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Chapter 08
Test Bank
1. A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He finds significant differences among these
monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative effects of nature and
nurture on the preference for visual novelty?
A. Nurture has a major influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
B. Nature has a substantial influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
C. Both nature and nurture have an equal influence on the monkeys’ preference for visual novelty.
D. Neither nature nor nurture has the ability to regulate the monkeys’ preference for visual novelty.
Page: 293
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 25.1: Compare and contrast the influence of nature versus nurture.
Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development
Topic: Nature and Nurture
2. Which of the following is true of cross-sectional research?

A. It traces the behavior of one or more participants as they age.
B. It does not provide information about the differences in development between different age groups.
C. It compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
D. It assesses change in behavior over time.
Page: 295
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.
Topic: Developmental Research Techniques
3. Max is a graduate student who wants to find the relation between identity formation and the environment. For this purpose, he interviews a group
of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds and asks them what they plan to do when they finish school. In this example,
Mark is using a _____ research method.
A. longitudinal
B. cross-sectional
C. single case experimental
D. sequential
Page: 295
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
4. Dr. Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Janice is comparing the performance of
different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Edward is using a _____ research method; Dr. Janice is using a _____ method.
A. cross-sectional; longitudinal
B. longitudinal; cross-sectional
C. sequential; simultaneous
D. sequential; cross-sectional
Page: 295
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
5. Cross-sectional research techniques provide information about _____ in development between different age groups. Longitudinal research
techniques provide information concerning _____ in behavior over time.
8-1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
A. changes; differences
B. changes; changes
C. differences; differences
D. differences; changes
Page: 295
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
6. Which of the following is true about longitudinal research?

A. It combines cross-sectional and sequential research.
B. It traces the behavior of one or more participants as they get older.
C. It assesses the differences among groups of people at one point in time.
D. It is not as time-consuming as cross-sectional research.
Page: 295
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
7. Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills
every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dona is using a _____ research method.
A. cross-sectional
B. transversal
C. longitudinal
D. single case experimental
Page: 295
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
8. Which technique of developmental researchers requires a significant expenditure of time as a researcher waits for the participants to get older?
A. Longitudinal research
B. Cross-sectional research
C. Empirical research
D. Applied research
Page: 295
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
9. Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children. She administers different levels of calcium to two groups of children, one
group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten. She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly
over a period of one year. On the basis of the given evidence, it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using _____ research.
A. cross-sectional
B. factorial
C. longitudinal
D. single case experimental
Page: 295
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
8-2
10. Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical female child?
A. XX
B. XY
C. YY
D. XXY
Page: 297
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.
Topic: Genetics
11. The first two weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are known as the _____ period.
A. embryonic
B. germinal
C. fetal
D. critical
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Prenatal Development
12. The one-celled entity formed by the union of an egg and a sperm is called a:
A. cyst.
B. fetus.
C. zygote.
D. neonate.
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
13. Which of the following stages of development that a baby goes through is correctly matched with its description or milestone?
A. In the germinal stage, an organism grows from one cell to hundreds of cells.
B. In the perinatal stage, the first cell is formed by the union of an egg and a sperm.
C. In the embryonic stage, facial features become similar to those that the child will display at birth.
D. In the fetal stage, the fertilization of an egg takes place.
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
14. _____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.
A. Spleens
B. Chromosomes
C. Serotonins
D. Norepinephrines
Page: 296
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
8-3
15. A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

A. 46
B. 21
C. 23
D. 28
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
16. Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical male child?
A. XX
B. XY
C. YY
D. XXY
Page: 297
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
17. Two weeks after conception, a developing fertilized egg is called a(n) _____.
A. embryo
B. fetus
C. zygote
D. neonate
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
18. In the _____ stage of development, a developing individual is less than an inch long and has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an
intestinal tract, and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development.
A. embryonic
B. fetal
C. germinal
D. neonatal
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
19. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development?
A. Germinal, embryonic, and fetal
B. Fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C. Germinal, fetal, and embryonic
D. Fetal, germinal, and embryonic
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
8-4
20. The longest part of a pregnancy, from the 8th week through to birth, is the _____ period.
A. germinal
B. embryonic
C. zygotic
D. fetal
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
21. An infant is considered preterm if it is born before week _____.

A. 22
B. 28
C. 36
D. 38
Page: 298
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
22. Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is correctly described?

A. In phenylketonuria, a child is unable to produce a critical enzyme, which results in an accumulation of poisons and in turn causes profound
intellectual disabilities.
B. In Tay-Sachs disease, the body starts producing abnormally shaped red blood cells.
C. In Down syndrome, the brain tissues of the cortex degenerate, resulting in death.
D. In sickle-cell anemia, a child receives an extra chromosome resulting in mental retardation.
Page: 298
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Genetic Influences on Fetus
23. Two-year-old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body can’t break down fat. He will probably die by the time he is four. Which of the
following diseases is Zack most likely suffering from?
A. Phenylketonuria
B. Sickle-cell anemia
C. Tay-Sachs disease
D. Down syndrome
Page: 299
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
24. Clarissa's mother was 38 years old when she gave birth to her. Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability, and doctors have diagnosed that her
condition is due to the extra chromosome that she received at the time of conception. Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa.
A. Phenylketonuria
B. Sickle-cell anemia
C. Tay-Sachs disease
D. Down syndrome
Page: 299
8-5
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
25. A teratogen is:

A. an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
B. a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder.
C. any physical defect in an unborn child.
D. a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.
Page: 299
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences
26. Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old. She drank heavily during her pregnancy. As a result, Barney is short. He also has
learning disorders and displays some facial abnormalities. Which of the following condition is Barney most likely suffering from?
A. Tay-Sachs disease
B. Phenylketonuria
C. Down syndrome.
D. Fetal alcohol syndrome
Page: 299
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
27. Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of any touch on the cheeks. This is the _____ reflex.
A. gag
B. rooting
C. sucking
D. startle
Page: 304
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.
Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood
Topic: Reflexes
28. Which infant reflex is correctly described?

A. In Babinski reflex, an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of its foot is stroked.
B. In sucking reflex, an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheeks.
C. In startle reflex, an infant bites on things that touch its lips.
D. In rooting reflex, an infant flings out its arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise.
Page: 304
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Reflexes
29. _____ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.
A. Habituation
B. Attachment
C. Polymorphism
D. Maturation
8-6
Page: 307
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.
Topic: Attachment
30. Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, which of the following would prove to be most effective in comforting a frightened infant or child?
A. Leaving the child alone
B. Offering the child something good to eat
C. Talking to the child from a distance
D. Touching or holding the child
Page: 307
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Attachment
31. The "strange situation" experiment is associated with _____; it helps classify the attachment behavior of _____.
A. Harlow; newborns
B. Bandura; toddlers
C. Ainsworth; toddlers
D. Chomsky; newborns
Page: 307
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Attachment
32. At 12 months of age, Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth. Which
of the following behaviors in the Ainsworth strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?
A. Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns.
B. Jordan is unconcerned when his mother leaves and is uninterested when she returns.
C. Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves and seems both relieved and angry when she returns.
D. Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves, and he ignores her when she returns.
Page: 307–308
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Attachment
33. Eliza takes her 1-year-old son, Danny, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Danny eagerly explores the room as
long as Eliza is present. When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms, Danny becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, he quickly calms
down. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?
A. Disorganized
B. Ambivalent
C. Secure
D. Avoidant
Page: 308
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Attachment
34. According to Mary Ainsworth, when a child with avoidant attachment style is exposed to the Ainsworth strange situation, he or she will:
8-7
A. continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
B. refuse to play and explore new settings when the mother is not present.
C. show no concern when the mother leaves the room.
D. exhibit inconsistent and contradictory behavior toward the mother when she returns.
Page: 308
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Attachment
35. A _____ reflex prompts babies to clear their throats.

