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A History of Global Politics:
Creating an International Order
 Attributes of Today’s Global System

System
- a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done;
an organized scheme or method
 Four (4) Key Attributes of World Politics today

1st, there are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves
2nd, these countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
3rd, there are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN), that facilitate these
interactions.
4th, beyond simply facilitating meeting beyond states, international organizations also take on lives
of their own.-
ex: The UN aside from being a meeting ground for presidents and other heads of state,
also has a task-specific agencies like the WHO and ILO

 Nation-State
Modern phenomena in modern human history where people in various regions of the world have
identified exclusively as their village, or their tribe, and other times, they see themselves as
member of larger political categories like “Christendom”- or the entire Christian world.
 It composed of two non-interchangeable terms.
 Not all states are nations and not all nations are states.
Examples:
a. The nation of Scotland- with its own flag and national culture, but still belong to a state called
United Kingdom.
b. Many believed that the Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing within the Philippines, but
through their elites, Bangsamoro recognizes the authority of the Philippines.

 There are states with multiple nations, and there are nations with multiple states

Example:
1. the nation of Korea with North and South, or
2. the “Chinese Nation” which may refer to People’s Republic of China (the mainland) and
Taiwan
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Difference Between State and Nation

STATE NATION
 It refers to a country and its  “an imagined community”, according.
government- ex. The government of to Benedict Anderson
the Philippines.  It does not go beyond a given “official
Four Elements of state: boundary”
1. Citizens or people Rights and responsibilities are mainly privilege
and concern of the citizens of that nation.
2. Territory
3. Government “an imagined community”, means – a nation
allows one to feel a connection with a
4. Sovereignty community of people even if he/she will never
 Sovereignty
meet all of them
Internally, means churches, civil
society organizations, corporations,
and other entities have to follow the
laws of the state.
Externally, state’s policies and
procedures are independent of the intervention
of other states.

Major Differences of Nation and Sate

1. The elements of State and Nation are different
2. State is a Political Organization while Nation is a social, cultural,
psychological, emotional and political unity
3. Possession of a Definite Territory is essential for the State but not for a Nation
4. Sovereignty is essential for State but not for Nation
5. Nation can be wider than the State
6. There can be two or more Nationalities living in one State
7. Nation is more stable than State
8. A State can be created while a Nation is always the result of evolution
9. The State uses police power (force) for preserving its unity and integrity,
the Nation is bound by strong cultural and historical links
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Sovereignty is one of the
fundamental principles of modern state politics.
Nation and state are closely related because of its nationalism that
facilitates state formation. In the modern and contemporary era, it has been a
nationalist movement that have allowed for the creation of nation-states. States
become independent and sovereign because of nationalist a sentiment that
clamors for this independence.

The Interstate System

 Treaty of Westphalia (Westphalian System)
 Known as the “Original territorial of Modern Interstate System”
 is Agreements signed in 1648 to end the 30 Years War between the
major continental power of Europe.
 It provided stability for the nation of Europe.
 The Treaty of Westphalia is The brutal religious war between Catholic and
Protestants- the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch
Republic designed a system that would avert wars in the future by recognizing
the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear
not to meddle in each other’s affairs.
 The Emergence of Westphalian System
 The formulation of sovereignty was one of the most important
intellectual developments leading to the Westphalian revolution.
 Much of the development of sovereignty is found in the writings of French
philosopher Jean Bodin. - To Bodin, sovereignty was the “absolute and
perpetual power vested in a commonwealth.” Absolute sovereignty, according
to Bodin, is not without limits. Leaders are limited by natural law, laws of God,
the type of regime, and by covenants and treaties.
 The Impact of Treaty of Westphalia in International Relations
1. It embraced the notion of sovereignty—that the sovereign enjoyed exclusive
rights within a given territory. It also established that states could determine
their own domestic policies in their own geographic space.
2. Leaders sought to establish their own permanent national militaries. The state
thus became more powerful since the state had to collect taxes to pay for
these militaries and the leaders assumed absolute control over the troops.
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established a core
group of states that dominated the world until the beginning of the nineteenth
century: Austria, Russia, England, France, and the United Provinces of the
Netherlands and Belgium.
The most important theorist at the time was Scottish economist Adam Smith- the
most important theorist at that time. In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations, Smith argued that the notion of a market should apply to all social
orders

