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Chapter 8
Real Numbers and Algebraic Thinking

Assessment 8-1A: Real Numbers (b) 13 ⋅ 13 = 169  169 = 13.
1. Answers may vary. E.g., one such number could (c) Impossible. There is no real number n such
be 0.232233222333…, continuing the pattern of that n 2 = -81 .
adding a 2 and a 3 to each succeeding group.
(d) 25 ⋅ 25 = 625  625 = 25.
2. (a) x 2 = 22 + ( 2) 2 = 4 + 2 = 6.
x = 6. 6. (a) 2 < 7 < 3.
(2.6)2 = 6.76 and (2.7) 2 = 7.29
(b) x 2 = ( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 2 + 2 = 4.
 2.6 < 7 < 2.7.
x = 4 = 2.
(2.64) 2 = 6.9696 and (2.65) 2 = 7.0225
(c) 52 = 42 + x 2  x 2 = 52 - 42
 2.64 < 7 < 2.65.
= 25 - 16 = 9
7 is closer to 7.0225 than to 6.9696 
x = 9 = 3.
7 » 2.65.
3. Line up the decimal points: (b) 0.1 < 0.0120 < 0.2.
0.9 = 0.90000000
(0.10) = 0.0100 and (0.11)2 = 0.0121
2
0.9 = 0.99999999
 0.10 < 0.0120 < 0.11.
0.98 = 0.98989898 0.0120 is closer to 0.0121 than to 0.0100
0.988 = 0.98888888  0.0120 » 0.11.
0.998 = 0.99898989
0.898 = 0.89889889 7. Answers may vary.
0.98 = 0.98994949 (a) False. 0 + 2 is irrational.
Ordering from greatest to least: -
(b) False. 2 + 2 = 0, which is rational.
0.9 > 0.998 > 0.98 > 0.98 > 0.988 > 0.9 (c) False. 2 ⋅ 2 = 2, which is rational.
> 0.898.
(d) True. 2 - 2 = 0, which is rational.
4. (a) Irrational. There is no rational number s such

that s 2 = 51. 8. (a) Answers may vary. 2, 3, and 5 are three
such irrational numbers.
(b) Rational. 82 = 64.
(b) Answers may vary. E.g., 0.53 = 0.53535353
(c) Rational. 182 = 324. < 0.536336333633336 (assuming the
(d) Irrational. There is no rational number s such pattern of adding 3’s between 6’s continues)
< 0.53733733373333 < 0.53833833383333...
that s 2 = 325.
< 0.54 = 0.54545454.
(e) Irrational. The sum of a rational number and
an irrational number is irrational. (c) Answers may vary. E.g., 0.5 < 0.5151151
(f) Irrational. The quotient of any non-zero 115 (assuming the pattern of adding 1’s
rational number and any irrational number is between 5’s continues) < 0.5252252225...
irrational. < 0.5353353335... < 0.6.
5. (a) 15 ⋅ 15 = 225  225 = 15. 9. Consider 8(c). We form an irrational number between
0.5 and 0.6 by placing digits in lesser place-values
171
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
172 Chapter 8: Real Numbers and Algebraic Thinking
so that the decimal does not terminate or repeat,

(c) x = -64. - -
( 64) = 64 = 8.
e.g., 0.5151151115…. A similar approach can be
taken for any two rational numbers that are 0.1 a
part. For example, 1.7171171117… is between 1.7 (d) No real values. - x is the principal square
and 1.8. root of x, if x < 0.
(e) All real numbers > 0. If x = 0 then
10. (a) Q È S = R. The set of real numbers contains x > 0.
any number which is either rational or irrational. (f) No real values. x is the principal square
(b) Q Ç S = . A rational number cannot be an root of x.
irrational number.
(c) Q Ç R = Q. Q Ì R. 14. (a) 180 = 36 ⋅ 5 = 36 ⋅ 5 = 6 5 .
(d) S Ç W = . No whole number can be
irrational. (b) 363 = 121 ⋅ 3 = 121 ⋅ 3 = 11 3 .
(e) W È R = R. W Ì R. (c) 252 = 36 ⋅ 7 = 36 ⋅ 7 = 6 7 .
(f) Q È R = R. Q Ì R.
3- 3- 3-
15. (a) 54 = 27 ⋅ 2 = 27 ⋅ 3 2 = -3 3 2 .
11. In the tables of 14. and 15. below: N is the set of
5 5
natural (or counting) numbers; I is the set of integers; (b) 96 = 32 ⋅ 3 = 2 5 3 .
Q is the set of rational numbers; R is the set of real
numbers; and S is the set of irrational numbers. (c) 3
250 = 3 125 ⋅ 2 = 5 3 2 .
N Ì I Ì Q Ì R; R = Q È S. 5-
(d) 243 = -3 5 1 = - 3 ⋅ 1 = - 3.
N I Q R S
(a) 6.7   16. (a) a1 = 5; a4 = 10; n = 4. Thus 10 = 5(r )4-1

 2 = r 3  r = 3 2. The terms of the
(b) 5    
sequence are 5, 5 3 2, 5 3 4 , 5 3 8 = 10.
(c) 2  
(b) a1 = 2; a5 = 1; n = 5. Thus 1 = 2(r )5-1
(d) -    -
5  r = 4 1 or r = 4 1. The terms of the
2 2
(e) 3 17   sequence are then 2 = 4 16, 4 8, 4 4, 4 2 ,

4
1 = 1 or 2 = 4 16, - 4 8, 4 4 , -4 2 , 4 1 = 1.
12.
x = N I Q R S 17. The sides of the gate form the sides of a right triangle
with the diagonal brace as the hypotenuse. If c is
(a) x2 + 1 = 5 2, -2     the length of the hypotenuse, c 2 = 42 + 52 =
33 16 + 25 = 41. 41 » 6.4 feet.
(b) 2 x - 1 = 32 2  
(c) x2 = 3 3, - 3   18. (a) E (0) = 210 ⋅ 160 = 210 bacteria.
(d) x = -1 no solution (b) E ( 14 ) = 210 ⋅ 161/4 = 210 ⋅ 2

3 x = 0.4 16
  = 211 bacteria.
(e) 4 27
(c) E ( 12 ) = 210 ⋅ 161/ 2 = 210 ⋅ 22
13. (a) x = 64. 64 = 8. = 212 bacteria.
(b) No real values. x is the principal square
root of x. 19. (a) 3x = 81  3x = 34  x = 4.

Assessment 8-1B 173
(b) 4 x = 8  (22 ) x = 23  22 x = 23 (c) x 2 + 242 = 252  x 2 = 252 - 242 = 49

 2 x = 3  x = 32 .  x = 49 = 7.
- -
(c) 128 x
= 16  (27 ) x
= 24  -7 x = 4 3. Line up the decimal points:
-
 x = 74 . 0.8 = 0.80000
3x
0.8 = 0.88888
3x é 2ù 5
(d) ( 94 ) = 32
243
 ê
êë ( 32 ) ú
úû
= ( 32 ) 0.89 = 0.89898
0.889 = 0.88989
 6 x = 5  x = 56 .
0.7744 = 0.88000
2 2
(e) 2 3 = x  x = ( x) = 2 3 ( ) Ordering from greatest to least:
0.89 > 0.889 > 0.8 > 0.7744 > 0.8.
 x = 22 ⋅ 3 = 12.
4. (a) Irrational. There is no rational number n such

2 ⋅ 2 -1⋅ 2
20. (a) Rational. 2- 2 = = 0 = 0.
2 2 2 that n 2 = 78.
-
4 (b) Rational. 92 = 81.
(b) Rational. ( ) 2 = 1
4
= 14 .
( 2) (c) Rational. 73 = 343.
(d) Rational. The sum of two rational numbers is
21. Construct a right triangle with one side starting at 0 rational, since the rationals are closed under
and ending at 18, then extending up approximately addition.
4 14 units at a right angle. The resulting hypotenuse (e) Irrational. The quotient of any non-zero
rational number and any irrational number is
2
will have a length of 182 + 4 14 ( ) » 342.1 irrational.
( )
units close to 342 and would lie directly on the
5. (a) 16 ⋅ 16 = 256  256 = 16.
number line from 0 to about 18.5 units if an arc
with radius 18.5 were to be constructed. Thus (b) 18 ⋅ 18 = 324  324 = 18.
342 » 18.5, about as close as possible with (c) Impossible. There is no real number n such that
whole number units. n 2 = -25 (or any other negative number).
-
2 -
3
(d) 32 ⋅ 32 = 1024  1024 = 32.
22. Answers may vary. For example > if and
3 5
only if - 2 5 > -3 3 if and only if 3 3 > 2 5 6. (a) 4 < 20.3 < 5

if and only if 9(3) > 4(5). This last step is valid (4.5)2 = 20.25 and (4.6) 2 = 21.16 
only for positive numbers, and the last step
4.5 < 20.3 < 4.6
states 27 > 20. Since the last step is true and the
connections among steps are “if and only if ” the (4.50)2 = 20.25 and (4.51)2 = 20.3401 
original statement is true.
4.50 < 20.3 < 4.51
20.3 is closer to 20.3401 than to 20.25 
Assessment 8-1B
20.3 » 4.51.
1. Answers may vary; one such could be
0.454455444555…, and continuing the pattern of
adding a 4 and a 5 to each succeeding group.
2
2. (a) x 2 = 32 + ( 3) = 9 + 3 = 12
 x = 12 = 4 ⋅ 3 = 2 3.
2 2
(b) x 2 = ( 3) + ( 3) = 3+3= 6
 x = 6.

(b) 1 < 1.64 < 2 the set of rational numbers; R is the set of real
numbers; and S is the set of irrational numbers.
(1.2)2 = 1.44 and (1.3)2 = 1.69  N Ì I Ì Q Ì R; R = Q È S.
1.2 < 1.64 < 1.3
N I Q R S
(1.28) 2 = 1.6384 and (1.29) 2 = 1.6641 
(a) 3  
1.28 < 1.64 < 1.29
1.64 is closer to 1.6384 than to 1.6641  (b) 4 12  
1.64 » 1.28. - 1
(c) 37  
7. (a) True. The rationals are closed under addition.

12.
(b) False. For example, 2 - 2 = 0, which is x= N I Q R S
rational.
(c) False. If the rational number is 0, any product (a) x2 + 2 = 4 2, - 2  
will be 0, which is rational.
-
(b) 1 - 2 x = 32 31  
2
8. Answers may vary.
(a) 9.1, 9.3, and 9.5 are three such numbers. (c) x3 = 4 3
4  
(b) ( 7.05 + ), ( 7.05 + ), and

2
1000
2
999 (d) x = -2 no solution
( 7.05 + ) are three such numbers.

2
998 (e) 0.7 x = 5
45
7  
(c) ( 0.7 + ), ( 0.7 + ), and ( 0.7 + )

2
1000
2
999
2
998 13. (a) x = 49. 49 = 7.
are three such numbers.
(b) No real numbers. x is the principal square
root of x.
2
9. Suppose is a rational number which can be
2 (c) x = -49. - -
( 49) = 7.
written in the form a, where a and b are integers
b (d) No real numbers. x is always positive,
2
and b =
/ 0. Then 2
2 = 2ba , which
= ba  so its additive inverse would be negative.
(e) 49. The additive inverse of a positive number
is a rational number. But 2 is an irrational number
is negative.
which cannot equal a rational number, so a contra-
diction exists and therefore 22 must be irrational. 14. (a) 360 = 36 ⋅ 10 = 36 ⋅ 10 = 6 10 .
(b) 40 = 4 ⋅ 10 = 4 ⋅ 10 = 2 10 .
10. (a) Q Ç I = I . I Ì Q, since the set of rational
numbers contains the set of integers. (c) 240 = 16 ⋅ 15 = 16 ⋅ 15 = 4 15 .
(b) S - Q = S. There are no irrational numbers
3-
which are also rational. 15. (a) 102 = -1 3 102 . There is no number n
(c) R È S = R. S Ì R, or irrational numbers such that n3 = 102.
are real.
6 6 6
(d) R. Q, I, W, and S are all subsets of the set of (b) 64 = 2 = 2.
real numbers.
(c) 3
64 = 3 (22 )3 = 22 = 4 .
(e) S = Q, where Q is the set of rational numbers.
Q È S = R; Q Ç S = Ø. 16. (a) a1 = 1, a4 = 8, and n = 4. Thus 8 =
4(r )4-1  r 3 = 2  r = 3 2.
11. In tables 12. and 13. below: N is the set of natural Then a2 = 4( 3 2) and a3 = 4( 3 2) 2 = 4 3 4.
(or counting) numbers; I is the set of integers; Q is

Assessment 8-2A 175
a c 2 3
The terms of the sequence are 4, 4 3 2, 4 3 4 , 8. (ii ) b
< d
 ad < bc, so if < 
3 5
(b) a1 = 1, a4 = 2, and n = 4. Thus 2 5 » 4.47 < 3 3 » 5.20.
4-1 3 3
2 = 1(r )  r = 2 r = 2.
Assessment 8-2A: Variables
Then a2 = 1( 3 2) = 3 2 and a3 = ( 3 2)2 =
3
4. The terms of the sequence are 1, 3 2, 3 4, 2. 1. (a) Use the format for an arithmetic sequence:
an = a1 + (n - 1)d , if a1 = 10. Then
a3 = 10 + (3 - 1)d = 10 + 2d .
17. h 2 = 52 + 122 = 169  h = 169 = 13.
(b) If n is the number, then twice the number is 2n
and 10 less than that is 2n - 10.
18. Given the exponential function E (t ) = 8¢, where
t ³ 0 in this application. (c) If n is the number, then its square is n 2 and
10 times that is 10n2.
0
(a) E (0) = 8 = 1. (d) If n is the number, its square is n2 and twice
the number is 2n. Their difference is n2 - 2n.
( 13 ) = 8
1
3
(b) E 3 = 8 = 2.
2. (a) Let n be the number:

x x 6
19. (a) 2 = 64  2 = 2  x = 6, (if the (i ) Adding 3  n+ 3
bases are equal, the exponents must be equal).
(ii ) Multiplying the sum by
(b) 4 x = 64  (22 ) x = 26  2 x = 6  7  7(n + 3)
x = 3.
-
(iii ) Subtracting 14  7(n + 3) - 14
(c) 2 x
= 64  1 = 1  x = -6, (if the
2x 2
-6 (iv) Dividing the difference by 7 
numerators are equal the denominators must 7(n+ 3)-14
be equal). 7
(v) Subtracting the original number 
( )
2
3x 3x 2 3x
(d) = 36  = 36  = 7( n + 3 )-14
2 2 2
7
- n.
(62 ) 2  3x = 2 ⋅ 64  x = 2592 = 864.
3 (b) 7n + 77 3 -14 - n = n + 3 - 2 - n = 3 - 2.
( )
2 2
(e) 3 = x  3 = x  9 = 3. (a) There are 4, 6, 8, and 10 shaded tiles,
3 3 3 respectively, in the four figures. Assume and
x  3 = x. arithmetic sequence with a1 = 4 and d = 2.
Thus an = 4 + (n - 1)2 = 2n + 2 or
20. (a) Irrational. A non-zero rational number divided 2(n + 1).
by an irrational number is always irrational.
(b) There are a total of (n + 2) 2 squares in each
4 4 2 2
(b) Irrational. - 2 = - 1
⋅ figure. Assume the pattern continues; then the
2 2 2
= 2 . A non-zero rational number divided number of white squares is (n + 2)2 - the
2
number of shaded squares, or (n + 2)2 -
by an irrational number is always irrational.
(2n + 2) = n 2 + 4n + 4 - 2n - 2 =
21. a ³ 2  a ³ 2  a
³1 1 ³ 1 . n2 + 2n + 2.
2 2 a
Thus 0 < 1 £ 1 on a number line.
a 2 4. (a) Cost is $(20 + 25h).
(b) Let n, d, and q be the number of nickels, dimes,
2 and quarters, respectively. It is given that
22. (i ) Approximate the decimals. » 1.15
3 n = 3d and q = 2n = 6d . Then the value of
while 3 » 1.34.
5

dimes + Value of nickels + value of quarters is 10. (a) If the youngest receives $x:
10d + 5(3d ) + 25(6d ) = 175d¢. The eldest receives $3x;
The middle receives 12 (3x) = $ 23 x.
(c) The sum of the three numbers is x + ( x + 1) +
( x + 2) = 3 x + 3. (b) If the middle receives $y:
The eldest receives $2y;
(d) Make a table of the number of bacteria in terms
of n minutes: The youngest receives 13 (2 y) = $ 23 y.
n minutes Number of bacteria (c) If the eldest receives $z:

q⋅2 The middle receives $ 12 z;
1
2 (q ⋅ 2) ⋅ 2 = q ⋅ 22 The youngest receives $ 13 z.
3 (q ⋅ 22 ) ⋅ 2 = q ⋅ 23
11. (a) (i ) The pattern appears to be subtracting 4 from
 
each term to obtain its successor. At the
n q ⋅ 2n
100th term - 4 will be subtracted 99 times.
(e) The temperature after t hours is (40 - 3t )F. So the 100th term is -3 - 4(99) = -399.
(ii ) The nth term can be found using the
(f) Pawel’s salary is $s the first years; $(s + 5000)
expression -3 - 4(n - 1) = -3 -
the second year; and $2(s + 5000) =
4n + 4 = -4n + 1.
$(2s + 10, 000) the third year, for a total of
(b) (i ) The pattern appears to be adding 2 to
$(4s + 15, 000).
each term to obtain its successor. At the
(g) The sum of the three numbers is x + ( x + 2) + 100th term 2 will be added 99 times.
( x + 4) = 3 x + 6. The 100th term is 1 + 99 2.
(h) The sum of the three numbers is (m - 1) + m + (ii ) The nth term can be found using the
(m + 1) = 3m. expression 1 + (n - 1) 2 =
1+ 2n- 2 = 2n + 1 - 2.
5. If the number of students is 20 times the number of
(c) (i ) The pattern appears to be adding 2 to each
professors, then S = 20 P.
term to obtain its successor. At the 100th
term 2 will be added 99 times. The 100th
6. If there are five more girls than boys, then term is  + 0.5 + 2(99) =  + 198.5.
g = b + 5.
(ii ) π + 0.5 + ( n - 1)2 = 2n + π - 1.5
7. Let m be the number of matchsticks Ryan uses. Then
m1 = 10, m2 = 16, m3 = 22,. Assume an 12 . (a) (i ) Multiply each term by 2 to obtain its
arithmetic sequence with m1 = 10 and d = 6. successor. The 15th term is given by
7
Thus mn = 10 + (n - 1) ⋅ 6 = 6n + 4 3⋅ 2
14
(
= 3 ⋅ ( 2)2 ) = 3(2)7 = 384.
matchsticks.
(ii ) The nth term is given by 3( 2 )n-1.
8. (a) P = $8 per hour ´ t hours, or P = $(8t ). (b) (i ) Multiply each term by 1 to obtain its
(b) Assume $15 is paid as a flat fee for the successor. The 15th term is given by
first hour or fraction thereof. Afterwards 14
æ1ö 1
P = $15 + $10 per hour ´ (t - 1) hours, or  ⋅ çç ÷÷÷ = .
çè  ø π13
ì
ï $15 when 0 < t < 1
P = ïí
ï
î $[15 + 10(t - 1)] when t ³ 1.
ï æ 1 ön-1
(ii ) The nth term is given by  çç ÷÷÷ =
çè  ø
9. Let r be total revenue. Then r = 5 x + 13(100) = 1
n- 2
.
$(5 x + 1300). π
2
(c) (i ) Notice that (1 + 2) 2 = 2 + 2 =
2 +2= 2+ 2. So the pattern