A. rooting
B. startle
C. Babinski
D. gag
Page: 304
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Reflexes
36. In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____ attachment style describes a child who exhibits distress at his
mother's departure in the Ainsworth strange situation but is easily soothed on her return.
A. secure
B. avoidant
C. ambivalent
D. disorganized
Page: 307
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Attachment
37. Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is
unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes
extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding on to her leg. However, Adam makes it very
clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth,
which term best describes Adam's attachment style?
A. Patriarchal
B. Ambivalent
C. Avoidant
D. Secure
Page: 307
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Attachment
38. Maura and Trish are eighth graders who are caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things. They ground her for
a month and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern.
Additionally, for a week, they make her spend every afternoon at the library, researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with
them each night at dinner. According to this scenario, Maura's parents are _____ and Trish's are _____.
A. permissive; authoritative
B. authoritarian; permissive
C. authoritarian; authoritative
D. authoritative; permissive
8-8
Page: 310
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Parenting Styles
39. Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word, and they are quick to
impose stern punishments if she does not comply. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are:
A. authoritarian.
B. permissive.
C. authoritative.
D. uninvolved.
Page: 310
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
40. Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules regarding homework, bedtime, and
household chores. Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior, whether childish
or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called:
A. authoritarian.
B. permissive.
C. authoritative.
D. uninvolved.
Page: 310
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
41. Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"?
A. Attachment style
B. Temperament
C. Choice of mother tongue
D. Choice of friends
Page: 312
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
42. Bonnie is 3 months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she
cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's
theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop:
A. a general sense of mistrust.
B. a sense of superiority.
C. an inflated id.
D. memory impairment.
Page: 310
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
8-9
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
43. Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without asking any question. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but they are more likely
to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind's terms, Hailey's parents are _____, while Isabella's parents are _____.
A. authoritarian; authoritative
B. authoritative; authoritarian
C. permissive; authoritarian
D. authoritative; permissive
Page: 310
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
44. According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage.
A. trust-versus-mistrust
B. id-versus-ego
C. autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
D. intimacy-versus-isolation
Page: 313
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
45. Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
A. Erikson focused equally on the development of both males and females.
B. The well-established accuracy of the concepts used by Erikson is a strong point of his theory.
C. Erikson's theory confirmed that nature has a greater influence than nurture on the development of an individual.
D. Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.
Page: 314
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
46. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?
A. Sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
B. Preoperational, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
C. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
D. Nonoperational, preoperational, operational, and postoperational
Page: 314
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
47. Dawn is 1 week of age. Ellis is 6 years of age. Fritzi is 9 years of age. Girard is 15 years of age. In the context of the stages of development
suggested by Piaget, which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
A. Dawn—sensorimotor
B. Ellis—concrete operational
C. Fritzi—formal operational
D. Girard—postoperational
Page: 314
Bloom's: Apply
8-10
Difficulty: Medium
48. During the sensorimotor period:

A. children begin to understand reversibility.
B. understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities.
C. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world.
D. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.
Page: 315
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
49. To stop baby Rudy from crying for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, his mother put it in her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said,
and it worked. Rudy's mother has capitalized on his lack of the concept of:
A. conservation.
B. egocentrism.
C. object permanence.
D. reversibility.
Page: 315
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Object Permanence
50. A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism but fails to understand the concept of conservation. In
the context of the Piagetian stages, she is most likely in the _____ stage.
A. preoperational
B. concrete operational
C. sensorimotor
D. formal operational
Page: 315
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
51. According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of development.
A. sensorimotor
B. concrete operational
C. formal operational
D. preoperational
Page: 315
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Conservation
52. Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece or cut into two pieces. Colin tells her to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry
enough to eat two pieces. In the context of Piaget's theory, Colin's answer suggests that he does not:
A. understand the concept of object permanence.
B. know how to add.
C. understand the concept of conservation.
D. have an egocentric view.
8-11
Page: 314
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Conservation
53. Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice than he has. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but
narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has failed to grasp the concept of:
A. object permanence.
B. egocentrism.
C. hypo-deductive reasoning.
D. conservation.
Page: 315
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Conservation
54. Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade. In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget, Edward is in the _____ stage of
cognitive development.
A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operational
D. formal operational
Page: 315
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
55. Some Western legal systems consider either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian
standpoint?
A. Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.
B. Yes. Children become capable of abstract, hypothetical reasoning during the concrete operational period.
C. No. Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period.
D. No. Children can reason much earlier than this, i.e., during the preoperational period.
Page: 315
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
56. Preschoolers can hold only 2 or 3 chunks of information in short-term memory, 5-year-olds can hold four, and 7-year-olds can hold _____.
A. 5
B. 8
C. 7
D. 10
Page: 316
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Information Processing Approach
8-12
57. Two children are participating in a memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth grader. When the children fail a particular recall
task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana
proposes that she would try to write the items down. The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in _____ during
childhood.
A. memory capacity
B. metacognitive ability
C. operational thinking
D. proximal development
Page: 317
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Information Processing Approach
58. Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was having trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading
the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. Which of the following concepts is
being illustrated in this scenario?
A. Piaget's concept of conservation
B. Erikson's concept of industry versus inferiority
C. Piaget's concept of concrete operational thought
D. Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development
Page: 317
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
59. Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt _____ than do boys.
A. 6 months earlier
B. 2 years earlier
C. 6 months later
D. 2 years later
Page: 321
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 27.1: Summarize the major physical transitions that characterize adolescence.
Module: 27: Adolescence
Topic: Adolescence
60. During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid
he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.
A. conventional
B. preconventional
C. postconventional
D. ambivalent
Page: 322–323
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 27.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents.
Topic: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
61. Jack registers as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in
jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. postconventional
8-13
D. postoperational
Page: 323
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
62. According to Erikson, adolescents are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of:
A. trust versus mistrust.
B. intimacy versus isolation.
C. generativity versus stagnation.
D. identity versus role confusion.
Page: 398
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 27.3: Discuss social development in adolescents.
Topic: Identity
63. According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of the intimacy-versus-isolation stage occurs:
A. during the first year of life.
B. between the ages of 3 and 6.
C. during the early adult years.
D. during adolescence.
Page: 325
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood.
Topic: Identity
64. According to Erikson, people enter the generativity-versus-stagnation stage during _____.
A. adolescence
B. childhood
C. middle adulthood
D. old age
Page: 324
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Identity
65. Yolanda is 24, Zachary is 44, and Andrew is 73. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her stage as
proposed by Erikson. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?
A. Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; and Andrew: wisdom
B. Yolanda: wisdom; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: generativity
C. Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: wisdom; and Andrew: generativity
D. Yolanda: generativity; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: wisdom
Page: 324–325
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychologys content domains.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Identity
66. Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless. Her job is routine, and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to
society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the _____ stage.
A. generativity-versus-stagnation
8-14
B. trust-versus-mistrust
C. autonomy-versus-shame
D. initiative-versus-guilt
Page: 325
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 28.1: Explain physical development in adulthood.
Topic: Identity
67. From the late teens into the mid-20s, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.
A. emerging
B. beginning
C. developing
D. launching
Page: 330
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Module: 27: Adulthood
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
68. Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase
of life that developmental psychologists term _____ adulthood.
A. developing
B. emerging
C. beginning
D. nascent
Page: 330
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Emerging Adulthood
69. The time at which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and eventually stops is called:
A. menarche.
B. menopause.
C. amenorrhea.
D. the zygotic period.
Page: 406
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Menopause
70. Dr. Carruthers believes that a combination of hereditary and environmental factors influences development. Dr. Carruthers has adopted a(n)
interactionist position on the nature–nurture issue related to development.
Page: 294
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
71. Compared with children in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are:
A. less well adjusted.
B. more likely to be poor.
C. more likely to develop close relations.
8-15
D. less likely to have trust issues.
Page: 333
APA Outcome: 2.5: Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 28.3: State the impact of marriage, children, and divorce on families.
Topic: Social Development
72. Which theory of aging suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a
certain time?
A. Wear-and-tear theory
B. Genetic preprogramming theory
C. Dual-process theory
D. Activity theory
Page: 335
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 28.5: Explain the physical changes that occur in late adulthood.
Topic: Theories of Aging
73. Which theory of aging suggests that the mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age?
A. Wear-and-tear theory
B. Person-centered theory
C. Dual-process theory
D. Activity theory
Page: 335
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 28.5: Explain the physical changes that occur in late adulthood.
74. Age-related declines are more apparent in _____ memory than in _____ memory.
A. episodic; semantic
B. semantic; episodic
C. implicit; explicit
D. semantic and implicit; episodic and explicit
Page: 336
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 28.6: Identify the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood.
Topic: Memory
75. _____ occurs when beta amyloid precursor protein goes awry, producing large clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of
nerve cells.
A. Alzheimer's disease
B. Cyclothymic disorder
C. Crohn's disease
D. Bipolar disorder
Page: 337
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Memory
76. According to the _____ theory of aging, aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.
A. wear-and-tear
8-16
B. genetic preprogramming
C. disengagement
D. activity
Page: 337
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 28.7: Discuss the social aspects of late adulthood.
77. According to the _____ theory of aging, people who age most successfully are those who maintain the interests, activities, and level of social
interaction they experienced during middle adulthood.
A. wear-and-tear
B. genetic preprogramming
C. disengagement
D. activity
Page: 337
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
78. _____ refers to the process by which people examine and evaluate their existence.
A. Metacognition
B. Egocentric thought process
C. Disengagement
D. Life review
Page: 338
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Aging
79. Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She keeps herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle
adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to
the _____ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully.
A. activity
B. Kübler-Ross
C. disengagement
D. wear-and-tear
Page: 337
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 28.4: Discuss the later years of adulthood.
80. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the stage in which a person aware of his or her impending death is likely to try to
think of ways to postpone death and dedicate his or her life to religion?
A. Acceptance
B. Anger
C. Bargaining
D. Denial
Page: 340
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 28.8: Describe how people can adjust to death.
Topic: Death
8-17
81. The "Woodstock generation" refers to middle- and upper-middle-class Americans who reached late adolescence or early adulthood in the later
1960s. This group of people who grew up at similar times, in similar places, and in similar conditions are most likely to be referred to by
developmental psychologists as a(n) cohort group.
Page: 295
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 25.1: Compare and contrast the influence of nature versus nurture.
82. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes, which are smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted.
Page: 296
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Genetics
83. Belinda is eight weeks pregnant. Her developing baby is now called a(n) fetus.
Page: 297
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
84. An infant can survive on its own if it is born at least 22 weeks following conception. This is called the age of viability.
Page: 297
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
85. A condition resulting in below-average intelligence, growth delays, and facial deformities is called fetal alcohol syndrome disorder.
Page: 299
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development
86. Unlearned automatic responses to particular stimuli are called reflexes.
Page: 304
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Reflexes
87. Attachment is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.
Page: 307
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Attachment
88. Gavin is always anxious when his mother is away at work. When she returns, he wants to be close to her but at the same time shows his anger by
hitting her. Gavin's attachment style can be best described as ambivalent.
8-18
Page: 308
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Attachment
89. According to Carol Gilligan, women's morality centers on individual well-being and social relationships—a morality of caring.
Page: 323
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Women's Moral Development
90. Skills relating to crystallized intelligence remain steady during late adulthood and in some cases also improve.
Page: 335
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Aging
91. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities.
Page: 336
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Memory
92. Mrs. Bartlett is in her late 70s. She is revisiting the experiences of her life and evaluating the decisions she had made along the way. Mrs. Bartlett
is engaged in the process of life review.
Page: 338
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 28.4: Discuss the later years of adulthood.
Topic: Memory
93. Distinguish between cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. Provide an example of each. Identify at least one advantage and one
disadvantage of each type of method.
Students' examples may vary.
Cross-sectional research methods involve comparing people of different ages at the same point in time. For example, a researcher might
simultaneously assess the working memory capacity of a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 7-year-olds, and a group of 9-year-olds. By contrast,
longitudinal research methods entail examining the same sample of participants at multiple points in time. As an example, a researcher might
measure the working memory capacity of a group of children first when they are 5, then when they are 7, and finally when they are 9. Cross-sectional
research methods do not require a substantial investment of time. They provide information regarding age differences, but they are susceptible to the
potentially confounding influence of cohort effects. Longitudinal research yields a clear picture of changes over time, but it takes years or even
decades to conduct a longitudinal study. Participants may leave the study along the way. In addition, the results of longitudinal research may be
confounded as participants who take the same test at several points in time may become "test-wise" and perform better each time they take it because
they have become more familiar with the test.
Page: 295
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
94. Describe the different stages of development that a fertilized egg undergoes to become a fully developed baby.
8-19
When an egg becomes fertilized by a sperm, the resulting one-celled entity, called a zygote, immediately begins to develop. The zygote starts out as a
microscopic speck. Three days after fertilization, though, the zygote increases to around 32 cells; within a week it has grown to 100-150 cells. These
first 2 weeks are known as the germinal period.
Two weeks after conception, the developing individual enters the embryonic period, which lasts from week 2 through week 8; he or she is now called
an embryo. As an embryo develops through an intricate, preprogrammed process of cell division, it grows 10,000 times larger by 4 weeks of age and
attains a length of about one-fifth of an inch. At this point it has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of
other organs. Although all these organs are at a primitive stage of development, they are clearly recognizable. Moreover, by week 8, the embryo is
about an inch long and has discernible arms, legs, and a face.
From week 8 and continuing until birth, the developing individual enters the fetal period and is called a fetus. At the start of this period, it begins to
respond to touch; it bends its fingers when touched on the hand. At 16 to 18 weeks, its movements become strong enough for the mother to sense
them. At the same time, hair may begin to grow on its head, and the facial features become similar to those the child will display at birth. Within the
womb the fetus continues to develop before birth. It begins to grow fatty deposits under the skin, and it gains weight. The fetus reaches the age of
viability, the point at which it can survive if born prematurely, at about prenatal age 22 weeks. By week 24, a fetus has many of the characteristics it
will display as a newborn.
In the final weeks of pregnancy, the fetus continues to gain weight and grow. At the end of the normal 38 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus typically
weighs 7 pounds and is about 20 inches in length.
Page: 297–298
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
95. Normal prenatal development occurs in 95 to 98 percent of all pregnancies. Identify two genetic or chromosomal abnormalities and two
teratogens associated with birth defects in the remaining 2 to 5 percent of pregnancies. Describe the nature of their effects on development.
Students' answers may vary.
Some of the genetic or chromosomal abnormalities are listed below.
Phenylketonuria (PKU): A child born with the inherited disease phenylketonuria can't produce an enzyme that is required for normal development.
This deficiency results in an accumulation of poisons that eventually cause profound intellectual disability.
Sickle-cell anemia: About 10% of the African-American population can pass on sickle-cell anemia, a disease involving abnormally shaped red blood
cells. Children with the disorder have episodes of pain, yellowy eyes, stunted growth, and vision problems.
Tay-Sachs disease: It is mostly found among Jews of Eastern European ancestry. The body is unable to break down fat when afflicted with Tay-
Sachs disease. An affected child usually dies by the age of 3 or 4 years.
Down syndrome: It occurs when a zygote receives an extra chromosome at conception. It is one of the causes of intellectual disability. Mothers older
than 35 or younger than 18 are at a higher risk of giving birth to children with Down syndrome.
Some of the teratogens associated with birth defects are:
Mother's nutrition: Undernourished mothers may give birth to underweight babies who are susceptible to disease.
Mother's illness: Rubella, syphilis, diabetes, or high blood pressure may produce a permanent effect on the fetus if it occurs early in the pregnancy.
HIV may be passed from mother to child prenatally.
Mother's emotional state: Mothers who are tense and anxious late in their pregnancy may have irritable infants who eat and sleep poorly.
Mother's use of illegal drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine): Babies may be born addicted to the drug and undergo painful withdrawal.
Permanent physical and mental impairments may result.
Alcohol: 1 out of every 750 infants is born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition resulting in below-average intelligence, slowed growth,
and facial deformities. In a condition known as fetal alcohol effects (FAE), children display some but not all of the problems of FAS.
Nicotine: It causes increased risk of miscarriages and heightened infant mortality.
Page: 299
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
8-20
96. Outline the perceptual capabilities of very young infants. How might these capabilities inform one's position on the nature-versus-nurture debate?
Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.
Students' answers may vary.
One of the possible responses is as follows:
Vision: At birth, infants prefer patterns with distinct contours and edges over less distinct ones. Neonates are sensitive to size constancy and can also
discriminate and even imitate facial expressions. By the end of their first month, infants can distinguish colors. Around 4 to 5 months, they can focus
on near or far objects, can recognize two- versus three-dimensional objects, and are sensitive to the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. By
7 months, they can respond differentially to different facial expressions.
Hearing: Infants can recognize their own mothers' voices when they are 3 days old. At 2 days of age, they can distinguish between their native and
foreign languages; they can discriminate between closely related sounds (e.g., ba and pa) at 4 days.
Other senses: Neonates have a built-in preference for sweet tastes. They prefer sweetened over unsweetened liquids.
These capabilities suggest a large "nature" component to perceptual development. It seems that we are hardwired to perceive stimuli that may be
evolutionarily relevant, such as faces and speech sounds.
Page: 303–304
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Child Development
Topic: Vision
97. Select either (a) Baumrind's four parenting styles or (b) Erikson's four stages of psychosocial development occurring during childhood. Name
each style or stage, and provide a brief vignette or "case study" of a child exhibiting each style or stage.
Students' vignettes/case studies may vary.

