EARTH STE PROVIDE YOUR HOME WITH THERMAL MAGS, CREATING 4 THERMAL BATTERY FOR YOUR HOME. FOOTING (FOUNDATION) DISTRIBUTES THE WEIGHT OF THERMILDINGEVENLY ACRCSS | THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE SO HAT TTDOESHT SINK INTO WHE CROUND. COLUMNS POSTS USED FOR SIVCTLRAL REPRORCEMENT, MUCH LIKE BEAMS. THESE Aer VERTICAL STRUCTURES “TRANSMIT “HE COMPRESSIVE LOSDS. (T ‘SUPPORTED INE BOTTOMPL.OOR AND FLOORS ABOVE, GIRDERS AND BESMS BEAMS ARE INTENTEDTO PESIST AND PEDISTRIGUTE “HE Loa , CueD BEF, SUPPORT THE BEAMS AND PROVIDE THE MAIN HORIZONTAL SUPPORT FOR THE STRUCTURE, BEAMSAND JOISTS. A BEGM ISTHE MAIN LOSD-BEARING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF A ROOF, TT SUTPORTS THE WEIGHT OF JOISTS AND OTHER BLILOING ELEMENTS. PLCORING. PROVIDE CIAPLE AND LEVEL SUPRACE FOR PROPLE, FURNITURE, AND. EQUIPMENT TO STAND ON. ROOF FRAMING PROVIDE AND MAINTAIN GU PPORT FOR THE CHOCEN ROOFING MATERIAL WHICH 15 EXPECTED TO PROTECT THE HOWE AND CONTENTC UNDERNEATH. ox ase,THE PROCESS OF GTAKING, AND LAYOUT OF A CONSTRUCTION PRoiEcI ou SME STePt, BEFORE DOING ANY CONSTRUCTION ACINITY ON HE SME, SBE TO IT THAT ALL NECIKKARY PREMITS HAVE BEEN GECUREO PROM LOCAL AUTHORMIES CONCRENE sTer2 FRLOCATE THE BOUNDE@IES CE “IE CONCTRUCTION GE. IN THE ARCENCE GF ECTARLSHED CORNERS AND ROUNDAPIES, GEODETIC ENGINEER’ SERVICE 1¢ FEQUIRED THERE WERE SEVERAL CAgES FILED INTE COURT Rom ENZOACHMENT TO ADIOINING PROPERTY, BECAUCE OF FAILURE “tO RELOCATE THE RounDagiBe PRIOR TOT TUILPINC. LANOUT AND EXCAVATION. ster 3. CARAG THE CME OF ANY FMETING STRUCTUSES TREES AND CMEC ELEMENTS —mer WIM DISTRUPT THE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES. CLOTTING OFF TREES ARE LIMIED ONLY NO HOKE “iu WILL BE AFFECTED By “IME CONEIEUCIION GUBIECT tO IGUANCE OF PRRUMS FROM TE DEPARTMENT OF ENEROY JND NeTUPAL RESOURCES. SEP 4. PROVIDE AN ON CHE OFFICE, AND WAZEHOUSING. AS ONE REQUIREMENT IN “HE CONCTEUCTION EMBCEIED IN IME SPECIFICATION AND CONTRACT. TO HE Connpaby, VE THE SITES LIMES To BE OCCUPIED. ALMGiT EXTIREWY BY THE commeuctioy SARUCIURE, 48) OFF-SITE PREPARETION, AN SYORAGE GND BETHING OF conceTte Is ENEVIWELE. THE GME SHOUD BE EECURELY FENCED 10 avolID ENCROACHMENT OW SdIOINING PROPERTIEL OB HE RoAD OF -ME WAY. ‘STEP 5. APPLY AND SECURE A TEMPORARY BLECTRICAL CONNECTION AND WASTER SUPPLY, WATER WG PRIME NECBGITY IN ALL TNPES CF CONSTRUCHION, MORECO, PLECTRIC CURRENT le MECRECARY FOR VARIOUL POWES ~O0LS, EQUIPMENT AND UGHTING FACILITIES. ‘SEP G. CONCRUCTION CE MUST BE GROURELY PENCEO, FENCED WILL BE “ME PROTECION OF “HIE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES FROM ONLODKERC AND CUNDEY, [ WILL ALCO PRONECT HE MATERIALS FROM PRIPERAGES EH PROM “IME ONEIDER “ND “WE pciDee. 