1.

GRAMMAR:
UNIT 4:
LESSON A LESSON B
Future Perfect: (Will + have + past participle) (By/By the time) Future Perfect Progressive (will + have + been + present part)
▪ If you start …now, in ten years you will have saved enough [especifica la duración de una acción en el futuro]
money to retire. [Tu habrás ahorrado] ▪ By 2020, we will have been drilling oil wells over 160 years
▪ By …., I will have graduated from college. [Yo me habré [Nosotros habremos estado perforando]
graduado] ▪ In 2 weeks, we will have been meeting for 3 months [Nos
habremos reunido]

UNIT 5
LESSON A LESSON B
Past modals to make guesses about the past: (could have, 1. Using past modals to make inferences: (must + have +
may have, might have + past participle) [podria tener, puede past participle) [inferior algo que era casi Seguro cierto o casi
tener, podría tener] seguro sucedió]
▪ Modern humans….could have run into… → [podrían haber ▪ It must have been incredibly difficult… → [Debe haber
corrido] sido]
▪ En respuestas cortas, no usas oast oarticiple [They may 2. Can´t have + past participle (inferior que algo fue increíble
have, There might have been] o casi imposible
▪ Well, it´s their land, so they can´t have felt happy about…
→ [No pueden haberse sentido felices sobre…]

UNIT 6
LESSON A LESSON B
Verb + Gerund Verb + Object + infinitive (to + verb)
▪ ..and risk ruining it → y arriesgarse a arruinarlo ▪ She asked me to invite her brother… → Me pidió que
▪ We are looking forward to visiting the… → Estamos invitara a su hermano
deseando visitor. ▪ I will encourage us not to enter the… → Nos animaré a no
entrar
Comunes: Admit, appreciate, defend, enjoy, quit, avoid comunes: advise, ask, forbid, invite, permit, remind, warn, allow
be used to, deny, look forward to, risk encourage force
Comunes: Comunes:
Admit → admitir Advise → aconsejar
Appreciate → agradecer Ask→ preguntar
Defend → defender forbid → prohibir
Enjoy → disfrutar invite → invitar
Quit → abandonar permit → permitir
Avoid → evitar remind → recordar
be used to → ser usado para warn → advertir
deny → denegar allow → permitir
look forward to → esperar encourage → alentar
risk → riesgo force → forzar
2. FRASES – LENAGUAGE FUNCTION
UNIT 4
LESSON A: Emphasize important information
▪ Don´t forget that… → No te olvides que…
▪ Let me stress that… → Dejame enfatizar que…
▪ I want to emphasize that… → Quiero enfatizar que…
▪ I would like to stress that… → Me gustaria enfatizar que...
LESSON B: Aprroval and
▪ It´s Ok that… → Esta bien que
▪ I think it´s fine to (verb)…→ Creo que está bien…
▪ I (sytongly) approve of (noun) → Yo apruebo la/s…
▪ It´s OK (for someone) to (verb) → Esta bien (verbo)
* I would like to point out that... → Me gustaría señalar que
* You need to remember that… → Tú necesitas recorder que
* It is important to note/remember that… → Es importante
tener en cuenta/recordar que…
Disapproval
* It´s wrong to (verb)… → Esta mal (verbo)
* It´s not right that… → No está bien que…
* I (strongly) disapprove of (noun) → Yo desapruebo la/las..
* It´s not right (for someone) to (verb) → no está bien (verbo)

UNIT 5
LESSON A – Expressions to show surprise or Very surprised
▪ No kidding → En serio… * Wow
▪ That´s (really) surprising → Eso es sorprendente * That´s amazing/astonishing → asombroso
▪ I´m (really) surprised to hear that → Estoy sorprendido de escuchar eso * Imagine that (formal)
▪ I find that quite surprising (formal) → Me parece bastante sorprendente
LESSON B – EXPRESSING HOPES ABOUT THE FUTURE
▪ I (really) hope (that)… → Yo realmente espero que…
▪ I´m hoping (that).. → Espero que…
▪ It would be nice/great/wonderful/ideal if… → Sería bueno/genial/maravilloso si…

UNIT 6
LESSON A: Fillers (think about what we want to say next) Informal or More formal
▪ ...umm…. * …let me think…
▪ …oh, you know… * …just a moment…
▪ …hang on… → Espera… * …how should I put it… → …Como deberia ponerlo…
▪ …it´s on the tip of my tongue… * …oh, what´s the word…
LESSON B: Lack ok knowledge (falta de conocimiento) Algo que es nuevo para ti
▪ I had no idea (that)… → No tenía ni idea
▪ I never knew (that)… → Nunca supe que…
▪ I didn´t realize (that)… → No me di cuenta que…
▪ I wasn´t aware (that)… → No estaba al tanto que….