Students can choose one of the two approaches given below.
a) Baumrind's parenting styles:
Authoritative: Rosanna is socially poised and popular. She completes her schoolwork conscientiously without direct supervision. She is pleasant and
cooperative with her teachers.
Authoritarian: Donna seems unfriendly and withdrawn. She has difficulty voicing her opinion or standing up for herself; instead, she tends to pull
back into her shell.
Permissive: Bernie has poor impulse control in the classroom; he seems socially immature and gives in to occasional tantrums. He seems overly
dependent on others.
Uninvolved: Suzie is emotionally detached; she appears to have low self-esteem. Her attachment behaviors to teachers and other adults who show an
interest in her are unusual; sometimes she is clingy and dependent, while on other occasions she is withdrawn. Suzie has poor social skills and seems
rejected by her peers.
b) Erikson's four stages of child psychosocial development:
Trust-versus-mistrust (ages 0 to 1-1/2): One-year-old Chris is fortunate to have parents who respond promptly and consistently to his needs for food
and comfort. Chris implicitly trusts others; he approaches new people and situations with curiosity. He calms down relatively quickly if he becomes
upset.
Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt (ages 1-1/2 to 3): Carlotta is 3 years old. Her parents are permissive, exercising little control over Carlotta.
Carlotta seems spoiled; she demands food, attention, and toys and is prone to back talk and stubborn defiance.
Initiative-versus-guilt (ages 3 to 6): Mickey is 4-1/2 years old. He is beginning to make some decisions for himself; for example, his mom allows him
to select the clothes he wears after school, the bath towel he'd prefer that week, and so on. Sometimes his parents allow him to watch one of two TV
shows or DVDs.
8-21
Industry-versus-inferiority (ages 6 to 12): Karen is 10 years old. Her athletic activities after school-soccer and lacrosse-are important to her, as is her
schoolwork. She tries to do her best in any activity she undertakes.
Page: 310
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
98. Making explicit reference to specific stages and concepts, describe your own adolescent and young adult development from an Eriksonian
perspective. Try to capture some of the developmental tensions and challenges during this period in your narrative.
Students' answers will vary.
Students can refer to the identity-versus-role-confusion and intimacy-versus-isolation stages of Erikson. Such adolescent themes as trying to please
parents; struggling against parents; seeking popularity; trying on different identities through different cliques; dramatic shifts in tastes, friendships,
and activities; and so on should be apparent as illustrations of the search for identity. The intimacy-versus-isolation stage would most probably be
illustrated by a description of increasingly serious romantic relationships from the age of 16 or so onward.
Page: 310
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
99. How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes of aging imparted by Western culture? Make reference to patterns of physical,
cognitive, and social development in your answer.
The answer can indicate that late adulthood is not just a time of inevitable, irreversible, and pervasive decline, as popular stereotypes might suggest.
Points made might include the following:
Physical development: Physical declines do occur, but the leisure activities in which older adults participate are not much different from those in
which young adults actually participate, such as visiting with friends, walking, and eating.
Cognitive development: Crystallized intelligence may actually increase with advancing age. Older adults can compensate for intellectual declines;
continued engagement with physical activity and intellectual challenges can help stem declines in memory and cognition.
Social development: Only a small minority of older adults report that they are lonely. A positive self-perception of aging may actually increase
longevity.
Page: 334–338
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Adulthood
100. List and describe the various stages cited by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross regarding people facing impending death.
The various stages that a person impending death goes through are:
Denial: In this stage, people resist the idea that they are dying. Even if told that their chances for survival are small, they refuse to admit that they are
facing death.
Anger: After moving beyond the denial stage, dying people become angry-angry at people around them who are in good health, angry at medical
professionals for being ineffective, angry at God.
Bargaining: Anger leads to bargaining, in which the dying try to think of ways to postpone death. They may decide to dedicate their lives to religion
if God saves them. They may say, "If only I can live to see my son married, I will accept death then."
Depression: When dying people come to feel that bargaining is no use, they move to the next stage: depression. They realize that their lives really are
coming to an end, which leads to what Kübler-Ross calls "preparatory grief" for their own deaths.
Acceptance: In this stage, people accept impending death. Usually they are unemotional and uncommunicative; it is as if they have made peace with
themselves and are expecting death with no bitterness.
8-22
Page: 340
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 28.8: Describe how people can adjust to death.
Topic: Death
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 79
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 3
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychologys content domains. 3
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology. 29
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 39
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 15
APA Outcome: 2.5: Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry 1
Bloom's: Apply 38
Bloom's: Remember 48
Bloom's: Understand 14
Difficulty: Easy 49
Difficulty: Hard 10
Difficulty: Medium 41
Learning Objective: 25.1: Compare and contrast the influence of nature versus nurture. 2
Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques. 9
Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development 1
Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development. 21
Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns. 13
Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood. 26
Learning Objective: 27.1: Summarize the major physical transitions that characterize adolescence. 1
Learning Objective: 27.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents. 3
Learning Objective: 27.3: Discuss social development in adolescents. 1
Learning Objective: 28.1: Explain physical development in adulthood. 3
Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood. 5
Learning Objective: 28.3: State the impact of marriage, children, and divorce on families. 1
Learning Objective: 28.4: Discuss the later years of adulthood. 2
Learning Objective: 28.5: Explain the physical changes that occur in late adulthood. 2
Learning Objective: 28.6: Identify the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood. 4
Learning Objective: 28.7: Discuss the social aspects of late adulthood. 4
Learning Objective: 28.8: Describe how people can adjust to death. 2
Learning Objective: 7.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents. 1
Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development 36
Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood 37
Module: 27: Adolescence 9
Module: 27: Adulthood 13
Module: 28: Adulthood 5
Topic: Adolescence 1
Topic: Adulthood 1
Topic: Aging 2
Topic: Attachment 10
Topic: Child Development 1
Topic: Conservation 3
Topic: Death 2
Topic: Developmental Research Techniques 10
Topic: Emerging Adulthood 2
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 5
Topic: Genetic Influences on Fetus 3
Topic: Genetics 2
Topic: Identity 5
Topic: Information Processing Approach 2
Topic: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 2
Topic: Memory 4
Topic: Menopause 1
Topic: Nature and Nurture 3
Topic: Object Permanence 1
Topic: Parenting Styles 5
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory 6
Topic: Prenatal Development 14
8-23
Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences 4
Topic: Reflexes 4
Topic: Social Development 1
Topic: Theories of Aging 5
Topic: Vision 1
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory 1
Topic: Women's Moral Development 1
8-24
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of
Henkivakuutusherroja
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and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: Henkivakuutusherroja
Romaani
Author: Veikko Korhonen
Release date: October 21, 2023 [eBook #71925]
Language: Finnish
Original publication: Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Oy, 1916
Credits: Juhani Kärkkäinen and Tapio Riikonen
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

