Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH
GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH
• Globalization –
“Process of rapid economic, cultural and institutional integration among
countries”.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852240/
PUBLIC HEALTH
Global Health Issues; Bioterrorism, World Bank, IMF, Trade Related Intellectual
Property Rights and Health
• Definition of Global Health Issues
• History of Global Health Issues
• Trends of Global Health Issues
• Recent global health issues
• Advantages of Global Health
First World
Industrialized countries where businesses operate independently of
governments North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia
Second World
Communist countries, where governments plan the economies.
Russia, Eastern Europe (e.g., Poland), China
Third World
Poor, less developed countries, where businesses operate
independently of governments. capitalist (e.g., Venezuela) and
communist (e.g., North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Mali)
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Developed and Developing
• Countries like Canada, the USA, Britain and Japan are regarded as
developed because of their industrialized and diverse economies.
1 Norway 0.955
2 Australia 0.938
4. HEALTH SERVICES –
• Universal access.
• Inequitable access.
• Illegal trading of drugs.
• Movement of healthcare professionals.
5. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND LIFE STYLE –
• Social networks and social integration.
• Social protection.
• Social exclusion and inequality.
6. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT –
• Outbreaks of infectious diseases.
• Improved surveillance and monitoring.
• Increased speed of response.
GLOBALIZATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Global public health 33
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Ashok Pandey
Global health is the health of populations in a global context; it
has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice
that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity
in health for all people worldwide". Problems that transcend
national borders or have a global political and economic
impact are often emphasized. Thus, global health is about
worldwide health improvement, reduction of disparities, and
protection against global threats that disregard national
borders.
Global health is not to be confused with international health,
which is defined as the branch of public health focusing on
developing nations and foreign aid efforts by industrialized
countries.
Global Health 34
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Global Health refers to those Global health and public
health issues which transcend health are indistinguishable.
national boundaries and (Frenk 2011)
governments and call for
actions on the global forces
and global flows that local
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Ashok Pandey
Among 7+ billion human beings, about
868 million are chronically undernourished (FAO 2012),
2000 million lack access to essential medicines
(www.fic.nih.gov/about/plan/exec_summary.htm),
783 million lack safe drinking water (MDG Report 2012, p. 52),
1600 million lack adequate shelter (UN Special Rapporteur 2005),
1600 million lack electricity (UN Habitat, “Urban Energy”),
2500 million lack adequate sanitation (MDG Report 2012, p. 5),
796 million adults are illiterate (www.uis.unesco.org),
218 million children (aged 5 to 17) do wage work outside their household — often
under slavery-like and hazardous conditions: as soldiers, prostitutes or domestic
servants, or in agriculture, construction, textile or carpet production.
ILO: The End of Child Labour,Within Reach, 2006, pp. 9, 11, 17-18. 35
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
• Specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with
international public health.
• It was established on 7 April 1948.
• Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox.
• Current issues include communicable diseases, non communicable
diseases, occupational health and substance abuse.
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
➢ Leading National public health institute of the United States.
➢ Headquarter in Atlanta, Georgia.
➢ Main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control
and prevention of disease, injury, and disability.
➢ Focuses on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental
health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury
prevention.
WORLD BANK
➢ Created in 1944, based in Washington DC.
➢ Leading institution for investments in health and development.
➢ World Bank strives to alleviate poverty.
➢ Providing loans, credits, and grants to poor counties.
➢ To implement various development projects in areas such as
education, healthcare, agriculture, environmental and natural
resource management, infrastructure, and other relevant projects.
UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDRENS EMERGENCY FUND
➢ Created by the United Nations General Assembly on 11 December
1946.
➢ To provide emergency food and healthcare to children and mothers
in countries that had been devastated by World War II.
➢ Spends majority of its budget on promoting health initiatives, and
prioritizes the needs of the world's most vulnerable children.
➢ Strives to address major health concerns such as HIV and AIDS,
maternal and child nutrition, excessive maternal mortality, increasing
vaccination rates and child survival and development.
THREATS TO GLOBAL HEALTH
AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE
➢ Air pollution is considered as the greatest environmental risk to
health.
➢ Nine out of ten people breathe polluted air every day.
➢ Killing 7 million people prematurely every year.
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
➢ NCDs such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease, are collectively
responsible for over 70% of all deaths worldwide, or 41 million
people.
➢ Five major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, harmful use
of alcohol, unhealthy diets and air pollution.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-
health-in-2019
GLOBAL INFLUENZA PANDEMIC
➢ WHO is constantly monitoring the circulating influenza viruses.
➢ Every year, WHO recommends which strains should be included in
the flu vaccine.
➢ Influenza pandemic is unpredictable and inevitable.
FRAGILE AND VULNERABLE SETTINGS
➢ More than 1.6 billion people (22%) live in places where protracted
crises and weak health services leave them without access to basic
care.
➢ Vulnerable settings - Drought, famine, conflict, and population
displacement.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCES
➢ Drug resistance is driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in people,
or in animals as well as in the environment.
➢ Resistance to Anti-TB drugs is a formidable obstacle to fighting a
disease that affects 10 million people and kills 1.6 million every year.
EBOLA AND OTHER HIGH THREAT POTENTIALS
➢Ebola, Zika, Nipah, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,
SARS and disease X.
➢ Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo put more
than 1 million people at risk.
➢ Democratic republic of Congo is a conflict zone.
WEAK PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
➢ Primary health care is the first point of contact people have with
their health care system.
➢ Many countries do not have adequate primary health care facilities.
➢ All countries have committed to renew the commitment to primary
health care made in the Alma-Ata declaration in 1978.
DENGUE
➢ An estimated 40% of the world is at risk of dengue fever.
➢ Around 390 million infections a year.
➢ WHO’s Dengue control strategy aims to reduce deaths by 50% by
2020.
VACCINE HESITANCY
➢ Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways of avoiding
disease
➢ It currently prevents 2-3 million deaths a year.
➢ Vaccine hesitancy is the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite
the availability of vaccines.
HIV
➢ The epidemic continues to rage with nearly a million people every
year dying of HIV/AIDS.
At Least a Third of Human Deaths
— some 18 (out of 57) million per year or 50,000 daily — are due
to poverty-related causes, in thousands:
diarrhea (2163) and malnutrition (487),
perinatal (3180) and maternal conditions (527),
childhood diseases (847 — half measles),
tuberculosis (1464), meningitis (340), hepatitis (159),
malaria (889) and other tropical diseases (152),
respiratory infections (4259 — mainly pneumonia),
HIV/AIDS (2040), sexually transmitted diseases (128).
WHO: World Health Organization, Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update, Geneva 2008,
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Table A1, pp. 54-59.
Global public health contd…