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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition Gravetter Test Bank instant download all chapter
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1. Which of the following is a fundamental difference between the t statistic and a z-score?
a. The t statistic uses the sample mean in place of the population mean.
b. The t statistic uses the sample variance in place of the population variance.
c. The t statistic computes the standard error by dividing the standard deviation by n - 1 instead of dividing by n.
d. The t statistic is used for large samples only.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
3. If a researcher is using a t statistic to test a null hypothesis about a population, what information is needed from the
population to calculate the t statistic?
a. You must know the population mean
b. You must know the population variance or standard deviation
c. You must know the population mean and the variance or standard deviation
d. The t statistic does not require any information about the population
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
4. If two samples are selected from the same population, under what circumstances are the two samples guaranteed to
have exactly the same t statistic?
a. If the samples are the same size and have the same variance
b. If the samples are the same size and have the same mean
c. If the samples have the same mean and the same variance
d. If the samples are the same size and have the same mean and have the same variance
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
5. A sample of n = 4 scores has SS = 60. What is the variance for this sample?
a. 30
b. 20
c. 16
6. On average, what value is expected for the t statistic when the null hypothesis is true?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 1.96
d. t > 1.96
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
7. What is the sample variance and the estimated standard error for a sample of n = 9 scores with SS = 72?
a. s2 = 9 and sM = 3
b. s2 = 9 and sM = 1
c. s2 = 3 and sM = 3
d. s2 = 3 and sM = 1
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
8. A sample of n = 4 scores has SS = 48. What is the estimated standard error for the sample mean?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 16
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
9. A sample of n = 25 scores has a mean of M = 40 and a variance of s2 = 100. What is the estimated standard error for the
sample mean?
a. 4
b. 2
c.
d. 1
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
10. A sample with a mean of M = 40 and a variance of s2 = 20 has an estimated standard error of 2 points. How many
scores are in the sample?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 10
d. 25
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
11. A sample of n = 25 scores has a mean of M = 65 and an estimated standard error of 2 points. What is the sample
variance?
a. s2 = 100
b. s2 = 96
c. s2 = 50
d. s2 = 48
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
12. Which set of characteristics will produce the smallest value for the estimated standard error?
a. A large sample size and a small sample variance
b. A large sample size and a large sample variance
c. A small sample size and a small sample variance
d. A small sample size and a large sample variance
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
13. Which of the following samples will have the smallest value for the estimated standard error?
a. n = 25 with s2 = 100
b. n = 25 with s2 = 400
c. n = 100 with s2 = 100
d. n = 100 with s2 = 400
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
15. A researcher conducts a hypothesis test using a sample from an unknown population. If the t statistic has df = 35, how
many individuals were in the sample?
a. n = 34
b. n = 35
c. n = 36
d. n=32
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
16. A researcher conducts a hypothesis test using a sample of n = 40 from an unknown population. What is the df value
for the t statistic?
a. 39
b. 40
c. 41
d. 42
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
17. If other factors are held constant, which set of sample characteristics is most likely to produce a significant t statistic?
a. n = 25 with s2 = 100
b. n = 25 with s2 = 400
c. n = 100 with s2 = 100
d. n = 100 with s2 = 400
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
18. If other factors are held constant, what is the effect of increasing the sample size?
a. It will increase the estimated standard error and increase the likelihood of rejecting H0.
b. It will increase the estimated standard error and decrease the likelihood of rejecting H0.
19. If other factors are held constant, what is the effect of increasing the sample variance?
a. It will increase the estimated standard error and increase the likelihood of rejecting H0.
b. It will increase the estimated standard error and decrease the likelihood of rejecting H0.
c. It will decrease the estimated standard error and increase the likelihood of rejecting H0.
d. It will decrease the estimated standard error and decrease the likelihood of rejecting H0.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
20. If other factors are held constant, which set of sample characteristics is most likely to reject a null hypothesis stating
that m = 80?
a. M = 85 and small sample variance
b. M = 85 and large sample variance
c. M = 90 and small sample variance
d. M = 90 and large sample variance
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
21. If other factors are held constant, which set of sample characteristics is most likely to reject a null hypothesis stating
that m = 80?
