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Chapter 9
Transportation and Market Growth
General Questions
*1. Falling transportation costs in the 19th century
a. fostered regional specialization according to comparative advantage.
b. created increasing lags for price declines along the Mississippi.
c. propelled the process of western expansion.
d. All of the above.
e. Both a and c are correct.
ANSWER: e. Both a and c are correct.
*3. In the early 1800s, ______________ developed a plan for the federal government’s
involvement in building transportation infrastructure such as canals and roads.
a. Albert Gallatin
b. Robert Fulton
c. Thomas Jefferson
d. Alexander Hamilton
ANSWER: a. Albert Gallatin
5. The sharp decline in domestic freight costs during the antebellum period was primarily
due to the introduction of
a. railroads.
b. paved roads.
c. clipper ships.
d. canals and steamboats.
ANSWER: d. canals and steamboats.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6. Until the 1840s, the leading transport route in the US (in terms of volume of freight
from the West) was
a. the Northern Gateway.
b. the Northeastern Gateway.
c. the Southern Gateway.
d. the Erie Canal.
ANSWER: c. The Southern Gateway.
*7. All of the following statements present accurate information about the major
antebellum transport routes except
a. The Northeastern Gateway connected Pittsburgh to Philadelphia and Wheeling
to Baltimore.
b. The Southern Gateway was primarily a water-based route.
c. The Mid-Atlantic Gateway connected Savannah and Charleston to Washington,
DC via roads and railroads.
d. The Northern Gateway included the Erie Canal.
ANSWER: c. The Mid-Atlantic Gateway connected Savannah and Charleston to
Washington, DC via roads and railroads.
8. Which statement best describes the relationship between steamboats, keelboats and
flatboats on the Mississippi River in the antebellum period?
a. Steamboats were substitutes for both keelboats and flatboats.
b. Steamboats were complements for both keelboats and flatboats.
c. Steamboats were substitutes for keelboats and complements for flatboats.
d. Steamboats were substitutes for flatboats and complements for keelboats.
ANSWER: c. Steamboats were substitutes for keelboats and complements for flatboats.
10. Between 1820 and 1840 freight rates on western rivers declined drastically. The main
reason for this drop in prices was _________.
a. the decline in the price level.
b. tolls and other barriers to trade decreased.
c. the decline in monopoly power.
d. the steamboat was used more frequently.
ANSWER: d. the steamboat was used more frequently.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
d. led to an initial decrease in transport costs that continued to fall due to learning
by doing and the construction of lighter boats with increased capacity.
e. All of the above.
ANSWER: e. All of the above.
16. Which did not cause significant navigation problems on inland waterways?
a. ice
b. variations in the heights of rivers
c. sand bars
d. sunken ships
e. inland piracy
ANSWER: e. inland piracy
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
17. The Erie Canal, the most important canal (in terms of the number and dollar value of
shipments), was in
a. Georgia.
b. New York.
c. Pennsylvania.
d. Maryland.
ANSWER: b. New York.
*20. Compared to the Erie Canal, the primary disadvantage of Pennsylvania canals was
a. state government resistance to providing funds for canal building.
b. the steep, mountainous terrain of Pennsylvania.
c. a pre-existing network of railroads in Pennsylvania.
d. lack of adequate rainfall in Pennsylvania.
ANSWER: b. the steep, mountainous terrain of Pennsylvania.
*21. The _____________ received funding from the federal government and two states.
a. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
b. Erie Canal
c. Pennsylvania Mainline Canal
d. Cumberland and Oxford Canal
ANSWER: a. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
*22. The majority of funding for 19th century American canal building came from
a. the federal government.
b. state governments.
c. local governments.
d. private investors.
ANSWER: b. state governments.
23. According to Walton and Rockoff, the primary reason for the demise of the canal
system was
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
a. excessive reliance on individual entrepreneurs so that a system of canals was
never created.
b. excessive government regulation that kept canal rates and profits too low.
c. environmental damage from deforestation that left canals flooded at some times
and dry at others.
d. competition from the railroads.
ANSWER: d. competition from the railroads.
24. Which of the following antebellum transportation innovations earned the greatest rate
of return?
a. corporate-owned turnpikes
b. the National Road
c. the Erie Canal
d. the Mainline Canal
ANSWER: c. the Erie Canal
25. Despite dramatic increases in trackage during the antebellum period, the U.S. was
slow to develop an integrated railroad system. This was primarily due to
a. the opposition of municipal governments to railroads.
b. the opposition of the federal government to railroads.
c. the failure to adopt a standard gauge for track.
d. heavy taxes on railroad companies.
