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Chapter 10 Gases
1. Which of the following is not a gas at room temperature?

A) NH3 B) CO2 C) I2 D) CH4 E) H2
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
2. Which is not a property of a gas?

A) density varies with temperature
B) assumes the shape an volume of its container
C) is compressible
D) density is larger than that of a liquid
E) forms homogeneous mixtures with another
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
3. Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of gases?

A) high compressibility
B) relatively large distances between molecules
C) formation of homogeneous mixtures regardless of the nature of gases
D) a and b
E) a, b, and c
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
4. Which of the following defines pressure?

A) volume/density
B) temperature × density
C) density/gravitational constant
D) height × density × gravitational constant
E) gravity × density × area × height
5. Which of the following is the definition of pressure?

A) area/force D) height × volume.
B) force × area E) gravity × density × temperature
C) force/area
6. A pressure that will support a column of Hg to a height of 256 mm would support a

column of water to what height? The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3; the density of
water is 1.00 g/cm3.
A) 348 cm B) 1.00 × 102 ft C) 18.8 mm D) 33.8 ft E) 76.0 cm
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
Page 167
Chapter 10 Gases
7. Hydrogen gas exerts a pressure of 466 torr in a container. What is this pressure in
atmospheres (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 0.217 atm B) 0.466 atm C) 0.613 atm D) 1.63 atm E) 4.60 atm
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
8. The pressure of hydrogen sulfide gas in a container is 35,650 Pa. What is this pressure
in torr (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 46.91 torr B) 267.4 torr C) 351.8 torr D) 3612 torr E) 27,090 torr
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: easy
9. The pressure of sulfur dioxide in a container is 159 kPa. What is this pressure in
atmospheres (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 0.209 atm B) 0.637 atm C) 1.57 atm D) 21.2 atm E) 15,900 atm
10. The air pressure in a volleyball is 75 psi. What is this pressure in torr (1 psi = 14.7 atm,
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 520 torr B) 562 torr C) 3900 torr D) 7600 torr E) 75,000 torr
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
11. If the atmospheric pressure in Denver is 0.88 atm then what is this in mmHg (1 atm =
101,325 Pa = 760 torr, 1 torr = 1 mmHg)?
A) 151.5 mmHg D) 8.92 × 104 mmHg
–3
B) 1.16 × 10 mmHg E) 668.8 mmHg
C) 863.6 mmHg
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
12. A flask containing neon gas is connected to an open–ended mercury manometer. The
open end is exposed to the atmosphere, where the prevailing pressure is 745 torr. The
mercury level in the open arm is 50 mm below that in the arm connected to the flask of
neon. What is the neon pressure, in torr?
A) –50 torr B) 50 torr C) 695 torr D) 795 torr E) none of the above
13. A flask containing argon gas is connected to a closed–ended mercury manometer. The
closed end is under vacuum. If the mercury level in the closed arm is 230 mm above that
in the arm connected to the flask, what is the argon pressure, in torr?
A) –230 B) 230 C) 530 D) 790 E) none of the above
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
Page 168
Chapter 10 Gases
14. What is the pressure in atmospheres exerted by a column of water that is 12.5 m high
(density of water = 0.987 g/cm3, gravitational constant = 9.80665 m/s2,1 atm = 101,325
Pa = 760 torr = 760 mmHg)?
A) 0.012 atm D) 1.19 atm
B) 1.3 × 105 atm E) 1.01 × 10–6 atm
C) 815.8 atm
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
15. What is the pressure in atmospheres exerted by a column of mercury that is 100 m high
(density of mercury = 13.5951 g/cm3, gravitational constant = 9.80665 m/s2, 1 atm =
101,325 Pa = 760 torr = 760 mmHg)?
A) 1.4 × 1010 atm
B) 0.013 atm
C) 0.73 atm
D) 1.37 atm
E) 131.6 atm
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
16. “The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant
temperature and number of moles” is a statement of __________________ Law.
A) Charles's
B) Boyle's
C) Amontons's
D) Avogadro's
E) Gay–Lussac's
17. “The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at
constant pressure and number of moles” is a statement of ________________ Law.
A) Charles's B) Boyle's C) Amontons's D) Avogadro's E) Henry's
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
18. “The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas at
constant temperature and pressure” is a statement of _____________ Law.
A) Charles's
B) Boyle's
C) Amontons's
D) Avogadro's
E) Gay–Lussac's
19. A sample of an ideal gas has its volume doubled while its temperature remains constant.
If the original pressure was 100 torr, what is the new pressure?
A) 10 torr B) 50 torr C) 100 torr D) 200 torr E) 1000 torr
Page 169
Chapter 10 Gases
20. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the pressure and volume
at constant temperature and constant moles?
A) PV = k1 B) V/P = k1 C) P/V = k1 D) k1P = V E) none of the above
21. A sample of a gas has an initial pressure of 0.987 atm and a volume of 12.8 L. What is
the final pressure if the volume is increased to 25.6 L?
22. A sample of nitrogen gas at 298 K and 745 torr has a volume of 37.42 L. What volume
will it occupy if the pressure is increased to 894 torr at constant temperature?
A) 22.3 L B) 31.2 L C) 44.9 L D) 112 L E) 380 L
23. A sample of carbon dioxide gas at 125°C and 248 torr occupies a volume of 275 L.
What will the gas pressure be if the volume is increased to 321 L at 125°C?
A) 212 torr B) 289 torr C) 356 torr D) 441 torr E) 359 torr
24. A sample of gas occupies 24.5 L at a pressure of 1.57 atm, what is the pressure if the
volume is increased to 48.3 L?
A) 0.796 atm B) 1.26 atm C) 3.1 atm D) 5.3 × 10–4 atm E) 1858 atm
25. What is the Kelvin temperature at 24°C?