a. M = 85 for a sample of n = 25
b. M = 85 for a sample of n = 100
c. M = 90 for a sample of n = 25
d. M = 90 for a sample of n = 100
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
22. With α = .01 the two-tailed critical region for a t test using a sample of n = 16 subjects would have boundaries of
____.
a. t = ±2.602
b. t = ±2.583
c. t = ±2.947
d. t = ±2.921
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 5
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
23. With α = .05 and df = 8, the critical values for a two-tailed t test are t = ±2.306. Assuming all other factors are held
constant, if the df value were increased to df = 20, what would happen to the critical values for t?
a. They would increase (move farther from zero).
b. They would decrease (move closer to zero).
c. They would stay the same.
d. There is not enough information to answer.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
24. A sample has a mean of M = 39.5 and a standard deviation of s = 4.3, and produces a t statistic of t = 2.14. For a two-
tailed hypothesis test with α = .05, what is the correct statistical decision for this sample?
a. The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with α = .05 but not with α = .01.
b. The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with either α = .05 or α = .01.
c. The researcher must fail to reject the null hypothesis with either α = .05 or α = .01.
d. It is impossible to make a decision about H0 without more information.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
25. A sample of n = 25 scores produces a t statistic of t = 2.062. If the researcher is using a two-tailed test, then which of
the following is the correct statistical decision?
a. The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with α = .05 but not with α = .01.
b. The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with either α = .05 or α = .01.
c. The researcher must fail to reject the null hypothesis with either α = .05 or α = .01.
d. It is impossible to make a decision about H0 without more information.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
26. A hypothesis test produces a t statistic of t = 2.20. If the researcher is using a two-tailed test with α = .05, how large
does the sample have to be in order to reject the null hypothesis?
a. At least n = 11
b. At least n = 12
c. At least n = 13
d. At least n = 14
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
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QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
27. Two samples from the same population both have n = 10 scores with M = 45. If the t statistic is computed for each
sample, then what is the relationship between the two t values?
a. The two t statistics will be identical.
b. The sample with the larger variance will produce the larger t statistic.
c. The sample with the smaller variance will produce the larger t statistic.
d. There is no way to predict the relationship between the two t statistics
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
28. Under what circumstances can a very small treatment effect be statistically significant?
a. If the sample size is big and the sample variance is small
b. If the sample size and the sample variance are both big
c. If the sample size is small and the sample variance is big
d. If the sample size and the sample variance are both small
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
29. How does sample variance influence the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis and measures of effect size such as
r2 and Cohen’s d?
a. Larger variance increases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
b. Larger variance increases the likelihood but decreases measures of effect size.
c. Larger variance decreases the likelihood but increases measures of effect size.
d. Larger variance decreases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
30. Two samples from the same population both have M = 84 and s2 = 20; however, one sample has n = 10 and the other
has n = 20 scores. Both samples are used to evaluate a hypothesis that μ = 80 and to compute Cohen’s d. How will the
outcomes for the two samples compare?
a. The larger sample is more likely to reject the hypothesis and will produce a larger value for Cohen’s d.
b. The larger sample is more likely to reject the hypothesis but the two samples will have the same value for
Cohen’s d.
c. The larger sample is less likely to reject the hypothesis and will produce a larger value for Cohen’s d.
d. The larger sample is less likely to reject the hypothesis but the two samples will have the same value for
Cohen’s d.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
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KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
31. The results of a hypothesis test are reported as follows: t(15) = 2.70, p < .05. Based on this report, how many
individuals were in the sample?
a. 14
b. 15
c. 16
d. 17
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
32. A sample of n = 16 scores produces a t statistic of t = 2.00. If the sample is used to measure effect size with r2, what
value will be obtained for r2?
a. r2 = 2/20
b. r2 = 4/20
c. r2 = 2/19
d. r2 = 4/19
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
33. If other factors are held constant, how does sample size influence the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis and
measures of effect size such as r2 and Cohen’s d?
a. A larger sample increases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
b. A larger sample increases the likelihood but has little influence on measures of effect size.
c. A larger sample decreases the likelihood but has little influence on measures of effect size.
d. A larger sample decreases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
34. A sample is selected from a population with μ = 46 and a treatment is administered to the sample. After treatment, the
sample mean is M = 48 with a sample variance of s2 = 16. Based on this information, the size of the treatment effect, as
measured by Cohen’s d, is ____.