ANSWER: c. the failure to adopt a standard gauge for track.
26. Between 1830 and 1860, the number of miles of railroad in operation increased by
a. roughly 100 percent.
b. roughly 500 percent.
c. roughly 750 percent.
d. over 1000 percent.
ANSWER: d. over 1000 percent.
*27. The total factor productivity of railroads increase dramatically in the antebellum
period. All of the following factors are responsible for the increase in productivity
except:
a. standardization of the gauge of railroad tracks.
b. the introduction of refrigerated railroad cars.
c. increased size of railroad cars.
d. increased use of existing capital.
ANSWER: b. the introduction of refrigerated railroad cars.
*28. Total factor productivity in railroads _____________ in the 20 years prior to the
Civil War.
a. decreased slightly
b. remained largely unchanged
c. increased by about 25 percent
d. more than doubled
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
ANSWER: d. more than doubled
*29. The most notable surfaced road of the 19th century, ___________, was built using
federal government funds.
a. the Cumberland Road
b. the Wilderness Road
c. the Natchez Trail
d. the Forbes Road
ANSWER: a. the Cumberland Road
*30. Which of the following regions tended to support federal construction of a system of
roads in the 19th century?
a. the South
b. New England
c. Mid-Atlantic states, including New York and Pennsylvania
d. the West
e. All of the above.
ANSWER: d. the West
31. According to Walton and Rockoff, the primary reason the Federal government failed
to build an adequate highway system before the Civil War was
a. the technology was not available.
b. the canal craze diverted attention.
c. rivalries among different sections of the country stalled legislation.
d. the teachings of Adam Smith were taken too literally.
ANSWER: c. rivalries among different sections of the country stalled legislation.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
b. dominated Atlantic trade by 1850.
c. were among the first ships to have iron hulls.
d. earned huge profits transporting passengers and cargo during the gold rushes
to California and Australia.
e. All of the above.
ANSWER: d. earned huge profits transporting passengers and cargo during the gold
rushes to California and Australia.
36. Which of the following antebellum transportation innovations was financed primarily
by government funds?
a. the Erie Canal
b. the New Orleans steamboat
c. the Lancaster Turnpike
d. the Ann McKim clipper ship
ANSWER: a. The Erie Canal
Economic Insights
1. What is not a benefit from the lower costs of transportation that were achieved through
advances in railroads, canals and steamboats?
a. Free rider problems were reduced.
b. Farmers gained larger shares of the selling price of their crops.
c. Consumers paid decreasing shares of the purchase price for transportation and
marketing costs.
d. New unsettled areas were profitably cleared and added to the nation’s
economic activity.
ANSWER: a. Free rider problems were reduced.
2. What is the best inference about the impact of a decrease in transportation costs?
a. The demand and supply curves will shift out, which will increase quantities of
goods.
b. The supply curve will shift out, which will lead to lower prices to consumers.
c. Farmers will earn a smaller share of the selling price of their crops.
d. The demand curve will shift out, which will lead to higher prices and quantities
of goods.
ANSWER: b. The supply curve will shift out, which will lead to lower prices to
consumers.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
3. When considering the price lags of the West behind the East, by the eve of the Civil
War the lag was
a. roughly one year.
b. six months.
c. three months.
d. virtually eliminated.
ANSWER: d. virtually eliminated.
4. What most accurately describes the trend in inter-city prices between 1815-1860?
a. Prices of goods in different eastern cities diverged.
b. The prices of goods in the Midwest converged towards the prices of goods in
the east.
c. Prices of goods in the Midwest decreased relative to the prices of goods in the
east.
ANSWER: b. The prices of goods in the Midwest converged towards the prices of goods
in the east.
5. One of the most important reasons for the economic growth of the U.S. in the
antebellum period was market unification and falling costs of trade. Samuel F. B. Morse
contributed significantly to these trends. Mores is most recognized for:
a. Inventing the telegraph.
b. Inventing the steam engine.
c. Developing the technology to power railroad engines.
d. Overseeing the building of the Erie Canal.
ANSWER: a. Inventing the telegraph.