HENKIVAKUUTUSHERROJA ***
HENKIVAKUUTUSHERROJA
Romaani
Kirj.
VEIKKO KORHONEN
Jyväskylässä, K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö, 1916.

I
Jeremias Kantele, entinen kansakoulun opettaja harppaa pitkin

askelin muuanna kevätiltana Aleksanterilla. Hänen kätensä ovat
työnnettyinä syvälle päällystakin taskuihin ja katse on suunnattu
johonkin epämääräiseen pisteeseen kaukana kadun päässä, joten
hän yhtämittaa törmää yhteen vastaan tulijoitten kanssa.
Jeremias Kantele on aamupäivällä saapunut pääkaupunkiin

henkisesti ja ruumiillisesti ylenmäärin kiusaantuneena. Hän on
toiminut täsmälleen vuoden henkivakuutusasiamiehenä
Korvenhonka yhtiössä ja siitä saanut juuri sen verran tuloja, että on
hengissä pysynyt. Mutta vakuutusagentilla täytyy olla moitteeton
puku, kiiltonahkakengät ja knalli, ja niihin ylellisyystavaroihin eivät
Kanteleen tulot ole riittäneet. Vatsakin on viimeaikoina pyrkinyt
painumaan selkärankaa vasten.
Nyt on hänen päähänsä iskenyt ajatus pyytää ylennystä virassaan,

ja siinä toivossa on hän haalinut kokoon rahat Helsingin matkaa
varten. Hikoiltuaan yhtiönsä toimitusjohtajan huoneessa puoli päivää
on hän saanutkin pyytämänsä ylennyksen, vieläpä paremmilla
palkkaeduilla, kuin olisi voinut toivoakaan. Uuden uutukainen
viisisatanen taskussaan on hän lähtenyt rakkaan yhtiönsä
toimitusjohtajan huoneesta ja kiertelee nyt suuren onnensa
huumeissa pitkin katuja ilman erikoista päämäärää.
— Ai perhana!
Taaskin sattui yhteentörmäys ja Kantele katsahti tällä kertaa oikein

onnettomuustoveriaan, joka piteli leukaansa sadatellen.
— No, eikö se ole Varsala? Päivää!
— Ka, sinä lempoko siinä. Kun kulkee kuin lehmä kadulla, alkoi
Varsala purkaa sisuaan.
— Mihin sinä menet ja mistä tulet? kysyi hän kohta hieman

lauhtuneemmin
Kanteleelta, joka oli pyörähtänyt kävelemään hänen rinnalleen.
— Tulen suoraan yhtiöni toimitusjohtajan luota, ilmoitti Kantele.
— Varmaankin saamasta nuhteita huonosta hankinnasta, arveli

Varsala.
— Etpäs nyt arvannutkaan.
Kantele löi näppiä ja jatkoi.
— Sain virkaylennyksen. Minä olen nyt »herra tarkastaja» niin kuin

sinäkin.
— Älä.
— No niin. Ja eikö liene palkkakin yhtä suuri kuin sinulla?

Viisisataa kuussa ja tantiemiä. Kantele löi uudelleen näppiä, tällä
kertaa aivan Varsalan nenän edessä jatkaen riemastuneena.
— Loppui vihdoinkin se ainainen kituminen. Pitikin jo kulkea vatsa
hoikkana kuin kulkukoiralla, ja vaatteetkin alkoivat riippua riekaleina.
Vielä tänä aamuna olivat ajatukset synkeitä kuin yö, kun näin, miten
toiset tulivat tyytyväisinä ruokapaikoista, eikä itselläni ollut taskussa
kuin pari kuparikolikkaa. Mutta nyt… katsos…
Ja Kantele veti setelin povestaan ja näytti Varsalalle.
— Kas poikaa, kun ihan jo suuria rahoja näyttelee. Sinä sait

ennakkoa?
— Sain, Toimitusjohtaja antoi hienoja huomautuksia minun

ulkoasustani. Ja eihän tämä loistava olekaan, vaikka päällystakilla
itse asiassa on toinen omistaja. Huomautin hänelle yhtä hienosti,
että matti on hiipinyt taskuuni. Ja niinpä tuo kultainen mies nosti
minut silmänräpäyksessä liejusta, johon olin painumassa. Mutta
minun pitäisi saada ruokaa. Näes, tänään en ole vielä syönyt
muonaakaan. Mennäänpä Cataniin.
— Taitaa olla parasta mennä viivyttelemättä johonkin minun

ruokapaikoistani: Ala-Kämppiin tahi Oopperakellariin, virkkoi Varsala
merkitsevästi, antaen toisen näin tietää, että hän ei ainakaan nähnyt
nälkää silloin, kun sattui pyörähtämään pääkaupungissa.
He menivät Oopperakellariin ja saivat haltuunsa pöydän. Varsala