A) 249 K B) 11.4 K C) –297 K D) –249 K E) 297 K
26. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the volume and
temperature at constant pressure and constant moles?
A) VT = k2
B) V2/T = k2
C) V = k2T
D) k2VT = 0
E) none of the above
27. What is the temperature in Celsius at 77 K which is the temperature of liquid nitrogen?
A) –350°C B) –196°C C) 350°C D) 196°C E) 3.55°C
28. What is the temperature in Celsius at 4 K which is the temperature of liquid helium?
A) –269°C B) 269°C C) 277°C D) 68.3°C E) –277°C
Page 170
Chapter 10 Gases
29. A sample of a gas occupies 1.40 × 103 mL at 25°C and 760 mmHg. What volume will
it occupy at the same temperature and 380 mmHg?
A) 2800 mL B) 2100 mL C) 1400 mL D) 1050 mL E) 700 mL
30. A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 32.4 L at 20°C. The gas is heated to 220ºC
at constant pressure. What is the final volume of nitrogen?
A) 2.94 L B) 19.3 L C) 31.4 L D) 54.5 L E) 356 L
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
31. If 25.5 L of oxygen are cooled from 150oC to 50oC at constant pressure, what is the new
volume of oxygen?
A) 0.0514 L B) 19.5 L C) 33.4 L D) 0.03 L E) 3.5 L
32. A sample of N2 gas occupies 2.40 L at 20°C. If the gas is in a container that can
contract or expand at constant pressure, at what temperature will the N2 occupy 4.80 L?
A) 10°C B) 40°C C) 146°C D) 313°C E) 685°C
33. A sample of nitrogen gas has the temperature drop from 250oC to 150oC at constant
pressure. What is the final volume if the initial volume is 310 mL?
A) 383.3 L B) 383 mL C) 0.251 L D) 0.4 L E) 6,85 L
34. A gas sample occupies 8.76 L at a temperature of 37°C, what is the volume if the
temperature is lowered to 0°C at constant pressure?
A) 9.95 L B) 0 L C) 4.22 L D) 74.1 L E) 7.71 L
35. What is the final temperature of a gas that expands from a volume of 22.4 L at 278 K to
a volume of 38.3 L?
A) 162.6 K B) 293.9 K C) 3.09 K D) 217.3 K E) 475.3 K
36. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the volume and number of
moles in the sample at constant pressure and constant temperature?
A) Vn = k3
B) V2/n = k3
C) n/V2 = k3
D) V/n = k3
E) none of the above
Page 171
Chapter 10 Gases
37. If 2.3 mol of a gas occupies 50.5 ml how many moles of the gas will occupy 85.5 mL at
the same temperature and pressure?
A) 1.4 moles B) 0.7 moles C) 3.9 moles D) 0.3 moles E) 2.3 moles
38. If 2.38 moles of a gas has a volume of 120.0 mL what is the volume of 1.97 mole of the
gas at the same temperature and pressure?
A) 57.5 mL B) 285.6 mL C) 11.8 mL D) 99.3 mL E) 145.0 mL
39. What is the volume of NH3 produced in the following reaction when 3.0 L of N2 reacts
with 4.0 L of H2?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
A) 1.5 L B) 2.66 L C) 0.66 L D) 2.0 L E) 0.5 L
40. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the pressure, volume,
temperature, and moles?
A) PV
1 2 PV D) PT PT
= 2 1 1 1
= 2 2
n2T1 n1T2 n2V1 n1V2
B) PV
1 1 PV E) PT PT
= 2 2 1 2
= 2 1
n1T1 n2T2 n1V1 n2V2
C) PT
1 2 PT
= 2 1
n2V1 n1V2
41. If a constant number of moles of a gas is at a pressure of 1.35 atm and has a volume of
23.8 L at a temperature of 205.1 K then what is the final volume of the gas if the
pressure changes to 2.84 atm and the temperature rises to 233.4 K?
A) 9.9 L B) 44.0 L C) 12.9 L D) 57.0 L E) 0.18 L
42. If a constant number of moles of a gas is at a pressure of 2.71 atm and has a volume of
85.3 L at a temperature of 173.4 K then what is the final temperature of the gas if the
pressure changes to 1.04 atm in a 105.3 L container?
A) 53.9 K B) 4.6 K C) 366.0 K D) 82.1 K E) 557.8 K
43. What is the initial pressure of a gas having an initial temperature of 90.5 K, an initial
volume of 40.3 L, a final pressure of 0.83 atm, a final temperature of 0.54 K ,and a final
volume of 2.7 L?
Page 172
Chapter 10 Gases
44. A gas evolved during the fermentation of sugar was collected at 22.5°C and 702 mmHg.
After purification its volume was found to be 25.0 L. How many moles of gas were
collected (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg)?
A) 0.95 mol B) 1.05 mol C) 12.5 mol D) 22.4 mol E) 724 mol
45. How many molecules of N2 gas can be present in a 2.5 L flask at 50°C and 650 mmHg
(R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg, 1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 molecules)?
A) 2.1 × 10 –23 molecules D) 3.6 × 1025 molecules
B) 4.9 × 1022 molecules E) 0.081 molecules
23
C) 3.1 × 10 molecules
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
46. What are the conditions of STP?

A) 0 K and l atm D) 273.15°C and 760 torr
B) 273.15 K and 760 torr E) none of the above
C) 0°C and 760 atm
47. Calculate the volume occupied by 35.2 g of methane gas (CH4) at 25°C and 1.0 atm (R
= 0.0821 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 0.0186 L B) 4.5 L C) 11.2 L D) 49.2 L E) 53.7 L
48. Calculate the volume occupied by 25.2 g of CO2 at 0.84 atm and 25°C (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 0.060 L B) 1.34 L C) 16.9 L D) 24.2 L E) 734 L
49. Calculate the mass, in grams, of 2.74 L of CO gas measured at 33°C and 945 mmHg (R
= 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 0.263 g B) 2.46 g C) 3.80 g D) 35.2 g E) 206 g
50. A sample of propane, a component of LP gas, has a volume of 35.3 L at 315 K and 922
torr. What is its volume at STP (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 torr)?
A) 25.2 L B) 30.6 L C) 33.6 L D) 37.1 L E) 49.2 L
51. A sample of nitrogen gas is confined to a 14.0 L container at 375 torr and 37.0°C. How
many moles of nitrogen are in the container (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760
torr)?
A) 0.271 mol B) 2.27 mol C) 3.69 mol D) 206 mol E) 227 mol
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
Page 173
Chapter 10 Gases
52. A gas cylinder containing 1.50 mol compressed methane has a volume of 3.30 L. What
pressure does the methane exert on the walls of the cylinder if its temperature is 25°C (R
= 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 9.00 × 10–2 atm
B) 0.933 atm
C) 1.11 atm
D) 1.70 atm
E) 11.1 atm
53. Gases are sold in large cylinders for laboratory use. What pressure, in atmospheres,
will be exerted by 2500 g of oxygen gas (O2) when stored at 22°C in a 40.0 L cylinder
(R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 3.55 atm
B) 1510 atm
C) 47.3 atm
D) 7.56 × 104 atm
E) 10.2 atm
54. Calculate the density of carbon dioxide, CO2(g), at 100°C and 10.0 atm pressure (R =
0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 1.44 g/L B) 134 g/L C) 44.0 g/L D) 53.6 g/L E) 14.4 g/L
55. Calculate the density, in g/L, of SF6 gas at 27°C and 0.500 atm pressure (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 3.38 × 10–3 g/L
B) 2.96 g/L
C) 22.4 g/L
D) 32.9 g/L
E) 3.38 kg/L
56. Calculate the density of Ar(g) at –11°C and 675 mmHg (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1
atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 1.52 g/L B) 1.65 g/L C) –39.3 g/L D) 39.95 g/L E) 1254 g/L
57. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the density of argon gas at STP, in g/L (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 0.0176 g/L B) 0.0250 g/L C) 0.0561 g/L D) 1.78 g/L E) 181 g/L
Page 174
Chapter 10 Gases
58. What is the density of carbon dioxide gas at –25.2°C and 98.0 kPa (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 101,325 Pa)?
A) 0.232 g/L B) 0.279 g/L C) 0.994 g/L D) 1.74 g/L E) 2.09 g/L
59. Determine the molar mass of chloroform gas if a sample weighing 0.389 g is collected
in a flask with a volume of 102 cm3 at 97°C. The pressure of the chloroform is 728
mmHg (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 187 g/mol D) 31.6 g/mol
B) 121 g/mol E) 8.28 × 10–3 g/mol
C) 112 g/mol
60. Determine the molar mass of Freon–11 gas if a sample weighing 0.597 g occupies 100
cm3 at 95°C, and 1000 mmHg (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 0.19 g/mol
B) 35.3 g/mol
C) 70.9 g/mol
D) 137 g/mol
E) 384 g/mol
61. A flask with a volume of 3.16 L contains 9.33 grams of an unknown gas at 32.0°C and
1.00 atm. What is the molar mass of the gas (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 7.76 g/mol
B) 66.1 g/mol
C) 74.0 g/mol
D) 81.4 g/mol
E) 144 g/mol
62. A 0.271 g sample of an unknown vapor occupies 294 mL at 140°C and 847 mmHg. The
empirical formula of the compound is CH2. What is the molecular formula of the
compound (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) CH2 B) C2H4 C) C3H6 D) C4H8 E) C6H12
63. A gaseous compound is 30.4% nitrogen and 69.6% oxygen by mass. A 5.25 g sample
of the gas occupies a volume of 1.00 L and exerts a pressure of 1.26 atm at –4.0°C.
Which of the following is its molecular formula (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) NO B) NO2 C) N3O6 D) N2O4 E) N2O5
Page 175
Chapter 10 Gases
64. A 250.0 mL sample of ammonia, NH3(g), exerts a pressure of 833 torr at 42.4°C. What
mass of ammonia is in the container (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 torr)?
A) 0.0787 g B) 0.180 g C) 8.04 g D) 17.0 g E) 59.8 g
65. What volume of CO2 gas at 645 torr and 800 K could be produced by the reaction of 45
g of CaCO3 according to the equation CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 0.449 L B) 22.4 L C) 25.0 L D) 34.8 L E) 45.7 mL
66. How many liters of chlorine gas at 25°C and 0.950 atm can be produced by the reaction
of 12.0 g of MnO2? MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) → MnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + Cl2(g) (R =
0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 5.36 × 10–3 L B) 0.138 L C) 0.282 L D) 3.09 L E) 3.55 L
67. Magnesium metal (0.100 mol) and a volume of aqueous hydrochloric acid that contains
0.500 mol of HCl are combined and react to completion. How many liters of hydrogen
gas, measured at STP, are produced? Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) (R =
0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 2.24 L of H2 D) 11.2 L of H2
B) 4.48 L of H2 E) 22.4 L of H2
C) 5.60 L of H2
68. When active metals such as magnesium are immersed in acid solution, hydrogen gas is
evolved. Calculate the volume of H2(g) at 30.1°C and 0.85 atm that can be formed when
275 mL of 0.725 M HCl solution reacts with excess Mg to give hydrogen gas and
aqueous magnesium chloride (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 3.4 × 10–3 L B) 2.2 L C) 2.9 L D) 5.8 L E) 11.7 L
69. Calculate the volume of H2(g) at 273 K and 2.00 atm that will be formed when 275 mL
of 0.725 M HCl solution reacts with excess Mg to give hydrogen gas and aqueous
magnesium chloride (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 0.56 L B) 1.12 L C) 2.23 L D) 4.47 L E) 3.54 L
70. What mass of KClO3 must be decomposed to produce 126 L of oxygen gas at 133°C
and 0.880 atm? (The other reaction product is solid KCl.) (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 24.6 g B) 70.8 g C) 272 g D) 408 g E) 612 g
Page 176
Chapter 10 Gases
71. Hydrogen peroxide was catalytically decomposed and 75.3 mL of oxygen gas was
collected over water at 25°C and 742 torr. What mass of oxygen was collected? (Pwater =
24 torr at 25°C, R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 0.00291 g B) 0.0931 g C) 0.0962 g D) 0.0993 g E) 0.962 g
72. A block of dry ice (solid CO2, density = 1.56 g/mL) of dimensions 25.0 cm × 25.0 cm ×
25.0 cm is left to sublime (i.e., to pass from the solid phase to the gas phase) in a closed
chamber of dimensions 4.00 m × 5.00 m × 3.00 m. The partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in this chamber at 25°C will be (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760
mmHg)
A) 171 mmHg. D) 0.171 mmHg.
B) 107 mmHg. E) 14.4 mmHg.
C) 0.225 mmHg.
73. The mole fraction of oxygen molecules in dry air is 0.2095. What volume of dry air at
1.00 atm and 25°C is required for burning 1.00 L of octane (C8H18, density = 0.7025
g/mL) completely, yielding carbon dioxide and water (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 718 L B) 367 L C) 8990 L D) 1880 L E) 150 L
74. A 2.50 L flask contains a mixture of methane (CH4) and propane (C3H8) at a pressure of
1.45 atm and 20°C. When this gas mixture is then burned in excess oxygen, 8.60 g of
carbon dioxide is formed. (The other product is water.) What is the mole fraction of
methane in the original gas mixture?
A) 0.34 B) 1.00 C) 0.66 D) 0.85 E) 0.15
75. Hydrogen and oxygen gas are mixed in a 7.75 L flask at 65oC and contains 0.482 g of
hydrogen and 4.98 g of oxygen. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the flask?
A) 0.557 atm B) 0.043 atm C) 1.11 atm D) 33.5 atm E) 67 atm
76. A spacecraft is filled with 0.500 atm of N2 and 0.500 atm of O2. Suppose an object
strikes this spacecraft and puts a very small hole in its side. Under these circumstances,
A) O2 is lost from the craft 6.9% faster than N2 is lost.
B) O2 is lost from the craft 14% faster than N2 is lost.
C) N2 is lost from the craft 6.9% faster than O2 is lost.
D) N2 is lost from the craft 14% faster than O2 is lost.
E) N2 and O2 are lost from the craft at the same rate.
Page 177
Chapter 10 Gases
77. 1.000 atm of oxygen gas, placed in a container having a pinhole opening in its side,
leaks from the container 2.14 times faster than does 1.000 atm of an unknown gas
placed in this same apparatus. Which of the following species could be the unknown
gas?
A) Cl2 B) SF6 C) Kr D) UF6 E) Xe
78. At what temperature in Kelvin is the root–mean–square speed of helium atoms (atomic
weight = 4.00) equal to that of oxygen molecules (molecular weight = 32.00) at 300. K?
A) 37.5 K B) 75 K C) 106 K D) 292 K E) 2400 K
79. Select the gas with the highest average kinetic energy per mole at 298 K.
A) O2
B) CO2
C) H2O
D) H2
E) All have the same average kinetic energy.
80. Select the gas with the largest root–mean–square molecular speed at 25°C.
A) NH3
B) CO
C) H2
D) SF6
E) All the gases have the same root–mean–square molecular speed at 25°C.
81. Calculate the root–mean–square speed of methane, CH4(g), at 78°C.

A) 23 m/s B) 350 m/s C) 550 m/s D) 667 m/s E) 740 m/s
82. Freon–12, CF2Cl2, which has been widely used in air conditioning systems, is
considered a threat to the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Calculate the
root–mean–square velocity of Freon–12 molecules in the lower stratosphere where the
temperature is –65°C.
A) 20 m/s B) 120 m/s C) 210 m/s D) 260 m/s E) 4.4 × 104 m/s
83. Which of the following gases effuses most rapidly?

A) nitrogen D) ammonia
B) oxygen E) carbon monoxide
C) hydrogen chloride
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Chapter 10 Gases
84. Arrange the following gases in order of increasing rate of effusion.

C2H6 Ar HCl PH3
A) Ar < HCl <PH3 < C2H6 D) C2H6 < HCl < PH3 < Ar
B) C2H6 < PH3 < HCl < Ar E) Ar <PH3 < HCl < C2H6
C) Ar < PH3 < C2H6 < HCl
85. A 3.0 L sample of helium was placed in container fitted with a porous membrane. Half
of the helium effused through the membrane in 24 h. A 3.0 L sample of oxygen was
placed in an identical container. How many hours will it take for half of the oxygen to
effuse through the membrane?
A) 8.5 h B) 12 h C) 48 h D) 60 h E) 68 h
86. A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine effuses through a pinhole
0.411 times as fast as neon. Select the correct molecular formula for the compound.
A) CHCl3 B) CH2Cl2 C) C2H2Cl2 D) C2H3Cl E) CCl4
87. The temperature of the carbon dioxide atmosphere near the surface of Venus is 475°C.
Calculate the average kinetic energy per mole of carbon dioxide molecules on Venus.
A) 2520 J/mol D) 9330 J/mol
B) 4150 J/mol E) 5920 kJ/mol
C) 5920 J/mol
88. Which statement is false?

A) The average kinetic energies of molecules from samples of different “ideal” gases
is the same at the same temperature.
B) The molecules of an ideal gas are relatively far apart.
C) All molecules of an ideal gas have the same kinetic energy at constant
temperature.
D) Molecules of a gas undergo many collisions with each other and the container
walls.
E) Molecules of greater mass have a lower average speed than those of less mass at
the same temperature.
89. Complete this sentence: The molecules of different samples of an ideal gas have the
same average kinetic energies, at the same ________.
A) pressure B) temperature C) volume D) density
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Chapter 10 Gases
90. If equal masses of O2(g) and HBr(g) are in separate containers of equal volume and
temperature, which one of the following statements is true?
A) The pressure in the O2 container is greater than that in the HBr container.
B) There are more HBr molecules than O2 molecules.
C) The average velocity of the O2 molecules is less than that of the HBr molecules.
D) The average kinetic energy of HBr molecules is greater than that of O2 molecules.
E) The pressures of both gases are the same.
91. Which gas has molecules with the greatest average molecular speed at 25°C?
A) CH4 B) Kr C) N2 D) CO2 E) Ar
92. Which of the following gas molecules have the highest average kinetic energy at 25°C?
A) H2
B) O2
C) N2
D) Cl2
E) All the gases have the same average kinetic energy.
93. Deviations from the ideal gas law are greater at

A) low temperatures & low pressures. C) high temperatures & high pressures.
B) low temperatures & high pressures. D) high temperatures & low pressures.
94. For a substance that remains a gas under the conditions listed, deviation from the ideal
gas law would be most pronounced at
A) 100°C and 2.0 atm D) –100°C and 4.0 atm
B) 0°C and 2.0 atm E) 100°C and 4.0 atm
C) –100°C and 2.0 atm
95. Nitrogen will behave most like an ideal gas

A) at high temperature and high pressure.
B) at high temperature and low pressure.
C) at low temperature and high pressure.
D) at low temperature and low pressure.
E) at intermediate (moderate) temperature and pressure.
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Chapter 10 Gases
96. At very high pressures (~ 1000 atm), the measured pressure exerted by real gases is
greater than that predicted by the ideal gas equation. This is mainly because
A) such high pressures cannot be accurately measured.
B) real gases will condense to form liquids at 1000 atm pressure.
C) gas phase collisions prevent molecules from colliding with the walls of the
container.
D) of attractive intermolecular forces between gas molecules.
E) the volume occupied by the gas molecules themselves becomes significant.
97. True or False: Gases form heterogeneous mixtures or solutions with one another.
Ans: False Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
98. True or False: Gases are compressible and have a density that is much higher than
liquids and solids.
99. True or False: When a closed–ended manometer is used for pressure measurements,
and the closed end is under vacuum, the level of manometer liquid in the closed arm can
never be lower than that in the other arm.
Ans: True Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
100. True or False: For a gas obeying Boyle's Law, a plot of V versus 1/P will give a
straight line passing through the origin.
Ans: False Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: moderate
101. True or False: At a temperature of absolute zero, the volume of an ideal gas is zero.
Ans: True Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
102. True or False: For real gases, PV > nRT, always.

103. True or False: The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to its molar mass.
104. True or False: According to the postulates of kinetic–molecular theory, the molecules
of all gases at a given temperature have the same average speed.
105. Give five examples of elements that occur as gases at room temperature and pressure?
Ans: (Answers will vary.) Oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, argon, chlorine
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
Page 181
Chapter 10 Gases
106. Give five examples of compounds that exist as gases at room temperature and pressure.
Ans: (Answers will vary.) Ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
methane
107. If a liquid boils at –75oC then what is the temperature in Kelvin?

Ans: 198oC
108. What is the standard temperature used for STP conditions?

Ans: 0°C
109. What is the standard pressure used for STP conditions?

Ans: 1 atm
110. An aerosol can with a volume of 0.50 L has a bursting point of 2.6 atm. If the can
contains 1.0 g CO2 and is heated to 400°C, will it burst?
Ans: no
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
111. What is the mole fraction of NO in a 55.0 L gas cylinder at 30oC which comes from a
mixture of N2 and NO if you have 3.238 mol of N2 and the gas cylinder has a total
pressure of 2.14 atm?
Ans: 0.336
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
112. _______________ is the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere.

Ans: Atmospheric pressure
113. ___________ is an instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

Ans: Barometer
114. ___________ is a device used to measure the pressure of gases other than the
atmosphere.
Ans: Manometer
115. ___________ is theoretically the lowest attainable temperature.

Ans: Absolute zero
Page 182
Chapter 10 Gases
116. ___________ states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant
pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of a gas.
Ans: Charles's Law
117. ___________ is the equation for the pressure of an ideal gas.

Ans:
118. ___________ is the formula to determine the amount of a reactant or product in units of
moles using the ideal gas law.
Ans: n = PV/RT
119. STP stands for ___________ ___________ and ______________.

Ans: standard temperature and pressure
120. ___________ is the formula to determine the molar mass of a compound using the ideal
gas law.
Ans: M =dRT/P
121. ___________ is the formula to determine the density of a substance using the ideal gas
law.
Ans: d = pM/RT
122. What is the definition of “gas”?

Ans: A “gas” is a substance in which the molecules are separated on the average by
distances that are large compared with the sizes of the molecules.
123. Explain why you do not feel atmospheric pressure pushing on your body?
Ans: A pressure exists inside your body that is equal to the atmospheric pressure
pushing on the outside of your body.
124. State Avogadro's Law.

Ans: Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same
number of particles.
Page 183
Chapter 10 Gases
125. Packaged cake mixes usually contain baking powder, a mixture of sodium hydrogen
carbonate and calcium hydrogen phosphate, that react to produce carbon dioxide gas
when they come into contact with water. Many such mixes have special instructions
for use at high altitudes. Why?
Ans: The baking powder acts as a leavening agent. Due to the reduced atmospheric
pressure, a greater volume of carbon dioxide is created.
126. Starting from the Ideal Gas Equation, derive an equation corresponding to Charles's
Law, stating all important assumptions or conditions.
Ans: Ideal Gas Equation is PV = nRT. Charles's Law refers to a fixed amount of gas (n
is a constant) and constant pressure P. R is always constant. Rearrange the
equation to V = (nR/P)T. The quantities in parentheses are all constant, so V =
constant × T, which is Charles's Law.
127. What is the significance of the magnitude of the van der Waals “a” constant?
Ans: The magnitude of the van der Waals “a” constant reflects the strength of the
attractions between molecules of a given type of gas.
Page 184
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but very prettily made. And they went through their exercises with
great grace and beauty. One incident only marred the day’s
proceedings. A little girl had written to Vienna complaining that her
teacher ate all her food. She was brought before Baroness Einam.
The teacher, a red-faced girl of over-fed appearance, feeling herself
wronged, rushed at the pale child as if to strangle her. The girl was
stubborn and refused to make amends. What was done to the little
Bolshevik I don’t know. But it was gratifying to the organizers of the
scheme, and very interesting to us to discover that the kindly Swiss
peasants grew so attached to the little Austrians that when the time
came for them to go home they offered to keep them all until the next
Austrian harvest.
We drove home through the lovely Swiss scenery in the cool
evening air. But what obtrudes on the mind to spoil the memory of
that drive? The six luckless idiots, with vacant faces and staring
eyes, the disfiguring goitre thickening their poor throats, we counted
on the roadside before we were out of sight of the little mountain
town.
CHAPTER V
THE CONFERENCE OF WOMEN AT ZURICH
(JUNE, 1919)
The Women’s International League for Permanent Peace came

into existence during the war. It was founded by that section of the
National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies which withdrew from
the parent organization because it felt that the attitude of the Union
to the war was compromising too seriously the reputation of its
members for clear and calm thinking and constructive enterprise.
Neutrality for an individual on questions related to the war was very
difficult; for an organization it proved impossible. The educated
women of the great women’s Union were quite unable to agree to
differ on such matters as the causes and conduct and remedy for
this and all wars. Some had to resign. The pacifists did so and
formed their own organization. They included many of the best and
most devoted workers for women’s causes in the country, such as
Councillor Margaret Ashton and Miss Maude Royden. The broad line
of division between these two sets of equally able women, now
happily friends again, was nationalistic. “My country, right or wrong,”
and “Let us get down to root causes,” are probably the phrases that
represented fairly the different lines of action. Although in the
Women’s International League there were many who believed with
the others that right in this conflict lay wholly with this country, they
differed in believing that the war should not be pursued to the knock-
out blow, but should be ended as speedily as possible by the
peaceful method of negotiation, if that were possible. But it is only
fair to say that in their ultimate hopes and desires for permanent
peace the two organizations do not differ by so much as a hair’s
breadth.
The Women’s International League held its first Conference at the
Hague in April of 1915. Immense difficulties blocked the way to the
holding of this Conference. The British Government obstinately
withheld passports till the last moment. These were finally granted
with extreme reluctance, and more than a hundred women from
Great Britain prepared to attend. Many of them actually reached
Tilbury, bag in hand, ready to step on board, when the news came
that the Channel had been closed and the ship would not sail. Many
women to this hour are convinced that the closing of the Channel
was a deliberate act on the part of the Government to prevent those
women attending the Conference. I am inclined to think that the
reason given was the correct one, that there were naval
engagements actually begun or feared, which absolutely
necessitated the stoppage of ordinary traffic. It would be altogether
too encouraging to believe that the activities of a few women had
such power to determine the conduct of the Government at such a
time; and too flattering to imagine that our influence was of such
consequence that this indirect method of achieving its will must in
wisdom be adopted by the Government.
Only two British women were present at the Conference, the two
who had gone to the Hague some weeks before to help with the
organization. Forty American women, including the chairman, Miss
Jane Addams, crossed the Atlantic to attend. Both German and
Belgian women were present, and women from several other
European countries contrived to attend in spite of the difficulties of
travel which beset them. The Conference accomplished nothing of a
material character, but it gave moral courage to those who were
there, and directed the thought and activity of thousands of women
throughout the world at a time when most people were feeling too
intensely to be able to think clearly.
Miss Jane Addams, the President of the Women’s International
League, is a very remarkable international figure. She is a tiny
woman of sweet Quaker aspect, with her hair parted in the middle
and brushed smoothly back from her ears. She has large sad eyes
which look as though the pain of living were too great to be borne, so
acutely does her sensitive spirit react to the suffering and injustice in
the world. Her dress is simple. Her manner is calm and dignified, but
tender to the young and needy, inviting confidence but not frivolity.
She is, notwithstanding the general seriousness of her manner, full
of humour, and can laugh with the best at a piece of genuine fun.
The first time I visited America I sought her at Hull House, Chicago,
the chief monument to her life’s labours. “You must go and see the
greatest man in America,” said John Burns to me just before I sailed.
“You mean President Roosevelt?” I queried. “I mean Jane Addams,”
he replied. “The greatest man in America is a woman.” There are
those who think they pay the highest compliment to a woman who
speak of her greatness as of that of a man. My friend Dr. Anna Shaw
told me that she was once introduced to an audience as a “very
great woman—a woman with the brain of a man.” The Rev. Anna
rose with a mischievous smile twitching the corners of her mouth,
and in a drawling voice began: “Before I can take that as a
compliment, Mr. Chairman, I want to see the man whose brain I’ve
got!”
Jane Addams is indeed great with her own woman’s greatness,
great with the greatness of pure goodness and intense and loving
sympathies joined to more than ordinary powers of organization. Hull
House was the first great Settlement House in Chicago. It was meant
primarily to minister to the social and intellectual needs of the crowds
of immigrant citizens flowing continually into the city. It comprises
club houses for both sexes and all ages, a restaurant, a hospital, a
gymnasium, baths, workrooms, library—everything, in short, which is
necessary to make life tolerable in a dreary neighbourhood devoid of
any of the amenities and most of the decencies of ordinary
civilization.
The district round Hull House is filled with Greeks, Italians,
Bulgarians, Czechs, Poles, Russians, Lithuanians—a little Europe.
Most of these people speak no English when they arrive. The young
ones learn it quickly; the old ones slowly, or not at all. The young
ones adopt American clothes, American manners, American slang;
the old folk, particularly the women, keep as long as they can to their
picturesque native dress. The young people turn up their noses at
the old folk; the old people are lonely and miserable. Family life
becomes threatened in many a home. Miss Addams noticed this.
She established a workroom with primitive spinning wheels and
weaving frames. She gathered the old people into this room to work
at their native craft. She praised their work. She sold it for good
prices. She brought rich citizens of Chicago to look at the work and
admire it. The old people recovered their self-respect. The young
people became subdued. Good feeling was restored and many a
family made happy again. By such simple devices did Jane Addams
make herself beloved of the poor and her international work of real
account.
Miss Addams is, I am told, of Quaker ancestry, highly educated,
and the friend of the élite of America. During the war she shared with
others the pain of misunderstanding and abuse. I caught a glimpse
of her suffering at the Kingsway Hall when she told of her work in
Chicago in the early days of the war—five hundred bright Italian boys
marching past Hull House to entrain for the war, followed by an equal
number of young Bulgarians on the same errand, friends and
brothers of the Settlement, soon to fall before one another’s fire in a
war for which they were in no way responsible, and for reasons
which they could not understand. Jane Addams’s mission of peace
to many of the Courts of Europe was the outcome of a deep
compassion for the young victims of war based upon experiences
like this.
Her association with the peace ship was unfortunate, and her
general attitude to the war caused her to suffer the unpopularity
which all nonconformists must endure. But history will right her and
them.
It was felt desirable after the Armistice to hold a second

conference of the League in order to gather up the broken strands of
international friendship and activity. During the League of Nations
Conference in Berne a joint meeting of the women delegates and the
officers of the Swiss branch of the Women’s International League
was held to discuss the possibility of holding the Conference in
Switzerland. The Swiss women were willing if the Swiss authorities
would permit it and if help could be given them with the organization.
I wired to Mrs. Swanwick, the British President, and satisfactory
promises of help having been received, it was agreed that the
Conference should be held in Zurich in June of 1919. All Europe was
despairing of the Peace Treaty not yet published, and the delays
were felt increasingly to be full of bad omen. Our Conference opened
in brilliant sunshine amidst the gloomiest of fears.
Zurich is, like all Swiss cities, a model of bright cleanliness, its
streets filled with flowers in the summer, its surroundings of wood
and mountains a physical glory and a spiritual delight. And to add to
it all there is the wonderful lake—truly a city for inspiration, if
inspiration is anywhere to be felt in times like these.
I travelled in advance of my fellow-delegates, having preliminary
business in Berne. During the previous Conference many lonely
people, unable to reach their friends, had given me commissions in
Paris and London, and I felt obliged to return to report the results.
For example: I was writing a letter in the lounge of the Belle Vue
Hotel when a beautiful little girl of twelve, with long fair hair and pink
cheeks, came and spoke to me in perfect English. I was informed
that she was a German child and that she enjoyed a distinguished
name—von Kleist. I discovered later that she had a beautiful
American mother, which accounted for her English, and that her
father, Major von Kleist, was a prisoner of war in England. In reply to
a wistful question I offered to see the father and convey greetings
from the mother and child. The British authorities at home were as
reasonable and generous as I have usually found them in all
personal relationships, and I received permission to visit Major von
Kleist in Skipton internment camp. He was glad to see someone who
had so recently seen his wife and daughter, and who could testify
from sight to their health and well-being.
On another occasion came two cultivated Jews from Czernowitz
who had a mission to the Jewish Commissioners to the Paris Peace
Conference. They could not get their visa and were in great trouble.
The Zionist case would suffer if its supporters could not be heard.
Would I help them by conveying their written statement to Paris? I
knew Rabbi Wise, the Chief Commissioner, and engaged to take
these papers to him. On reaching Paris I discovered that Rabbi Wise
had returned to America, but delivered the document to his able
substitute.
Then there were those who were working for the Siberian
prisoners. Terrible stories were told of the sufferings of these
wretched men—become nobody’s concern with the withdrawal of
Russia from the war and the anarchy consequent upon the
Revolution there. No fewer than a quarter of a million, chiefly
Austrians and Hungarians, were left to starve and die in internment
camps in conditions which beggar description. Some joined the
Bolsheviks. Some escaped and died on the way home. Some were
told to go, and fought, begged, stole their way to the Polish frontier,
only to be told they could go no farther. A few, of a stronger breed,
reached home in rags, to tell harrowing stories of incredible
suffering. The Allies were petitioned to help with money and ships.
They were begged to intercede with the Poles to allow the wretched
men under proper control to cross the frontier. It was sought to get
ships at Vladivostock to take them round the other way. The
Hungarian Red Cross had a petition for President Wilson. Would I
take it? I agreed to do so, and placed it in the hands of Colonel
House. The men left alive have since been repatriated by the
League of Nations, through the efforts of Dr. Nansen.
There were other and less important matters to report: The
delivery of letters from Baron Szilassy and his sister to their friends
in Huddersfield. Baron Szilassy was the newly appointed Hungarian
Minister in Berne, and his sister is a fresh, good-natured girl, English
in type. Both spoke excellent English.
So I travelled by Berne en route for Zurich, happy to be the bearer
of many kind messages to lonely and miserable people. When I
arrived in Zurich most of the British delegates had not arrived owing
to passport troubles; but they appeared before the Conference
began.
Mrs. Swanwick, the President of the British branch of the Women’s
International League, is one of the most commanding personalities
of the women’s movement. She is slender and fair, with a delightful
boyish mop of pale gold hair which curls up at the ends, and sky blue
eyes. She is a person of quite extraordinary intellectual power, a little
lacking in tenderness to those of lesser calibre. She finds it
extremely difficult to obey the scriptural injunction to “suffer fools
gladly.” She is apt to take strong prejudices against people, which is
annoying to herself, since it is inconsistent with her own standard of
intellect and the conduct she demands of other people; but she has
very good judgment in most affairs, and I should not be surprised to
discover that in her prejudices she is generally right. Her courage,
both physical and moral, is of the very first order and beyond all
praise. She is very delicate and yet contrives to do the work of three
people. And like many another, she staked everything except her
self-respect when she took a public stand against the ignorant
hatreds of the war. She is full of artistic appreciation, hates cant and
humbug, and is devoted to practical things and persons. She is a
very consistent and intrepid feminist, but happily devoid of the anti-
man bias which is the mark of the feminist fool!
At the first session of the Conference, tender-hearted Isabella
Ford flitted from one woman to another, busying herself in particular
with the frail and underfed women from the ex-enemy lands, saying
here and there the comforting helpful word to lonely souls inclined to
a half-bitterness. There was one pathetic little creature from Vienna,
since dead from privation, whose poor hands and face were a mass
of festering sores left by the cold and under-nourishment of the
previous winter. She was so happy to be there, and, like a little bird,
hopped cheerily about the room, revelling in her reunion with old
friends; but I heard privately that even in Switzerland, where food
abounded, she was not getting enough to eat. The exchange told so
heavily against her that practically all her money went to pay for her
room and the morning coffee, and she was sitting all day without
food. I engaged the interest of some of the more prosperous women,
and believe that they were able by the exercise of tact to improve the
circumstances of this brave little woman.
Isabella came to me the second morning with her eyes full of
tears. “Dear Isabella, what is the matter?” I inquired. She showed me
a telegram just received by her German neighbour announcing the
death of her only daughter. “She is heart-broken,” said my friend.
“She was an only child. And it was through hunger that the decline
set in. She cannot speak to us this morning. And I do not wonder.”
Two ladies from Munich were the most vigorous speakers on the
German side, and were immensely popular. One was Dr. Anita
Augspurg, the other Fräulein L. G. Hyman. They live together in
Munich, and were as inseparable at the Conference as the Siamese
twins. Dr. Augspurg suggests a Franciscan monk in appearance.
She wears her grey hair short. Her strong pleasant face has the
expression of the religious fanatic whose conviction is founded upon
reason, a rare phenomenon in any country, but a type frequently met
in the Russian Socialist Movement. In addition, to help the illusion,
she wears a severe and loose style of dress suggestive of the robe
of a priest. She is kind austerity embodied, simple and dignified. Her
intimate friend is more emotional, full of quick passion and, I should
imagine, quicker prejudices. Like Dr. Augspurg she is a pacifist and
an excellent advocate. Her voice is of masculine timbre, and she has
a vigorous and compelling gesture. Both these ladies are
extravagant anti-Prussians eager to secure for Bavaria its
independence of Berlin. Their account of the revolution in Bavaria
was intensely interesting and amusing, and perhaps a few words
may be told here quite appropriately.
I have already mentioned Kurt Eisner, the long-haired delegate

who met us at Berne railway station on our way to the International.
Kurt Eisner was the leader of the Bavarian Revolution, and until his
assassination was President-Prime Minister of the Bavarian
Republic. For many years this very able Prussian Jew had been the
dramatic critic of the German Socialist newspaper Vorwärts. He was
a witty and brilliant writer, and was considered by æsthetic Berlin one
of her greatest living authorities. Up to the time of the outbreak of
war he had barely touched practical politics. His Socialism was the
idealistic theorizing of the café habitué, or at best the philosophic
conclusion of the amiable and able dreamer of dreams which ought
to come true, but do not in a lifetime. When the war broke out he
violently opposed the war policy of the German Government. His
articles were censored; he was thrown into prison. He was living in
Munich at this time. The downfall of the military power in Germany
set him free. Having suffered for his faith, he was acclaimed by the
leaderless Socialist Movement of Munich one of the martyrs of
militarism and the predestined chief of the pacifist Socialist
Movement of Bavaria.
The young intellectuals of Munich were yelling all the time “Down
with militarism,” but nobody quite knew how it was to be “downed.”
The idea occurred to Eisner to march to the palace with a dozen
men and demand the abdication of the king. They carried with them
a strongly worded manifesto expressing in beautiful language their
fine ideals, and marched up to the door of the palace in truculent
mood prepared for the worst, hoping for the best. The best was
realized. The royal forces offered no resistance. All they asked was
that the king might retire unmolested. This was granted. Eisner was
set up in the king’s place, head of the new Republic. In a quarter of
an hour, without the firing of a shot, the dynasty which had ruled for
centuries was suspended, and a member of the despised race, a
Jew, and a hated Prussian, was elevated in its stead.
It was a revolution made inevitable by the defeat of the militarists
of Germany; but it might have been lasting if the militarists of the
Allies had gone the same way. As it is, the peace has made that
impossible. The present reaction in Bavaria, the general restoration
in Central Europe of a belief in the power of the sword, is due to the
revelation of the fact contained in the various Peace Treaties that the
power of the sword is the power in which the Allies also trust. It
would have been better for the revolution in Bavaria if Kurt Eisner
had declined to be the symbol of the new order, for a Prime Minister
of the race of the Jews was intolerable to aristocrat and peasant
alike.
Kurt Eisner was not a politician, as I have already said. He was an
artist in words. He was a Bohemian in habits. He loved to frequent
the cafés. He could not in his new office drop at once the habits and
interests of a lifetime. Infinitely illuminating of the man’s tastes and
political judgment is his first act after taking office. It was the
reorganization of the theatre of Munich! He was not able to keep
separate the two sides of his life, the social and the political, as wiser
men would have done. He mixed the beer and tobacco and gossip of
the café with the work, organization and government of the council
chamber. Many of his followers and helpers copied his ways. The
young men who served him ought to have been allowed to continue
playing billiards in the Café Stéfanie. Most of them were unfit for the
great responsibilities so suddenly thrust upon them. Similar to the
experience of Lenin and of most of the other Socialist leaders who
had power suddenly thrust upon them was that of Kurt Eisner, who
became the prey of revolution-profiteers, place-hunters, adventurers,
insincere men and women who professed the new political creed as
eagerly as they held the old. “This sort of thing,” said the great
Lincoln solemnly, “will ultimately test the strength of our democratic
institutions.” It has tainted their reputation already.
At the International Kurt Eisner was prime favourite with the
French delegates because he was so bitter and unsparing in his
attacks on Imperial Germany. He was not a great orator, but he
impressed his audience with the passionate sincerity of every word
he spoke. It was one of his speeches in Berne which was said to
have determined his murderer, the young Count Arco, to kill him. It
concerned the German prisoners of war who were then, four months
after the war, still held back in France. Eisner tried to explain the
French point of view in the matter. He was represented in Germany
as having approved of it. It was felt to be intolerable. He was shot
dead. And the shot made a martyr of a man, amiable, kind, gifted,
slovenly in dress and habit, who had already outlived his usefulness
to the Revolution and was about to resign, and who might have
retired to some café and talked and smoked his life away to its
happy and unimportant end. For me he is an interesting memory; but
I have to confess to the faint lingering of a feeling of resentment, the
feeling I have always been unable to conquer for that type of pacifist,
to be found in every country, who tries to absorb for his own
government the entire responsibility for the war.
It is impossible to name all the brilliant and capable women who

attended this Conference. Amongst them was Miss Crystal
Macmillan, tall and “bonny” and Scottish, the lawyer of the
Conference, born to confound the illogical male; Mrs. Pethick
Lawrence, vivacious, eloquent and warm; Frau Herzka of the
mischievous smile and the everlasting cigarette; Mademoiselle
Gobat, the gifted daughter of the renowned Swiss pacifist;
Mademoiselle Melan from France, whose wonderful speech
electrified the assembly and melted to tears the hardest pro-Ally and
to softness the bitterest pro-German; and a host of others from the
four corners of the earth, women whose names are household words
in their respective countries. It was a good Conference, and gave
direction to the thoughts and impulses of many who would otherwise
have struggled in vain against the national psychology, and beaten
their idealism to death against the almost indestructible barbed wires
of national hates and prejudices.
During the sitting of the women’s Conference the Treaty of
Versailles was published. The outrage upon the conscience of
mankind which it revealed, and the stain upon the reputation of the
Allies which it was, pledged to build upon fourteen fundamentals,
every one of which was violated or ignored, stunned and stung the
Conference into misery first and indignant protest afterwards. On the
morning after the publication of the Treaty a unanimous declaration
was made, proposed by myself, against the Treaty of Versailles. Lest
the cynic should smile at the speed with which the Conference
arrived at its conclusion on a matter which had occupied the
Conference in Paris for seven months, I should like to point out two
things. First, we had a clear idea in our minds of the essentials which
the peace should contain. President Wilson and the British Prime
Minister had helped us there. As for the elaborate clauses and fine
details of the Treaty: more than one of the delegates had spent the
best part of a day and the whole of a summer night digesting these
for the morrow’s debate. As a matter of historic interest I insert the
first public declaration against the Treaty by any body of people in
the world.
“This International Congress of Women expresses its deep regret
that the terms of peace proposed at Versailles should so seriously
violate the principles upon which alone a just and lasting peace can
be secured and which the democracies of the world had come to
accept.
“By guaranteeing the fruits of the secret treaties to the conquerors,
the terms of peace tacitly sanction secret diplomacy, deny the
principle of self-determination, recognize the right of the victors to
the spoils of war, and create all over Europe discords and
animosities which can only lead to future wars.
“By the demand for the disarmament of one set of belligerents only
the principle of justice is violated, and the rule of force is continued.
By the financial and economic proposals a hundred million people of
this generation in the heart of Europe are condemned to poverty,
disease and despair which must result in the spread of hatred and
anarchy within each nation.
“With a deep sense of responsibility this Congress strongly urges
the Allied and Associated Governments to accept such amendments
of the terms as shall bring the Peace into harmony with the principles
first enumerated by President Wilson, upon the faithful carrying out
of which the honour of the Allied peoples depends.”
I left the Conference that day in the company of one of the most
brilliant of living Germans. He had never been optimistic about the
Peace. He was more than half in sympathy with the militarist point of
view although a sincere internationalist. It was not any fighting
proclivity which had shaped his opinion. He hated violence for the
vulgar, futile thing it is. But an inherited capacity for facing realities,
and a cultivated habit of looking squarely at facts, led him to severe
criticism of those he contemptuously spoke of as idealists. He was
an idealist himself after a fashion; but his ideal was not of the
complexion of that exemplified in the conference of women. He had
no use for democracy. He spoke openly of the stupid, ignorant thing
which, he alleged, most people really believe it to be if they were
honest with themselves and the rest of the world. He differed from
those who acknowledge frankly the weaknesses of democracy, but
who, recognizing its inevitability, hope that with education and
organization it need not to all eternity be the victim of the cunning
and the corrupt. He believed democracy to be the predestined victim
of power till the end of time. His ideal was the domination of mankind
by a few great empires, commonwealths, call them what you will,
British, German, Russian and American. The small nationalities he
regarded as a nuisance. He was bitterly hostile to those British
delegates who contemplated complacently the break-up of the
British Empire. He would have applauded the dissertations of Dean
Inge on “the squalid anarchy of democracy,” laughed to scorn the
idea of an entirely independent India, Egypt, Ireland, and through all
his pain at the destruction of the German Empire, pleaded for the
preservation of that of Great Britain.
For the “strong men” of England he had the warmest admiration.
To my astonishment, before I knew him properly, he expressed an
equal regard for M. Clemenceau. “What!” I exclaimed, “the man who
is doing his best to ruin Germany? Or, at least, to benefit France in
such a way that only the ruin of Germany can result? You astonish
me!”
“But why not?” he replied. “In Clemenceau there is a man who
knows what he wants and means to get it; who looks for the
attainable and means to attain it. When did you read from
Clemenceau a speech full of delightful and impossible pledges and
promises? Has Clemenceau disguised the real objects of this war
under a cover of fine and deceptive phrases? All he cares about is
France. He would stop at nothing to advance the interests of France.
One can understand a point of view like that. It is cruel. It hurts
Germany. Very well. That is sad for Germany; but, at least, with such
a man we know where we are and what to expect. If that is nothing,
it is better to expect nothing and get it than to expect much and be
disappointed. Clemenceau knows that in strangling Germany he will
satisfy the immediate demands of France. That is all he cares about.
This is the present. The future is far away, indefinite. New events will
shape and govern that. For the present it is France, only France, all
the time France; and for the rest? N’importe! It is an intelligible point
of view.”
There was a long pause during which I marvelled for the
hundredth time at the amazing facility for languages of the cultivated
European.
“It is not the Clemenceaus and the Ludendorffs of the world, but
your Wilsons, your Lloyd Georges, your idiotic idealists who are
bringing it to ruin.” He glanced at me to see if I were offended.
“Please go on,” I murmured. “You interest me deeply.”
“Your idealists have promised the people impossible things,
Wilson’s Fourteen Points, for instance, Lloyd George’s wonderful
phrases, Asquith’s war-time speeches, the Russian manifestoes,
numberless ministers of religion with no more knowledge of
international politics than the Bibles they thump. They have told the
stupid masses that this is a holy war; that the peace will be based
upon justice: that nothing but good is intended the German people, if
they will only get rid of their blood-stained Kaiser. The same sort of
amiable idiots in Germany believe this sort of thing. All Germans,
with the exception of a few so-called pan-Germans, are intoxicating
themselves with the thought that liberty is born anew; that militarism
is dead for ever; that with the new German democracy the Allied
democracies will make a fair and democratic peace. Pathetically
relying on the Fourteen Points, they are pre-figuring a glorious future
for free Germany, its place in the sun assured according to plan, a
member of the great Society of Nations which shall maintain the
peace of the world. Poor deluded wretches! What an awakening
there will be!”
All this was in Berne during the International.
We left the Zurich conference hall together and discovered a little
café famous for its good tea and delicious pastries. Not a word did
we speak for many minutes. I was filled with awe at the spectacle of
his misery. The ordinarily smiling brown eyes were black with pain,
the pain of a suffering dumb animal. He lit a cigarette. The silence
continued. I felt like an intruder gazing in at the windows of a man’s
stricken soul; but to retire would have been unsympathetic. So I
stayed and poured out the tea and waited in silence for the speech
that I hoped might come.
“How can you sit there looking so fresh and beautiful? How can
the sun go on shining and the birds continue to sing when the world
is really dark and black and sunk in rottenness?” was the beginning.
“You feel it more than you expected?” I asked, reminding him of
the Berne conversation.
“It is so much worse than I expected. I did not expect much, God
knows. But this thing—it means famine, anarchy, war in Europe for
twenty, thirty, forty years!” I waited patiently.
“Germany is to pay the uttermost farthing for the damage she did
to civilians, which is not unreasonable; an enormous amount of the
war damage, of which I do not complain; but also incalculable sums
for the mischief for which she is not responsible, or only in part,
which is wrong. At the same time practically all the means by which
she is to make the money are to be taken from her—ships, minerals,
colonies. She is to be disarmed and her deadly enemy is to remain
fully armed. Any fool can see where that will lead. And the worst is
not told. The slow starvation of Germany, the lynch-pin of European
civilization, will mean incredible moral decline and spiritual
degradation. Millions of people will think food, talk food, dream food,
steal food, lie for food, bribe, corrupt and even murder for food. What
man would see his wife and children die of hunger whilst food was to
be had? Masses of disbanded soldiers, for whom there will be no
work, will enlist for adventures, will quarrel, fight and kill, either for
subsistence or in the service of the enemies of their country, having
no choice, if they are to live. The new states will be insolent,
ambitious, tyrannical, unscrupulous. Instead of one big war there will
be twenty little ones—war never ceasing, war for crude material
things. Art, music, literature, the drama—these will decay. First class
artists will go to America where they can be paid. Grass will grow in
decayed cities and ignorant peasants will instal themselves in the
seats of power. We shall have restored the age of bigotry and
superstition. Central Europe will not merely be Balkanized; it will be
atomized. Our horizon will decline to the level of each man’s
immediate family, if he has a conscience. He will have no horizon but
himself if he has none. And as for your ideals”—here he paused
—“the failure of Wilson has made faith in them impossible to revive
for decades, if ever again. Faith in the pledged word of public men,
faith in idealism, faith in religion—this is dying or dead. And our
idealists have killed it, not the men who never professed more than
the crudest material objectives in this war. Wilson and Lloyd George
between them have damaged the world’s moral currency infinitely
more than the Treaty of Peace has damaged the financial currency
of Germany; and the world is poorer by the loss of the one than of
the other, grave though that is.”
As the passionate words fell from his lips I felt humiliated to the
very dust for the failure that I felt myself to embody. Weeping in a
public place is not a habit of mine or I might have wept. But if my
friend saw no tears, he must have felt the sympathy, for as we rose
to go to the University he said:
“But justice and sanity owe much to you. I am grateful for your
speech of this morning. It will have no effect. It will accomplish
nothing. But it is good to know there are some with the courage to
speak what they believe even when it is on behalf of a beaten foe.
And the German women will be grateful for your protest against the
blockade.”
One of the most interesting of the public meetings in connexion

with this Conference was held in an immense church, like a great
cathedral for size and proportions. One of the speakers on this
occasion was a mulatto woman who addressed the gathering in
excellent German. Very suitably she pleaded the cause of her race
and the importance of a world at peace for the development along
right lines of the black man and woman.
At the foot of the pulpit from which we spoke was an invalid chair
in which was seated a pale, scholarly looking man with a refined and
earnest face. He listened with the keenest attention to the speeches
and obviously understood all the languages employed on this
occasion. Nobody could fail to be arrested by the personality of this
intense listener. The question as to who he was flew from one to
another. He was Prince Alexander Hohenlohe, often spoken of as
the “Red Prince” on account of his radical views on many subjects.
The next day I received a complimentary letter from him and an
invitation to tea, which I accepted. I found him seated under the trees
in his chair in the garden of the Hôtel Baur au Lac, and we had an
interesting talk on the condition of European politics at the time. He
spoke in the friendliest way of England. Amongst his dreams for the
future is that of a real friendship between France and Germany. His
father was for some years German Ambassador to France. His uncle
was the German Chancellor. He himself lived in Paris for years. And
this close acquaintance with the French people had evidently had a
happy result. His invalidism restricts his physical activities; but he is
a prolific and able writer, whose writings invariably aim at the
establishment of pacific relations amongst the nations of the world.
A speaker who proved most acceptable at the public meetings
was Mrs. Despard. Not only was her speaking liked, but she made
an extraordinary impression upon the Swiss people by the immense
dignity, I might almost say majesty, of her appearance. A walk with
Mrs. Despard along the main street of Zurich stands out in my
memory. She was entirely unaware of the sensation she made; but it
is a simple fact that this beautiful old lady with her aristocratic
bearing and fine features, her snowy hair tucked under a black
Spanish lace mantilla, her old-fashioned long dress and sandalled
feet caused everybody who passed her to stop and stare and stop
and stare again, wonder all over his face. There was respect in every
look; no vulgar curiosity. Some men, entirely unknown to either of us,
raised their hats as they passed us, saluting her as if she were a
queen.
Mrs. Despard is more than seventy years of age, yet she shames
us all by the strenuousness of her life. She is Irish, with an
Irishwoman’s quick imagination and warm heart. When visiting an
English town to make a speech, she is usually advertised as the
sister of Viscount (now Earl) French. Whether this is done to attract
an audience by taking the edge off her Socialism through her
connexion with titled folk, or whether it is thought that otherwise she
would interest nobody because unknown to most, I cannot say; but
Mrs. Despard can stand entirely on her own feet for the richness of
her personality and the quality and variety of her work, always on
behalf of the poor and the oppressed. The only value to be attached
to the advertised connexion with Lord French lies in its
demonstration of the possibility of there being varied opinions
without alienated affections in one family. Lord French and his sister
differ as far as the poles in political opinions. She is a democrat, a
Socialist, a pacifist. Nobody knows his politics. She is in favour of
self-determination for Ireland. He has been Ireland’s Governor-
General under the Terror. Yet I understand there exists a very tender
affection the one for the other; and nothing could shake Mrs.
Despard’s belief that, in all his actions, whether as a soldier or a
statesman, her beloved brother has been actuated by the finest
motives that can govern any man in a position of grave responsibility
for the lives and welfare of the people in his charge. In England we
have christened her the “grandmother of the revolution,” because
when many of us were babes in arms, Mrs. Despard was carrying
the flag of freedom in the cause which we hope will ultimately secure
the material happiness of mankind. But in spirit she is the youngest
of us all.
CHAPTER VI
THE INTERNATIONAL AT LUCERNE (JULY, 1919)
It was not the full International, but the special Council appointed
by it which met at Lucerne in July of 1919. This time my position was
that of a representative of the Press, and not a delegate. I had an
honorary commission from a London daily newspaper to report the
proceedings of the Conference. I am afraid my report was not too
sympathetic. Everybody felt the same thing in some degree. Far too
much time was wasted on petty national squabbles. The old fight on
responsibility for the war was taken up with renewed lustiness.
French and Germans yelled at one another, like children in a street
squabble, with the old vituperativeness. Meantime the crime of Paris
had been committed, and the world was shrieking from its gaping
and undoctored wounds. A problem presented itself to me: How to
make a genuine International out of men so filled with national hates
and envies that they were at one another’s throats for the slightest
word! Of course, I am sure they said a great deal more than they
meant. They always do at Socialist conferences. Nobody could stay
for five minutes in any Socialist Party I know, if he believed that all
the abuse and violence of language used by members against one
another were intended to be taken at their face value. But it seemed
pitiful that the old vice of talking and saying nothing should have
possessed the International at such a tragic time in the world’s
history. Apart from the awfulness of the Peace, the persecution of
the Jews and the Hungarian counter-revolution should have
absorbed the attention of any body of enlightened Socialists sitting in
conference.
Lucerne is not a good place for a congress. It is too beautiful. The
delegates wanted to be out amongst the mountains or to be dipping
their hands into the lake as they rowed lazily on its still surface. The
most inveterate lover of eloquence could not get up any enthusiasm

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1. Which of the following is not a gas at room temperature?

2. Which is not a property of a gas?

3. Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of gases?

4. Which of the following defines pressure?

5. Which of the following is the definition of pressure?

6. A pressure that will support a column of Hg to a height of 256 mm would support a

25. What is the Kelvin temperature at 24°C?

46. What are the conditions of STP?

81. Calculate the root–mean–square speed of methane, CH4(g), at 78°C.

83. Which of the following gases effuses most rapidly?

84. Arrange the following gases in order of increasing rate of effusion.

88. Which statement is false?

93. Deviations from the ideal gas law are greater at

95. Nitrogen will behave most like an ideal gas

102. True or False: For real gases, PV > nRT, always.

107. If a liquid boils at –75oC then what is the temperature in Kelvin?

108. What is the standard temperature used for STP conditions?

109. What is the standard pressure used for STP conditions?

112. _______________ is the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere.

113. ___________ is an instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

115. ___________ is theoretically the lowest attainable temperature.

117. ___________ is the equation for the pressure of an ideal gas.

Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy

119. STP stands for ___________ ___________ and ______________.

122. What is the definition of “gas”?

124. State Avogadro's Law.

The Women’s International League for Permanent Peace came

It was felt desirable after the Armistice to hold a second

I have already mentioned Kurt Eisner, the long-haired delegate

It is impossible to name all the brilliant and capable women who

One of the most interesting of the public meetings in connexion

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119. STP stands for _____ _ and __________.