1 apatite oister 1. TENERMINED BUILDING GET BACK FROM “HE ROAD LINE, IF CONSTRUCTION SIME PROMI, IWSTSUL THE S14ERS OV THE GROUND AT RBAONABLE SPACING FROM “IHE LINE OF TE EXCAVATION CIMEGWIEE “WE LEVELING AUD GERECENCE POINT BUTAGLIGHED ON “IH TETIER BOMED MIGHT BE DITURBIES WHEN HE STAKES ACE APR ROED PN IME TEXCAVATION: SINE Peer ° FARTHWORK/SE 0 EXCAVATION, BACKFILING AUD COMPACIING, + MAY INCLUDE BPE- CONSTRUCTION CITE INVESTK CATION -SoIL RORINGE. IDENTIFY SUBCURFSCE WATER IDENTIFY SUBEUPFSCE OBTIRUCTI ONS — ROL, TRERS, OR DEBRIS © ROADS — INGPEGS & TOR ER5 ROCK & SURFACING, 0 PINEGEADING/SBEDING © SWPPP (GTORM WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION PLAN) + UTILITY EXTENCION © ONE-CALL (IDENTIPY UNDERCROUND UILTIES PRESENT ONSITE) 2 WATE) WELL — “THE EXTENSION OF BxIGTING WATER SOURCES TO FACILTIES OR COCRDINATION OF DIGGING NEW WELLS AND ECENDING (TIO WHERE THE RaCLITIES KEE BEING CONSTRUCIED 2 FLECTRICA. — SILINC: OF POWER , LOCATION OF THE IZANCFOEMER | 9 GAS — COORDINATION OF ANY NATURAL GAS AND BZTENCION I BUILDINGS Op THE IMPLEMENTATION /USEiE OF POCTABLE AND ONSITE LP CERMICES #¢ NEEDED. fo PRAINAGE — IME UNDEZQPOUND PURML OF ALL DRAIN ACE PIPING. tO ACCONS, BACING, OUACIPE StOR AGE CONTAINMENT, OF LO Lak (MUNICIPAL CEWACE LINES AS APPLICABLE ster e. BRIBE BATAGUCHING HE INTL PEPERENCE LINE OF “HE BUILDING WHICH 1s NORMALLY FACALLEL WH “ME BOAO THER PDINS FERPENDICULME 10 TMS LINE POLOKC SPIER FIMING THE IMeecpcuONS OR CORNERS AT 90% TE 3-4-5 RUNGLE PRINGLE GHOULR BE APPLIED. sero. VERIPY WE MEACUREMBATIC IN “HIE PLAN IF INE DICIANEES INDICATED KOE FROM: CEANEC "WW CEATES:, CENTEC to WIEZ CIDE, CUTE 10 OWNER SIDE, WOWDE 20 INGIDE. TH BGE FIND OF INDICATING DiTANCES OW THE PLan SHOULD QFCH “HE @TIENSION OF (ME FOREMAN OF COWSTEUCTION GUPERMSOE. STEP 1D. VERIFY THE BSTAGLISHED MFACUREMENTC ON TIHE BETIEC BOARD. “HE NUMBEZ 410 ON “HE RULE 1S SOMETIME MIN AKENLY EEKO 46 19D. OM, BY THE CARPENTER (MIME PROCESS OF INDIGEIING ~rE DISHANTE RETIN porit. - {SER THE WHALER CEPREENCE POSTE AMD LINER ON HI Kee BORED see TRANSPEREED “IO “WHE GROUND BN ME AID OF PLUMB BOR AND MRK “KE AREA Te BE EXcayAteD, FOUNDATIONS ARE CLAGGIPIED INTO"IWO MAIN C&TEQORIES; GAALLOW AND DEEP, SHALEDW FOUNDATIONS APE THOCE INST “TRANCFFE"ME LOAD OF AME SIeICWRE TO TME gon NEAR THE SURFACE, WHILE DEEP POUNDATICNE ARE “IHCSE “THAT TRANCPER “IME LOAD “TO DEEPER LAYERS CE SOIL OF ROCK, SHALLOW FOUNDSTIONS 1. STRIP FOOTING A STRIP FOOTING (S PROVIDED FOR A LOKD BESAING WALL. ASIP FOOTING [$ ALCO PROVIDED FOR AROW CF COLUMNE WHICH APE SO. LOGE SPACED TWAT THEIR READ FOOTING ovERLUPce wae *% OUCH BACH CHER, IN) BUCH A CACE, IT IS MORE ECONOMICAL 10 PROVIDE 6 STEP FOOTING THAN TO PROVIDE A NUMBER OF cPREKD FOOTINGS IN ONE LINE, A GIRIP FOOTING IS ALSO KNGWH AC CONTINUOUS FOSTING.. LEVAT v VV 2, SPREAD OR ISOLATED FOOTING OF [NPIVIDUZL FooTING. i ae “v ELEVA LON A SPREAD FOOTING ALSO CALIED 4S ISOLOIED FOOTING, PKD FOOTING AND INDIVIDUAL POSTING IS PROVIDED TO cuPPORT XN INPIVIDVAL COLUMN. & SPREAD FOOTING IS CIRCULAR, GQUAeE OF RECTANGULAR SLAB OF UNIFORM THICKNESS. SOMETIMES, TL IS. ‘SURFPED Of HALINCHEDOSP RFD IME LORD OVER A LAZCIE APR.PEEP FOUNDATIONS 1. BASEMENT FOUNDATION TMRSE ACE HOLLOW GUBCIRUCTURES PESICNED TO PROVIDE WORKING 02 S10 RAGE GPéCE BELOW GROUND LEVEL. “THE SIRUCIURAL DESIGN {6 GOVERNED BY THEI@ FUNCIICNAL BAQUIREMENTC BAINEATHAN FROM CONSIDERATIONS OF HE MOST ISFRCIENT METHOD OF ZERW1ING EXTERNAL EAGT AND LDR. OSUCIC. PRESSURES. “WEY AOE CONSTRY CIED IN PLACE (N OPEN EXCAVATIONS. 