sytytti sikaarinsa ja virkkoi, vedettyään muutamia perinpohjaisia
savuja ja hetken niistä nautittuaan.
— Vai pääsi poika ylenemään. No, nythän sinä saat tuntea, miten
ihanaa on olla henkivakuutusherrana. Useimmiten toiset tekevät
työn, ja me saamme niittää sadon, ainakin mitä tantiemiin tulee.
Meidän on tosin pidettävä huoli kilpailusta ja siitä, että asiamiehet,
joille varsinainen työnteko kuuluu, eivät pääse laiskottelemaan,
mutta sehän tehtävä onkin kaikkein helpoimpia. Ja ajatteles, ethän
sinä enemmän kuin minäkään, tullessani Leimausyhtiön
palvelukseen ole suorittanut mitään tutkintoja tällä alalla, ainoastaan
ovelasti päättänyt muutamia tukkikauppoja maalaisten kanssa. Niistä
minut napattiin tähän toimeen. Huomasivat kai, että minussa on
liikeneroa ja että osaan olla ovela. Ja hyvin minä olen
menestynytkin, osaan herättää ihmisissä, varsinkin maalaisissa
luottamusta. Sen vaikuttaa ulkoasuni. Minä näes en komeile
vaatteilla. Olen sattunut usein toisten yhtiöitten samaan luokkaan
kuuluvien virkamiesten kanssa samaan aikaan hankinnalle ja tullut
huomaamaan, että kovin koreaa herrasmiestä katsellaan kansan
seassa hiukan sekavin tuntein. Minulla on siitä tuoreita esimerkkejä.
Viime viikolla yövyin erääseen taloon, jossa hieroin kymmenen
tuhannen vakuutusta, jota oli samana päivänä kärttänyt sinullekin
hyvin tunnettu Rientoyhtiön Keikaus. Kuulin miten isäntä arveli
emännälleen: — Tuo näyttää oikealta mieheltä! Se Keikaus oli niin
hieno mies ja isovatsainen. Taitaa syödä vakuutettaviensa varoja.
Mitäs, jos ottaisimmekin vakuutuksen Leimaus yhtiössä. Ja aamulla
se vakuutus päätettiin.
Kantele aukoili suutaan keskeyttääkseen puhetoverinsa

sanatulvan, sillä hänkin olisi tahtonut suuren riemunsa vallassa
sanoa jonkun sanan, vaan Varsala jatkoi.
— Kun sinäkin olet nyt ylennetty meidän joukkoomme, niin muista,

ettet kovin rupee koreilemaan, vaan pysyt alavana ja vertaisena
isäntien kanssa, ja saat nähdä, että sinua vetelee silloin kaikkein
parhaiten. Täytyyhän meidän itsemme kumminkin tehdä niitä
suurempia vakuutuksia ja muokata maata asiamiehille.
— Sinä olet viisas mies, virkkoi Kantele ahmien ruoka-annostaan.
— Jaa. Sinäpä sen sanoit. Sitä niinä juuri olen. Ja jonkunverran

täytyy meissä kaikissa viisautta olla, jos mieli jotain saada aikaan.
Vaikkapa se viisaus meissä ilmeneekin niin sanottuna oveluutena,
niin joka tapauksessa sitä täytyy meissä olla vieläpä niin, että se on
huomattavissa jo päältä päin, sillä muutoin emme tähän asemaan
koskaan pääse kohoamaankaan. — Mutta, veli hyvä, tarvitaan tässä
toimessa muutakin ei vain neroutta, jota minun mielestäni kaivataan
kaikista vähimmin. Vakuutusherrana onnistuu minun mielestäni
parhaiten se, joka on jo syntyessään jonkun verran säikähtänyt. Vai
mitä?
— Jospa se lienee niin kuin sanot. Mutta mitä muuta sanoisit vielä
ihmisiä piinatessa tarvittavan?
— Tietysti häikäilemättömyyttä, oikein kouraan tuntuvaa. Täytyy

uskaltaa puhua asioista yhtä hyvin kerskalle valtiomiehelle kuin
vaikkapa villille ihmissyöjälle, eikä saa päästää uhria kynsistään,
ennen kuin on saanut hänet antautumaan.
— Et sinä ole hulluimpia vakuutusmiehiä, voit vielä tähtenä loistaa

joukossamme, virkkoi Varsala.
Virkaveljet laskeutuivat kadulle, jossa virtaili yleisöä soittoa

kuunnellen, Hetken kuluttua virkkoi Kantele Varsalalle.
— Tällä hetkellä minä voisin syleillä vaikka koko maailmaa. Eilen

illalla minulla oli taskussa kaksikymmentä penniä, ja nyt siellä on
seteli, jonka moista en ennen eläessäni ole omistanut Ja sitten se
suuri vapaus! Saa mennä mihin tahtoo, olla missä tahtoo. Saa syödä
joka päivä vatsansa täyteen ja vedellä makeita unia talojen
parhaimmissa kamareissa.
— Johan sinä innostut ennen iltaa, virkkoi Varsala. Jos tänään

juhlisimmekin sinun kunniaksesi, niin luulen ihmisen vasta puoliyön
tienoissa olevan valmiina syleilemään vaikka koko maailmaa. Mitä
taas tuohon elämän ylistykseesi tulee, niin onpa
henkivakuutusmiehellä vastuksiakin. Saa joskus varoa nahkaansa,
ja selkäsauna on toisinaan hyvin lähellä. Mutta yleensä on meidän
työmme helpon puoleista. Ja kukapa työn keveydestä voisi
nauttiakaan, jos ei saisi joskus olla kiipelissä. Tunnen tämän alan
jokseenkin täydellisesti. Olen kaksi vuotta rämpinyt Suomen
sydänmaita, ja kokenut siellä joskus karvastakin, vaikka tosin
makeampi puoli on useimmiten ollut minun osakseni suotu.
— Tästä puolin ne alkavat makean leivän päivät minullekin.
Varsala naurahti.
— Samoin kuin pahatkin päivät. Mutta kun selkäsaunan

saadessasi puret hammasta ja ajattelut, että tämä on
ylenmääräisestä tungettelevaisuudesta täysin ansaittua, niin hyvin
se menee.
Ystävykset pyörähtivät Prinsess’iin. Siellä oli Kanteleen

virkaylennys saapa juhlallisen vahvistuksen illan kuluessa.
II
Toukokuun päivä paistoi lämpimästi Kuivalan väen tupaan. Isäntä

kellotti sängyssään selällään koettaen saada unen päästä kiinni,
vaan siinä puuhassa häiritsivät häntä kärpäset, joita tänä keväänä oli
ilmestynyt ihmeteltävän aikaiseen. Ja ihmeellistä kyllä, ahdistelivat
ne pääasiassa vain isäntää ja talon vanhaa luppakorvakoiraa.
Ehkäpä syynä siihen oli se, että isäntä ja koira olivat talon asukkaista
laiskimmat.
Tuvasta oli emäntä poistunut taloustoimiinsa, piiat ja rengit

menneet pelloille. Isäntä oli päättänyt paneutua nukkumaan,
koskapa sattui hyvä tilaisuus, ja sitä varten ajanut lapset luudan
vartta heilutellen ulos tuvasta ja vielä pihastakin kartanon taakse.
Juuri kun isäntä oli pääsemässä uneen, astui tupaan Kantele,

Honkayhtiön uusi tarkastaja yhtä uuden eli vasta leivotun
asiamiehen
Alitalon Villen kanssa toivotellen hyvää päivää.
— Antakoon, murahti isäntä sängystä ja antoi silmäluomiensa

painua kiinni.
— Tuoko se on isäntä? kysyi Kantele Villeltä.

