Chemical Reactions and Equations

CHAPTER - 1
M.SRINIVASA RAO
SA(PHYSICS)
GUDIVADA
PH: 9848143855
10th CLASS Chapter - 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations
Oxidation and Change in state
Effects of Reduction
Chemical Change in colour
Oxidation Corrosion
Reaction
Reactions
Rancidity Evolution of a gas
Change in temperature
Writing a chemical equation

Chemical
Balanced chemical equations
Equations
Writing symbols of Physical states
Combination Reaction
Types of
Decomposition Reaction
chemical
reactions Displacement Reaction
Double Displacement Reaction

M.SRINIVASA RAO, SA(PHYSICS) GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 Visit: srini science mind
 Changes are like Permanent changes, Temporary
changes, Natural changes, Artificial changes
 Again changes are classified into types.
1. Physical Changes 2. Chemical Changes
The breaking and making of bonds between different atoms to

produce new substances is called Chemical Reaction.
Whenever a chemical change occurs, a chemical

reaction has taken place.
Burning of a magnesium ribbon in air and

collection of magnesium oxide in a watch-glass
Magnesium ribbon, Burner or
Spirit lamp, Tong, Watch-glass
Procedure: Clean a magnesium ribbon about 3-4 cm long by
rubbing it with sandpaper. Hold it with a pair of
tongs. Burn it using a spirit lamp or burner
Magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling white
flame and changes into a white powder is
magnesium oxide.
Observe the reaction between

Lead nitrate solution and Potassium
iodide solution
Lead nitrate solution,
Potassium iodide solution, Test tubes
Procedure: Take lead nitrate solution in a test tube.
Add potassium iodide solution to lead nitrate
The precipitation of a yellowish solid is observed.
This yellowish solid is lead iodide.
Formation of hydrogen gas by the

action of dilute Sulphuric acid on
zinc granules.
Conical flask/Test tube, Cork,
Glass tube, Zinc granules,
dilute sulphuric acid/hydrochloric acid.
Procedure: Take a few Zinc granules in a
conical flask or a test tube. Add dilute
hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid to this.
We observe that, hydrogen gas is evolved.
Reactants Products
Reactants are the Products are the

starting materials in a substances formed
chemical reaction. as a result of a
They undergo a chemical reaction.
transformation to form They are produced
the products. from the reactants.
WORD EQUATIONS
The simplest way to do a chemical reaction is to write it in
the form of a word-equation
Example: When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen, it gets
converted to magnesium oxide.
(Reactants) (Product)
 A word-equation shows a change of reactants to products
through an arrow placed between them.
 The “reactants” are written on the LHS with a “+” sign between
them.
 The “products” are written on the RHS with a “+” sign between
them.
 Writing Chemical  Balancing  Conservation

Equations Equations of Mass
A complete chemical equation represents the reactants,

products and their physical states symbolically.
Writing a Chemical Equation

Example: When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen,
it gets converted to magnesium oxide.
(Reactants) (Product)
Number of atoms of each element

on both sides of chemical equation
is not balanced (OR) Unbalanced
Chemical equation
Number of atoms of each element

2Mg + O2  2MgO on both sides of chemical
equation is balanced
Unbalanced(Skeletal) and Balanced Equations
Cl Cl
H H
Cl H
Cl Cl Cl
H
Cl
H
H
H2 + Cl2  HCl (unbalanced) H2 + Cl2  2 HCl (balanced)

reactants products reactants products
H 2 1 H 2 2
Cl 2 1 Cl 2 2
Balanced Equations
Reactants Products
1 C atom 1 C atom
4 H atoms 4 H atoms
4 O atoms 4 O atoms
How to balance a chemical equation?

Every chemical equation must be obey the law of conservation
of mass.
Example:
Step -1 : First draw boxes around each formula in chemical

equation
Step -2 : List the No.of atoms of different elements present in the
unbalanced chemical equation
Element No.of atoms in No.of atoms in
LHS RHS
Fe 1 3
H 2 2
O 1 4
Step -3 : To start balancing with the compounds that contains the
maximum number of atoms.
Atoms of In LHS In RHS
Oxygen
(i) Initial 1 (in H2O) 4 (in Fe3O4)
(ii) To balance 1x4 4
Step -4 : Next balance H atoms.
Atoms of In LHS In RHS

hydrogen
(i) Initial 8 (in 4H2O) 4 (in H2)
(ii) To balance 8 2x4
Step -5 : Next balance Fe atoms

Atoms of Iron In LHS In RHS
(i) Initial 1 (in Fe) 3 (in Fe3O4)

(ii) To balance 1x3 3
Step -6 : Finally, we count atoms of each element on both sides
of the equation.
Step -7 : Writing symbols of physical states carefully
 The equation must represent the known facts and feasible

chemical change
 The equation must contain the correct formulae of the
reactants and products.
 The important conditions of temperature, pressure and
catalysts during the reaction must be written on the top of
the chemical equation
 The law of conservation of mass must be satisfied.
Decomposition Reactions
Displacement Reaction
c
Oxidation and Reduction
In a chemical reaction, a single product is formed from two
or more reactants is known as a combination reaction.
The general format:
 Generally combination reactions are exothermic reactions.