2. BUOYANCM RSPTS (HOLLOW BOX FOUN DATIONS) BUOYANCY BAPIS ARE HOLLOW QV IRUCTWEER DER ICNED TO PROVIDE 4 BUOKANT CR.CEMI-BUONENT SVECIRUC WEP BENETH WHICH “PH NET LOADING ON THE BOIL 1S REDUCED LO “HE DRSICED LOW YNIENETTY, BUOYANOY RAPIS CAN BE DESIGNED TO BE BUNK AB CAICSONG, THEY CAN ALCO BE COMPIEUTIED [N PLACE IN OPEN EXCANKT IONS. 3. CAISSONS FOUNDATIONS CAIESONS ARE HOLLOW GUBCIRVCTURES DECIGNED TO BECONCTRUCIED ON OR NEKE HE BUEACE ANID THEN SUNK AS A SINGLE UNM TO THER REGUICED LEVEL. KOM Load | CONCRETE Mine DERGN 1 CAN VABN BASED ON Larsen vone’ =| [rete nice | 4+} verse ! | | | eewroecit erect perm I | swel}! | pases] | | I I peu ttt ttt BASE ARC KruNTE 4-CYLINDERS come CXLINDERS ARE GMAIL CINGLE. CELL CKISCONG. Le pune ©. DRILLED SHAFT FOUNRSTIONS. SHAFT FOUNDKIIONS ARE CONSIRU IED WIHIN DEEP DECAY AUONS SYPPORIED Bx l] LINING cONSIRVeTED IN PLACE AND SVSEEQUEKTLY FLIED WMH CONCRETE Ov CMRR PREFABROSIED (OKD-BFARINC UNIIC. 6. PILE FOUNPATIONS PILE FOUNDCNONG ARE PELCINELY LONG. ND SLENDEC MEMBERS CONCIRUCTED BY PRIVING. POTRORMED UNMIS LO 7HE PEIREDFOUNDING LEVRL, OP ON DRIVING OF DRILLING-IN WEES IO WHE REQVIZED DEPTH —“ Wi Wye SEINE. PILLEO WM CONCRETE BEFORE OF DURING WIIKRRAUAL OF BY RRILLING UNLINED Of WHOL OR PXEAY LINED ROEEHOLES WHICH ARFTIMEN FILLED WIM CONCRETE, AW DIST NCTNPE OF HOME FOUNDATIONS BASEMENT CRAWL SPACE BASEMENT THE RASEMENT FOUNDATION (© AN ADDITONAL FLOOR PARTIALLY OF COMPLETELY BELOW GROUND: AND BUILT WITH POURED CONCRETE WALL 17'S THEDEEREST OF “WIECOMMON FOUNDATION “NPES AND MATCHES MOST OF ALL OF “THE FLO08 OPACP OF “ME LEVEL ARO: CRAWL SPACE THIS IGAN ENCLOSED APES PEMIREN THE QROUND ANDTHE HOMES #1 PET FLODE, WHICH CONTICTS OF GHD PT FOUN BATION WALLE THAI CAND OW FOBIINGS M PROVIDES LIMMED AECies LoTHINTS LUPE PLUMP IM, WNRINC, SLO PER AAD OME EauiPMION - WGOD FRAMING METHODS, LiGh FRAMING CAI RAVE WODT? CONTIRUTIION HAS LONG BEEN HIE CO-10 FRAMING CHOICE FOR LOW-E AND, WCREASINGLY, MIDLICE REFDENTIAL AMD CO KMEE CIAL BILDINT.S, COST-EFFECTNENESS, MATEPLKL YS BROEYCY, BACE OF XRCEMBLY, MINMAL ERVIRONMEMTAL MPACL, AND “HE FEAOY AVAL LABILITY OF LABOR ALT METERS MAKE L| GHT-FRAAE CONTTRYCTION IME Mort CoMMON-NPE OF WOOD CONSIEXCTION IN NEEM AMERICA, “NPICALLN, NAIL-ASCEMBLED LICHT? AME CONS TEU ION KELA FORMULAIC COMBINATION OF DIMENSIONAL LUMBER, I-JOISTS, TRUSSES, STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER, AND PLYWOOD AND ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (OSB) DECKING AND SHEATHING FOR FLOORS, WALLS, AND ROOF DECKS. WHILE MASS-TIMBER STRUCTURES ARE OFTEN BUILT AS COMPONENTS OFF-SITE AND ASSEMBLED AT THE PROJECT