— Se.
— Taitaa olla hyväluontoinen mies?
— No ei se ole pahimpiakaan. Onpahan semmoinen laiska mies,

totesi
Ville.
— Sitä on sitten sen mukaan lähestyttävä, neuvoi Kantele uutta

asiamiestä.
— Jaa, virkkoi Ville kunnioittavasti.
— No hyvinkö se nukuttaa, kysyi Kantele isännältä.
— Häh?
— Että hyvinkö se nukuttaa, uudisti kysyjä.
— Eihän tuo nyt oikein… On se välistä paremminkin…
— Onhan se ihanata, kun on ihmisellä hyvä unenlahja, virkkoi

Kantele.
Isäntä käsitti tämän pilan teoksi hänen makailuistaan ja korjaten

asentoaan sanoi:
— Omaa aikaanipa tässä makailen. Ei sen luulisi ketään

liikuttavan.
— Isäntä käsitti minut väärin, alkoi Kantele selitellä. Minä päin

vastoin tarkoitin, että unen lahja on hyvä olemassa ihmisellä.
— Jaa, virkkoi isäntä vähän leppyneemmin ja aikoi kohta
kuorsahdella.
Kanteleen sisua alkoi kaivella moinen välinpitämättömyys isännän

puolelta, ja hän kysyi Villeltä otsa kurtussa.
— Enpä luule tässä talossa mitään tulevan. Eikähän tässä ole

ihmisiäkään muuta kuin tuo laiska isäntä.
— Kyllä tässä on väkirikas talo, mutta ovat ulkotöissä, selitti Ville.

Pitäisi tästä minun tietääkseni saada vakuutus. Leimauksen miehet
olivat käyneet joku päivä sitten ja olivat kehuneet tästä saavansa
ison vakuutuksen.
— Ahaa. Varsala se sitten on käynyt. Täällä onkin siis raudat

kuumana. Nyt taotaan pojat Mutta meidän pitäisi saada ruokaa.
Missä lienee emäntä?
— Näkyi se äsken liikkuvan tuolla ulkona…
Ville meni etsimään emäntää. Isäntä kuorsahteli jo niin että seinät

tärisivät, väliin muodostellen omituisia sihiseviä kurkkuääniä, jotka
kiusasivat ylen määrin Kanteletta.
— Perhanan ukko, kun ei välitä mitään vieraista. Se on sitä

talonpoikais-moukkamaisuutta, joka ei välitä, vaikka kuvernööri
taloon tulisi, vaan jatkaa inhoittavaa soitteluaan.
Emäntä löytyi sikolätistä ja tuli Villen kanssa tupaan, pyyhki

kätensä esiliinaan ja tervehti vierasta.
— Mitä sitä kuuluu? kysyi.

— Eipähän tuota erikoisempaa, murahti Kantele, jota kyllästytti
semmoinen kyseleminen.
— En minä tunne tätä vierasta, jos lienee vaikka oman pitäjän

herroja, arveli emäntä.
— Ei tämä tästä pitäjästä… Tämä on Honkayhtiön tarkastaja,

selitti
Ville.
Emäntä vähän sävähti.
— Ja minä tässä vaan kaikenlaisia kyselen. Lähtekää vieraat

tuonne kamariin istumaan. Tuo ukkokin tuossa niin kuorsaa. Taitaisi
se kamari olla viileämpikin.
— Kyllä me täälläkin voidaan istua. Jos emäntä laittaisi sinne

kamariin meille ensin päivällistä.
— Eikö vieraat ole vielä sitäkään saaneet, hätääntyi emäntä ja

meni etsimään tyttäriään, jotka kohta ilmestyivätkin ruokapuuhiin,
kun ensin olivat saaneet pukeutuneiksi pyhävaatteisiinsa.
— Mitenkähän tuon isännän saisi ylös, virkkoi Kantele emännälle,

joka pistäytyi tupaan.
— Niinhän tuo raato äityi taas makaamaan.
Emäntä kävi tönimään aviotaan kylkeen.
— Nousetko siitä, retvana. No, kuuletko… kun on tullut vieraita ja

sinä syntinen vain makaat.
Ja vähän hiljemmin silmiään aukovan isännän korvaan:

— Mikä lienee tarkastaja… jos lienee kuin iso herra.
— Häh?
— Että nouse nyt
— Nousenhan minä.
Ja isäntä vääntyi vaivaloisesti istumaan. Kopeloi sängyn laidan

alta tupakkavehkeet esiin ja alkoi latailla piippuaan. — Kovinpa se
nyt painostaakin. Eikö tulle ukonjyry, arveli isäntä haukotellen.
Kantele siirtyi lähemmä istumaan ja koetti rakentaa keskustelua.
— Tuleeko se nyt minkälainen heinävuosi? kysyi.
— Mistäpä tuon nyt vielä tietää, jurahti hetken perästä isäntä.
— Tässä näyttää olevan iso talo ja hyvämainen, aloitteli Kantele

— ja rakennuksetkin on erittäin hyvässä kunnossa. Tekee oikein
hyvää tulla tämmöiseen taloon, jossa on kaikki paikat reilassa.
Näkee heti, että talossa on järjestystä.
— Mistä päin sitä liikutaan? kysyi isäntä jo virkistyneenä,
— Tämä on Honkayhtiön tarkastaja, kiirehti Ville selittämään.

Tulemme sieltä meiltä viimeksi.
— Millä asioilla sitä liikutaan? kysyi isäntä, joka ei nähtävästi

muistanut sen nimistä yhtiötä.
— Olemme henkivakuutuksia päättämässä, ilmoitti Kantele. Tämä

naapurin mies tuli nyt tänne teidän kylälle asiamieheksi, ja minä
päätin lähteä häntä vähän opastamaan. Joko se on isännällä
henkivakuutus?
— Eipä sitä vielä…
— No nythän sopisi kuulla näitä meidän yhtiön ehtoja ja etuja,

jotka on jo nykyään tunnustettu parhaimmiksi, selitteli Kantele.
Kuulin, että täällä ovat käyneet Leimausyhtiön miehet tarjoamassa
vakuutusta; vaan eiköhän tuota nyt sentään näin ison talon isännälle
päätettäisi suuremmassa yhtiössä, ja kun ne ehdotkin ovat
paremmat.
— Kävihän niitä Leimauksen herroja täällä kiusaamassa.
— Minkälaista vakuutusta ne isännälle tarjosivat?
— En tuota tullut tarkemmin kuunnelleeksi, jurahti isäntä.
Kantele kaivoi taskustaan taulukon ja kysyi.
— Joko isäntä on vanha?
Isäntä vilkaisi syrjäkatsein vieraisiin.
— Joko ne peijoonit taas sitä ikää tutkii, mietti, mutta ääneen

virkkoi.
— Johan se viideskymmen lienee menossa.
— Jokohan tuo missä asti?
Emäntä joutui selittämään.

— Se täyttää neljäkymmentäkolme vuotta siinä Marjanpäivän
aikana.
Sitäkö henkivakuutusta se tämäkin herra on tarjoomassa?