Assessment 8-2B 177
appears to be multiplying each term 2. (a) Let n be the number. Then

by 2 to obtain its successor. The 15th (i ) Adding 25  n + 25
term is given by (ii ) Multiplying by 3  3(n + 25)
14 15
(1 + 2)( 2)14 = 2 + 2 = (iii ) Subtracting 60  3(n + 25) - 60
128 + 128 2 . 3(n + 25)-60
(iv) Dividing by 3 
(ii ) The nth is given by (1 + 2 ) ( 2 )n-1 = 3
n-1 n 3(n + 25)-60
2 + 2 . (v) Adding 5  +5
3
3(n + 25)-60
13. By “difference” the authors mean the difference (b) 3
+ 5 = n + 25 - 60
3
+5=
between successive terms, e.g., an +1 - an . Thus, n + 10.
the 1st term is 14 - 9 2 .
3. (a) There are 10,13, and 16 shaded tiles,
respectively, in the three figures. Assume an
14. The eighth term is 2048 ¸ 2. Continuing in
8
arithmetic sequence with a1 = 10 and d = 3.
this fashion, the first term is 2048 ¸ 2 = Thus an = 10 + (n - 1)3 = 3n + 7.
2048 ¸ 16 = 128.
(b) There are a total of (n + 3)2 squares in each
15 . (a) n Fn figure. The number of white squares is then
1 1 (n + 3)2 - the number of shaded squares, or
2 1 (n + 3)2 - (3n + 7) = n 2 + 6n + 9 -
3 1+1 = 2
3n - 7 = n2 + 3n + 2.
4 1+ 2 = 3
5 2+3=5 4. (a) Cost is $(30 + xh), where x is the cost per
6 3+5=8 hour for h hours.
7 5 + 8 = 13 (b) Let n, d, and q be the number of nickels,
(b) 1 + 1 + 2 = 4 dimes, and quarters, respectively. It is given
that n = 4d and q = 2n = 8d . Then the
(c) 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 7
value of dimes + value of nickels + value of
(d) 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12 quarters is 10d + 5(4d ) + 25(8d ) = 230d¢.
(e) 12 + 8 = 20
(f) 20 + 13 = 33. (c) The sum of the three numbers is x + ( x - 1) +
(g) Answers may vary. The sum of the first n ( x - 2) = 3 x - 3.
Fibonacci numbers is 1 less than the Fibonacci
number two terms later in the sequence. (d) Make a table of the number of bacteria in
terms of n minutes:
(h) F1 + F2 + F3 +  + Fn = Fn+ 2 - 1.
n minutes Number of bacteria
1 q⋅3
Assessment 8-2B 2
1. (a) If n is the number, then 10 more than the

1 (q ⋅ 3) ⋅ 3 = q ⋅ 32
number is n + 10. 1 12 (q ⋅ 32 ) ⋅ 3 = q ⋅ 33
(b) If n is the number, then 10 less than the
2 (q ⋅ 3)3 ⋅ 3 = q ⋅ 34
number is n - 10.
(c) If n is the number, then 10 times it is 10n.  
(d) If n is the number, then the sum of it and 10 n q ⋅ 3 2n
is n + 10.
(e) The temperature t hours ago was (40 + 3t )F.
(e) If n is the number, its square is n2 and the
difference between its square and itself is (f) Pawel’s salary is $s the first year; $(s + 5000)
2
n - n. the second year; and $(2s) the third year, for a
total of $(4 s + 5, 000).

(g) The sum of the three numbers is x + ( x - 2) + (ii ) The nth term is given by 3 -
( x - 4) = 3 x - 6. 4(n - 1) = 3 - 4n + 4 = -4n + 7.
(b) (i ) The pattern appears to subtract 2 from

5. If there are 100 more men than women  m = each term to obtain its successor. The
w + 100. 100th term is given by 1 - 2(99) =
1 - 99 2
6. If there are 15 more chairs than tables  c =
t + 15. (ii ) The nth term is given by 1 - 2(n - 1)
= 1 - 2n + 2 = - 2n + 1
7. Let m be the number of matchsticks Ryan uses. + 2.
Then m1 = 4, m2 = 7, m3 = 10, ... , m22 = 67.
(c) (i ) The pattern appears to add  to each
Assume an arithmetic series with a1 = 4 and
term to obtain its successor. The 100th
d = 3. term is given by 0.5 +  +  (99) =
(i ) an = 4 + (n - 1) ⋅ 3  3n + 1 0.5 + 100π.
matchsticks. (ii ) The nth term is given by 0.5 +  +
(ii ) an-1 = 3(n - 1) + 1 = 3n - 2 matchsticks.  (n - 1) = 0.5 + pn.
8. (a) P = $d per hour ´ t hours, or 12. (a) (i ) The pattern is to multiply each term by
P = $(dt ). 2 to obtain its successor. The 15th
(b) Assume $15 is paid as a flat fee for the first hour 14
term is 2 ⋅ 2 = 256.
or fraction thereof. Afterwards P = $15 + $k
per hour ´ (t - 1) hours, or (ii ) The nth term is given by 2( 2 )n-1.
ì
ï $15 when 0 < t < 1 (b) (i ) The pattern is to multiply each term by
P = ïí -1 to obtain its successor. The 15th
ï
î $[15 + k (t - 1)] when t ³ 1
ï
term is given by  (-1)14 = p.
(c) P = $20 + $10 per hour ´ t hours, or
P = $(20 + 10t ). (ii ) The nth term is given by π(-1)n-1 =
(-1)n-1 .
(d) C = $300 + $4 per day ´ n days, or (c) (i ) The pattern is to multiply each term by
C = $(300 + 4n). -
2 to obtain its successor. For
(e) C = $30 + $0.35 per mile ´ m miles, or example, (1 - 2)(- 2) = - 2 +
C = $(30 + 0.35m ).
( 2) 2 = 2 - 2. The 15th term is
- 14
(1 - 2) ( 2) = (1 - 2) (128) =
9. Let n be the student’s odd number. Then
4n + 16 4n + 16 - 14 128 - 128 2 .
-7 = = 2n + 1
2 2 (ii ) The nth term is given by (1 - 2)
is the new number. If the teacher then subtracted
1 from each answer and divided the difference by (- 2)n-1.
2 she would come back to the original number.
13. By “difference” the author means the difference in
10. If Matt gives David 10 stickers, David would have successive terms, e.g., an +1 - an . So the first
d + 10 stickers. Matt would then have 2d - 10
stickers. term is given by 16 - 9 2 .
11. (a) (i ) The pattern appears to subtract 4 from 14. The 1st term is obtained by dividing by 1/ 2
each term to obtain its successor. The
( )
8
100th term is given by 3 - 4(99) = 8 times. 4096 ¸ 1 = 4096 ⋅ ( 2)8 =
2
-
393. 4096 ⋅ 24 = 65, 536.

Assessment 8-3A 179
15. (a) n Fn Assessment 8.3A: Equations

1 1 1. The balance scales imply addition, so:
2 2 (i ) D +  = 12.
3 1+ 2 = 3
(ii )  +  + D +  = 18;
4 2+3=5
2 + 12 = 18; so
5 3+5=8
Ο = 3.
6 5 + 8 = 13
(iii ) 2 +  = 10;
7 8 + 13 = 21
6 +  = 10; so
(b) 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
 = 4.
(c) 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 = 11.
(iv) D +  = 12;
(d) 11 + 8 = 19.
D + 4 = 12; so
(e) 19 + 13 = 32.
D = 8.
(f) 32 + 21 = 53.
(g) Answers may vary. The sum of the first n
terms in this Fibonacci-type sequence is 2 less 2. (a) x - 3 = 21  x - 3 + 3 = 21 +
than the Fibonacci number two terms later in 3  x = 21 + 3.
the sequence.
(b) 2 x + 52 = x + 25  2 x - x + 52 - 52 =
(h) F1 + F2 + F3 +  + Fn = Fn + 2 - 2
x - x + 25 - 52  x = 45 2
.
8-2 Review Problems (c) 2 x - 5 = 3x - 4  2 x - 2 x - 5 + 4 =

3x - 2 x - 4 + 4  - 1 = x .
10. Answers may vary. For example, 2 »
1.414213 , so rational numbers between 1.41 (d) 5(2 x + 1) + 7(2 x + 1) = 84  10 x + 5 +
and 2 include 1.411 and 1.412. Irrationals 14 x + 7 = 84  24 x + 12 = 84  24 x +
between 1.41 and 2 include 1.411011101111… 12 - 12 = 84 - 12  24 x = 72 
and 1.412022022202222…. Alternatively, 24
24
x = 72
24
 x = 3.
irrational numbers can be obtained by adding an (e) 3(2 x - 6) = 4(2 x - 6)  6 x - 18 =

irrational number to 1.41, e.g., 1.41 + 1 is 8x - 24  6 = 2 x  x = 3.
1000⋅ 2
an irrational number between 1.41 and 2.
3. Let m be the number of matchsticks Ryan uses.
Then m1 = 4, m2 = 7, m3 = 10, ..., mn = 67.
3
11. Integer, since 3 729 = 93 = 9. Assume an arithmetic series with m1 = 4, d = 3,
12. Answers may vary. It is not possible. Any two and mn = 67.
rational numbers can be written in the form ba and Thus 67 = 4 + (n - 1) ⋅ 3  67 = 4 +
c , where a, b, c, and d are integers. Since 3n - 3  66 = 3n  n = 22 squares.
d
+bc
a
b
+ dc = adbd and ad + bc and bd are
4. If s is the number of student tickets sold, then
integers (the integers are closed under 812 - s is the number of nonstudent tickets.
multiplication and addition), the sum of any pair of Adding their values gives the total amount taken in:
rational numbers is rational. $2 ⋅ s + $3 ⋅ (812 - s) = $1912
2s + 2436 - 3s = 1912
13. 0.9 = 1 = 1.  s = 524 student tickets sold.
14. Answers may vary. For example, 1, 1 + 2, 5. Let e be the amount the eldest receives,
m be the amount the middle sibling receives,
1 + 2 2, 1 + 3 2,  is one possible answer. It’s
y be the amount the youngest receives.
nth term is 1 + (n - 1) 2 . Then e = 3 y and m = y + 14, 000

So e+m+ y = 486, 000 Assessment 8-3B

3 y + ( y + 14, 000) + y = 486, 000
1. If  = 2D, then D < .
5 y + 14, 000 = 486, 000
If D = 2O, then  < D.
5y = 472, 000
So  < D < .
Thus y = $94, 400
(a)  weighs the most.
m = $108, 400
(b) Ο weighs the least.
e = $283, 200
2. (a) 3x + 13 = 2 x + 100  3x - 2 x + 13 -
6. Let e be the length of the equal length pieces.
13 = 2 x - 2 x + 10 - 13  x = -3.
Then 2e + (e - 3) = 120 inches
3e - 3 = 120 (b) 2 x + 5 = 2( x + 5)  2 x + 5 = 2 x + 10 
3e = 123  e = 41 2 x - 2 x + 5 = 2 x - 2 x + 10  5 = 10.
So the equal length pieces are 41 inches and the But 5 =/ 10, so no solution.
short piece is 38 inches (disregarding the width of (c) 7(3x + 6) + 5(3x + 6) = 144  21x +
the saw cuts).
42 + 15 x + 30 = 12  36 x + 72 =
12  36 x + 72 - 72 = 12 - 72 
7. Let d be the number of dimes; then 67 - d is the
number of nickels. 0.10d is the amount of money 36 x = - 60  36
-
x = 3660  x = - 5 .
36 3
in dimes and 0.05(67 - d ) is the amount of money
(d)
in nickels.
Thus 0.10d + 0.05(67 - d ) = 4.20, or 22 - x = 3x + 6  22 - 6 - x + x =
10d + 5(67 - d ) = 420
3x + x + 6 - 6  22 - 6 = 4 x 
10d + 335 - 5d = 420
22 - 6
5d = 85  d = 17 dimes x = .
4
67 - d = 50 nickels.
(e) 22 - (2 x - 6) = 3(2 x - 6) + 6 
8. Let m be Miriam’s age now; then m - 10 is
22 - 2 x + 6 = 6 x - 18 + 6  28 -
Ricardo’s age now m - 2 was Miriam’s age two
2 x = 6 x - 12  28 + 12 - 2 x + 2 x =
years ago. Thus m - 2 = 3(m - 10)  m - 2 =
3m - 30  28 = 2m, or Miriam is 14 6 x + 2 x - 12 + 12  40 = 8x  40
8
=
Ricardo is 4. 8 x  x = 5.
8
(f) 5(2 x - 10) = 4(2 x - 10)  10 x - 50 =
9. Let g be the number of graduate students; 15g is
the number of undergraduates. Then 8 x - 40  2 x = 10  x = 5.
g + 15 g = 10, 000
3. Let m be the number of matchsticks Ryan uses.
16 g = 10, 000  625 graduate students.
Then m1 = 4, m2 = 7, m3 = 10,  . Assume an
arithmetic sequence with d = 3. Let mn be the
10. Let the perpendicular sides to the river be of length
number of matchsticks in the last figure; then
x; then the parallel side is of length 2x. Thus
x + 2 x + x = 700, 4 x = 700  x = 175. The mn + (mn - 3) = 599  mn = 301 matchsticks.
perpendicular sides are then 175 yards; the Thus the last two figures used 298 and 301 match-
parallel side is sticks, respectively.
350 yards.
4. Step 1: Write a mathematical model. To do this,
let x represent the number of tickets sold to
11. In the given sequence d = 3, thus n +
students. Then, 723 - x represents the number of
(n - 3) = 299  2n - 3 = 299  n = 151 tickets sold to non-students. Thus,
and n - 3 = 148.

Assessment 8-3B 181
3x + 5(723 - x) = 2815 11. In a geometric sequence, an = a1r n-1 and the first
3x + 3615 - 5 x = 2815 two terms are thus a1 and a1r. Then a1 + a1r =
-2 x + 3615 - 3615 = 2815 - 3615 100a1  a1(1 + r ) = 100a1  1 + r = 100
-2 x = -800  r = 99.
x = 400
The number of non-student tickets sold is Review Problems
723 - 400 = 323.
10. x = 3 y.
5. Let e be the amount left to the eldest, m be the
amount left to each of two middle siblings, and y 11. If the middle even number is n, then the next two
be the amount left to the youngest. are n + 2 and n + 4; the previous two are
It is given that e = 2 y and m = y + 16, 000. n - 4 and n - 2. Their sum is (n - 4) +
Thus if e + m + m + y = 1, 000, 000 then (n - 2) + n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) = 5n +
2 y + 2( y + 16, 000) + y = 1, 000, 000  6 - 6 = 5n.
5 y + 32, 000 = 1, 000, 000  y = 193, 600.
So e = 2 y = $387, 200 12. Let x be the number of Jack’s CD’s. Then the
number of Julies’s is 2x; the number of Tira’s is
m = y + 16, 000 = $209, 600 3(2 x) = 6 x.
y = $193, 600.
6. Let a be the Alex’s age now. Her age ten years 13. (a) The sum is 30 + 35 + ... +[ 30 + 5(t - 1) ],
from now will be a + 10. Then a + 10 = 3a  which sums to
(60+5(t-1))t
2
a = 5. Alex is 5 years old.
(b) $(d + 2d + 4d + 8d ) = $15d .
7. Let d be the number of Dave’s stickers; Matt then

has 2d stickers. 14. (a) x 2 - 9 = ( x - 3)( x + 3)
So d + 2d = 2(120)  d = 80 and 2d = 160.
(b) x 2 - 5 = ( x - 5)( x + 5)
If Matt gives Dave 40 stickers, each will then
have 120. (c) 3( x + 5) - 4( x + 5) = 3x + 15 -
4 x - 20 = - x - 5
8. (a) Let m be Miriam’s age now and r be
Ricardo’s age now, so r = m - 4. Miriam’s (d) 7 x - 2 x + x = ( 7 - 2 + 1) x.
age 10 years ago was m - 10 and
Ricardo’s age 10 years ago was (m - 4) -
æ 1 ö5
10 = m - 14. 15. The sixth term is given by 5(0.5)5 = 5 ⋅ çç ÷÷÷
çè 2 ø
Thus m - 10 = 3(m - 14)  m - 10 =
æ 1 ö 5
3m - 42  m = 16 and r = 12. = 5 çç ÷÷÷ = .
çè 32 ø 32
(b) Ten years ago Miriam was 6 and Ricardo was
2; Miriam was then three times as old as
Ricardo. 16. We can write a mathematical model. Let r be the
ratio. Then, the fourth term can be obtained by the
9. Let s be the number of students; then the number expression 12 ⋅ r 3 . Thus, 12 ⋅ r 3 = 5 
1 s.
of professors is 13 6
5
r = 3
.
Thus s + 1 s 1 ⋅ s = 28, 000
= 28, 000  1 13 12
13
 s = 26, 000 students.
Assessment 8-4A
10. Let a be the length of the parallel side, so the length Functions
of each of the perpendicular sides is 2a.
Then 2a + a + 2a = 800  a = 160. The 1. Where x is the first element in each ordered pair
pasture’s dimensions are thus 320 by 160 yards. and f ( x) is the second:

(a) Double the input number; i.e., f ( x) = 2 x. 6. (a) (i )

(b) Add 6 to the input number; i.e., f ( x) = x + 6.
2. (a) Not a function. The element 1 is paired with

both a and d.
(b) A function. Each element in the first set is
paired with a unique element from the second. (ii )
3. (a) Answers may vary; e.g.:
(b) (i ) A function from A to B because each

element in A corresponds to one and only
one element in B. The range is {2, 4, 6, 8}.
(b) Each of the five elements in the domain have
two choices for a pairing  25 = 32 possible (ii ) Not a function. Elements 3 and 4 in A
functions. correspond to more than one element in B;
element 1 in A does not correspond to any
element in B.
4. (a) 7. This is an example of step function; note in the
following graph that a child weighing exactly 30,
32, 34,… pounds uses the lower dosage at the
break point:
(b) {(0, 1), (1, 3), ( 2, 2 2 + 1), ( 3, 2 3 + 1),

(4, 9)}.
(c) x f ( x)
0 1
1 3
2 2 2 +1 8. (a) L(n) could be an arithmetic sequence with
3 2 3 +1 a3 = 8 and d = 3. Then 8 = a1 +
4 9 (3 - 1) ⋅ 3  a1 = 2.
L(n) = 2 + (n - 1) ⋅ 3 = 3n - 1.
(d)
(b) L(n) could be obtained by squaring n and
adding 1, or L(n) = n2 + 1.
9. (a)
5. (a) Function from  to {2}, a subset of R.

f ( x) = 2 is called a constant function and its
only output is 2.
(b) Function from  to { x | x ³ 0}, a subset of
R. f ( x) = x has output of nonnegative
numbers only because x is the principal
square root.