SITE, LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION TYPICALLY OCCURS ENTIRELY ON-SITE. INCREASINGLY, HOWEVER, ELEMENTS OF LIGHT-FRAME BUILDINGS ARE FABRICATED OFF-SITE AND ASSEMBLED ON THE JOB. OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION OFFERS GREATER CONTROL OVER CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS AND IMPROVED SAFETY OVERSIGHT FOR ALL MATERIAL TYPES, WHILE REQUIRING LESS SKILLED LABOR ON-SITE AND CONTRIBUTING TO FASTER CONSTRUCTION TIMELINES. LUGHT-FRAME ROOFS AND FLOORS: ‘TYPICAL LIGHT-FRAME ROOF AND FLOOR SYSTEMS CONSIST OF REPETITIVE FRAMING MEMBERS, SUCH AS RAFTERS OR TRUSSES WITH WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL DECKING. FRAMING COMPONENTS INCLUDE ‘SOLID SAWN DIMENSION LUMBER, I-JOISTS, STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER, AND PARALLEL CHORD AND PITCHED TRUSSES. OSB AND PLYWOOD ARE USED INTERCHANGEABLY AS DECKING MATERIAL. LUGHT-FRAME WALLS ‘TYPICAL LIGHT-FRAME WALLS CONSIST OF STUDS SPACED AT 12 TO 24 INCHES ON CENTER (O.C.) WITH ‘A DOUBLE TOP PLATE AND SINGLE BOTTOM PLATE, AND THEY ARE OFTEN SHEATHED WITH WOOD STRUCTURAL PANELS. CONSTRUCTION DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF LOAD BEARING ON THE WALL, ITS HEIGHT, AND WHETHER IT IS PART OF THE LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM. MASS/HEAVY TIMBER MASS TIMBER IS A CATEGORY OF FRAMING STYLES TYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE USE OF LARGE SOLID-WOOD PANELS FOR WALL, FLOOR, AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION. BUILDING WITH MASS TIMBER OFFERS A REDUCED CARBON FOOTPRINT, CONSTRUCTION EFFICIENCY, FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY, AND OCCUPANT WELL-BEING. WE WILL DISCUSS THESE PERFORMANCE BENEFITS IN MORE DETAIL LATER IN ‘THE COURSE, BUT LET'S FIRST REVIEW THE PRIMARY TYPES OF MASS-TIMBER CONSTRUCTION. GLAM GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER (GLULAM) IS A STRUCTURAL ENGINEERED WOOD ELEMENT COMMONLY USED FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS. GLULAM IS STRONGER THAN STEEL AT COMPARABLE WEIGHTS, AND IT IS STRONGER AND STIFFER THAN DIMENSION LUMBER, ACCORDING TO APA — THE ENGINEERED WOOD ASSOCIATION. THAT MAKES THE MATERIAL A COST-EFFECTIVE CHOICE FOR LONG, STRUCTURAL SPANS AND TALL COLUMNS WITH MINIMAL NEED FOR ADDITIONAL SUPPORT. GLULAM IS A HIGHLY VISIBLE FORM OF MASS TIMBER IN CONTEMPORARY PROJECTS, WITH LONG SPANS FRAMING SIGNATURE DESIGNS THAT HAVE BEEN LEFT EXPOSED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF WOOD'S NATURAL AESTHETIC. GLULAM CAN BE USED IN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS, AS SEVERAL MANUFACTURERS SELL GLULAM PRODUCTS WITH ADHESIVES THAT CAN WITHSTAND MOISTURE AND WEAR FROM USE OUTDOORS. NU NAIL-LAMINATED TIMBER (NLT OR NAIL-LAM) IS A CENTURY-OLD CONSTRUCTION METHOD THAT IS UNDERGOING A DESIGN RENAISSANCE. IT CAN BE FOUND TODAY IN MANY HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AS WELL AS COMPELLING NEW PROJECTS