 Reactions in which heat is released along with the formation of
products are called exothermic reactions.
Examples:
1. Burning of coal
2. Formation of water from Hydrogen and Oxygen
3. Respiration Exothermic
4. Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost reactions
Observe the combination reaction
between quick lime and water.
Calcium oxide/ quick lime,
Water, Beaker.
Procedure: Take a small amount of
calcium oxide/ quick lime in a beaker.
Slowly add water to quick lime.
Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to

produce Calcium hydroxide/ slaked lime
releasing a large amount of heat.
 Combustion
 Chemical Synthesis
 Metallurgy
 Food Preparation
 Battery Charging
 Photography
 Chemical Analysis
 Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals
 Fireworks
 Water Treatment
Decomposition Reactions
In a chemical reaction, a single reactant decomposes to give
two or more products is known as a decomposition reaction.
Decomposition reactions are opposite to combination reactions.
The general format:
Types of Decomposition
Reactions
c
Thermal decomposition Photodecomposition reaction

(Heat absorbed by reactant) (Light absorbed by reactant)
Electrolytic decomposition
(Electricity absorbed by reactant)
Thermal decomposition
Correct way of heating the boiling tube
containing crystals of ferrous sulphate
and of smelling the odour
Ferrous sulphate crystals,
A dry boiling tube,
Burner/ Spirit lamb, A pair of tongs
Procedure: Take about 2 grams of Ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry
boiling tube. Note the colour of the Ferrous sulphate crystals
before heating i.e light green. Heat the boiling tube over the
flame of a burner/ spirit lamp.
heat
Light green colour of Ferrous sulphate crystals lose water

when heated and changes to white colour of the crystals.
It is decomposes to Ferric oxide, Sulphur dioxide and
Sulphur trioxide.
Electrolysis of water.
Plastic mug, Water, Test tubes,
Graphite rods, Rubber stoppers,
6V Battery, Switch, Sulphuric acid
Procedure: 1.Take a plastic mug. Drill two holes
at it base and fit rubber stoppers in
these holes. Insert carbon electrodes
in these rubber stoppers.
2. Connect these electrodes to 6 volt battery. Fill the mug
with water such that the electrodes are immersed.
3. Add a few drops of dilute sulphate acid to the water. Take
two test tubes filled with water and invert them over the
two carbon electrodes.
4. Switch on the current and leave the apparatus undisturbed
for some time.
Procedure: 5. Once these test tubes are filled with the gases, carefully
remove them from the mug.
6. Take a glowing candle near the mouth of the test tubes.
7. The candle fire and burns with a pop sound, showing the
presence of hydrogen gas in the test tube.
8. The candle starts to burn brightly, showing the presence of
oxygen gas in the test tube.
Electricity
Hydrogen gas is liberated at the cathode while Oxygen gas is

liberated at the anode.
The hydrogen gas volume is twice the oxygen gas volume
contained in the other test tube.
Photodecomposition reaction
To demonstrate the change that takes place

when white silver chloride is kept in sunlight.
Sunlight, Silver chloride, China dish
Procedure: 1.Take about 2 gram of Silver chloride
in a china dish.
2. The colour of the silver chloride is white.
3. Place the china dish in sunlight for some time.
Sunlight
White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.

Decomposition of silver chloride into silver and
chlorine by light.
 Thermal Decomposition in
Cooking
 Baking Powder in Baking
 Decomposition of Organic Matter
Applications of  Chemical Reactions in Batteries
Decomposition  Electrolysis in Electroplating
Reactions  Water Purification
 Chemical Analysis
 Food Preservation
 Hydrolysis in Digestion
 Thermal Decomposition in
Industrial Processes
A displacement reaction is when one element displaces
another element from its compound.
The general format:
Examples:
1. Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
(Zinc) (Copper sulpahte) (Zinc sulphate) (Copper)
2. Pb (s) + CuCl2 (aq)  PbCl2 (aq) + Cu (s)