a. d = 0.125
b. d = 0.25
c. d = 0.50
d. d=0.001
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 8
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
36. What value is estimated with a confidence interval using the t statistic?
a. The value for an unknown sample mean
b. The value for an unknown population mean
c. The difference between two population means
d. The difference between two sample means
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
37. If a sample of n = 16 scores is being used to make an 80% confidence interval estimate of the population mean, μ,
what value(s) of t should be used?
a. t = 0
b. t = ±2.131
c. t = ±1.753
d. t = ±1.341
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
38. A sample of n = 4 scores is selected from a population with an unknown mean. The sample has a mean of M = 40 and
a variance of s2 = 16. Which equation correctly describes the 90% confidence interval for μ?
a. μ = 40 ± 2.353(4)
b. μ = 40 ± 1.638(4)
c. μ = 40 ± 2.353(2)
d. μ = 40 ± 1.638(2)
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
39. A hypothesis test with a sample of n = 25 participants produces a t statistic of t = +2.53. Assuming a one-tailed test
with the critical region in the right-hand tail, what is the correct decision?
a. The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with α = .05 but not with α = .01.
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 9
b. The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with either α = .05 or α = .01.
c. The researcher must fail to reject the null hypothesis with either α = .05 or α = .01.
d. It is impossible to make a decision about H0 without more information.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.4 Directional Hypotheses and One-Tailed Tests
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
40. With α = .05, what is the critical t value for a one-tailed test with n = 15?
a. t = 1.761
b. t = 1.753
c. t = 2.145
d. t = 2.131
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 9.4 Directional Hypotheses and One-Tailed
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
41. When the population variance or standard deviation is not known, you must use a t statistic instead of a z-score for a
hypothesis test.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
42. Compared to a z-score, a hypothesis test with a t statistic requires more information from the sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
43. Two samples from same population probably will have different t statistics even if they are the same size and have the
same mean.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
44. A sample of n = 4 scores with SS = 48 has a variance of 16 and an estimated standard error of 2.
a. True
45. A sample of n = 16 scores with a sample variance of s2 = 64 would have an estimated standard error of 4 points.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
46. If random samples, each with n = 20 scores, are selected from a population, and the z-score and t statistic are
computed for each sample, the t statistics will be more variable than the z-scores.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
47. If two samples each have the same mean, the same number of scores, and are selected from the same population, then
they will also have identical t statistics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
48. As the sample size is increased, the distribution of t statistics becomes flatter and more spread out.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
49. The t distribution for df = 4 is flatter and more spread out than the t distribution for df = 20.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
50. If two samples, each with n = 20 scores, are selected from the same population and both have the same mean (M = 53)
and the same variance (s2 = 12), then they will also have the same t statistic.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
51. If other factors are held constant, as the sample size increases, the estimated standard error decreases.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
52. If other factors are held constant, as the sample variance increases, the estimated standard error also increases.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
53. In general, the larger the value of the sample variance, the greater the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
54. If other factors are held constant, the bigger the sample is, the greater the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
55. For a hypothesis test using a t statistic, the boundaries for the critical region will change if the sample size is changed.
a. True
b. False
56. For a two-tailed test with α = .05 and a sample of n = 16, the boundaries for the critical region are t = ±2.120.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
57. For a one-tailed test with α = .05 and a sample of n = 9, the critical value for the t statistic is t = 1.860.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
58. In a hypothesis test, a large value for the sample variance increases the likelihood that you will find a significant
treatment effect.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
59. If a hypothesis test using a sample of n = 16 scores produces a t statistic of t = 2.15, then the correct decision is to
reject the null hypothesis for a two-tailed test with a = .05.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
60. As sample size increases, the critical region boundaries for a two-tailed test with a = .05 will move closer to zero.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
62. Two samples are selected from a population and a treatment is administered to the samples. If both samples have the
same mean and the same variance, you are more likely to find a significant treatment effect with a sample of n = 100 than
with a sample of n = 4.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
63. A research report states “t(15) = 2.31, p < .05.” For this study, the sample had n = 16 scores.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
64. A research report states “t(8) = 2.00, p > .05.” For this test, r2 = 2/10.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
65. If the null hypothesis states that m = 70 and a researcher obtains a sample with M = 73 and s2 = 9, then Cohen’s d =
0.33.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
66. Although hypothesis tests are affected by sample size, it has little or no influence on measures of effect size, such as r2
or Cohen’s d.
a. True
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b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
67. In order to estimate a population mean with a confidence interval, you first must estimate a range of values for t.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
68. The sample mean will always be exactly in the center of a confidence interval that is estimating the value of the
population mean.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
69. If the 90% confidence interval for µ is from 40 to 50, then the sample mean is M = 45.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
70. For a one tailed test evaluating a treatment that is supposed to decrease scores, a researcher obtains t(8) = 1.90. For α =
.05, the correct decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.4 Directional Hypotheses and One-Tailed Tests
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
71. Although you can compute a z-score for a single score (a sample of n = 1), it is impossible to compute a t statistic for a
sample that has only one score. Explain why.