Assessment 8-4A 183
(iv) No. If 4n - 3 = 392, n = 395 which

4
is not a natural number.
(b) (i ) No. 0 is not a natural number.
(ii ) Yes. n 2 = 25  t (5) = 25.
(iii ) Yes. n 2 = 625  t (25) = 625.
(iv) No. If n 2 = 1000, n = 1000 which is

not a natural number.
(v) No. If n 2 = 90, n = 90, which is not
a natural number.
(c) (i) Yes. n(n - 1) = 0  t (1) = 0.
(b) It must be assumed that the company charges (ii) Yes. n(n - 1) = 2  t (2) = 2.
only for the exact fraction of minutes used. (iii) Yes. n(n - 1) = 5  t (5) = 20.
(c) The two segments represent the two different
(iv) No. If n(n - 1) = 999  t (32.11) »
rates per minute; the steeper one comes from
the 50¢ per minute charge for the first 999, but 32.11 is not a natural number.
60 minutes.
(d) If c(t) in dollars is cost as a function of time t 13. (a) (i ) (1, 7)  2 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 7 = 16.
in minutes, then
(ii ) (2, 6)  2 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 6 = 16.
ìï 0.50t if t £ 60
c(t ) = ïí (iii ) (6, 2)  2 ⋅ 6 + 2 ⋅ 2 = 16.
ïïî 30 + 0.10(t - 60) if t > 60
Where $30 is the cost of the first 60 minutes. (iv) ( 5, 5)  2 ⋅ 5 + 2 ⋅ 5 = 4 5 .
(b) If output (or perimeter) = 20 then
10. Let n be the elements of the domain: 2 + 2w = 20  2( + w) = 20
(a) Assume an arithmetic sequence with a1 = 3   + w = 10.
and d = 5. Thus f (n) = 3 + (n - 1) ⋅ 5 The possibilities are any ordered pair
= 5n - 2.
 l ,10  l  with 0 < l < 10 .
(b) The output is obtained if 3 is raised to the nth
(c) Domain:
power, so f (n) = 3n.
{(, w) |  and w are any positive real numbers} .
The range is any positive real number.
11. (a) ( g o f )(5) = g[ f (5)] = f (5) - 5 = 14. (a) There were 600 cars on the road at 6:30; there
7(5) - 5 = 30 were (as nearly as can be determined from the
graph) 650 cars at 7:00  650 - 600 =
(b) ( g o f )(10) = g[ f (10)] = f (10) - 5 =
50 cars increase.
7(10) - 5 = 65.
(b) The graph rises most steeply between 6:00
(c) ( g o f )( 7) = g[ f ( 7)] = f ( 7) - 5 = and 6:30; i.e., that is the period in which the
increase in number of cars was greatest (by
7( 7 ) - 5 . 200 cars).
(b) ( g o f )(0) = g[ f (0)] = f (0) - 5 = (c) The graph is flat between 7:30 and 8:30; i.e.,
-
5. there was no increase in the number of cars.
(d) Only one period of the graph shows a drop:
700 cars at 8:30, decreasing to 600 at 9:00, or
12. (a) (i ) Yes. 4n - 3 = 1  t (1) = 1. 700 - 600 = 100 cars decrease.
(ii ) Yes. 4n - 3 = 385  t (97) = 385. (e) Segments are used because the data are
continuous rather than discrete; e.g., there is a
(iii ) Yes. 4n - 3 = 389  t (98) = 389.
unique number of cars at 5:47 A.M. The
assumption of a linear increase or decrease in

traffic between hours may, however, be invalid four rows and five columns, using
and could lead to erroneous conclusions. 49 matchsticks.
(b) (i ) The number of vertical and the number
2 of horizontal matchsticks are the same,
15. (a) (i) H (2) = 128(2) - 16(2) = 192 feet.
i.e., n(n + 1). Then S (n) = n(n + 1) +
(ii) H (6) = 128(6) - 16(6) 2 = 192 feet. n (n + 1) 2n(n + 1).
(iii) H (3) = 128(3) - 16(3) 2 = 240 feet. (ii ) The number of vertical matchsticks
is (n + 1)2. The sum of the horizontal
(iv) H (5) = 128(5) - 16(5) 2 = 240 feet.
matchsticks is n(n + 2). Thus the total
Some of the heights correspond to the height of
the ball as it rises; some to its height as it falls. is (n + 1)2 + n(n + 2) matchsticks.
(b) Plot: t H (t ) = 128t - 16t 2 17. (a) If each figure adds one row and one column to
0 0 the preceding figure, there is one more column
1 112 in each then the number of rows. Thus
n( n +1)
2 192 S ( n) = 2
.
3 240 (b) If the number of squares corresponds to
4 256 powers of four; i.e., 40 , 41, 42 , 43 ,. Then
5 240
S (n) = 4n-1.
6 192
7 112
18. No. Every set of ordered pairs is a relation; a
8 0 function is a special relation in which each member
of the domain is paired with one and only one
member of the range. The converse of the statement
might include a relation such as {(2, 3), (2, 4)} where
the element 2 of the domain is paired with both 3
and 4 the range.
19. (a) A function. x + y = 2  y = 2 - x;

for any input x, y is unique.
(b) Not a function. x - y < 2  y > x - 2;
for any input x, y may be any value greater
The ball will reach its highest point of 256 feet than x - 2.
at t = 4 seconds.
(c) A function. y is unique for any input x.
(d) A function. xy = 2  y = 2x ; for any input
(c) H (t ) = 0 at t = 8; i.e., the ball will hit the
ground in 8 seconds. Note that H (t ) = 0 also x (except x = 0, for which y is undefined),
y is unique.
at t = 0.
(d) Domain: {t|0 £ t £ 8} seconds. 20. (a) A function. There is only one value of y for
each value of x.
(e) Range: {H (t )0
| £ H (t ) £ 256} feet.
(b) Not a function. When x = 1 there are four
values of y.
16. (a) Expand each to the fourth figure and count: (c) A function. There is only one value of y for
(i ) Assuming that each figure continues to each value of x.
add one row and one column to the
preceding row, then the fourth figure
21. (a) B and H must be boys since there are no “is the
would have four rows and four columns,
sister of arrows” from either. The remainder;
using 40 match-sticks.
A, C, D, G, I, J, E, and F; must be girls.
(ii ) Again, assuming that each figure adds
(b) {(A, B), (A, C), (A, D), (C, A), (C, B), (C, D),
one row and one column to the preceding
(D, A), (D, B), (D, C), (E, H), (F, G), (G, F),
figure, then the fourth figure would have
(I, J), (J, I)}.

Assessment 8-4B 185
(c) No. A “is the sister of” three different (iii ) Not transitive. If John is married to
people  the relation is not a function. Clara and Clara is married to John, then
John is not married to John.
22. (a) Yes. The set of all people has exactly one (f) Not an equivalence relation:
mother (assuming biological mothers only) (i ) Reflexive. Peter lives within 10 miles of
each–more or less than one is not possible. himself.
(b) No. Some elements of the set of all boys do not (ii ) Symmetric. If Jon lives within 10 miles
have a brother or may have more than one. of Evangeline, then Evangeline lives
within 10 miles of Jon.
23. (a) Not an equivalence relation: (iii ) Not transitive. If Fred lives within
(i ) Not reflexive. A person cannot be a 10 miles of Jim and Jim lives within
parent to him/herself. 10 miles of Herb, then Fred does not
necessarily live within 10 miles of
(ii ) Not symmetric. John can be a parent to Herb.
Jane, but Jane cannot be a parent to
John. (g) Not an equivalence relation:
(iii ) Not transitive. If John is the parent of (i ) Not reflexive. Juan cannot be older than
James and James is the parent of himself.
Joseph, John is not the parent of Joseph. (ii ) Not symmetric. If Jose is older than
(b) An equivalence relation (reflexive, Mireya then Mireya cannot be older
symmetric, and transitive): then Jose.
(i ) Reflexive. Juan is the same age as Juan. (iii ) Transitive. If Jean is older than Mike and
Mike is older than Cybil, then Jean is
(ii ) Symmetric. If Juan is the same age as older than Cybil.
Juanita, then Juanita is the same age as
Juan.
(iii ) Transitive. If Juan is the same age as Assessment 8-4B
Jose and Jose is the same age as Victor, 1. (a) Subtract 2 from the input number; i.e.,
then Juan is the same age as Victor. f ( x) = x - 2.
(c) An equivalence relation:
(b) Square the input number and add 1; i.e.,
(i ) Reflexive. Jo Ann has the same last
name as herself. f ( x) = x 2 + 1.
(ii ) Symmetric. If Jo Ann has the same last
name as Cheryl, then Cheryl has the 2. (a) Not a function. The element 2 from {1, 2, 3}
same last name as Jo Ann. is not paired with any element from the set
(iii ) Transitive. If Jo Ann has the same last {a, b, c, d}.
name as Cheryl and Cheryl has the (b) Not a function. 1 is paired to more than one
same last name as Penelope, then Jo element from {a, b, c, d}, while 2 and 3 are
Ann has the same last name as not paired at all.
Penelope.
(d) An equivalence relation: 3. (a) Answers may vary; for example:
(i ) Reflexive. Vicky is the same height as
herself.
(ii ) Symmetric. If Barbara is the same height
as Margarita, then Margarita is the same
height as Barbara.
(iii ) Transitive. If Willy is the same height as
Billy and Billy is the same height as Don, (b) Each of the three elements in the domain have
then Willy is the same height as Don. two choices for a pairing  23 = 8 possible
(e) Not an equivalence relation: functions.
(i ) Not reflexive. Cindy cannot be married
to herself. 4. (a)
(ii ) Symmetric. If Arnold is married to Pam,
then Pam is married to Arnold.

(a) L(n) = n(n + 1); e.g., if n = 6 then n + 1 = 7

and 6 ⋅ 7 = 42. Note that n and L(n) do not
have to be in increasing or decreasing order.
(b) L(n) is obtained by taking the nth power of 2,
or L(n) = 2n ; e,g., if n = 5, L(n) = 25 = 32.
(b) {(0, 2), (1, 4), ( 2, 2 2 + 2), ( 3, 2 3 + 2),
(4, 10)}.
9. (a) The “Cost per Minute” graph shows 45/c for the
(c) x f ( x) cost of the sixth minute; the “Total Cost for
0 2 Calls” graph shows the cost for a six-minute
1 4 call to be $2.70.
(b) It must be assumed that the cost per minute is
2 2 2 +2
always the same regardless of the length of
3 2 3+2 the call, and that the company charges 45/c per
4 10 minute for each fraction of a minute.
(c) (i ) c = 45/c per minute in the first graph.
(d)
(ii ) At 45/c per minute, c = 45t in the
second graph, where c is cost in cents
and t is time in minutes.
10. Let n be the elements of the domain; if the patterns

continue:
(a) The output is obtained if n is doubled, or,
5. (a) A function. The function is {(0, 0), (1, 0), alternatively, this is an arithmetic sequence
(2, 0), (3, 0), (x, 3)} where x is any real
with a1 = 2 and d = 2. Thus f (n) =
number other than 0,1,2 or 3.
2 + (n - 1) ⋅ 2 = 2n.
(b) Not a function. Some elements of the domain
correspond with more than one element of the (b) This is a geometric sequence with first tern 3
range; e.g., (3, 0) and (3, 1), (4, 0) and (4, 1),…. and common ratio 3. Thus f (n) = 3n-1.
(c) A function. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2),…, (9, 9),
(10, 0), (11, 1), (12, 2),…}.
11. (a) ( g o f )(5) = g [ f (5)] = g (5 - 1) =
7 ⋅ 4 = 28.
6. (a) If each element in A is doubled and then incr- (b) ( g o f )(3) = g [ f (3)] = g (3 - 1) =
eased by 1, it corresponds to a unique element
in B. Let the elements in A be x and the elements 7 ⋅ 2 = 14.
in B be f (x); the rule is f ( x) = 2 x + 1. (c) ( g o f )(10) = g[ f (10)] = g (10 - 1) =
(b) If each first element of the ordered pairs in A 7 ⋅ 9 = 63.
is squared and then added to the second
(d) ( g o f )(a) = g [ f (a)] = g (a - 1) =
element of the ordered pair, they correspond to
a unique element in B. Let the elements in A 7(a - 1).
be (x, y) and the elements in B be f ((x, y)); the
rule is f (( x, y)) = x 2 + y. 12. (a) (i ) Yes. n 2 = 1  t (1) = 1.
(ii ) Yes. n 2 = 4  t (2) = 4.

7. (a) T = 70 F. Then C = 70 - 40 = 30 chirps
per 15 seconds = 2 chirps each second. (iii ) Yes. n 2 = 9  t (3) = 9.
(b) 40 chirps per minute = 40 chirps per (iv) No. If n 2 = 10, then n = 10 which is
60 seconds = 10 chirps per 15 seconds. not a natural number.
10 = T - 40  T = 10 + 40 = 50°F.
(v) Yes. n 2 = 900  t (30) = 900.
8. These solutions are possible if the patterns continue: (b) (i ) Yes. n(n + 1) = 2  t (1) = 2.
(ii ) Yes. n(n + 1) = 12  t (3) = 12.

Assessment 8-4B 187
(iii ) Yes. n(n + 1) = 2550 

(b) Plot: t H (t ) = 128t - 16t 2
t (50) = 2550.
0 0
(iv) No. n(n + 1) = 2600  t (50.49) » 1 112
2600, but 50.49 is not a natural number. 2 192
3 240
13. (a) (i ) (1, 4)  2 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 4 = 10.
4 256
(ii ) (2, 1)  2 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 1 = 6 5 240
(iii) (1, 2)  2 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 = 6. 6 192
(iv) ( 3, 3)  2 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ 3 = 4 3 . 7 112
8 0
(v) ( x, y)  2 ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ y.
(b) If output (or perimeter) = 20 then 2 + 2w =
20  2( + w) = 20   + w = 10. The
possibilities are {(1, 9), (2, 8), (3, 7), (4, 6),
(5, 5), (6, 4), (7, 3), (8, 2), (9, 1)}.
(c) No. Outputs are single numbers, not ordered
pairs.
14. (a) C ( x) = $100 + $40 per month ( x) 

C ( x ) = $(100 + 40 x ).
(b) and (c) The ball will reach its highest point of
256 feet at t = 4 seconds.
(c) H (t ) = 0 at t = 8; i.e., the ball will hit the
ground in 8 seconds. Note that H (t ) = 0
also at t = 0.
(d) Domain: {t |0 £ t £ 8} seconds.
(e) Range: { H (t )|0 £ H (t ) £ 256} feet.
16. (a) Assuming the matchstick figure patterns

(d) The graphs cross at 20 months where
continue, expand each to the fourth figure and
300 + 30 x = 100 + 40 x; after that the count:
second plan is less expensive.
(i ) Each figure adds one row and one
column to the preceding figure, so the
15. (a) (i ) H (2) = 128(2) - 16(2)2 = 192 feet. fourth figure would have five rows and
five columns. The two matchsticks at
(ii ) H (6) = 128(6) - 16(6) 2 = 192 feet. the lower left, though, are removed,
leaving 58 matchsticks.
(iii ) H (3) = 128(3) - 16(3) 2 = 240 feet. (ii ) Each figure adds one one row and one
(iv) H (5) = 128(5) - 16(5) 2 = 240 feet. column to the preceding row, so the
fourth figure would have five rows and
Some of the heights correspond to the height four columns, using 49 matchsticks.
of the ball as it rises; some to its height as it (b) (i ) The number of vertical matchsticks is
falls. The graph is a parabola with vertex (4,
256), so 256 is the highest point. (n + 1)2 ; the number of horizontal
matchsticks is n(n + 2). Thus
S (n) = (n + 1)2 + n(n + 2).
(ii ) If the figures were square, the number
of vertical and the number of horizontal
matchsticks would be the same; i.e.,
(n + 1)(n + 2). Then the total would

be (n + 1)(n + 2) + (n + 1)(n + 2) = 22. (a) B and F must be boys, since others are “the
2(n + 1) (n + 2). There are sister of” them but they are not “the sister of ”
in return. E and H are not paired, so their
two matchsticks missing in each gender is indeterminate. The remainder; A, C,
figure, though, so S (n) = D, I, J, and G, I; must be girls.
2(n + 1)(n + 2) - 2. (b) {(A, B), (A, C), (A, D), (C, A), (C, B), (C, D),
(D, A), (D, B), (D, C), (G, F), (I, J), (J, I)}.
17. (a) S (n) = 1 + 2 + 3 +  + n =
n(n +1)
. (c) No. A “is the sister of” three different
2 people  the relation is not a function.
(b) S (n) = n + 2 + 2n = 3n + 2.
23. (a) A function. Each element of the domain is
18. Not necessarily. For example, {(1, 1), (2, 3)} would paired with one and only one element of the
still be a function, but {(1, 2), (2, 2)} would not, range.
because when the components are switched there (b) A relation but not a function. New York from
would be two different outputs 1 and 2 for the the domain is paired with two elements of the
input 2. range.
(c) A relation but not a function. “mother” from
19. (a) A function. x - y = 2  y = x - 2; the domain could be paired with more than
for any input x, y is unique. one element of the range.
(b) Not a function. x + y < 20  y < 20 -x; (d) A function. Each element of the domain is
paired with one and only one element of the
for any input x, y may be any value less than range.
20 - x. Thus, it is easy to find two outputs y
for each input x. (e) A relation but not a function. The element 1
from the domain could be paired with any odd
(c) A function. For any input x, y is unique. number from the range to produce an even
(d) A function. For any input x, y is unique. number.
20. (a) A function. For any value x, there is a unique 24. In each of the following, use the nonempty set
value of y. {1, 2, 3} as an example
(b) A function. For any value x, there is a unique (a) An equivalence relation:
value of y. (i ) Reflexive. Assume that the nonempty
(c) A function. For any value x, there is a unique set is called A. The relation “is equal to”
value of y. is reflexive, because for any subset of A,
(d) A function. For any value x, there is a unique call it B, B = B by the definition of set
value of y. equality.
(e) Not A function. For example, for x=1, there
is two distinct y values.
(ii ) Symmetric. Assume that B and C are
21. (a) (i ) Symmetric. If x = a and y = b subsets of A, and that B = C. This
satisfies the relation, then x = b and means that every element in B is in C
y = a also satisfies it (by the associative and every element in C is in B. Thus,
property). C = B is also true, making the relation
(ii ) Not symmetric. a - b =
/ b - a. “is equal to” symmetric on the set of
subsets of A.
(iii ) Symmetric. If x = a and y = b (iii ) Transitive. Assume that B, C, and D
satisfies the relation, then x = b and are subsets of A and that B = C and
y = a also satisfies it. C = D. Then because of set equality,
(iv) Symmetric. If y = x, then x = y. every element of B is an element of C
and every element of C is an element
(v) Not symmetric. (2, 4) =
/ (4, 2).
of D, making B a subset of D. Further,
(b) All are functions of y in terms of x. In each, every element of D is an element of C
for any input x there is a unique output y. and every element of B, so D is a subset
of B. Thus B = D, proving that “is
equal to” is transitive.

Assessment 8-5A 189
(b) Not an equivalence relation: 19.Answers may vary. For example, 2 + - 2 = 0, a

(i ) Not reflexive. {1} Ë {1}. rational number.
(ii ) Not symmetric. If {1} Ì {1, 2} then
{1, 2} Ë {1}. 20. Suppose 2 + 2 were a rational number. Then
(iii ) Transitive. If {1} Ì {1, 2} and 2 + 2 = ba , where a and b are integers and
{1, 2} Ì {1, 2, 3} then {1} Ì {1, 2, 3}. b=
/ 0. Then, 2 = a +b2b . But a + 2b is an
(c) Not an equivalence relation: integer since the integers are closed under addition
(i ) Not reflexive. {1} is not =
/ {1}. and multiplication, and b ¹ 0. This would imply
(ii ) Symmetric. If {1} =
/ {2} then {2} =
/ {1}. that 2 is a rational number. This is a
contradiction, we already know 2 is irrational,
(iii ) Not transitive. If {1} =
/ {2} and
so 2 + 2 cannot be a rational number.
{2} =/ {1} then {1} is not =/ {1}.
(d) An equivalence relation: Assessment 8-5A
(i ) Reflexive. n({1, 2}) = n({2, 1}).
Lines in a Cartesian Coordinate System
(ii ) Symmetric. If n({1, 2}) = n({1, 3}) then
1. The graph of y = mx + 3 contains the point
n({1, 3}) = n({1, 2}). (0, 3) and is parallel to the line y = mx.
(iii ) Transitive. If n({1, 2}) = n({1, 3}) Similarly, the graph of y = mx - 3 contains
the point (0, -3) and is parallel to y = mx
and n({1, 3}) = n({2, 3}) then
(see below).
n({1, 2}) = n({2, 3}).
(a) Parallel line; y-intercept = 3.
(b) Parallel line; y-intercept = -3.
Review Problems
16. (a) 3x - 1 = x + 99  2 x = 100  x = 50.

(b) 2(5x + 1) - 11 = x + 9  10 x +
2 - 11 = x + 9  10 x - 9 = x + 9 
9 x = 18  x = 2.
(c) 3( x - 1) = 2( x - 1) + 99  3x - 3 =
2 x - 2 + 99  3x - 3 = 2 x + 97  2. Each of the following is in the form y = mx + b,
x = 100. where m represents the slope of the line and b
represents the y-coordinate of the y-intercept. The
(d) 5(2 x - 6) = 3(2 x - 6)  10 x - 30
x-intercept in each case can be found by setting
= 6 x - 18  4 x = 12  x = 3. y equal to 0 and solving for x.
-
(a) Given y = 3 x + 3:
17. Since distance = rate ´ time, the fast car will 4
travel 70t miles in the same time as the slow car -
(i) m = 43 and b = 3.
travels 60t miles. Then 70t - 40 = 60t 
10t = 40  t = 4 hours. -
3
(ii) If y = 0 = 4
x + 3  x = 4; the
x-intercept is at (4, 0).
18. (a) Answers may vary. 3 » 1.7320508, so 1.8
(iii) Draw a line through (0, 3) and (4, 0).
and 1.85 are two rational numbers between 3
and 2.
(b) Answers may vary. 11 » 0.84615 and
13
12 » 0.92307 Irrational numbers between
13
11 and 12 include 0.901001000… and
13 13
0.9020020002… . (b) Given y = -3:

(i ) m = 0 and b = -3. The F-intercept is at (0,32). b = 32; thus

F = 9C + 32.
(ii ) There is no x-intercept; i.e., y = -3 is 5
a horizontal line. (b) F = 9 C + 32  9 C = F - 32 

5 5
(iii ) Draw a line through (0, -3) parallel to C = 5 ( F - 32).
9
the x-axis.
(c) Consider the relationship F = 9C + 32.
5
Substitute C for F:
C = 95 C + 32
(
5c = 5 95 C + 32 )
(c) Given y = 15x - 30: 5c = 9c + 160
-4c = 160
(i ) m = 15 and b = -30.
c = -40.
(ii ) If y = 0 = 15 x - 30  x = 2. The ordered-pair (-40, -40) represents where
(iii ) Draw a line through (0, -30) and (2, 0). degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit are the
same.
5. When the equations are in slope-intercept form,

y = mx + b, m is the slope of the line and b is the
y-intercept, located at (0, b).
(a) (i ) 3y - x = 0  3y = x  y = 1 x.
3
(ii ) m= 1; y-intercept is at (0, 0).

3. When the equations in Problem 2 are in the form 3
y = mx + b, b is the y-intercept and is located at
(0, b). The x-intercept may be found by setting
y equal to 0 and solving for x. If x is some value a,
the x-intercept is located at (a, 0). (b) (i ) x + y = 3  y = - x + 3.
(ii ) m = -1; y-intercept is at (0, 3).

-
(a) y = 3 x + 3:
4 (c) (i ) x = 3y  y = 1 x.
3
(i ) b = 3. y-intercept is at (0, 3).
(ii ) m = 13 ; y-intercept is at (0, 0).
-
(ii ) If y = 0 = 3 x + 3  x = 4.
4
- -
x-intercept is at (4, 0). 6. (a) m = 2 -3 = 55 = -1, thus y = - x + b.
1-- 4
(b) y = -3:
Substituting x and y from (- 4, 3): (3) =
- -
(i ) b = 30. y-intercept is at (0, 3). - -
( 4) + b, thus b = -1.
(ii ) There is no x-intercept; i.e., y = -3 is a
So y = - x - 1.
horizontal line parallel to the x-axis.
1- 0
(c) y = 15 x - 30. (b) m = = 12 , thus y = 12 x + b. The line
2-0
(i ) b = -30. y-intercept is at (0, - 30). goes through the origin, thus b = 0.
So y = 1
(ii ) If y = 0 = 15x - 30  x = 2. 2
x.
x-intercept is at (2, 0).
(c) m =
-
0 - 21
=
( 12 ) = 1, thus y = x + b.
4. (a) For ease in calculating, use the points (0, 32) 1
2
-0 ( 12 )
and (100, 212). Slope (m) = 212-32 = 9 
100-0 5
F = 95 C + b.

Assessment 8-5A 191
Substituting x and y from ( 12 , 0 ): (0) = 12. In each case, since m is known, substitute x and y
values into the equation y = mx + b and solve
( 12 ) + b, thus b =
-
1.
2
for b.
(a) Use the point (4,3). (3) = 1 (4) +b 
So y = x - 12 . 3
b = 53 , thus y = 13 x + 53 .
7. Answers may vary. (b) y = 2 (a horizontal line).
(a) Both points include the coordinate y = 2, (c) Use the point (a, a)  (a) = 1(a) + b 
thus the equation of the line is y = 2. Other
points could be (-3, 2), (5, 2),.... b = 0, thus y = x (if b =/ a).
(b) Both points include the coordinate x = 0,
thus the line is the y-axis. Other points could 13. Answers may vary, depending on estimates from
- the fitted line; e.g.:
be (0, 1), (0, 6),....
(a) From the fitted line, estimate point coordinates
40-10 =
of (50, 10) and (80, 40). m = 80
8. (a) (- 2, 2), (- 2, 1), and ( x, y) are collinear, thus -50
the value of x at each point is - 2. 30
30
= 1.
-
(i ) x = 2 is the equation of the line. Use the point (50, 10) and substitute T = 50
and C = 10 into C = 1T + b (i.e., an
(ii ) y may assume any real value.
equation of the form y = mx + b). (10) =
(b) (i ) The fourth quadrant implies that x > 0 1(50) + b  b = -40. The equation is then
and y < 0. C = T - 40.
(ii ) x and y may assume any real value (b) If T = 90, then C = (90) - 40 = 50
greater than zero or less than zero, chirps per 15-second interval.
respectively.
(c) N = 4C; i.e., there are four 15-second
intervals in one minute. N = 4(T - 40),
9. The rectangle is shown below:
or N = 4T - 160.
14. In the following triangles (others could be located
below the x-axis, but the solutions would not
change):
It has dimensions of 2 - 0 = 2 and 4 - 0 = 4.

(i ) Area = 2 ⋅ 4 = 8 square units. 6+0 -
6+0
(a) The midpoints are at = 3 and = -3.
(ii ) Perimeter = 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 4 = 12 units. 2 2
-
Their coordinates are (3, 0) and ( 3, 0).
10. (a) x = 3, a vertical line through (3, 0). (b) The perpendicular bisectors are vertical lines
passing through the points (3, 0) and ( -3, 0).
(b) y = 5, a horizontal line through (- 4, 5).
Thus their equations are x = 3 and x = -3.
rise y2 - y1
11. In each case, slope (m) = run
= x2 - x1
. 15. A horizontal line containing (3, 4) has equation
- y = 4.
(a) m = 0 -3 = -93 = 13 .
-
5- 4
16. (a) Graphs may vary.
(b) m = 2- 2 = 0 = 0.
1- 5 1- 5
(c) m = bb-
-a
a = 1 (if b =
/ a).

Then: g + k = 5000  g = 5000 - k.

$0.13g + $0.12k = $640  13g +
12k = 64000.
Substitute g = 5000 - k into 13g + 12k =
64000  13(5000 - k ) + 12k = 64000 
k = 1000 gallons of kerosene.
Substitute k = 1000 into g = 5000 - k 
(b) Use the points (0, 0) and (1, 60). Then
60-0
g = 4000 gallons of gasoline.
m= 1-0
= 60.
20. Let d be the number of dimes and let q be the

17. (a) (i ) The plotted points are shown below: number of quarters. Then:
d + q = 27  d = 27 - q.
$0.10d + $0.25q = $5.25  10d + 25q = 525.
Substitute d = 27 - q into 10d + 25q = 525 
10(27 - q) + 25q = 525. q = 17 quarters.
(ii ) Answers may vary, depending on the Substitute q = 17 into d = 27 - q. d =
points selected from which to derive an
10 dimes.
equation. Using the points (3,12) and
18 - 12 Assessment 8-5B
(6,18), m = 6 - 3 = 63 = 2.
Using (3, 12) and substituting into the 1. The graph of y = mx + 5 contains the point
form y = mx + b, (12) = 2(3) + b (0, 5) and is parallel to the line y = mx. Similarly,
 b = 6. So an equation of the best- the graph of y = mx - 5 is contains the point
fitting line might be y = 2 x + 6. (0, - 5) and is parallel to the line y = mx.
(b) When x = 10, y = 2(10) + 6 = 26.
18. (a) If y = 3x - 1 and y = x + 3, then
3x - 1 = x + 3  2 x = 4  x = 2.
Substituting x = 2 into y = x + 3  y = 5;
or a unique solution of (2, 5).
(b) Multiply 3x + 4 y = -17 by 2 

6 x + 8 y = - 34. Multiply 2 x + 3 y =
-
13 by -3  -6 x + -9 y = 39. 2. Each of the following [except part (a)] is in the
form y = mx + b, where m represents the slope
Add the equations: 6x + 8 y = -34 of the line and b represents the y-coordinate of the
- - y-intercept. The x-intercept in each case can be
6x + 9y = 39
-
found by setting y equal to 0 and solving for x.
y = 5
(a) Given x = -2:
or y = -5.
(i) m is undefined, thus there is no
Substitute y = -5 into 3x + 4 y = -17. y-intercept.
3x + 4( -5) = -17  x = 1; or a unique (ii) The x-intercept is at x = -2.
solution of (1, -5). (iii) Draw a line through (- 2, 0) parallel to
the y-axis.
19. Let g be the number of gallons of gasoline
and let k be the number of gallons of kerosene on
the truck.

Assessment 8-5B 193
39.37 in
4. Think of slope as a ratio: 1m
. If x is a measure
in meters, then 39.37 in/m ⋅ x = 39.37 in. If y is
the measure in inches, then the equation is
y = 39.37 x .
(b) Given y = 3x - 1:
(i) m = 3 and b = -1 . 5. When the equations are in slope-intercept form,

1. y = mx + b, m is the slope of the line and b is
(ii) If y = 0 = 3x - 1  x = 3
the y-intercept, located at (0, b).
(iii) Draw a line through (0, -1) and ( 13 , 0 ). (a) (i ) x
3
+
y
4
= 1  12 ( x
3
+
y
4 ) = 12(1) 
4 x + 3 y = 12  3 y = -4 x + 12.
-
4
y = 3 x + 4.
(c) Given y = 1 x: -
4
20 (ii ) m= 3
; y-intercept is at (0, 4).
(i) m= 1 and b = 0.
20 (b) (i ) 3x - 4 y + 7 = 0  -4 y =
(ii) To find another point, aribitrarily assign -
3x - 7  4 y = 3x + 7. y = 3 x + 7 .
a value to x and solve for y; e.g., if 4 4
x = 20  y = 1.
(ii ) m= 3;
4
y-intercept is at 0, ( 7
4 ).
(iii ) Draw a line through (0, 0) and (20, 1).
(c) (i ) x - y = 4( x - y)  x - y =
4 x - 4 y  0 = 3x - 3 y. y = x .
(ii ) m = 1; y-intercept is at (0, 0).
6. (a) Both points include the coordinate y = 1.

3. When the equations in problem lare in the form
y = mx + b, b is the y-intercept and is located at The equation of the line is y = 1.
(0, b). The x-intercept may be found by setting y (b) Both points include the coordinate x = 2.
equal to 0 and solving for x. If x is some value a, The equation of the line is x = 2.
the x-intercept is located at (a, 0). (c) Both points include the coordinate y = 0.
The equation of the line is y = 0.
(a) x = -2:
(i ) There is no y-intercept; i.e., x = -2 is 7. Answers may vary.

a vertical line. (a) Both points include the coordinate x = -1,
(ii ) The x-intercept is at x = -2, or thus the equation of the line is x = -1. Other
points could be (-1, 7), (-1, -5), ....
(- 2, 0).
(b) Both points have the same x and y value; i.e.,
(b) y = 3x - 1: the equation of the line is y = x. All other
points are of the form (a, a); other points
(i ) b = -1. y-intercept is at (0, -1).
could be (3, 3), ( -1, -1), ....
(ii ) if y = 0 = 3x - 1  x = 13 .
x-intercept is at ( 13 , 0 ). 8. (a) (- 2, 1), (0, 1), and ( x, y) are collinear, thus
1 x: the value of y at each point is 1.
(c) y = 20
(i ) y = 1 is the equation of the line.
(i ) b = 0. y-intercept is at (0, 0).
(ii ) x may assume any real value.
(ii ) If y = 0 = 1 x  x = 0. x-intercept
20 (b) ( x, y), (0, 0), and (-1, -1) are collinear, and
is at (0, 0).
in (0, 0) and ( -1, -1) the values of x and y

are the same. Since the points are collinear, (10 months) ⋅ ($10 per month) = $100 interest
x = y. earned in the first ten months. The original
balance was $2100 - $100 = $2000.
9. (a) Sketches may vary. (b) Simple interest (I) = principal (p). annual
rate (r) ⋅ time (t) in years.
1 = $100
r = pl = 0.06, or 6%.
$2000⋅ 10
12
(b) Coordinates of the other vertices are (0, 0), 14. In the following triangle:
(0, 6), and (4, 0).
(c) There are two diagonals, one with positive

slope and one with negative slope.
(i) Positive slope: m = 6- 0 = 3. The
4- 0 2
y-intercept is at (0, 0). Thus y = 3 x.
2
-
0-6 3 (a) Label the lines a, b, and c as shown.
(ii) Negative slope: m = 4-0
= 2
. The
(i ) Line a: m = 10-6 = 1.
y-intercept is at (0, 6). Thus 8-(- 4) 3
-
3
y= 2
x + 6. Then 10 = 1 (8) +b b = 22 .
3 3
(d) The point of intersection is at the intersection 1 22 .
Thus y = x+
of the two diagonals, or where 32 x = 3 3
-
6-6
-
3 (ii ) Line b: m = = -2.
2
x + 6  3x = 6  x = 2. If x = 2, 2-(- 4)
y = 3 (2) = 3. The coordinates of the -

2 Then 6 = -2(2) + b  b = -2.
intersection are then (2, 3).
Thus y = -2 x - 2.
10-(- 6) 8.
10. (a) y = -2, a horizontal line through (0, -2). (iii ) Line c: m = 8- 2
= 3
-
(b) x = -4, a vertical line through ( -4, 5). Then 10 = 8 (8) +bb=
34
.
3 3
Thus y = 8 x- 34 .
11. (a) m = 2-1 = 1. 3 3
5- -4 9
(b) (i ) Vertex at ( -4, 6): 13 x + 22
3
= -2x - 2 
(b) m = 198-81 = 117  undefined (or no
x + 22 = -6 x - 6  x = -4.
-
3 - -3 0
slope).
If x = -4, y = -2(- 4) - 2 = 6.
-
10-12 2
(c) m = = = 20, 000. The equations check.
1-1.0001 -
0.0001
(ii ) Vertex at (8,10): 13 x + 22
3
= 83 x - 34
3
1 (5)  x + 22 = 8 x - 34  x = 8. If
12. (a) Use the point (5, 2). (2) = 9
+b
x = 8, y = 1 (8) + 22 = 10. The
13 , thus 1 13 . 3 3
b= y = x+
9 9 9 equations check.
-
(b) x = 3 (a vertical line). (iii ) Vertex at (2, -6): -2 x - 2 = 8
3
x- 34
3
(c) Use the point (1,10)  (10) = 20, 000(1) + b   - 6 x - 6 = 8 x - 34  x = 2. If
b = -19,990, thus y = 20, 000 x - 19, 990. x = 2, y = -2(2) - 2 = -6. The
equations check.
13. (a) In eight months, $2180 - $2100 = $80
simple interest was earned, or $10 per month.

Assessment 8-5B 195
15. A vertical line through (- 7, -8) contains all Since both equations represent the same line,
y = 23 x - 16 , there are an infinite number
points of the form (- 7, b) where b is any real
of solutions. x may be any real number; then
number. Thus, the equation is x = -7. y = 4 x6-1 .
16. (a)
In attempting to solve these types of systems,
a solution such as 0 = 0 will always be
obtained. An answer of this type means an
infinite number of solutions is possible.
(b) Think of slope as a ratio, 45 miles per 1 hour. 19. The equation of the segment connecting (5, 0) and
45 (6,8) is y = 8 x - 40 (determined by finding m;
So slope or 1
= 45.
then substituting x and y from one of the points
into the equation y = mx + b to find b).
17. (a) Graphs will vary.
The equation of the segment connecting (10, 0) and
(3, 4) is y = -74 x + 40 .
7
The equation of the segment connecting (0, 0) and
(8, 4) is y = 1 x.
2
Equating these three values of y (i.e., 8 x - 40 =
-
4 40 1 16 .
7
x+ 7
= 2
x) yields x = 3
Substituting x = 16 into any of the three equations
3
To find an equation, one could choose two yields y = 8 . The coordinates of the common
points on or very near the line drawn above. 3
For example, choose (-1, -7) and (3, 1). intersection are 16 (
,8 .
3 3 )
Then the a possible equation would be
1-(- 7) 8-5 Review Problems
y -1 = -
( x - 3)  y = 2 x + -5.
3-( 1)
10. (a) 3
x = x 2 - 3.
(b) y = 2(7) + -5 = 14 - 5 = 9.
(b) x 2 + y 2 = 36.
18. (a) Rewrite each equation into the form
7
(c) 0.9 = 1.
y = mx + b. 2 x - 6 y = 7  y = 13 x - 6
and 3x - 9 y = 10  y = 1 x- 10 .
3 9 11. 6 » 2.45.
Since both equations have slope 13 and different
y-intercepts, they are parallel. Since they never 12. (a) x 2 - 3 y = 0.4  x 2 =
intersect at a single point there is no solution. 0.4 + 3 y
0.4 + 3 y  x = .
This can be illustrated by solving the system. 2
Set 1
3
x- 7
6
= 1
3
x- 10
9
 18 ( 13 x - 76 ) = (b) x 2 - 81 = 0  ( x - 9)( x + 9) = 0
18 ( 13 x - 109 )  6x - 21 = 6x - 20  0 = 1.  x - 9 = 0 or x + 9 = 0
Since 0 ¹ 1, it can be seen that there is no  x = 9 or x = -9.
solution. -
7
(b) Rewrite each equation into the form y = (c) 3x < - 7  x < .
3
mx + b. 4 x - 6 y = 1  y = 2x - 1 and
3 6
6 x - 9 y = 1.5  y = 2 x- 1. 13. (a) f (3) = 3 7 - 7 = 2 7 .
3 6

(b) f ( 7) = 7 ⋅ 7 - 7 = 7 - 7. (4.7) 2 = 22.09 and (4.8) 2 = 23.04 

(c) f ( -4) = -4 7 - 7 = -5 7. 4.7 < 23 < 4.8;
(4.79) = 22.9441 and (4.80)2 = 23.04 
2
14. 12 = 3x - 2  12 + 2 = 3x 4.79 < 23 < 4.80;

12 + 2
 x = 3
. (4.795) = 22.992025 and (4.796)2 =
2
23.001616  4.795 < 23 < 4.796;

15. (a) For f ( x) = x + 1 to have real-valued 23 is closer to 23.001616 than to 22.992025,
range values, x + 1 must not be negative. So thus 23 » 4.796.
-
x + 1 ³ 0  x ³ 1. Write as {x | x Î 
and x ³ -1}. 5. 1 < 3
2 <2
(b) For f ( x) = - x to have real-valued range 1.2 = 1.728 and 1.33 = 2.197.
3
3
values, -x must not be negative. So -x ³ 0 1⋅ 2 < 2 < 1.3.
 x £ 0. Write as { x | x Î R and x £ 0}. 1.25 = 1.953125 and 1.263 = 2.000376.
3
Thus, 1.25 < 3 2 < 1.26.

Chapter 8 Review
2 is closer to 2.000376 that it is to 1.953125,
3
1. (a) Irrational. The pattern never repeats in blocks so 2 » 1.26.
of the same length.
(b) Irrational. Any non-zero rational number
divided by any irrational number is irrational. 6. (a) Since a1 = 5 and a3 = 10, 10 = 5(r ) 2. This
(c) Rational. The ratio of two integers. implies that r 2 = 2 and r = 2 or
(d) Rational. The pattern repeats in blocks of 0011. - -
r = 2. So, a2 = 5 2 or 5 2.
(e) Irrational. The pattern does not repeat.
(b) Since a1 = 1 and a5 = 1, 1
4 4
= 1(r )4. This
2. (a) 242 = 121 ⋅ 2 = 11 2 . implies that r 4 = 1

4
and r = 1
4
or -1 .
4
4 4
(b) 288 = 144 ⋅ 2 = 12 2 . Thus, two possible solutions are: 1, 1 , 1 =
44 4 16
(c) 180 = 36 ⋅ 5 = 6 5. 1, 1 , 1 and 1, - 1 , 1 , -1 ,

2 24 4 4 4 4 2 24 4
3 3 3
(d) 162 = 27 ⋅ 6 = 3 6 .
- 7. 7(-1)10 = 7.
3. (a) No. 2 + 2 = 0 is rational.
(b) No. 2 - 2 = 0 is rational.
8. The difference is a2 - a1 = 2 - 1. Thus,
(c) No. 2 ⋅ 2 = 2 is rational.
an = 1 + (n - 1)( 2 - 1).
2
(d) No. = 1 is rational.
2
9. S = 13 P.
4. 4 < 23 < 5.
10. There are 103 times as many girls as boys.
11. f = 3 y.
12. Let S = n1 + n2 + n3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅. Then

S new = (10n1 - 10) + (10n2 - 10) +
(10n3 - 10) +  = 10[(n1 - 10) + (n2 - 10) +
(n3 - 10) + ] = 10 S - 10n.

Chapter 8 Review 197
13. Let n be the whole number. Then 12 ( 13n ) - 20 + 18. Let j be the number of papers delivered by Jacobo,
d be the number of papers delivered by Dahlia, and
89 = 93  12 13 ( )
n = 24  n = 2  n = 26.
13
r be the number of papers delivered by Rashid.
It is given that d = r + 100 and j = 2d =
14. (a) Let n be the number. Then: 2(r + 100).
(i ) n + 17 Then if j + d + r = 500  r + (r + 100) +
(ii ) 2(n + 17) = 2n + 34 2(r + 100) = 500  4r + 300 = 500  r = 50.
(iii ) (2n + 34) - 4 = 2n + 30 So Rashid delivered 50 papers
Dahlia delivered 50 + 100 = 150 papers
(iv) 2(2n + 30) = 4n + 60
Jacobo delivered 2(50 + 100) = 300 papers.
(v) (4n + 60) + 20 = 4n + 80
4n +80
(vi ) 4
= n + 20 19. (a) A function. Each component of the domain
corresponds to a unique component of the
(vii ) n + 20 - 20 = n.
range.
(b) Answers may vary; for example, the next (b) Not a function. a and b both correspond to
two lines could be to add 3, divide by 4, and two components of the range.
[4(n +18)-7] + 3
subtract 17. Then 4
- 17 = n. (c) A function. a and b correspond to unique
components of the range.
15. (a) 4 x - 2 = 3x + 10  x = 2 + 10 .
20. (a) {0, 1, 2, 3} + 3  Range is
(b) 4( x - 12) = 2 x + 10  4 x - 48 = {x + 3| x Î {0, 1, 2, 3}} = {3, 4, 5, 6}.
2 x + 10  2 x = 58  x = 29.
(b) 3{5, 10, 15, 20} - 1  Range is
(c) 4(7 x - 21) = 14(7 x - 21)  28 x - 84 =
{3x - 1| x Î {5, 10, 15, 20} =
98x - 294  210 = 70 x  x = 3.
{14, 29, 44, 59}.
(d) 2(3x + 5) = 6 x + 11  6 x + 10 =
6 x + 11  no solution. (c) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}2  Range is
(e) 3( x + 1) + 1 = 3x + 4  3x + 3 + 1 = {x 2 | x Î {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}} = {0, 1, 4, 9, 16}.
3x + 4  all whole numbers are solutions.
(d) {0, 1, 2}2 + 3{0, 1, 2} + 5  Range is
16. Let m be the number of Mikes’s cards, j be the {x 2 + 3x + 5 | x Î {0, 1, 2}} = {5, 9, 15}.
number of Jordan’s cards, and p be the number of
Paige’s cards. 21. (a) Not a function. A student may have more
It is given that j = 2 p and m = 3 j = 3(2 p) = 6 p. than one major.
(b) A function. The range is the subset of the
Then If m + j + p = 999  p + 2 p + 6 p = natural numbers that includes the number of
999  9 p = 999  p = 111. pages in each book in the library.
So Paige has 111 cards (c) A function. The range is {x| x ³ 6 and x is
Jordan has 222 cards even}.
Mike has 666 cards. (d) A function. The range is {0, 1}.
(e) A function. The range is the set of all natural
17. Let s be the number of science book overdue days
numbers N.
and c be the number of children’s book overdue
days. It is given that c = s - 14.
22. (a) C ( x ) = $[ 200 + 55( x - 1)] where x is the
Then 8(0.20)( s - 14) + 2(0.20)s = 11.60  number of months.
1.6s - 22.4 + 0.4s = 11.60  2s = 34 
s = 17.
Each science book was overdue by 17 days
Each children’s book was overdue by 17 -
14 = 3 days.

(b) Plot: x C ( x) Number of

(a)
1 200 Number of cubes squares to paint
2 255 1 6
3 310 2 10
4 365 3 14
5 420 4 18
6 475 5 22
7 530 6 26
8 585 (b)
9 640
10 695
11 750
12 805
(c) This is a function which is an arithmetic

sequence with a1 = 6, d = 4, and
a6 = 26  an = 6 + (n - 1)4  4n + 2.
The function is y = 4 x + 2 for x = 1, 2, ..., 6.
(d) No. The graph does represent a function, but
not a straight line because values of x cannot
(c) The cost will exceed $600 beginning with the assume anything but natural numbers.
ninth month.
(d) If C ( x) = 200 + 55( x - 1) = 6000 then 26. Use a spreadsheet approach, where values of x are in
55x - 55 = 5800  x = 106.5. column A and corresponding values of the functions
are in column B.
Or the cost will exceed $6000 in the 107th
month. (a) y = -2 x + 5:
23. If 4 x - 5 = 15, then 4 x = 20 and x = 5 is the A B

-
input. 1 7
0 5
1 3
24. (a) A function. Each value on the x-axis 2 1
corresponds to a unique value on the y-axis.
 
(b) Not a function. 4 and 5 on the x-axis each
correspond to two values on the y-axis.
(c) Not a function. The x-value 5 corresponds to
two values on the y-axis.
25. Assume Jilly starts with unpainted blocks each time:
(b) y = - ( 15 ) x + 7 (values of x are multiples

of 5):

Chapter 8 Review 199
A B 28. (a) Use the spreadsheet approach, given -3x +

-
10 9 12 = 23, and where values of x are in column
-
- A and corresponding values of 3x + 12 are
5 8
in column B.
0 7
5 6 A B
-
10 5 4 24
  -
3.6 23
-
3.3 22
-
3 21
 
-
When x = -3.6 then 3x + 12 = 23  the
solution is x = -3. 6 =- 3 23 .
(b) Use the spreadsheet approach for
(c) y = - 2 x (values of x in column A are 2 x + 18 = 42:
3
selected to yield whole-number values of y
in column B): A B
A B 33 40
-
2 » 1.4 -
2 36 42
0 0 39 44
-  
2 » 1.4 2
- When x = 36, then 2 x + 18 = 42  the
8 » 2.8 4 3
  solution is x = 36.
(c) x3 = -1  x = 3 -1  x = -1.
(d) 4 x 2 - 33 = 3  4 x 2 = 36  x 2 = 9 
x2 = 9  | x | = 3  x = 3.
(e) Given (2 x - 7)(3x + 2) = 0, by
examination see that if 2 x - 7 = 0  x
27. Graph the system using spreadsheets: ë û

( )
= 72 then 0 êé 3 72 + 2 úù = 0 and if
-
y = -x + 6 y = 2x - 7 3x + 2 = 0  x =
2
then
3
A B A B é æ ù
-
2 ÷ö
ê 2 çç - 7 ú 0 = 0. Thus the zeros, or
- ç 3 ÷÷ø
3 3 3 1 ëê è ûú
4 2 4 1 7
-
2
solutions are x = 2
or x = 3
.
4.3 1.6 4.3 1.6
4.6 1.3 4.6 2.3
5 1 5 3 (f) Use the completing the square approach:
(
The graphs intersect at approximately 4 13 , 1 23 )
or (4.3, 1.6).

x2 - x = 6
2 2
x2 - x + ( 12 ) =6+ ( 12 )
( x - 12 )2 = 25
4
x- 1
2
=  52
x = 1
2
 5
2
= - 2 or 3
(g) Use the quadratic formula, where
a = 2, b = -3, and c = 1:
--
( 3)  (-3) 2 - 4(2)(1)
x =
2(2)
3 1
=
4
3 +1 3-1
= or
4 4
So x = 1 or x = 1.
2
3-1
29. If a1 =  and r = 1 , then a3 =  1 ( ) =
 = 1.
2 
30. Generally no. The monetary system requires a

decimal that terminates in no more than two
decimal places.

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divinities [i. e. among the divinities that subsist immediately after the intellectual
Gods]. For Plato also gives us an opportunity of mentioning these, since it is
necessary that the rulers and leaders of wholes should subsist analogous to the
intellectual kings, though they make their progression in conjunction with division,
and a separation into parts. For as they imitate the paternal generative and
convertive powers of the intellectual kings, thus also it is necessary that they
should receive the immutable monads in themselves, according to the ruling
peculiarity, and establish over their own progressions secondary causes of a
guardian characteristic. And the mystic tradition, indeed, of Orpheus makes
mention of these more clearly. But Plato being persuaded by the mysteries, and by
what is performed in them, indicates concerning these unpolluted Gods. And in the
Laws, indeed, he reminds us of the inflation of the pipe by the Corybantes, which
represses every inordinate and tumultuous motion. But in the Euthydemus, he
makes mention of the collocation on a throne, which is performed in the
Corybantic mysteries; just as in other dialogues he mentions the Curetic order,
speaking of the armed sports of the Curetes. For the Curetes are said to surround
and to dance round the Demiurgus of wholes, when he was unfolded into light
from Rhea. In the intellectual Gods, therefore, the first Curetic order is allotted its
hypostasis. But the order of the Corybantes, which precedes Core [i. e. Proserpine],
and guards her on all sides, as the theology says, is analogous to the Curetes in the
intellectual order. If, however, you are willing to speak conformably to Platonic
custom, because these divinities preside over purity, and preserve the Curetic
order undefiled, and also preserve immutability in their generations, and stability
in their progressions[55] into the worlds, on this account they were called
Corybantes. For το κορον, to koron, is every where significant of purity, as Socrates
says in the Cratylus; since, also, you may say that our mistress Core was no
otherwise denominated than from purity and an unpolluted life. But, in
consequence of her alliance to this order, she produces twofold guardian triads,
one in conjunction with her father, but the other herself by and from herself,
imitating in this respect the whole vivific Goddess [Rhea] who constitutes the first
Curetes.”
54. These Gods are called unpolluted, because they are the causes of purity.
For every God begins his own energy from himself, and is that primarily which his
effects are secondarily.
55. For περιοδοις here, it is necessary to read προοδοις.
56. Servius, in commenting on the “Mystica vannus Iacchi” of Virgil, observes,
that the sacred rites of Bacchus pertained to the purification of souls, “Liberi patris
sacra ad purgationem animarum pertinebant.” And elsewhere he says, “Animæ
aere ventilantur, quod erat in sacris Liberi purgationis genus.” Euripides also, in
Bacchis, exclaims,
Ω μακαρ οστις ευδαιμων τελετας Θεων

Ειδως, βιοταν αγιστευει,
Και θιασευεται ψυχαν,
Εν ορεσι βακχευων
Οσιοισι καθαρμοις.
i. e. “O blessed and happy he, who knowing the mysteries of the Gods,
sanctifies his life, and purifies his soul, celebrating orgies in the mountains, with
holy purifications.”
57. “In the greatest diseases and labours (says Plato in the Phædrus) to which
certain persons are sometimes subject through the ancient indignation of the
Gods, in consequence of former guilt, mania when it takes place, predicting what
they stand in need of, discovers a liberation from such evils by flying to prayer and
the worship of the Gods. Hence, obtaining by this means purifications and the
advantages of initiation, it renders him who possesses it free from disasters both
for the present and future time, by discovering to him who is properly insane, and
possessed by divinity, a solution of the present evils.” And the Platonic Hermias
beautifully unfolds the meaning of this ancient indignation of the Gods, through
former guilt, as follows: “Offences which have been committed for a great length of
a time, are more difficult to be washed away, and a liberation from them can alone
be effected by the telestic art; but those that have been committed for a shorter
time are more easily cured. Thus, also, we see in the medical art, that maladies
which have existed but for a little time, if they are paid attention to at their
commencement, are easily remedied, but that when they are of long standing, they
are more difficultly healed. For the evil in this case becomes as it were natural and
confirmed by habit, and resembles an indurated ulcer. A similar thing to this,
therefore, takes place in guilty conduct. Hence, if he who has committed an injury,
immediately repents, and acknowledges his guilt to him whom he has injured, he
dissolves the injury, and renders himself no longer obnoxious to justice. But when
some one dissolves an injury committed by his father, by restoring, for instance,
land which he had unjustly taken, he then makes himself to be unobnoxious to
justice, and lightens and benefits the soul of his father. These things, however, the
telestic art more swiftly remedies. Moreover, if it should happen that the whole
race of some one successively use land which had originally been plundered, in this
case, the injury in the first place becomes immanifest, and on this account is more
difficult to be cured; and, in the next place, time causes the evil to become as it
were natural. Hence the Gods frequently predict to men that they should go to such
or such places, and that an apology should be made to this man, who was never
known to them, and that he should be appeased, in order that thus they may obtain
a remedy and be liberated from their difficulties, and that the punishments
inflicted on them by the Furies may cease. The Gods, however, predict, not for the
purpose of taking away punishment, but in order that justice may be done, and
that we may be amended. The telestic art, therefore, renders him better who
possesses the mania which it imparts, and through him saves also many others.
Thus, for instance, it is related of one who was cutting down an oak, and though he
was called on by a Nymph not to cut it down, yet persisted in felling it, that he was
punished for so doing by the avenging Furies, that he was in want of necessary
food, and that if at any time he met with it, it was immediately taken from him, till
one who possessed the telestic art told him to raise an altar and sacrifice to this
Nymph, for thus he would be liberated from his calamities. Another person,
likewise, who had slain his mother, was freed from the punishment inflicted on
him by the Furies by migrating to another country, conformably to the mandate of
divinity, and there fixing his abode.”
58. This is because Rhea, the mother of the Gods, is a vivific Goddess, being
filled indeed (says Proclus, in Plat. Theol. lib. v. c. xi.) from the father prior to her
[i. e. from Saturn] with intelligible and prolific power, but filling the Demiurgus
[Jupiter], who derives his existence from her, with vivific abundance.
59. See, concerning this oracle, Scholiastes Apollonii ad i. librum, et Tacitus ii.
Annal.
60. This oracle is mentioned by Herodotus, l. i., by Strabo, l. xiv. and by
Ammian. Marcell. lib. xxix.
61. See Plutarch in his treatise De Defectu Oraculorum.
62. See Plutarch in the above mentioned treatise. Concerning this luciform
spirit, or vehicle, which is immortal, and which is called by Olympiodorus
αυγοειδες χιτων, a luciform vestment, see my Translation of the fifth book of
Proclus on the Timæus.
63. It was usual for those who prophesied to carry a wand. Tiresias had a
sceptre, and Abaris an arrow. The Scholiast on Nicander says, that the Egyptian
and Scythian magi, and also many of those in Europe, prophesied with wands. And
Eustathius on the Odyssey, p. 1657, observes, “that there is a certain magic in
divine wands,” esse in ραβδοις θειοις τινα μαγειαν.
64. That is, to partake of an illumination, which has no σχεσις, or habitude, to
any thing material.
65. For ἡ προιουσα here, it seems necessary to read ἢ προιουσα.
66. Proclus, in his MS. Commentary on the First Alcibiades of Plato, observes,
“that in the mysteries some one of the more imperfect dæmons assumes the
appearance of one that is more perfect, and draws down to himself souls that are
not yet purified, and separates them from the Gods. Hence, in the most holy of the
mysteries [i. e. in the Eleusinian mysteries], prior to the manifest presence of the
God [who is invoked], certain terrene dæmons present themselves to the view,
disturbing those that are initiated, divulsing them from undefiled good, and
exciting them to matter. On this account the Gods [in the Chaldean oracles] order
us not to behold them, till we are guarded by the powers imparted by the
mysteries. For they say,
Ου γαρ χρη κεινους σε βλεπειν πριν σωμα τελεσθεις.
i. e. It is not proper you should behold them till your body is purified by
initiation. And they add the reason,
Οτι τας ψυχας θελγοντες αει τελετων απαγουσι,
i. e. For these dæmons alluring souls, always draw them away from the
mysteries.
Conformably to this, also, Proclus in Plat. Theol. p. 7, says, ωσπερ εν ταις των
τελετων αγιωταταις φασι τους μυστας, την μεν πρωτην πολυειδεσι, και
πολυμορφοις των θεων προβεβλημενοις γενεσιν απανταν, εισιοντας δε, ακλινεις,
και ταις τελεταις πεφραγμενους, αυτην την θειαν ελλαμψιν ακραιφνως
εγκολπιζεσθαι, και γυμνιτας (ως αν εκεινοι φαιεν) του θειου μεταλαμβανειν, τον
αυτον οιμαι τροπον και εν τη θεωριᾳ των ολων. i. e. “As in the most holy of the
mysteries, they say, that the mystics at first meet with the multiform and many
shaped genera [i. e. with evil dæmons], which are hurled forth before the Gods, but
on entering the interior parts of the temple, unmoved, and guarded by the mystic
rites, they genuinely receive in their bosom divine illumination, and divested of
their garments, as they would say, participate of a divine nature; the same mode, as
it appears to me, takes place in the speculation of wholes.”
That mitred sophist, Warburton, as I have elsewhere called him, from not
understanding the former part of this latter extract from Proclus, ridiculously
translates the words πολυειδεσι και πολυμορφοις των θεων προβεβλημενοις
γενεσιν, “multiform shapes and species, that prefigure the first generation of the
Gods.” See his Divine Legation of Moses, book ii. p. 152, 8vo. a work replete with
distorted conceptions and inaccurate translations. And yet, as great a sophist as
Warburton was, and notwithstanding the work I have just mentioned abounds
with false opinions, and such as are of the most pernicious kind, yet he is
compelled by truth to acknowledge, in book ii. p. 172, “that the wisest and best men
in the Pagan world are unanimous in this, that the mysteries were instituted pure,
and proposed the noblest end by the worthiest means.” But this by the way.
67. This divination according to the imagination through water, may be
illustrated by the following extract from Damascius (apud Photium): Γυνη ιερα
θεομοιρον εχουσα φυσιν παρᾳλογοτατην. υδωρ γαρ εγχεασα ακραιφνες ποτηριῳ
τινι των υαλινων, εωρα κατα του υδατος εισω του ποτηριου τα φασματα των
εσομενων πραγματων, και προυλεγεν απο της οψεως αυτα απερ εμελλεν εσεσθαι
παντως. η δε πειρα του πραγματος ουκ ελαθεν ημας. i. e. “There was a sacred
woman who possessed in a wonderful manner a divinely gifted nature. For pouring
pure water into a certain glass cup, she saw in the water that was within the cup
the luminous appearances of future events, and from the view of these she entirely
predicted what would happen. But of this experiment we also are not ignorant.”
68. “The Platonists,” says Psellus (ad Nazianzenum) “assert that light is spread
under divine substances, and is rapidly seized, without any difficulty, by some who
possess such an excellent nature as that which fell to the lot of Socrates and
Plotinus. But others, at certain periods, experience a mental alienation about the
light of the moon.”
69. Concerning this vehicle, in which the phantastic power resides, see vol. ii.
of my translation of Proclus on the Timæus of Plato, p. 407; the Introduction to my
translation of Aristotle on the Soul; and the long extract from Synesius on Dreams,
in vol. ii. of my Proclus on Euclid.
70. i. e. The discursive energy of reason.
71. Proclus in Plat. Polit. having observed that Socrates in the Phædrus, when
he speaks in a divinely inspired manner, and poetically adopts such names as are
employed by the poets, and says that it is not possible for one who speaks with an
insane [i. e. with an inspired] mouth to abstain from them, adds “that an alliance
to the dæmoniacal genus, preparing the soul for the reception of divine light,
excites the phantasy to symbolic narration.” Η προς δαιμονιον γενος οικειοτης, η
προευτρεπιζουσα την του θειου φωτος παρουσιαν, ανακινει την φαντασιαν εις την
συμβολικην απαγγελιαν. p. 396.
72. These words of Heraclitus are also quoted by Plutarch in his treatise De
Defectu Oraculorum.
73. For εικονων here, I read ειδων.
74. Herodian, lib. viii. observes, that the Italians very much believed in the
indications of future events through the viscera: and Strabo, lib. xvii. asserts the
same thing.
75. The auspices were said to be pestiferous when there was no heart in the
entrails, or when the head was wanting in the liver. This was the case with the
animals that were sacrificed by Cæsar on the day in which he was slain. The same
thing also happened to Caius Marius, when he was sacrificing at Utica. But when
Pertinax was sacrificing, both the heart and the liver of the victim were wanting,
whence his death was predicted, which happened shortly after. In the sacrifices,
likewise, which Marcellus performed prior to the unfortunate battle with the
Carthaginians, the liver was found to be without a head, as Plutarch and Livy, Pliny
and Valerius Maximus relate.
76. Gale observes that this appears to have been a very ancient mode of
divination, and does not differ from that which is comprehended under the term
wood. Hence the Scholiast, in Nicandri Theriaca, says, “that the Magi and
Scythians predicted from the wood of the tamarisk.” For in many places they
predict from rods. And that Dinon, in the first book of his third Syntaxis, observes,
“that the Median diviners predict from rods.” The Scholiast likewise adds the
testimony of Metrodorus, who says, “that the tamarisk is a most ancient plant, and
that the Egyptians, in the solemnity of Jupiter, were crowned with the tamarisk,
and also the Magi among the Medes.” He adds, “that Apollo also ordained that
prophets should predict from this plant, and that in Lesbos he wears a tamarisk
crown, has often been seen thus adorned, and that in consequence of this he was
called by the Lesbians μυρικαιον, Muricaion, [from μυρικη, the tamarisk].” What
the Scholiast here says, is confirmed by Herodotus, in lib. iv. and elsewhere. To
this, also, what every where occurs about prediction from the laurel pertains. For if
the leaves of the laurel when committed to the fire made a noise, it was considered
as a good omen, but if they made none, a bad one.
77. Gale, in his translation, has totally mistaken the meaning of the original in
this place, and it is not unusual with him to do so. For the original is αλλ’ ουδε ως
οργανον τι μεσον εξι το των κρειττονων αιτιον, και δρα δια του θεσπιζοντος ο
καλων. This he thus translates: “Sed neque dicendum est fatidicum animum esse
instrumentum intermedium divinorum, sacerdotem vero invocantem esse
tanquam efficientem causam.” In consequence, also, of this mistake, he
erroneously conceives that Iamblichus dissents from himself.
78. God is all things causally, and is able to effect all things. He likewise does
produce all things, yet not by himself alone, but in conjunction with those divine
powers which continually germinate, as it were, from him, as from a perennial
root. Not that he is in want of these powers to the efficacy of his productive energy,
but the universe requires their cooperation, in order to the distinct subsistence of
its various parts and different forms. For as the essence of the first cause, if it be
lawful so to speak, is full of deity, his immediate energy must be deific, and his first
progeny must be Gods. But as he is ineffable and superessential, all things proceed
from him ineffably and superessentially. For progressions are conformable to the
characteristics of the natures from which they proceed. Hence the cooperating
energy of his first progeny is necessary to the evolution of things into effable,
essential, and distinct subsistence. The supreme God, therefore, is, as Iamblichus
justly observes, alone worthy of sedulous attention, esteem, the energy of reason,
and felicitous honour; but this is not to the exclusion of paying appropriate
attention and honour to other powers that are subordinate to him, who largely
participate of his divinity, and are more or less allied to him. For in reverencing
and paying attention to these appropriately, we also attend to and reverence him.
For that which we sedulously attend to, honour, and esteem in them, is that alone
which is of a deified nature, and is therefore a portion, as it were, of the ineffable
principle of all things.
Gale, from not understanding this, exclaims, “if these things are true, (viz. that
God is alone worthy of sedulous attention, &c.) as they are, indeed, most true, to
what purpose, O Iamblichus, is that mighty study and labour about dæmons and
other spirits?” But the answer to this, by regarding what has been above said, is
easy. For mighty study and labour about these intermediate powers is necessary, in
order to our union with their ineffable cause. For as we are but the dregs of the
rational nature, and the first principle of things is something so transcendent as to
be even beyond essence, it is impossible that we should be united to him without
media; viz. without the Gods, and their perpetual attendants, who are on this
account the true saviours of souls. For in a union with the supreme deity our true
salvation consists.
79. For these conceptions and these works teach us, that in reality we, through
sacred operations, approach to divinity, but that divinity does not draw near to us.
Hence Proclus in Alcibiad. εν ταις κλησεσι, και εν ταις αυτοψιαις προσιεναι πως
ημιν φαινεται το θειον, ημων επανατεινομενων επ’ αυτο. i. e. “In invocations of the
Gods, and when they are clearly seen, divinity, in a certain respect, appears to
approach to us, though it is we that are extended to him.”
80. Gale, in his note on these words, after having observed that Porphyry says,
that ignorance, darkness, and folly attend the soul in its lapse into body; and that,
according to Servius, the soul, when it begins to descend into body, drinks of folly
and oblivion, quotes also Irenæus (lib. ii. c. 59), who makes the following stupid
remark: “Souls entering into this life [it is said] drink of oblivion, before they enter
into bodies, from the dæmon who is above this ingress. But whence do you know
this, O Plato, since your soul also is now in body? For if you remember the dæmon,
the cup, and the entrance, it is likewise requisite that you should know the rest.” To
this it is easy to reply, that a soul purified and enlightened by philosophy, like that
of Plato, is able to recognise many things pertaining to its preexistent state, even
while in the present body, in consequence of partially emerging from corporeal
darkness and oblivion; but that it is not capable of knowing every thing distinctly,
till it is perfectly liberated from the delirium of the body. And Gale, no less sillily,
adds, “respondebunt Platonici hæc omnia cognovisse Platonem ex narratione, quæ
circumferebatur de Ere Armenio, qui Lethes aquam non biberat.” i. e. “The
Platonists will answer that Plato knew all these things from the narration of the
Armenian Erus [in the Republic] who did not drink of the water of Lethe.” For
Plato did not obtain this knowledge from any historical narration, but from
possessing in a transcendent degree the cathartic and theoretic virtues, and from
energizing enthusiastically (or according to a divinely inspired energy) through the
latter of these virtues.
81. Agreeably to this, Porphyry says in his Αφορμαι προς τα νοητα, or
Auxiliaries to Intelligibles, ψυχη καταδειται προς το σωμα, τῃ επιστροφη τῃ προς
τα παθη τα απ’ αυτου.——And ψυχη εδησεν εαυτην εν τῳ σωματι. i. e. “The soul is
bound to the body, by a conversion to the passions arising from her union with it.”
And, “the soul binds herself in the body.” Philolaus also says, that the ancient
theologists and prophets asserted, ως δια τινας τιμωριας α ψυχα τῳ σωματι
συνεζευκται, και καθαπερ εν σαματι τουτῳ τεθαπται, “that the soul is conjoined to
the body on account of certain punishments, and that it is buried in it as in a
sepulchre.”
82. This assertion, that the nature which is perfectly exempt can never become
one with that which departs from itself, is opposed by Gale, who says that man is
composed of soul and body, and yet the latter is far inferior to, and less excellent
than, the former. But in adducing this instance, he clearly shows that he does not
understand what Iamblichus says. For the human soul being a medium between a
certain impartible and partible essence, so far as it partakes of the partible essence,
has a certain alliance with body, and is not perfectly exempt from it. But this is not
the case with divine inspiration and our soul: for the former in a perfectly exempt
manner transcends the latter. Let it, therefore, be granted him that, as Psellus says,
“hypostatic union conducts different essences or natures to one hypostasis,” yet
such a union can never take place between two things, one of which has no
habitude, proximity, or alliance to the other. Gale was led into this mistake by not
properly attending to the words perfectly exempt, το παντελως εξῃρημενον, which
are here employed by Iamblichus. But such mistakes are usual with Gale, from his
inaccurate and rambling manner of thinking. He likewise forgot, at the time he was
writing notes on Iamblichus, that he was the master of a grammar school, and not
a philosopher.
From what has been said, the absurdity, also, of their opinion is immediately
obvious, who fancy that the divine essence can be mingled and united with the
mortal nature. For if such a union were possible, it would benefit and exalt the
latter, but injure and degrade the former. Just as in the union of the rational soul
with the body (as Proclus beautifully observes in Tim. p. 339), “the former, by
verging to a material life, kindles indeed a light in the body, but becomes herself
situated in darkness; and by giving life to the body, destroys both herself and her
own intellect [in as great a degree as these are capable of receiving destruction].
For thus the mortal nature participates of intellect, but the intellectual part of
death, and the whole, as Plato observes in the Laws, becomes a prodigy composed
of the mortal and the immortal, of the intellectual and that which is deprived of
intellect. For this physical law which binds the soul to the body is the death of the
immortal life, but vivifies the mortal body.”
83. Here again Gale, from not understanding, opposes Iamblichus. For he
says, “sed nec hoc sequitur. S. Maximus, ubi hypostaticam unionem declarat; hæc
inquit, cernuntur in corpore et anima. Una ex utroque confit hypostasis composita.
Servat autem in se naturam perfectam utriusque sc. corporis et animæ, και την
τουτων διαφοραν ασυμφυρτον και τα ιδιωματα ασυμφυρτα και ασυγχυτα.” i. e.
“But neither does this follow. S. Maximus, where he unfolds hypostatic union, says
these things are perceived in the soul and body. One composite hypostasis is
produced from both. But this hypostasis preserves in itself the perfect nature of
each, and likewise the difference of these unmingled, end the peculiarities
unmingled and unconfused.” This hypostatic union, however; as we have before
observed, cannot take place between divine inspiration and the soul, because the
former is perfectly exempt from the latter.
Gale adds, “Quæro autem quid velit Iamblichus per αμφοιν? Opinor, ψυχην et
την εξωθεν θειαν επιπνοιαν. Non facile evincet επιπνοιαν esse αιδιον τι, utpote
quæ sit transiens dei actio.” i. e. “I ask what Iamblichus means by both. I think the
soul and divine inspiration externally derived. But he will not easily prove that
inspiration is something eternal, because it is a transient energy of God.” Gale is
right in his conjecture, that Iamblichus by the word both in this place, means the
soul and divine inspiration externally derived; for it can admit of no other
meaning; but when he adds, that inspiration cannot be something eternal, because
it is a transient energy of divinity, he shows himself to be as bad a theologist as he
is a philosopher. For God being an eternal, or rather a supereternal nature, his
energies have nothing to do with time and its transitive progressions, but are stably
simultaneous; so that transition does not exist in his inspiring influence, but in the
recipients of it, these being of a temporal and mutable nature. Hence it is just as
absurd to call any energy of divinity transient, as it would be to say that the light of
the sun is transient, because it shines through diaphanous, but not through
opaque, substances.
84. Hippocrates was of opinion that physicians ought to be skilled in
astronomy. And Galen derides those physicians who deny that astronomy is
necessary to their art. See his treatise entitled Si quis sit Medicus eundem esse
philosophum. And in lib. viii. cap. 20, of his treatise De Ingenio Sanitatis, he calls
physicians that are ignorant of astronomy homicides. But by astronomy here, both
Hippocrates and Galen intended to signify what is now called astrology. Roger
Bacon also, in his Epistle to Pope Clement, says, “Opera quæ fiunt hic inferius,
variantur secundum diversitatem cœlestium constellationum, ut opera medicinæ
et alkimiæ.” i. e. “The works which are performed in these inferior realms are
varied according to the diversity of the celestial constellations, as, for instance, the
works of medicine and alchemy.” If, however, as Galen says, and doubtless with
great truth, physicians that are ignorant of this are homicides, how numerous must
the medical homicides be of the present age!
85. According to Proclus, in Alcibiad. Prior, there are three orders of dæmons,
the first of which are more intellectual, the second are of a more rational nature,
and the third, of which Iamblichus is now speaking, are various, more irrational,
and more material.
86. Charonea is a country of Asia Minor, bordering on the river Meander; and
in it there are spiracles which exhale a foul odour. According to Pliny, there are
places of this kind in Italy, in the country of Puteoli, now Puzzulo. In Amsanctus,
also, a place in the middle of Italy, in the country of the Samnites, there were
sulphureous waters, the steams of which were so pestilential, that they killed all
who came near them. Hence Cicero, in lib. i. De Divin. “Quid enim? Non videmus,
quam sint varia terrarum genera? Ex quibus et mortifera quædam pars est, ut et
Amsancti in Hirpinis, et in Asia Plutonia.”
87. And these irrational spirits, so far as they contribute to wholes, are more
excellent than we are, though through being irrational they are inferior to us.
88. See the justice of providence in this respect most admirably defended by
Plotinus, in the first of his treatises on Providence, which treatise forms one of the
five books of Plotinus translated by me, in 8vo. 1794.
89. In the original, την ιδιαν της ψυχης αυτοπραγιαν, which Gale very
inadequately translates proprium animæ officium.
90. See my translation of Proclus on the Subsistence of Evil, at the end of my
translation of his six books on the Theology of Plato.
91. See cap. 40, 41, 42, of Eunead iv. lib. iv. of Plotinus, from which the
doctrine of this chapter is derived.
92. Agreeably to this, Plotinus, also, in Eunead iv. lib. iv. cap. 32, says, παν
τουτο το εν, και ως ζωον εν ζωον τε οντος, και εις εν τελουντος, ουδεν ουτω πορρω
τοπου ως μη εγγυς ειναι τη του ενος ζωου προς το συμπαθειν ψυσει, i. e. “This
universe is one, and is as one animal. But being an animal and completely effecting
one thing, nothing in it is so distant in place as not to be near to the nature of the
one animal, on account of its sympathy with the whole of itself.”
93. This art is no other than magic, of which the following account, from a very
rare Greek manuscript of Psellus, On Dæmons according to the Dogmas of the
Greeks, will, I doubt not, be acceptable to the reader, as it illustrates what is here
said by Iamblichus, and shows that magic is not an empty name, but possesses a
real power, though at present this art seems to be totally lost. Ficinus published
some extracts from this manuscript in Latin; but Gale does not appear to have had
it in his possession. Η γοητεια δε εστι τεχνη τις περι τους ενυλους και χθονιους
δαιμονας φαντασιοσκοπουσα τοις εποπταις τα τουτων ειδωλα. και τους μεν ωσπερ
εξ αδου αναγουσα, τους δε υψοθεν καταγουσα, και τουτους κακωτικους. και
ειδωλα αττα υφιστησι φαντασματα τοις θεωροις των τουτων. και τοις μεν ρευματα
τινα εκειθεν κυμαινοντα επαφιησι· τοις δε δεσμων ανεσεις και τρυφας, και χαριτας
επαγγελλεται. επαγεται δε τας τοιαυτας δυναμεις, και ασμασι και επασμασιν. η δε
μαγεια πολυδυναμον τι χρημα τοις Ελλησιν εδοξε. μεριδα γουν ειναι ταυτην φασιν
εσχατην της ιερατικης επιστημης. ανιχνευουσα γαρ των υπο την σεληνην παντων
την τε ουσαν και φυσιν, και δυναμιν και ποιοτητα. λεγω δε στοιχειων και των
τουτων μεριδων, ζωων, παντοδαπων φυτων, και των εντευθεν καρπων, λιθων,
βοτανων, και απλως ειπειν, παντος πραγματος, υποστασιν τε και δυναμιν.
εντευθεν αρα τα εαυτης εργαζεται. αγαλματα τε υφιστησιν υγειας περιποιητικα,
και σχηματα ποιειται παντοδαμα· και νοσοποια δεμιουργηματα ετερα. και αετοι
μεν, και δρακοντες, βιωσιμοι αυτοις προς υγειαν υποθεσις´ αιλουροι δε και κυνες,
και κορακες αγρυπνητικα συμβολα. κηρος δε και πηλος εις τας των μοριων
συμπλασεις παραλαμβανονται. φανταζει δε πολλακις, και πυρος ουρανιου εδοσεις,
και διαμειδιωσι επι τουτων αγαλματα· πυρί δε αυτοματῳ λαμπαδες αναπτονται.
i. e. “Goeteia, or witchcraft, is a certain art respecting material and terrestrial
dæmons, whose images it causes to become visible to the spectators of this art. And
some of these dæmons it leads up, as it were from Hades, but others it draws down
from on high; and these, too, such as are of an evil species. This art, therefore,
causes certain phantastic images to appear before the spectators. And before the
eyes of some, indeed, it pours exuberant streams; but to others it promises
freedom from bonds, delicacies, and favours. They draw down, too, powers of this
kind by songs and incantations. But magic, according to the Greeks, is a thing of a
very powerful nature. For they say that this forms the last part of the sacerdotal
science. Magic, indeed, investigates the nature, power, and quality of every thing
sublunary; viz. of the elements, and their parts, of animals, all-various plants and
their fruits, of stones, and herbs: and in short, it explores the essence and power of
every thing. From hence, therefore, it produces its effects. And it forms statues
which procure health, makes all-various figures, and things which become the
instruments of disease. It asserts, too, that eagles and dragons contribute to health;
but that cats, dogs, and crows are symbols of vigilance, to which, therefore, they
contribute. But for the fashioning of certain parts wax and clay are used. Often,
too, celestial fire is made to appear through magic; and then statues laugh, and
lamps are spontaneously enkindled.”
This curious passage throws light on the following extract from the first book
of the Metaphorsis of Apuleius: “Magico susurranime, amnes agiles reverti, mare
pigrum colligari, ventos inanimes expirare, solem inhiberi, lunam despumari,
stellas evelli, diem tolli, noctem teneri.” i. e. “By magical incantation rapid rivers
may be made to run back to their fountains, the sea be congealed, winds become
destitute of spirit, the sun be held back in his course, the moon be forced to scatter
her foam, the stars be torn from their orbits, the day be taken away, and the night
be detained.” For it may be inferred from Psellus, that witches formerly were able
to cause the appearance of all this to take place. It must also be observed, that this
MS. of Psellus On Dæmons forms no part of his treatise On the Energy of
Dæmons, published by Gaulminus; for it never was published.
94. Hence Iamblichus (apud Stob. Eclog. Phys. p. 114), says, Ουχ η αυτη εστι
πασων ψυχων κοινωνια προς τα σωματα. αλλ’ η μεν ολη ωσπερ Πλωτινῳ δοκει,
προσιον εαυτῃ το σωμα εχει εν εαυτῃ, αλλ’ ουκ αυτη προσεισι τῳ σωματι, ουδε
περιεχεται υπ’ αυτου. αι δε μερισται προσερχονται τοις σωμασι, και των σωματων
γιγνονται. i. e. “There is not the same communion of all souls with bodies; but the
soul which ranks as a whole (as it also appeared to Plotinus), approaching to itself,
contains body in itself, but does not itself approach to body, nor is comprehended
by it. Partible souls, however, accede to bodies, and give themselves up to them.”
Conformably to this Porphyry also, in his Αφορμαι προς τα νοητα, No. 30,
says, “No whole and perfect essence is converted to its own progeny; but all perfect
natures are led back to the causes by which they were generated, even as far as to
the mundane body. For this body, being perfect, is elevated to the mundane soul
which is intellectual, and through this is circularly moved. But the soul of this body
is elevated to intellect, and intellect to that which is first. All things, therefore,
extend themselves to this, beginning from that which is last, according to the
peculiar ability of each. But the reduction to that which is first is either proximate
or remote. Hence these are not only said to aspire after divinity, but also to enjoy
him as far as they are able. But in partial natures, and which are able to verge to
many things, a conversion to their progeny belongs. Hence in these guilt, in these
disgraceful perfidy, is found. Matter, therefore, defiles these, because they decline
to it, at the same time that they possess the power of converting themselves to a
divine nature.”
95. Iamblichus here alludes to the excellent treatise of Porphyry, περι της των
εμψυχων αποχης, On Abstinence from Animal Food, from which work the English
reader will find several admirable extracts in one of the Introductory Dissertations
prefixed to my translation of Proclus on Euclid.
96. A celestial body, as is beautifully shown by Proclus in Tim. lib. iii. contains
the summits of all the elements, but is characterized by vivific unburning fire; so
that, in short, it is vitalized extension.
97. The number sixty is no less manifest in the crocodile than in the sun. For
according to Aristotle (in Hist. Anim. lib. v.) the crocodile brings forth sixty eggs of
a white colour and sits on them for sixty days.
98. “Isis,” says Gale, “is the moon. And a dog attended Isis when she was
diligently seeking her husband Osiris. But the moon perpetually seeks the sun, and
therefore that sagacious animal, the dog, accords with Isis. In the solemnities, also,
of Isis, dogs preceded the procession.” After this manner others besides Gale; who
have not penetrated the depths of the philosophy and theology of Plato, would
doubtless explain what is fabulously said of Isis. In reality, however, Isis is not the
moon, but one of the divinities that revolve in the lunar sphere as an attendant on
the moon, and who, in modern language, is one of the satellites of that planet. For,
as I have shown from Proclus, in the Introduction to my translation of the Timæus
of Plato, every planetary sphere is an ολοτης, or a part of the universe having a
total subsistence, i. e. ranking as a whole, and is surrounded with a number of
satellites analogous to the choir of the fixed stars. Of these satellites, likewise, the
leaders of which are the planets, the first in order are Gods; after these, dæmons
revolve in lucid orbicular bodies; and these are followed by partial souls, such as
ours. See Proclus in Tim. p. 275 and p. 279· This theory, as I have elsewhere
observed, is the grand key to the theology and mythology of the ancients, as it
shows at one view why the same God is so often celebrated with the names of other
Gods; which induced Macrobius to think that all the Gods were nothing more than
different powers of the sun. The English reader will find an abundant confirmation
of what is here said in the fourth book of my translation of the above mentioned
admirable work of Proclus.
99. “The Egyptians,” says Horapollo, lib. i. “wishing to signify the moon, paint
a cynocephalus, because this animal is variously affected by the course of the
moon.”
100. In the original μυγαλη. “This word,” says Gale, “is written variously, viz.
as μυγάλη, μυγαλὴ, and μυγαλῆ. It is also variously translated, for it is either
rattus, or mus araneus.” Plutarch, in the fourth book of his Symposiacs, Quest. 5,
says, “that the Egyptians were of opinion that darkness was prior to light, and that
the latter was produced from mice in the fifth generation, at the time of the new
moon. And further still, they assert that the liver of the weasel diminishes in the
wane of the moon.”
101. With the Egyptians many animals were sacred; for the worship of which
the following admirable apology is made by Plutarch in his treatise of Isis and
Osiris:
“It now remains that we should speak of the utility of these animals to man,
and of their symbolical meaning; some of them partaking of one of these only, but
many of them of both. It is evident, therefore, that the Egyptians worshiped the ox,
the sheep, and the ichneumon, on account of their use and benefit, as the
Lemnians did larks, for discovering the eggs of caterpillars and breaking them; and
the Thessalians storks, because, as their land produced abundance of serpents, the
storks destroyed all of them as soon as they appeared. Hence, also, they enacted a
law, that whoever killed a stork should be banished. But the Egyptians honoured
the asp, the weasel, and the beetle, in consequence of observing in them certain
dark resemblances of the power of the Gods, like that of the sun in drops of water.
For at present, many believe and assert that the weasel engenders by the ear, and
brings forth by the mouth, being thus an image of the generation of reason [or the
productive principle of things]. But the genus of beetles has no female; and all the
males emit their sperm into a sphericle piece of earth, which they roll about,
thrusting it backwards with their hind feet, while they themselves move forward;
just as the sun appears to revolve in a direction contrary to that of the heavens, in
consequence of moving from west to east. They also assimilated the asp to a star,
as being exempt from old age, and performing its motions, unassisted by organs,
with agility and ease. Nor was the crocodile honoured by them without a probable
cause; but is said to have been considered by them as a resemblance of divinity, as
being the only animal that is without a tongue. For the divine reason is unindigent
of voice, and proceeding through a silent path, and accompanied with[102] justice,
conducts mortal affairs according to it. They also say it is the only animal living in
water that has the sight of its eyes covered with a thin and transparent film, which
descends from his forehead, so that he sees without being seen, which is likewise
the case with the first God. But in whatever place the female crocodile may lay her
eggs, this may with certainty be concluded to be the boundary of the increase of the
Nile. For not being able to lay their eggs in the water, and fearing to lay them far
from it, they have such an accurate presensation of futurity, that though they enjoy
the benefit of the river in its access, during the time of their laying and hatching,
yet they preserve their eggs dry and untouched by the water. They also lay sixty
eggs, are the same number of days in hatching them, and those that are the longest
lived among them live just so many years, which number is the first of the
measures employed by those who are conversant with the heavenly bodies.
“Moreover, of those animals that were honoured for both reasons, we have
before spoken of the dog. But the ibis, killing indeed all deadly reptiles, was the
first that taught men the use of medical evacuation, in consequence of observing
that she is after this manner washed and purified by herself. Those priests, also,
that are most attentive to the laws of sacred rites, when they consecrate water for
lustration, fetch it from that place where the ibis had been drinking; for she will
neither drink nor come near unwholesome or infected water; but with the distance
of her feet from each other and her bill she makes an equilateral triangle. Farther
still, the variety and mixture of her black wings about the white represents the
moon when she is gibbous.
“We ought not, however, to wonder if the Egyptians love such slender
similitudes, since the Greeks also, both in their pictures and statues, employ many
such like resemblances of the Gods. Thus in Crete there was a statue of Jupiter
without ears. For it is fit that he who is the ruler and lord of all things should hear
no one.[103] Phidias also placed a dragon by the statue of Minerva, and a snail by
that of Venus at Elis, to show that virgins require a guard, and that keeping at
home and silence become married women. But the trident of Neptune is a symbol
of the third region of the world, which the sea possesses, having an arrangement
after the heavens and the air. Hence, also, they thus denominated Amphitrite and
the Tritons. The Pythagoreans, likewise, adorned numbers and figures with the
appellations of the Gods. For they called the equilateral triangle, Minerva
Coryphagenes, or begotten from the summit, and Tritogeneia because it is divided
by three perpendiculars drawn from the three angles. But they called the one
Apollo, being persuaded to this by the obvious meaning of the word Apollo [which
signifies a privation of multitude] and by the simplicity of the monad[104]. The
duad they denominated strife and audacity, and the triad justice. For since injuring
and being injured are two extremes subsisting according to excess and defect,
justice, through equality, has a situation in the middle. But what is called the
tetractys, being the number 36, was, as is reported, their greatest oath, and was
denominated the world. For this number is formed from the composition of the
four first even and the four first odd numbers, collected into one sum.[105] If,
therefore, the most approved of the philosophers did not think it proper to neglect
or despise any occult signification of a divine nature when they perceived it even in
things which are inanimate and incorporeal, it appears to me that they, in a still
greater degree, venerated those peculiarities depending on manners which they
saw in such natures as had sense, and were endued with soul, with passion, and
ethical habits. We must embrace, therefore, not those who honour these things,
but those who reverence divinity through these, as through most clear mirrors, and
which are produced by nature, in a becoming manner, conceiving them to be the
instruments or the art of the God by whom all things are perpetually adorned. But
we ought to think that no inanimate being can be more excellent than one that is
animated, nor an insensible than a sensitive being, not even though some one
should collect together all the gold and emeralds in the universe. For the divinity is
not ingenerated either in colours, or figures, or smoothness; but such things as
neither ever did, nor are naturally adapted to participate of life, have an allotment
more ignoble than that of dead bodies. But the nature which lives and sees, and has
the principle of motion from itself, and a knowledge of things appropriate and
foreign to its being, has certainly derived an efflux and portion of that wisdom
which, as Heraclitus says, considers how both itself and the universe is governed.
Hence the divinity is not worse represented in these animals than in the
workmanships of copper and stone, which in a similar manner suffer corruption
and decay, but are naturally deprived of all sense and consciousness. This then I
consider as the best defence that can be given of the adoration of animals by the
Egyptians.”
102. Instead of και δικης, I read και μετα δικης.
103. i. e. Should be perfectly impartial.
104. Instead of διπλοτατοις μοναδος as in the original, which is nonsense, it is
necessary to read, as in the above translation, απλοτητι της μοναδος.
105. For 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20; and 1 + 3 + 6 + 7 = 16; and 20 + 16 = 36.
106. The cock was sacred to Apollo, and therefore its heart was believed to be
the instrument of divination in sacrifices. The chemic Olympiodorus says, “that the
cock obscurely signifies the essence of the sun and moon.” See, in the additional
notes, what is said by Proclus concerning the cock, in his treatise On Magic.
107. It is well observed by Ficinus, in lib. i. Eunead. ii. Plotin. “that the fire
which is enkindled by us is more similar to the heavens than other terrestrial
substances. Hence it participates of light, which is something incorporeal, is the
most powerful of all things, is as it were vital, is perpetually moved, divides all
things, without being itself divided, absorbs all things in itself, and avoids any
foreign mixture: and lastly, when the fuel of it is consumed, it suddenly flies back
again to the celestial fire, which is every where latent.”
108. For this vehicle is luciform, and consists of pure, immaterial, unburning,
and vivific fire. See the fifth book of my translation of Proclus on the Timæus.
109. Proclus in Tim. lib. v. observes concerning the telestic art, or the art
which operates through mystic ceremonies, “that, as the oracles teach, it
obliterates through divine fire all the stains produced by generation.” Η τελεστικη
δια του θειου πυρος αφανιζει τας εκ της γενεσεως απασας κηλιδας, ως τα λογια
διδασκει. Hence another Chaldean oracle says, τῳ πυρι γαρ βροτος εμπελασας
θεοθεν φαος εξει. i. e. “The mortal who approaches to fire will have a light from
divinity.” Hercules, as we also learn from Proclus, was an example of this telestic
purification. For he says, Ηρακλης δια τελεστικης καθῃραμενος, και των αχραντων
καρπων μετασχων, τελειας ετυχε εις τους θεους αποκαταστασεως, in Plat. Polit. p.
382. i. e. “Hercules being purified through the telestic art, and participating of
undefiled fruits, obtained a perfect restoration to the Gods.”
110. In the original, λεγω δε της θειας ψυχης τε και φυσεως, αλλ’ ουχι της
περικοσμιου τε και γενεσιουργου. But it appears to me that we should here read,
conformably to the above translation, λεγω δε της θειας, ψυχης τε και ψυσεως,
αλλ’ ουχι μονου της περικοσμιου τε και γενεσιουργου.
111. These media consist of the order of Gods denominated αρχαι, or rulers,
and of those called απολυτοι, or liberated; the former of which also are
denominated supermundane, and the latter supercelestial, in consequence of
existing immediately above the celestial Gods. See, concerning these media, the
sixth book of my translation of Proclus on the Theology of Plato.
112. Proclus on the First Alcibiades observes, “that about every God there is an
innumerable multitude of dæmons, who have the same appellations with their
leaders. And that these are delighted when they are called by the names of Apollo
or Jupiter, because they express in themselves the characteristic peculiarity of their
leading Gods.” In the same admirable commentary, also, he says, “that in the most
holy of the mysteries [i. e. in the Eleusinian mysteries], prior to the appearance of
divinity, the incursions of certain terrestrial dæmons present themselves to the
view, alluring the souls of the spectators from undefiled good to matter.”
113. It is beautifully observed by Simplicius on Epictetus, “that as if you take
away letters from a sentence, or change them, the form of the sentence no longer
remains, thus also in divine works or words, if any thing is deficient, or is changed,
or is confused, divine illumination does not take place, but the indolence of him
who does this dissolves the power of what is effected.” Ωσπερ γαρ εαν στοιχεια του
λογου αφελῃς, ἢ υπαλλαξης, ουκ επιγινεται το του λογου ειδος, ουτω και των θειων
εργων ἢ λογων ει ελλειπει τι, ἢ υπηλλακται, ἢ συγκεχυται, ουκ επιγινεται η του
θειου ελλαμψις, αλλα και εξυδαροι την των γινομενων δυναμιν η του ποιουντος
ραθυμια.
114. Conformably to this, Servius, in his Annotations on the words
Diique, deæque omnes—
in the sixth book of the Æneid observes, “more pontificum, per quos ritu veteri
in omnibus sacris post speciales Deos, quos ad ipsum sacrum, quod fiebat necesse
erat invocari, generaliter omnia numina invocabantur.” i. e. “This is spoken after
the manner of the pontiffs, by whom, according to ancient rites, in all sacrifices,
after the appropriate Gods whom it was necessary to invoke to the sacrifice, all the
divinities were invoked in general.” And in his Annotations on the seventh of the
Æneid he informs us, “that king Œneus offered a sacrifice of first fruits to all the
divinities but Diana, who being enraged sent a boar [as a punishment for the
neglect].” With respect to this anger, however, of Diana, it is necessary to observe
with Proclus, “that the anger of the Gods does not refer any passion to them, but
indicates our inaptitude to participate of them.” Ο γαρ των θεων χολος, ουκ εις
εκεινας αναπεμπει τι παθος, αλλα την ημων δεικνυσι ανεπιτηδειοτητα της εκεινων
μεθεξεως.
115. Plotinus was a man of this description, to whom, most probably,
Iamblichus alludes in what he now says.
116. In the original θυμον τινος: but it is doubtless requisite to read with Gale,
θεσμον τινος. This I have translated a certain divine legislation, because we are
informed by Proclus, in Platon. Theol. lib. iv. p. 206, “that θεσμος is connected
with deity, and pertains more to intelligibles; but that νομος, which unfolds
intellectual distribution, is adapted to the intellectual fathers.” Ο γαρ θεσμος
συμπλεκεται τῳ θεῳ, και προσηκει μαλλον τοις νοητοις ο δε νομος την νοεραν
εμφαινων διανομην, οικειος εσι τοις νοεροις πατρασι.
117. “Perhaps,” says Proclus, in MS. Comment, in Parmenid. “it is necessary
that, as in souls, natures, and bodies, fabrication does not begin from the
imperfect; so likewise in matter, prior to that which is formless, and which has an
evanescent being, there is that which is in a certain respect form, and which is
beheld in one boundary and permanency.” This, therefore, will be the pure and
divine matter of which Iamblichus is now speaking. Damascius also says, that
matter is from the same order whence form is derived.
118. This particular respecting the apples of gold is added from the version of
Scutellius, who appears to have translated this work from a more perfect
manuscript than that which was used by Gale.
119. The conjecture of Gale, that for ἢ το εν Αβυδῳ in this place, we should
read ἢ το εν αδυτῳ, is, I have no doubt, right. For the highest order of intelligibles
is denominated by Orpheus the adytum, as we are informed by Proclus in Tim. By
the arcanum in the adytum, therefore, is meant the deity who subsists at the
extremity of the intelligible order (i. e. Phanes); and of whom it is said in the
Chaldean Oracles, “that he remains in the paternal profundity, and in the adytum,
near to the god-nourished silence.”
120. For εις το φαινομενον και ορφμενον σωμα, I read εις το φερομενον κ. τ.
λ.
121. Here too for Αβυδῳ I read αδυτῳ.
122. Conformably to this, Martianus Capella also, in lib. ii. De Nuptiis Philol.
&c. speaking of the sun, says, “Ibi quandam navim, totius naturæ cursus diversa
cupiditate moderantem, cunctaque flammarum congestione plenissimam, et beatis
circumactam mercibus conspicatur. Cui nautæ septem, germani tamen, suique
similes præsidebant in prora. Præsidebat in prora felis forma depicta, leonis in
arbore, crocodili in extimo.” For these animals, the cat, the lion, and the crocodile
were peculiarly sacred to the sun. Martianus adds, “In eadem vero rate, fons
quidem lucis æthereæ, arcanisque fluoribus manans, in totius mundi lumina
fundebatur.” i. e. “In the same ship there was a fountain of etherial light flowing
with arcane streams, which were poured into all the luminaries of the world.”
Porphyry, likewise, in his treatise De Antro Nymph. says, “that the Egyptians
placed the sun and all dæmons not connected with any thing solid or stable, but
raised on a sailing vessel.”
123. In the original παν ζωδιον, which Gale erroneously translates animalia
omnia.
124. Of this kind are the following names in Alexand. Trallian. lib. ii. Μευ,
Θρευ, Μορ, Φορ, Τευξ, Ζα, Ζων, Θε, Λου, Χρι, Γε, Ζε, Ων, i.e. Meu, Threu, Mor,
Phor, Teux, Za, Zōn, The, Lou, Chri, Ge, Ze, Ōn. By these names Alexander
Trallianus says, the sun becomes fixed in the heavens. He adds, “Again behold the
great name Ιαξ, (lege Ιαω), Αζυφ, Ζυων, Θρευξ, Βαϊν, Χωωκ, i. e. Iaō, Azuph, Zuōn,
Threux, Baïn, Chōōk.” Among the Latins, also, Cato, Varro, and Marcellus de
Medicamentis Empiricis, there are examples of these names; the power and
efficacy of which, as Gale observes, are testified by history, though it is not easy to
explain the reason of their operation.
125. Proclus, in commenting on the following words of Plato in the Timæus,
(see vol. i. p. 228, of my translation of his Commentary), viz. “Let, therefore, this
universe be denominated by us all heaven, or the world, or whatever other
appellation it may be especially adapted to receive,” beautifully thus observes
concerning the divine name of the world. “As of statues established by the telestic
art, some things pertaining to them are manifest, but others are inwardly
concealed, being symbolical of the presence of the Gods, and which are only known
to the mystic artists themselves; after the same manner, the world being a statue of
the intelligible, and perfected by the father, has indeed some things which are
visible indications of its divinity; but others, which are the invisible impressions of
the participation of being received by it from the father, who gave it perfection, in
order that through these it may be eternally rooted in real being. Heaven, indeed,
and the world are names significant of the powers in the universe; the latter, so far
as it proceeds from the intelligible; but the former, so far as it is converted to it. It
is, however, necessary to know that the divine name of its abiding power, and
which is a symbol of the impression of the Demiurgus, according to which it does
not proceed out of being, is ineffable and arcane, and known only to the Gods
themselves. For there are names adapted to every order of things; those, indeed,
that are adapted to divine natures being divine, to the objects of dianoia being
dianoetic, and to the objects of opinion doxastic. This also Plato says in the
Cratylus, where he embraces what is asserted by Homer on this subject, who
admits that names of the same things are with the Gods different from those that
subsist in the opinions of men,
Xanthus by God, by men Scamander call’d