(Lead) (Copper chloride) (Lead chloride) (Copper)
To Demonstrate the iron has displaced
copper from copper sulphate solution.
Test tubes, Iron nails, Copper
sulphate solution, Sandpaper.
Procedure: 1. Take 3 iron nails and clean them
by rubbing with sandpaper.
2. Take 2 test tubes marked as A and B.
3. In each test tube, take about 10 ml
copper sulphate solution.
4. Tie 2 iron nails with a thread and immerse them carefully
in the copper sulphate solution in the tube B for about 20
minutes.
5. Keep one iron nail aside for comparison.
6. After 20 minutes, take out the iron nails from the copper
sulphate solution.
7. Compare the intensity of the blue colour of copper sulphate
solutions in test tubes A and B.
8. Compare the colour of the iron nails dipped in the copper
sulphate solution with the one kept aside.
(Iron) (Copper sulphate) (Iron sulphate) (Copper)
1. The iron nail become brownish in colour and

the blue colour of copper sulphate solution
fades.
2. Iron has displaced another copper element from
copper sulphate solution.
 Galvanization
 Electrochemical Cells
 Water Treatment
 Metal Extraction
 Tarnish Removal
 Photography
 Metal Plating
 Chemical Analysis
 Food Industry
 Cleaning Products
A Chemical reaction in which there is an exchange of ions between

the reactants are called double displacement reactions.
The general format:

Examples:
1. 2NaCl + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2HCl
2. NaCl + AgNO3  NaNO3 + AgCl
3. HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
4. KOH + HCl  KCl + H20
To demonstrate double displacement reaction.
Sodium sulphate solution, Barium chloride
solution, Test tubes
Procedure: 1.Take about 3 ml of Sodium sulphate
solution in test tube.
2. In another test tube, take about 3 ml of
Barium chloride solution.
3. Mix the solutions properly.
(Sodium sulphate) (Barium chloride) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium chloride)
1. Insoluble white precipitate Barium sulphate is formed by

the reaction of SO4 and Ba2+.
2. Exchange of ions between the reactants.
Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be called a

precipitation reaction
(Sodium sulphate) (Barium chloride) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium chloride)

White precipitate
Insoluble in water
 Water Softening
 Soap Formation
 Precipitation Reactions in Chemistry
Applications of  Water Treatment
Double  Chemical Manufacturing
Displacement  Metal Plating
Reaction  Wastewater Treatment
 pH Regulation
 Food and Beverage Processing
 Wastewater Neutralization
Oxidation and Reduction or Redox Reaction
Oxidation
Heat
Reduction
One reactant gets oxidized and other reactant gets reduced

during a reaction is called oxidation – reduction reactions or
redox reaction.
Oxidation and Reduction or Redox Reaction
Oxidation
Heat
Reduction
Hydrogen is gaining oxygen and is being oxidised
Copper oxide (CuO) is losing oxygen and is being reduced

Effects of Oxidation and Reductions in everyday life
When fats and oils are oxidized, they

become rancid. Smell and taste change
Usually substances which prevent

oxidation (antioxidants) are added to
foods containing fats and oil.
.
Chips flush bags filled with nitrogen gas
to prevent the chips from getting
oxidized.
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CHAPTER - 1

Writing a chemical equation

Double Displacement Reaction

The breaking and making of bonds between different atoms to

Whenever a chemical change occurs, a chemical

Burning of a magnesium ribbon in air and

Observe the reaction between

Formation of hydrogen gas by the

Reactants are the Products are the

 Writing Chemical  Balancing  Conservation

A complete chemical equation represents the reactants,

Writing a Chemical Equation

Number of atoms of each element

Number of atoms of each element

Unbalanced(Skeletal) and Balanced Equations

H2 + Cl2  HCl (unbalanced) H2 + Cl2  2 HCl (balanced)

How to balance a chemical equation?

Step -1 : First draw boxes around each formula in chemical

Atoms of In LHS In RHS

Step -5 : Next balance Fe atoms

(i) Initial 1 (in Fe) 3 (in Fe3O4)

Step -7 : Writing symbols of physical states carefully

 The equation must represent the known facts and feasible

Double Displacement Reaction

Oxidation and Reduction

 Generally combination reactions are exothermic reactions.

Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to

Thermal decomposition Photodecomposition reaction

Light green colour of Ferrous sulphate crystals lose water

Hydrogen gas is liberated at the cathode while Oxygen gas is

To demonstrate the change that takes place

White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.

2. Pb (s) + CuCl2 (aq)  PbCl2 (aq) + Cu (s)

(Iron) (Copper sulphate) (Iron sulphate) (Copper)

1. The iron nail become brownish in colour and

A Chemical reaction in which there is an exchange of ions between

The general format:

(Sodium sulphate) (Barium chloride) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium chloride)

1. Insoluble white precipitate Barium sulphate is formed by

Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be called a

(Sodium sulphate) (Barium chloride) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium chloride)

One reactant gets oxidized and other reactant gets reduced

Hydrogen is gaining oxygen and is being oxidised

Copper oxide (CuO) is losing oxygen and is being reduced

When fats and oils are oxidized, they

Usually substances which prevent

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