OF ALL SIZES, WHERE ITS STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN ELEGANCE COME TOGETHER TO CREATE INSPIRING SPACES. ooar CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) IS A RELATIVELY NEW STRUCTURAL ENGINEERED WOOD-PANEL SYSTEM THAT IS GAINING POPULARITY IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER BEING WIDELY ADOPTED IN EUROPE. CLT PANELS ARE MADE OF LAYERS OF LUMBER BOARDS (USUALLY THREE, FIVE, OR SEVEN) STACKED CROSSWISE AT 90-DEGREE ANGLES AND GLUED INTO PLACE. THE PANELS CAN BE MANUFACTURED AT CUSTOM DIMENSIONS, THOUGH TRANSPORTATION RESTRICTIONS DICTATE THEIR, LENGTH. OT DOWEL-LAMINATED TIMBER (DLT) IS COMMON IN EUROPE AND IS GAINING TRACTION IN THE UNITED STATES FOR ITS EASE OF USE WITH COMPUTER-CONTROLLED (CNC) MACHINERY, SUCH AS LATHES, ROUTERS, AND MILLS, AND ITS ALL-WOOD COMPOSITION. DLT IS SIMILAR TO NLT, BUT INSTEAD OF NAILS OR SCREWS, DLT USES WOOD DOWELS TO JOIN LAMINATIONS. TO FORM DLT MEMBERS, SOFTWOOD LUMBER PANELS ARE STACKED LIKE NLT AND ARE FRICTION FIT TOGETHER WITH HARDWOOD DOWELS. FRICTION FIT, ACHIEVED BY THE DIFFERING MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE SOFTWOOD PANELS AND THE HARDWOOD DOWELS, AFFORDS ADDITIONAL DIMENSIONAL STABILITY. ‘THE DOWELS CAN BE INSERTED DIAGONALLY, OFFERING ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE. BECAUSE DLT DOES NOT USE NAILS OR SCREWS, IT IS EASIER AND SAFER TO MILL AND ROUTE, AND THE LACK OF AN ADHESIVE IS ALSO ATTRACTIVE FOR PROJECTS LOOKING TO MAXIMIZE THE USE OF WOOD. APPROACHES TO LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION. ‘THERE ARE SEVERAL APPROACHES TO LIGHT-FRAME WOOD CONSTRUCTION, AND EACH IS SUITED FOR ‘A SPECIFIC APPLICATION, MOST OFTEN IN THE TYPE III (FOUR TO FIVE STORIES) AND TYPE V (TWO TO THREE STORIES) CATEGORIES. THESE APPROACHES ARE DISTINGUISHED BY THE WALL-TO-FLOOR CONNECTION AND INCLUDE PLATFORM, BALLOON, SEMI-BALLOON, PLANK AND BEAM, AND TRUSS FRAMED. PLATFORM FRE TYPES. IN PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION, THE FLOORS ARE FRAMED — AWOD' SEPARATELY, AND THE WALLS OF THE STORY BENEATH EACH NEW LEVEL BEAR THE LOAD. THE RIM BOARD, WHICH IS TYPICALLY MADE OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER, TRANSFERS LATERAL AND VERTICAL LOADS. FRAMING MEMBERS ARE TYPICALLY SPACED BETWEEN 12 AND 24 INCHES O.C. DUE TO ITS RELATIVE EASE OF BUILDING, PLATFORM FRAMING IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF UGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION FOR TYPE VA RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. BALLOON IN BALLOON FRAMING, VERTICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS EXTEND FROM THE FOUNDATION TO THE RAFTERS, AND FRAMING MEMBERS. PRAIA. ‘ARE SPACED BETWEEN 12 AND 24 INCHES O.C. THE WALL EXTENDS ‘TWO OR MORE STORIES, AND THE FLOOR IS HUNG OFF A LEDGER CONNECTED TO THE WALL. BALLOON FRAMING IS OFTEN USED IN INDUSTRIAL AND RETAIL APPLICATIONS WHERE A PARAPET IS NEEDED. 9 whl, Aled