ANSWER: Before you can find a t statistic, you must first compute the sample variance or standard deviation (s2
or s). s2 is computed as SS/(n-1) where SS is the sum of squared deviations from the sample mean.
With only one score, (n-1) reduces to 0; s2 = 0/0 and does not have a valid result. Therefore, it is
impossible to compute variability for the sample.
REFERENCES: 9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z
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QUESTION TYPE: Essay
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
72. A sample is selected from a population with µ = 80. After a treatment is administered to the individuals, the sample
mean is found to be M = 75 and the variance is s2 = 100.
a. If the sample has n = 4 scores, then calculate the estimated standard error and determine whether the sample is
sufficient to conclude that the treatment has a significant effect? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05.
b. If the sample has n = 25 scores, then calculate the estimated standard error and determine whether the sample is
sufficient to conclude that the treatment has a significant effect? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05.
c. Describe how increasing the size of the sample affects the standard error and the likelihood of rejecting the null
hypothesis.
ANSWER: a. With n = 4 the estimated standard error is 5 and t = –1.00, which is not beyond the critical
boundaries of t = ±3.182. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
b. With n = 25 the estimated standard error is 2 and t = –2.50, which is beyond the critical boundaries
of t = ±2.064. Reject the null hypothesis.
c. A larger sample produces a smaller standard error and increases the likelihood of rejecting the null
hypothesis.
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
73. A sample of n = 16 individuals is selected from a population with µ = 30. After a treatment is administered to the
individuals, the sample mean is found to be M = 33.
a. If the sample variance is s2 = 16, then calculate the estimated standard error and determine whether the sample is
sufficient to conclude that the treatment has a significant effect? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05.
b. If the sample variance is s2 = 64, then calculate the estimated standard error and determine whether the sample is
sufficient to conclude that the treatment has a significant effect? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05.
c. Describe how increasing variance affects the standard error and the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
ANSWER: a. With s2 = 16, the estimated standard error is 1 and t = 3.00. With df = 15, the critical boundaries
are t = ±2.131. Reject the null hypothesis.
b. With s2 = 64, the estimated standard error is 2 and t = 1.50. With df = 15, the critical boundaries
are t = ±2.131. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
c. The larger variance increases the standard error and lowers the likelihood of rejecting the null
hypothesis.
REFERENCES: 9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
74. A researcher is testing the effect of a new cold and flu medication on mental alertness. A sample of n = 9 college
students is obtained and each student is given the normal dose of the medicine. Thirty minutes later, each student’s
performance is measured on a video game that requires careful attention and quick decision making. The scores for the
nine students are as follows: 6, 8, 10, 6, 7, 13, 5, 5, 3.
a. Assuming that scores for students in the regular population average μ = 10, are the data sufficient to conclude that the
medication has a significant effect on mental performance? Test at the .05 level of significance.
b. Compute r2, the percentage of variance explained by the treatment effect.
c. Write a sentence demonstrating how the outcome of the hypothesis test and the measure of effect size would be
presented in a research report.
ANSWER: a. For these data M = 7 and SS = 72. The standard error is 1 and t = 3.00, which is beyond the critical
boundaries of ±2.306. Reject H0.
b. r2 = 9/17 = 0.529
c. The results indicate that the medication has a significant effect on mental alertness, t(8) = 3.00, p <
.05, r2 = 0.529.
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REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
75. A sample of n = 16 scores has a mean of M = 58 with SS = 960. Use the sample to construct the 90% confidence
interval for µ.
ANSWER: The sample variance is s2 = 64 and the estimated standard error is 2. With df = 15 and 90%
confidence, use t = 1.753. The interval is = 58 ± 1.753(2) and extends from 54.495 to 61.506.
REFERENCES: 9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand