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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development
Chapter 08
Principles of Development
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The concept that an egg or sperm cell contained a very small but fully developed individual
was called
A. induction.
B. pronuclei.
C. preformation.
D. holoblastism.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Gradable: automatic
Section: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis
Topic: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis
2. The concept that an egg contains the building material that must somehow be assembled is
called
A. induction.
B. pronuclei.
C. preformation.
D. epigenesis.

Gradable: automatic
8-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
3. The point of fertilization occurs when

A. sperm are deposited in the vagina.
B. sperm reach the outer jelly coating of the egg.
C. she sperm sheds the tail.
D. the sperm nucleus and egg nucleus unite to form a zygote.

Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization
4. Before fertilization, as an egg cell matures, its nucleus increases RNA content and it is
called
A. a pronucleus.
B. a cleavage furrow.
C. a germinal vesicle.
D. a blastomere.

5. Generally, only one sperm fertilizes an egg because

A. there are so few sperm that two are unlikely to arrive at the same time.
B. sperm compete and only the most fit one is accepted.
C. many sperm enter but only one set of chromosomes fuses with the egg nucleus; excess
sperm are absorbed.
D. when the first sperm membrane fuses with the egg membrane, it separates the fertilization
membrane and forms a barrier to other sperm.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
8-2
6. What prevents a foreign species' sperm from fertilizing an egg?

A. Nothing prevents fertilization if chemical and other behavioral cues allow mating
B. Egg recognition proteins on the acrosomal process bind to specific sperm receptors on the
vitelline envelope
C. The size and shape of sperm must fit the hole in the egg membrane
D. The cortical reaction by the egg actively draws in the sperm

7. The response to sperm fusing with the egg membrane causes enzyme-rich granules to
ultimately cause the separation of the vitelline envelope and the egg membrane; this is called
A. polyspermy.
B. pronucleation.
C. the cortical reaction.
D. cytoplasmic localization.

8. Entrance of more than one sperm

A. is called polyspermy and is disastrous for animal zygotes.
B. results in epigenesis.
C. is neutralized by fusion with polar bodies.
D. results in formation of a large pronucleus.
E. initiates cleavage.

8-3
9. ___________ occurs when a fertilized egg enters cell division without further growth in
volume.
A. Cleavage
B. Gastrulation
C. Differentiation
D. Embryology

Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development
10. The product of cleavage in a zygote produces a cluster of small cells called
A. pronuclei.
B. blastomeres.
C. polar bodies.
D. meroblasts.

11. Eggs with very little yolk that is evenly distributed in the egg are called
A. mesolecithal.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. telolecithal.

8-4
12. Eggs with a moderate amount of yolk concentrated at the vegetal pole are called
A. mesolecithal.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. telolecithal.

13. Eggs with abundant yolk that is concentrated at the vegetal pole are called
A. mesolecithal.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. telolecithal.

14. The effect of yolk on cleavage is that

A. yolk promotes faster cleavage.
B. yolk promotes spiral cleavage in all cases.
C. yolk slows down and indirectly determines the type of cleavage to take place.
D. yolk is the origin of all cleavage planes.

8-5
15. Cleavage on the surface of the yolk of the chicken egg is partial because cleavage furrows
cannot cut through; this is called
A. meroblastic.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. indeterminant.

16. In animals, indirect development

A. occurs only in mammals.
B. lacks a larval stage.
C. involves a larval stage.
D. occurs only when eggs develop without being fertilized.

Section: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage
Topic: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage
17. Radial cleavage is found in

A. birds.
B. mammals.
C. most protostomes.
D. sea stars.

8-6
18. A characteristic of development of Deuterostomia is

A. spiral cleavage.
B. mosaic development.
C. the mesoderm developing from a special blastomere called the 4d cell.
D. radial cleavage.

19. Rotational cleavage is unique to

A. amphibians.
B. mammals.
C. sea stars.
D. lophotrochozoa.

20. Cleavage in mammals

A. is faster than most other groups.
B. does not begin, like most other animals, with a first cleavage plane through the animal-
vegetal axis.
C. is asynchronous, meaning that all blastomeres do not divide at the same time.
D. is very loose, with cells drifting about in a loose amorphous, bubble-like mass.

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals
8-7
21. In the human, which part of the blastocyst will develop into the embryo proper (versus the
supporting placenta)?
A. Archenteron
B. Blastopore
C. Trophoblast
D. Inner cell mass

22. Superficial cleavage is found in

A. amphibians.
B. mammals.
C. sea stars.
D. insects.

23. When the central mass of yolk restricts cleavage to the surface of the egg, and 8 rounds of
mitosis without cytoplasmic division pepper the surface with nuclei that eventually are
enclosed, this is ______ cleavage.
A. Radial
B. Spiral
C. Superficial
D. Trophoblastic

8-8
24. A developmental stage comprised of a hollow ball of cells is the

A. blastula.
B. blastocoel.
C. gastrula.
D. neurula.

25. The internal pouch representing the developing gut in a gastrula is called a _______
A. blastocoels.
B. pseudocoelom.
C. coelom.
D. archenteron.

26. In nearly all metazoa, "germ layers" is a term that describes

A. the germ cells.
B. foreign cells that enter the embryonic process.
C. mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm.
D. the germ line, in contrast to the somatic or body cells.

8-9
27. The special blastomere labeled the 4-d cell often gives rise to the
A. endoderm of many protostomes.
B. endoderm of many deuterostomes.
C. mesoderm of many protostomes.
D. mesoderm of many deuterostomes.
E. ectoderm of many protostomes.

28. A primitive streak appears during gastrulation of

A. sea stars and humans.
B. birds and reptiles.
C. nemerteans.
D. only mammals.

Section: Gene Expression During Development
Topic: Gene Expression During Development
29. "Diploblastic" refers to ________ where _________.

A. fish and amphibians, cells divide in twos synchronously
B. sea stars and humans, development can proceed in two directions
C. birds and reptiles, the egg must be completely nourished within a shell
D. cnidarians and comb jellies, only two germ layers are formed
E. only mammals, advanced neural structures are formed

8-10
30. An enterocoelous animal has

A. a true coelom.
B. a pseudocoelom.
C. no coelom.
D. a schizocoelom.

31. The difference between schizocoelous and enterocoelus organisms is

A. no difference at all; they are two names for the same eucoelomate structure.
B. a difference in how the true coelom forms from mesoderm, from the gut or blastopore
region.
C. the difference between a pseudocoelom and a true coelom.
D. a difference between a split two-chambered coelom and an intact or enterocoelom.

32. The conclusion of Spemann's work, in which he tied off a zygote isolating the nucleus on
one side and only cytoplasm on the other, helped prove
A. origin of the coelom.
B. nuclear equivalency.
C. cytoplasmic specification.
D. Embryonic induction

Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development
8-11
33. Mosaic development in animals

A. is a type in which each of the fate of a blastomere is heavily determined by its neighbor
cells.
B. is synonymous with regulative development.
C. is a type in which each of the early blastomeres lacks the potential of developing into a
complete organism and removing a blastomere eliminates a future body part.
D. None of the choices are correct

34. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of regulative development in animals?

A. occurs in most (but not all) deuterostomes.
B. is a type in which removing a blastomere causes the remaining blastomeres to "fill in" for
the lost cell.
C. usually occurs in protostomes.
D. is a type in which the fate of a blastomere is heavily determined by its neighbor cells.

35. Neighboring cells influence the development of each other, either by direct contact or by
production of chemical signals, in
A. neurulation.
B. induction.
C. maternal determinants.
D. homeotic pattern formation.

8-12
36. The difference between primary and secondary induction is a difference between
A. "hard-wired" commands and chance development.
B. effects of the dorsal lip organizer and effects of the subsequent cell's induction.
C. nuclear and cytoplasmic determinants.
D. homeotic pattern formation and regular structural gene effects.

37. In mammals, the organ of exchange between the mother and fetus is the
A. amnion.
B. placenta.
C. chorion.
D. yolk sac.

38. The allantois

A. becomes the chorionic villi.
B. lies next to the shell in chicks.
C. is a structure composed of two germ layers.
D. gives rise to umbilical blood vessels in humans.

Section: Vertebrate Development
Topic: Vertebrate Development
8-13
39. Which is NOT an extraembryonic membrane?

A. Amnion
B. Placenta
C. Yolk sac
D. Allantois

40. The placenta develops from

A. fetal membranes only.
B. maternal tissue only.
C. both fetal and maternal tissue.
D. polar bodies that develop just the placental tissues.

41. In land vertebrates, the function of the chorion is to

A. become umbilical cord.
B. enclose the entire embryonic system and then fuse to form the chorioallantoic membrane.
C. grow from the embryonic hindgut to become a repository for the wastes of metabolism.
D. surround the embryo and provide a marine environment for development.

8-14
42. The sac that surrounds the fetus and usually ruptures just before childbirth is the
A. amnion.
B. placenta.
C. chorion.
D. yolk sac.
E. allantois.

43. In an amniotic egg, the amnion

A. serves as a repository for wastes produced by the developing embryo.
B. serves as a respiratory surface for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
C. is a fluid-filled sac that protects the embryo from shocks and adhesions.
D. develops into the chorio-allantoic membrane.

44. The neural tube of vertebrates develops by

A. folding of ectoderm tissue.
B. migration of mesoderm cells.
C. fusion of ectoderm and mesoderm.
D. extension of endoderm into a thin spinal column.

8-15
45. At which stage do we begin to see development of the mesoderm germ layer?
A. Gastrulation
B. Neurulation
C. Blastulation
D. Cleavage

46. Somites, which form segmental muscles and vertebrae, develop from which germ layer?
A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Myoderm

47. The nervous system of vertebrates develops from which germ layer?
A. Epiderm
B. Ectoderm
C. Endoderm
D. Mesoderm
E. Myoderm

8-16
Fill in the Blank Questions
48. The concept of ________ suggested that preformed animals in the egg unfolded during
development.
preformation

49. The abnormal entrance of more than one sperm into an egg, normally prevented by the
fertilization membrane, is called _______________.
polyspermy

50. The cortical reaction that follows fertilization causes a hardening of the vitelline envelope
to produce the _________ _________.
fertilization membrane

51. Animals having radial cleavage (echinoderms) also show a type of development, called
__________ _________, in which separated blastomeres can develop into complete and
normal organisms.
regulative development

8-17
52. The major group of the animal kingdom that includes animals that in their development
show spiral cleavage and mosaic development is the __________.
protostomes

53. A true coelom is a fluid-filled cavity completely lined by ___________.

mesoderm

Essay Questions
54. If yolk is primarily food storage for the developing embryo, why is it so central to
understanding cleavage?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

55. Throughout the descriptions of the various major animal taxa, the type of cleavage and the
origin of the coelom are of foremost importance. Why are such esoteric developmental
features central to classification compared to other prominent anatomical and physiological
features that are only mentioned for a few major taxa?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

8-18
56. Contrast mosaic development with regulative development and indicate what animals
would use each pattern of differentiation. Is one form of development "better" than another?
Why or why not?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

57. Discuss the process of cytoplasmic specification and the role of differently pigmented
cytoplasms.
Answers will vary.

58. Distinguish "germ cells" and "germ layers."
Answers will vary.

59. Discuss the significance of Spemann's experiment that demonstrated that every blastomere
contains sufficient genetic information for the development of a complete animal.
Answers will vary.

8-19
60. Outline the significance of the amniotic egg. Discuss the various layers and their functions
in embryogenesis.
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

61. Discuss or outline the derivatives of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
Answers will vary.

62. Discuss the significance of the homeotic and other homeobox-containing genes that are
found in one or more clusters on particular chromosomes in Drosophila.
Answers will vary.

Section: Gene Expression During Development
Topic: Gene Expression During Development
8-20
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dragons and
Cherry Blossoms
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Dragons and Cherry Blossoms
Author: Alice A. Parmelee Morris
Release date: June 11, 2022 [eBook #68287]
Language: English
Original publication: United States: Dodd, Mead & company, 1896
Credits: Charlie Howard and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DRAGONS

AND CHERRY BLOSSOMS ***
Transcriber’s Note
Larger versions of most illustrations may be seen by right-
clicking them and selecting an option to view them separately,
or by double-tapping and/or stretching them.
DRAGONS
AND
C H E R RY- B L O S S O M S
Dragons
and
Cherry
Blosso
ms
By
Mrs. Robert
C. Morris
New York
Dodd, Mead
& Company
1896
Copyright, 1896,
By Dodd, Mead and Company.
All rights reserved.
University Press:
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U.S.A.
TO
MY HUSBAND.
Clad in native costume.
Many have been before me, and the theme of this volume can
hardly be called new, for Japan has been viewed from every side
and through all kinds of eyes. This, however, has not deterred me
from jotting down a few observations and experiences of my own,
hoping that in them my readers may feel some rays of the Orient
sunshine and beauty.
I desire to thank Mr. Burton J. Hendrick for the kind and
sympathetic aid given upon the manuscript.
CONTENTS.
Page
Foreign Residents 15
Shopping 49
Our Dinner at Kioto 81
Miyako Odori 109
The Rise and Fall of the Kakemono 141
A Glimpse of Royalty 173
Fin de Siècle Japan 209
Cho and Eba 239
FOREIGN RESIDENTS.
YOUR visit to Japan is likely to be a succession of surprises. Our
discovery of the country is so recent that the large amount of
literature on the subject frequently fails to change your childhood
impression of that distant land. European travellers often entertain us
with their ideas of America as an uncultivated waste with an
occasional hastily constructed town, in which the red man is still to
be seen; and my notions of the land of the Mikado were somewhat
similar. I could never think of the Orient without thinking of the
mushroom hat; and for me Japan meant a succession of bamboo
huts, almond-eyed men with long and low-hanging moustaches, an
occasional china cup, and now and then a strangely decorated fan. I
was not at all sure that it was a hospitable shore to visit; I understood
that heads were removed there upon the slightest provocation. My
earliest knowledge was gained from the paper lanterns that were the
delight of Fourth-of-July celebrations, and those remarkably adorned
napkins familiar to patrons of church fairs. I was also frequently
called upon to make Sunday-School contributions for the conversion
of these abandoned souls, and have vivid recollections of listening to
many addresses by daring spirits, who had actually returned from
the dangerous soil. After such occasions as these, I always looked
upon the principal occupation of the Japanese as the stoning of
missionaries. As I grew older, I tried to educate myself into different
ideas, but all the books that I read, and even an occasional
Japanese friend that I made, did not succeed in doing away with my
childish fancies.
And so, when I found myself sailing into the Port of Yokohama
one bright April morning, the ideal Japan of years gone by was what
was uppermost in my mind. At first I thought there must be some
mistake, for there was nothing to be seen in this harbour to
correspond with the strange delights of my dreams. Not a single one-
storied, thatched house, such as used to grace the pages of my
geography, was visible on the shore. Everything, as far as I could
see, was the same as the entrance to an European seaport. The
long array of wharves might perhaps be missing, but there was many
a ship built on western lines, and occasionally a small steam-tug
went puffing by, the whistle blowing as naturally as in any western
harbour. And, even as I looked beyond all this, towards the shore,
there was no visible sign that I had reached Japan. “Those people
who make pictures of Japanese life do not tell the truth,” I thought to
myself, completely bewildered. When I landed, I found large brick
houses of a most occidental kind, and shops fitted out in the regular
English style. Not only were the outward evidences of life most un-
Japanese, but few of the people passing up and down the street had
the almond eyes, the short, wiry hair, or the olive complexion that I
had quitted America to see; and young nurse girls wheeled about
little carriages containing the same kind of babies that I had left three
thousand miles away. Children in little trim English clothes, with their
little English bare legs, were walking about and occasionally
disappearing behind English hedges into houses of a distinctly
Queen Anne type.
While I was surveying all this with a startled air, I was delighted
and relieved by the sight of several small Orientals who ran quickly
up to the wharf, dragging behind them peculiar two-wheeled
conveyances. Yes, after all, here was some indication of the thing for
which I had been looking; these were men of Japan, it was true, but
hardly the Japanese of whom I had dreamed. They seemed rather
out of place in this European city, and did not assume an aggressive
air at all, as they politely offered to carry us to the hotel in their
strange vehicles.
The explanation of this state of affairs is, however, very
satisfactory. When you reach Yokohama, you land at what is called
the Settlement, which is the portion of the city set aside by the
Government for the foreign residents. Japan itself is situated back of
this, and there, if you jump again into your jinrikisha and take another
ride, you will find that it is Japan indeed.
There is one great hotel at Yokohama,—a genuine European
importation, with large parlours, reading and sitting rooms, electric
lights and bells. Your jinrikisha man immediately takes it for granted
that you wish to stop at the Grand Hotel, and without waiting for
instructions, hurries you off to Ni-jiu-ban, as it is called in the
vernacular. You will probably arrive during the season of travel, and
so be enabled to see the house at its best. If one or two of the
foreign ships are in the harbour, and the officers come ashore, a
scene of unusual attractiveness is sure to follow. A military band
plays during dinner, commonly discoursing the patriotic airs of the
different nations, though a well-known western march is frequently
interspersed. The rooms are trimmed with flowers; there are ladies in
bright, pretty gowns, men in evening dress, and Japanese “boys” in
blue tights, white coats, and stocking feet. The gathering is decidedly
cosmopolitan. You can talk with an American on stocks, an
Englishman on golf, a Frenchman on Panama, or a Russian on the
Triple Alliance. If you only step out on the piazza and take a short
stroll, you will have a fine opportunity to gratify your taste for
contrast, for it will be stepping from the Occident to the Orient.
Perhaps the moon is shining—and the moon seems to shine
differently in Japan than at home. There, below you, lies the land you
thought you were being cheated out of; there are the small one-
storied houses, the narrow streets, all bathed in the silence that so
well fits your mood. A few lights are blinking below, but for the most
part you see only what the moonlight cares to reveal. Off in the
harbour are large shadowy forms which you know are western
vessels, and your spirit feels a touch of old-fashioned patriotism at
the thought that one of them is flying the American flag. The sound
of the music comes from the distance, and you know that the
dancing has begun; but you care little at the present time for such
occidental diversions.
In the morning the sun will probably be shining in a truly oriental
way, and you think it might be well to take a drive. Probably the first
thing you will see, will be a large number of young Japanese girls,
apparently out for a walk. Though they are clad in their own native
costumes and have a general appearance that is decidedly
Japanese, there is yet an air about them suggestive of the West. You
puzzle over the matter for some time, and at last, with a sudden
burst of intelligence, exclaim: “A boarding-school.” And you are right;
these young girls are being trained in the usages of the best English
society, and have begun to dabble in French and algebra in a true
boarding-school style. As they pass you by and you go on, you will
see many small children attended by Japanese amahs, and baby
carriages meet you everywhere. There are also a few shops
scattered around, and looking to the left you will see the British flag
waving above the marine hospital. A little further on, your heart gives
a bound, for you see the stars and stripes waving in the breeze, and
you think that being an American is not so bad after all, whatever the
foreigner may say of our confusion of “baggage” and “luggage” and
our use of ice-water at dinner. It is the American hospital, a large,
old-fashioned building, comfortable and home-like, with a garden
filled with flowers and tropical plants. You can look from here into the
bay, and the ship so dimly perceived the night before, you see is the
“Baltimore.” You keep in the road, pass more Queen Anne houses
and pretty green hedges, and an occasional bungalow; and further
on you meet a park that has been laid out by the foreigners. Here
are more baby carriages and bare legged children, and several
prettily arranged tennis courts in which the players are enjoying
themselves in a genuine English way.
It is probably a holiday, and the people will soon turn out for a
celebration. It is hard to find a day in Japan that is not a holiday. It is
well to know this before you visit the country, or you will be very
much inconvenienced. You will be likely to visit the bank, and be
much surprised to find it closed. “Why?” you will ask a friend, and he
will answer: “It is a holiday.” And what is the day celebrated?
Perhaps the fall of the Bastile; perhaps the discovery of the
Gunpowder Plot; perhaps Washington’s birthday, the Fourth of July,
or one of the innumerable sacred days of the Japanese. The trouble
is that there are so many different nationalities in Japan, each
demanding that certain events be respectfully observed, that only on
about one-third of the calendar days can business be transacted. It
is a country of a perennial holiday. There are a great many ways in
which properly to observe these occasions, and a large number of
entertainments are arranged. If you wish, you can attend the theatre,
—not the anciently-established institution of the country, but a
genuine play, such as you sometimes see in the Occident. I qualify
the statement because I think it seldom that you will permit yourself
to attend such execrable performances at home as draw crowded
houses of intelligent people at Yokohama. They are given by strolling
players on their way around the world, who stop at the principal
Japanese cities and foist their wares upon a diversion-craving public.
They entertain you with the misfortune of the “Forsaken Leah,” the
mistakes and unavailing repentance of “Bob Briley,” the “Ticket-of-
leave-man,” or you may have the opportunity of weeping through five
acts of “East Lynne,” or “The Elopement.” A minstrel show has been
known to come ashore, and an exhibition of French marionettes is
no uncommon sight.
Perhaps your nature requires a different kind of excitement; if so,
you may attend the races. These are carried on in the true English
style, and are very generously patronised. The occasions are
holidays in themselves, and offer a sufficient excuse for the closing
of the banks and stores. A race track has been laid out back of the
residence portion of the city, and has an additional attractiveness in
the fact that it commands an excellent view of the elusive Fuji.
Foreigners turn out in full force, many coming down from Tokio.
Often the Mikado honours the affair with his presence; he is always
an interesting addition to any event, but he is an inconvenient person
to have around, owing to a peculiar phase of Japanese veneration.
No one may hold his head higher than the Mikado, else his
sacredness would be outraged; and the many attempts to make him
tower above the rest of the populace frequently produce amusing
complications. Such a predicament happened a short time ago,
when the Mikado was on his way to the races. An American with
more curiosity than knowledge of Japanese religious rites, thought it
a fine opportunity to catch a glimpse of the royal person, and so
elevated himself upon a box near by and awaited the procession. He
had stood there some time, flattering himself upon the difference
between American and Oriental intelligence, when his peace of mind
was suddenly disturbed by a series of shouts, which, he divined from
the gesticulations, were directed towards himself. The constant
motions to descend he regarded with a true Yankee stoicism, and it
was not until the box was pulled from beneath his feet, that he was
induced to pay the proper respect to the Majesty of Japan. The races
themselves, with the little shaggy horses, have proved to be a very
fertile means of entertainment. The riding is done to a considerable
extent by the little Japs, who take to it quite readily, and make very
acceptable jockeys.

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3. The point of fertilization occurs when

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5. Generally, only one sperm fertilizes an egg because

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6. What prevents a foreign species' sperm from fertilizing an egg?

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8. Entrance of more than one sperm

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14. The effect of yolk on cleavage is that

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16. In animals, indirect development

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17. Radial cleavage is found in

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18. A characteristic of development of Deuterostomia is

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19. Rotational cleavage is unique to

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20. Cleavage in mammals

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22. Superficial cleavage is found in

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24. A developmental stage comprised of a hollow ball of cells is the

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26. In nearly all metazoa, "germ layers" is a term that describes

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28. A primitive streak appears during gastrulation of

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29. "Diploblastic" refers to ________ where _________.

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30. An enterocoelous animal has

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31. The difference between schizocoelous and enterocoelus organisms is

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33. Mosaic development in animals

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34. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of regulative development in animals?

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29. "Diploblastic" refers to where _.