Iliad xx. v. 74.
And,
Which the Gods Chalcis, men Cymindis call.

Iliad xiv. v. 291.
And in a similar manner in many other names. For as the knowledge of the
Gods is different from that of partial souls, thus also the names of the one are
different from those of the other; since divine names unfold the whole essence of
the things named, but those of men only partially come into contact with them.
Plato, therefore, knowing that this preexisted in the world, omits the divine and
ineffable name itself, which is different from the apparent name, and with the
greatest caution introduces it as a symbol of the divine impression which the world
contains. For the words, “or whatever other appellation” and “it may receive” are
a latent hymn of the mundane name, as ineffable, and as allotted a divine essence,
in order that it may be coordinate to what is signified by it. Hence, also, divine
mundane names are delivered by Theurgists; some of which are called by them
ineffable, but others effable; and some being significant of the invisible powers in
the world, but others of the visible elements from which it derives its completion.
Through these causes, therefore, as hypotheses, the mundane form, the demiurgic
cause and paradigm, and the apparent and unapparent name of the world are
delivered. And the former name, indeed, is dyadic, but the latter monadic. For the
words “whatever other” are significant of oneness. You may also consider the
ineffable name of the universe as significant of its abiding in the father; but the
name world, as indicative of its progression; and heaven of its conversion. But
through the three, you have the final cause, on account of which it is full of good;
abiding ineffably, proceeding perfectly, and converting itself to the good as the
antecedent object of desire.”
126. See the additional notes at the end of vol. v. of my translation of Plato,
where many of these names are beautifully unfolded from the MS. Scholia of
Proclus on the Cratylus.
127. See the additional notes at the end of vol. v. of my translation of Plato,
and also the notes to my translation of Aristotle de Interpretatione, in which the
reader will find a treasury of recondite information concerning names, from
Proclus and Ammonius.
128. Most historians give the palm of antiquity to the Egyptians. And Lucian,
in lib. De Syria Dea, says, “that the Egyptians are said to be the first among men
that had a conception of the Gods, and a knowledge of sacred concerns.——They
were also the first that had a knowledge of sacred names.” Αιγυπτιοι πρωτοι
ανθρωπων λεγονται θεων τε εννοιην λαβειν και ιρα εισασθαι——πρωτοι δε και
ονοματα ιρα εγνωσαν. Conformably to this, also, an oracle of Apollo, quoted by
Eusebius, says that the Egyptians were the first that disclosed by infinite actions
the path that leads to the Gods. This oracle is as follows:
Αιπεινη γαρ οδος, μακαρων, τρηχειατε πολλον,

Χαλκοδετοις τα πρωτα διοιγομενη πυλεωσιν.
Ατραπιτοι δε εασσιν αθεσφατοι εγγεγαυιαι
Ας πρωτοι μεροπων επ’ απειρονα πρηξιν εφηναν,
Οι το καλον πινοντες υδωρ Νειλωτιδος αιης·
Πολλας και Φοινικες οδους μακαρων εδαησαν,
Ασσυριοι, Λυδοιτε, και Εβραιων (lege Χαλδαιων) γενος ανδρων.
i.e. “The path by which to deity we climb,

Is arduous, rough, ineffable, sublime;
And the strong massy gates, through which we pass
In our first course, are bound with chains of brass.
Those men the first who of Egyptian birth
Drank the fair water of Nilotic earth,
Disclosed by actions infinite this road,
And many paths to God Phœnicians show’d.
This road th’ Assyrians pointed out to view,
And this the Lydians and Chaldeans knew.”
For Εβραιων in this oracle I read Χαλδαιων, because I have no doubt that
either Aristobulus the Jew, well known for interpolating the writings of the
Heathens, or the wicked Eusebius as he is called by the Emperor Julian, have
fraudulently substituted the former word for the latter.
129. Prayers of this kind are such as those of which Proclus speaks in Tim. p.
65, when he says, “The cathartic prayer is that which is offered for the purpose of
averting diseases originating from pestilence, and other contagious distempers,

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Problem Solving Approach to

Mathematics for Elementary School

Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics for Elementary

Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics for Elementary

Problem Solving Approach to Mathematics for Elementary

Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers 6th Edition

Mathematics for Elementary Teachers 5th Edition

Mathematics for Elementary Teachers 5th Edition

Mathematics in Action Algebraic Graphical and

Mathematics in Action Algebraic Graphical and

Real Numbers and Algebraic Thinking

4. (a) Irrational. There is no rational number s such

so that the decimal does not terminate or repeat,

(a) 6.7   16. (a) a1 = 5; a4 = 10; n = 4. Thus 10 = 5(r )4-1

(e) 3 17   sequence are then 2 = 4 16, 4 8, 4 4, 4 2 ,

(c) x2 = 3 3, - 3   18. (a) E (0) = 210 ⋅ 160 = 210 bacteria.

(d) x = -1 no solution (b) E ( 14 ) = 210 ⋅ 161/4 = 210 ⋅ 2

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(b) 4 x = 8  (22 ) x = 23  22 x = 23 (c) x 2 + 242 = 252  x 2 = 252 - 242 = 49

4. (a) Irrational. There is no rational number n such

only if - 2 5 > -3 3 if and only if 3 3 > 2 5 6. (a) 4 < 20.3 < 5

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7. (a) True. The rationals are closed under addition.

(b) ( 7.05 + ), ( 7.05 + ), and

( 7.05 + ) are three such numbers.

(c) ( 0.7 + ), ( 0.7 + ), and ( 0.7 + )

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2. (a) Let n be the number:

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n minutes Number of bacteria (c) If the eldest receives $z:

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appears to be multiplying each term 2. (a) Let n be the number. Then

1. (a) If n is the number, then 10 more than the

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(b) (i ) The pattern appears to subtract 2 from

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15. (a) n Fn Assessment 8.3A: Equations

8-2 Review Problems (c) 2 x - 5 = 3x - 4  2 x - 2 x - 5 + 4 =

irrational numbers can be obtained by adding an (e) 3(2 x - 6) = 4(2 x - 6)  6 x - 18 =

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So e+m+ y = 486, 000 Assessment 8-3B

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7. Let d be the number of Dave’s stickers; Matt then

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(a) Double the input number; i.e., f ( x) = 2 x. 6. (a) (i )

2. (a) Not a function. The element 1 is paired with

3. (a) Answers may vary; e.g.:

(b) (i ) A function from A to B because each

(b) {(0, 1), (1, 3), ( 2, 2 2 + 1), ( 3, 2 3 + 1),

5. (a) Function from  to {2}, a subset of R.

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(iv) No. If 4n - 3 = 392, n = 395 which

(iii ) Yes. n 2 = 625  t (25) = 625.

(iv) No. If n 2 = 1000, n = 1000 which is

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19. (a) A function. x + y = 2  y = 2 - x;

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(a) L(n) = n(n + 1); e.g., if n = 6 then n + 1 = 7