*6. (Use the graph of the wheat market in Economic Insight 9.1, on p. 162 of the text.) S1
shows the supply curve for wheat in the local market. S2 shows the supply curve for
wheat in more distant markets in the early 1800s. S3 shows the supply curve for wheat in
more distant markets in the mid-1800s. Given the information provided, we can conclude
that
a. the price that wheat producers received per bushel rose from P2F to P2C during
the antebellum period.
b. the price paid by wheat buyers in distant markets fell from P2C per bushel to
P3C per bushel during the antebellum period.
c. in the mid-1800s, wheat buyers in distant markets paid P3F per bushel and
wheat producers received P3C per bushel.
d. wheat producers received a price of P3C for wheat in the early 1800s.
ANSWER: b. the price paid by wheat buyers in distant markets fell from P2C per bushel
to P3C per bushel during the antebellum period.
Economic Analysis
1. What was not a benefit of the development of a national market?
a. Increased production by reducing tragedy of the commons problems.
b. Permitted greater division of labor.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
c. Enabled people and organizations to engage more in their comparative
advantages.
d. Led to lower costs because of increasing returns to scale could be taken
advantage of in more industries.
ANSWER: a. Increased production by reducing tragedy of the commons problems.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The secret
history of the court of Spain during the last
century
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: The secret history of the court of Spain during the last century
Language: English
Frontispiece
THE SECRET HISTORY OF
THE COURT OF SPAIN
DURING THE LAST CENTURY
BY
RACHEL CHALLICE
NEW YORK
D . A P P L E T O N & C O M PA N Y
MCMIX
AUTHOR’S NOTE
CHAPTER PAGE
Index 345
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Key
===
A = Antonio (son of Duke of Montpensier)
CB = Carlos de Bourbon
CG = Count of Girgenti
DCM = Don Carlos, Count of Montemolin
DP = De la Paz
FA = Francisco de Asis
FP = Francisco de Paula
LF = Luis Ferdinand of Bavaria
MCA = Maria Cristina of Austria
MCN = Maria Cristina of Naples
(sister of Luisa Carlota and of Princess of Beira)
Mcd = Mercedes (cousin to Alfonso XII.)
MF = Maria Francisca of Portugal
(sister of Isabel of Braganza)
MJA = Maria Josefa Amalia of Saxony
MLF = Maria Luisa Fernanda
MM = Maria de las Mercedes (Princess of Asturias)
MT = Maria Teresa
P = Pilar (Infanta)
PM = Princess of Modena
VE = Victoria Eugénie of Battenberg
1800–1804
And then the Queen once more poured into her friend’s ears her
doubts and fears as to her future and that of Charles IV.
From the time Maria Antonia of Naples married the eighteen-
year-old Prince of Asturias in 1802, she proved herself an active
partisan of her husband and his tutor Escoiquiz, and if she had lived
longer her clear-sightedness might have prevented the surrender of
Spain to Bonaparte.
In obedience to her mother, Queen Caroline of Naples, the
Princess of Asturias was unremitting in her efforts to contravert the
plans of her irreconcilable enemy Napoleon, which were
subsequently furthered by the short-sighted policy of Godoy and
Maria Luisa. Secret and almost daily were the letters which passed
between Princess Maria Antonia and Queen Caroline, and, as the
correspondence was conducted in cipher, it entered the Court of
Naples without attracting any attention, and thus many diplomatic
secrets from Madrid travelled thence to England. In the bitter warfare
of personal hatred and political intrigue no accusations were too bad
to be levelled by one part of the Spanish Royal Family against the
other.
The partisans of the Prince and Princess of Asturias declared that
Godoy and Maria Luisa filled the King’s mind with suspicions against
Ferdinand, even to the point of attributing parricidal thoughts to him,
so that the King might disinherit him and put Godoy in his place. And
the followers of Godoy declared that the Princess of Asturias not
only had designs against the Prince of the Peace, but against the
Sovereigns themselves.
The secret correspondence between Queen Caroline and her
daughter was found years afterwards in the house of the Duke of
Infantado, and it showed the hatred of the Prince and his wife
towards the Queen’s favourite, whilst speaking of the King as if he
already had one foot in the grave. One of these letters to Naples was
intercepted by Napoleon, and it fully convinced him of the part
played by Prince Ferdinand and his wife with regard to France.
The people’s discontent with Godoy was fostered by Ferdinand’s
followers, and, indeed, the government of the turbulent country
required a more expert hand than that of the favourite.
The clergy were also enraged when they heard that the Minister
had received a Bull from Rome for the reform of the monastic