening of the skin than to grease
proper. The descriptions are not sufficiently clear, and the symptoms
described differ too much from the classical type seen in the horse to
convince us without further confirmation of the occurrence of the
disease.

PANARITIUM—FELON—WHITLOW.

Any injury in the interdigital space or flexure of the pastern may,

under unfavourable circumstances, be complicated by death of the
skin, necrosis of the interdigital ligament, of the fibro-fatty cushion
in the flexure of the pastern, and of the terminal portions of the
tendons.
These lesions are sometimes regarded as panaritium. In reality,
they correspond exactly to what, in the horse, are known as “cracked
heels” and “quittor.” The primary injury becomes infected with
organisms which rapidly cause death of the skin or the formation of a
deep-seated abscess and necrosis of the invaded tissues.
Causation. Neglect of sanitary precautions and filthy stables
constitute favouring conditions, the feet being continually soiled and
irritated by the manure and urine. Animals reared on plains, and
having broad, flat, widely-separated claws, are more predisposed
than animals from mountainous regions, in which the interdigital
ligament is stronger and the separation of the claws less marked. Any
injury, abrasion, or cut may serve as a point of origin for such
complications.
Panaritium may even occur as an enzootic with all the characters
noted in isolated cases. In Germany it has received the name of
“contagious foot disease.” These enzootic outbreaks of panaritium
follow epizootics of foot-and-mouth disease, with lesions about the
claws. Through the superficial aphthous lesions the parts become
inoculated with bacteria, and the severity of the resulting injury is in
some measure an indication of the virulence of the infecting
organism.
Symptoms. The first important symptom consists in intense local
pain, rapidly followed by marked lameness. The affected region soon
becomes swollen; the coronary band appears congested; the skin of
the interdigital space projects both in front and behind; the claws are
separated, and all the lower portion of the limb appears congested
and œdematous. The engorgement usually extends as high as the
fetlock, and the parts are hard and extremely sensitive. The patient is
feverish, loses appetite, and commences to waste. After five to ten
days sloughing occurs at some point—if the ligament is affected, in
the interdigital space; if the tendons, or the fibro-fatty cushions, the
slough appears in the flexure of the pastern. The dead tissue may
separate and fall away, or remain in position macerated in pus.
Separation is generally slow, requiring from twelve to fifteen days,
and, unless precautions are taken, complications occur. If only the
interdigital ligament or fibro-fatty cushion be necrotic, recovery may
be hoped for; but, on the other hand, if the tendons, tendon sheaths,
ligaments, or bones are affected, complications like suppurating
synovitis, suppurating ostitis, arthritis, etc., supervene, with fatal
results. Death may occur from purulent infection, unless the animal
is slaughtered early.
The diagnosis is easy. The intensity of the lameness, separation
of the claws, swelling of the pastern region, sensitiveness of the
swollen parts, and absence of lesions in the ungual region sufficiently
indicate the nature of the condition.
The prognosis is grave, for complications may result, in spite of
proper treatment.
Treatment. Treatment consists, first of all, in thoroughly
cleansing the affected limb and placing the animal on a very clean
bed. The parts are next subjected to antiseptic baths containing
carbolic acid, creolin, sulphate of zinc, or sulphate of copper. It is
often more convenient, and quite as efficacious, to apply antiseptic
poultices to the foot and pastern, and to allow them to remain for
some days, being moistened several times daily with one of the
solutions indicated. The effects are: rapid diminution of the pain,
delimitation of the necrotic tissues is hastened, and the abscess is
more readily opened.
Many practitioners recommend early intervention in the form of
deep scarification in the interdigital space or pastern region. The
local bleeding, and the drainage which takes place through the
wounds so made, is said to hasten recovery or to prevent
complications.
When the abscess has opened, and the dead tissue separated, the
abscess cavity or wound should be regularly washed out with a
disinfecting solution, to prevent complications, in case fragments of
necrotic tissue have been retained. If, however, complications have
occurred, no hesitation should be felt in freely incising the parts, and,
if necessary, in removing one or both phalanges. When both joints of
one foot are affected, and arthritis threatens to or has set in, there is
no object in treating the animal, and early slaughter is to be
recommended.
In cases where the disease follows foot-and-mouth disease, and
threatens to become enzootic, it can generally be prevented
spreading by keeping the foot-and-mouth subjects on very clean
beds, and frequently washing the feet with antiseptic solutions.
Disinfection of the sheds is also very desirable.

FOOT ROT.

Foot rot is a disease of sheep, and, like canker, is confined to the

claws.
Thanks to the progress of hygiene, it tends to become rarer, but is
still seen in the enzootic form in some portions of England and
Scotland, in the mountains of Vivarais, the Cévennes, and the
Pyrenees.
It affects large numbers of animals at once, animals belonging to
one flock or to neighbouring flocks in one locality, and when it
invades a sheep farm, all the animals may successively be attacked at
intervals, according to the local conditions.
Symptoms. The disease develops rather insidiously, and the
patients always retain an excellent appetite. It begins with lameness,
which is at first slight, later becomes accentuated, and in the last
periods is very intense. On examination, the coronet and lower part
of the limb as high as the fetlock are found to be swollen. Palpation
reveals exaggerated sensibility, and on direct examination, a fœtid
discharge is discovered in the interdigital space. This discharge,
which is peculiar to the onset of the disease, only continues for a
week or two, and is succeeded by a caseous exudate which is always
offensive, which moistens and macerates the horn, the skin, the
tissues in the interdigital space, and the region of the heels. From the
20th to the 30th day after onset the claw separates above in the
interdigital space. The separation extends towards the heel, then to
the toe, exposing ulceration of the subjacent podophyllous tissue.
From this time the patients experience very severe pain, and, as in
other diseases of the feet, remain lying for long periods. Movement
becomes extremely painful, and the animals frequently walk on the
knees. The subungual lesions become aggravated, separation of the
claw extends, necrosis of the podophyllous tissue and of subjacent
tissue becomes more extensive, and the inter-phalangeal ligaments
and the extensor or flexor tendons become involved. Finally, the