1. Individuals should be permitted to pursue their own interests and will

act rationally to maximize his or her own interests
2. With groups of individuals pursuing self-interests, economic efficiency is
enhanced as well as the wealth of the state and that of the international
system. This theory has had a profound effect on states’ economic policies.
 The Congress of Vienna
 the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the
Concert of Europe, an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in
Europe.
 It served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations
in 1919 and the United Nations in 1945.
 They included the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of
French protectorates and annexations into independent states, the restoration
of the Bourbon kings of Spain, the enlargement of the Netherlands to include
what in 1830 became modern Belgium, and the continuation of British
subsidies to its allies.
 The Treaty of Chaumont united the powers to defeat Napoleon and became
the cornerstone of the Concert of Europe, which formed the balance of power
for the next two decades. The basic tenet of the European balance of power is
that no single European power should be allowed to achieve hegemony over a
substantial part of the continent and that this is best curtailed by having a small
number of ever-changing alliances contend for power.
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 Conservative Order
 The goal of the conservatives at the Congress, led by Prince Klemens von
Metternich of Austria, was to reestablish peace and stability in Europe.
 To accomplish this, a new balance of power had to be established.
Metternich and the other four represented states sought to do this by
restoring old ruling families and creating buffer zones between major
powers.
Concert of Europe
The Concert of Europe was the term applied to European political history after
the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. From 1815 to 1830 a conscious program by
conservative statesmen, including Metternich and Castlereagh, was put in place to
contain revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring old orders, particularly
previous ruling aristocracies.
It was founded by the powers of Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire, and the
United Kingdom, who were the members of the Quadruple Alliance that defeated
Napoleon and his First French Empire. In time, France was established as a fifth
member of the Concert.
The Concert of Europe had no written rules or permanent institutions, but at
times of crisis any of the member countries could propose a conference. Meetings of
the Great Powers during this period included: Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Carlsbad
(1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), Verona (1822), London (1832), and Berlin
(1878).
The concert’s power and authority lasted from 1815 to 1914, at the dawn of WW 1.
Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the
eventual collapse of the Concert of Europe after World War 1, present-day
international system still has traces of this history. Until now, states are considered
sovereign, and Napoleonic attempts to violently impose systems of government in
other countries are frowned upon.
Like the Concert System, “great powers” still hold significant influence over
world politics. Example: the most powerful grouping in UN, the Security Council, has a
core of five permanent members, all having veto powers over the council’s decision-
making.
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Internationalism
The Westphalian and Concert System divided the world into separate,
sovereign entities. Other countries or group tried to challenge the system by infringing
on other
state’s sovereignty The desire for greater cooperation and unity among states
and people and the heightened interaction. This desire is called
internationalism

Two Broad Categories of Internationalism

Liberal Internationalism Socialist Liberalism

• Introduced by Immanuel Kant, an 18th • a union of European socialist and

century German Philosopher labor parties established in Paris in
• People living together require a 1889.
government to prevent lawlessness • Was established after the idea of
• States, like citizens of countries, must Karl Marx – economic equality and
give up some freedom and “establish the idea of class division- capitalist-
a continuously growing state owner of factories/ companies, and
consisting of various nations which other “means of productions”.
will ultimately include the nations of The declaration of May 1 as Labor Day,
creation of International women’s Day, and the
the world
campaign for an 8- hour work day were some
• liberal internationalists regard of the ACHIEVEMENTS of SL
violence as the policy of last resort,
• advocate diplomacy and multilateralis
m as the most-appropriate strategies
for states to pursue, and tend to
champion supranational political
structures (such as the European
Union) and international organizations
(especially the United
Nations.)

International Law
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Bentham coined the word
“international” in 1780 and advocated the creation of International law- that would govern the
inter-state relations

• The objective global legislators should aim to propose legislations that would
C reate “the greatest happiness of all nations taken together.”

• Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian Patriot the first thinker to reconcile nationalism

with internationalism in 19th century.
• Believed in Republican Government (without kings, queens, and hereditary
succession) and proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with
each other to create an international system
• He believed the free, independent states would be the basis of an equally
free, cooperative international system
Woodrow Wilson, US president (1913-1921)
• Thinking was influenced by Mazzini and considered one 20th century’s
most prominent internationalist.
• Saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism
• Forwarded the “the principle of self-determination– the belief that the world’
a nations had a right to a free, and sovereign government.

• He hoped that these free nations would become democracies, because only
by being such would be able to build a free system of international relations
based on international law and cooperation.
• Became most notable advocate for the creation of the League of Nations and
eventually awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.
League of the Nations
• Transformed into venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war.
• But , was not able to join the organization due to opposition from the Senate
• Unable to hinder another war from breaking out and helpless in preventing
the onset and intensification of WW II-
• Gave birth to some more task-specific international organizations that are
still around--- World Health Organization (WHO) and International Labour
Organization (ILO)
• The principle did survive WW II.
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Roots of International System

• Internationalism is but one window of globalization
• Global interactions are heightened at the increased interdependence of states--- which
called for international relations.
• International relations are facilitated by international organizations that promote global
norms and policies--- such as United Nations