Saisihan se ukko siihen vakuuteen ruveta, vaan sepä onkin
semmoinen pässinpää, ettei uskalla. Pelkää rahojensa menevän sitä
tietään.
— Älähän tuossa taas, kivahti isäntä. — Se on tuo meidän akka

aina suuna ja päänä.
— Emäntä ymmärtää vakuutuksen merkityksen, ja ymmärtää sen

isäntäkin, kun vaan tekee kerran ratkaisevan päätöksen. Meidän
yhtiö antaa suurimman varmuuden vakuutetuille.
— Ottaisihan sen vakuutuksen, mutta sattuisi vielä tässä

kuolemaan, ja leski pääsisi reuhaamaan niillä rahoilla. Menisi vielä
uusiin naimisiin ja naureksien nauttisivat mitä toinen on säästänyt,
arveli isäntä.
— Tuosta sen kuulette vieraat, minkälainen vätys se on. Pelkää

perillistensä rikastuvan. Ottaisit vain sen vakuutuksen.
— Menehän tuosta, murahti isäntä ja kellahti uudelleen sänkyyn.
— Täällä olisi ruokaa vieraille, ilmoitti emäntä.
Kantele kumminkaan ei joutanut nyt ajattelemankaan ruokaa.

Hänestä näytti hyvin mahdolliselta vakuutuksen päättäminen, ja
selitettyhän yhtiönsä etuja kävi hän sängyn viereen, jossa isäntä
silmät puoliummessa veteli haikuja piipustaan, ja virkkoi:
— Mutta ajatelkaapas, jos kuolema tulee kuinka pian.

— Kun tulee, niin tulee. Mitäpä hänestä…
— Ette siis ajattele lastenne tulevaisuutta.
— Tottapahan eteensä katsovat. Ja jäähän tästä vähän tätäkin

taloriekaletta.
— Kyllä jää. Komia talo jääkin, vaan olisihan se kymmenen tuhatta

lisänä.
— Mitäpä ne niin suurilla rahoilla.
Isäntä alkoi kuorsahteiemaan.
— Miettikäähän asiata tarkemmin, kehoitteli Kantele.
— Joo… puh… huu…
Isäntä kuorsaili jo harvassa tempossa, ja Kantele meni Villen

kanssa kamariin.
— Tässä ei nyt ehditty laittamaan oikein herroiksi, selitteli emäntä.

Olisihan sitä osattu laittaa, kun meidän Hanna on käynyt
keittokoulunkin, Joko sitä herroilla on rouvaa?
— Ei ole.
— Vai ei. Ovatpahan malttaneet olla, ihmetteli emäntä ovessa

mennessään.
— Koko pöljä sentään tuo isäntä, murisi Kantele. Luulin jo

vakuutuksen päättyvän, vaan ukolla ei ole nähtävästi mitään muuta
harrastusta, kuin että saa vahvasti kuorsata.
Ville oli käynyt talon palvelusväelle puhumassa Honkayhtiön
suurista eduista ja kuullut, että Pörjönen, Djefvulsund yhtiön
tarkastaja oli käynyt asiamiehineen naapuritalossa ja vakuuttanut
siellä palvelijat ja myöskin Kuivalan rengin. Kuulemansa uutisen
kertoi hän Kanteleelle, joka tästä vimmastui.
— Mikä pahuuksen Pörjönen se on, joka käy noin vain nenän

edestä nappaamassa vakuutukset, ja me saamme nuolla
näppiämme. Nähtävästi siitä yhtiöstä koituu meille vaarallinen
kilpailija.
— Heillä on syöttinä se työkyvyttömyysvakuutus, tiesi Ville. Tässä

Honkayhtiössä ei taida sitä ollakkaan?
— Se on tarpeeton. Sen nojalla saavat vain kantaa korkeammat

vuosimaksut. Voihan se vastaisuudessa tulla meidänkin yhtiöömme,
vaan siihen mennessä täytyy nyt Villenkin muistaa leimata se
kokonaan keinotteluksi. Ymmärtääkö Ville?
— Kyllä.
— Ja aina pitää muistuttaa vakuutettaville, että Honkayhtiö on

vakavaraisin, neuvoi Kantele.
— Samaa ne kuuluu väittävän Riento yhtiönkin miehet, kertoi Ville.
— Jaa, mutta se pitää leimata heti valheeksi.

Henkivakuutusasiamiehen täytyy osata tarpeen tullen valehdella ja
osata näyttää, että kilpailevan yhtiön mies on pannut omiansa.
Hyvän asian edesauttamiseksi on lupa käyttää valhettakin. Ja kansa
ei usko vakuutuksen hyviä etuja, jollei niitä tuntuvassa määrässä
lisäillä.

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Psychology and Your Life with POWER

Learning 3rd Edition Feldman Test

Psychology and Your Life with POWER Learning 3rd

Sociology and Your Life With POWER Learning 1st Edition

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Psychology and Your Life 2nd Edition Feldman Test Bank

POWER Learning Strategies for Success in College and

P.O.W.E.R. Learning and Your Life Essentials of Student

POWER Learning Strategies for Success in College and

Psychology in Your Life 2nd Edition Grison Test Bank

2. Which of the following is true of cross-sectional research?

6. Which of the following is true about longitudinal research?

15. A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

21. An infant is considered preterm if it is born before week _____.

22. Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is correctly described?

25. A teratogen is:

28. Which infant reflex is correctly described?

35. A _____ reflex prompts babies to clear their throats.

48. During the sensorimotor period:

86. Unlearned automatic responses to particular stimuli are called reflexes.

Students' examples may vary.

Students' answers may vary.

Some of the genetic or chromosomal abnormalities are listed below.

Some of the teratogens associated with birth defects are:

Nicotine: It causes increased risk of miscarriages and heightened infant mortality.

Students' answers may vary.

One of the possible responses is as follows:

Students' vignettes/case studies may vary.

a) Baumrind's parenting styles:

b) Erikson's four stages of child psychosocial development:

Students' answers will vary.

Author: Veikko Korhonen

Release date: October 21, 2023 [eBook #71925]

Original publication: Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Oy, 1916

Credits: Juhani Kärkkäinen and Tapio Riikonen

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

Jyväskylässä, K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö, 1916.

Jeremias Kantele, entinen kansakoulun opettaja harppaa pitkin

Jeremias Kantele on aamupäivällä saapunut pääkaupunkiin

Nyt on hänen päähänsä iskenyt ajatus pyytää ylennystä virassaan,

Taaskin sattui yhteentörmäys ja Kantele katsahti tällä kertaa oikein

— No, eikö se ole Varsala? Päivää!

— Mihin sinä menet ja mistä tulet? kysyi hän kohta hieman

— Tulen suoraan yhtiöni toimitusjohtajan luota, ilmoitti Kantele.

— Varmaankin saamasta nuhteita huonosta hankinnasta, arveli

— Etpäs nyt arvannutkaan.

Kantele löi näppiä ja jatkoi.

— Sain virkaylennyksen. Minä olen nyt »herra tarkastaja» niin kuin

— No niin. Ja eikö liene palkkakin yhtä suuri kuin sinulla?

Ja Kantele veti setelin povestaan ja näytti Varsalalle.

— Kas poikaa, kun ihan jo suuria rahoja näyttelee. Sinä sait

— Sain, Toimitusjohtaja antoi hienoja huomautuksia minun

— Taitaa olla parasta mennä viivyttelemättä johonkin minun

He menivät Oopperakellariin ja saivat haltuunsa pöydän. Varsala

Kantele aukoili suutaan keskeyttääkseen puhetoverinsa

— Kun sinäkin olet nyt ylennetty meidän joukkoomme, niin muista,

— Jaa. Sinäpä sen sanoit. Sitä niinä juuri olen. Ja jonkunverran

— Tietysti häikäilemättömyyttä, oikein kouraan tuntuvaa. Täytyy

— Et sinä ole hulluimpia vakuutusmiehiä, voit vielä tähtenä loistaa