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 ASHRAE DL Lecture
ASHRAE VIETNAM Sub Chapter
21st May 2023

Optimum Services Design

Involving HVAC,IBMS Parameters
Systems and its Effect on the
Efficiency of Buildings
Satish N Iyengar
Services Consultants
+91 9844242264
www.servicesconsultants.in

The content presented here does not necessarily reflect the views of ASHRAE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Various Systems
2 Sensors
3. Valves & Actuators
3. Analog & Digital controllers
5. Input / Output summary for BMS
6. System Architecture
7. Protocols
 Typical Energy Consumption

Typical Water Consumption

Consumption
 MEP Systems

1. HVAC
2. LIGHTING
3. PHE
4. ELECTRICAL
5. LIFE and SAFETY
6. FIRE FIGHTING
7. ELEVATORS

INTEGRATION OF ABOVE ALL TO ACHIEVE THE

OBJECTIVES
 HVAC
What Can be Integrated and
controlled
1. In conditioned space
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Fresh air
• Exhaust
• IAQ
2. Other Equipments
Air Handling Devices
Pumps
Chillers
Cooling Tower.
Terminals
 PHE

• PUMPS - On/Off, Speed,

• VALVES -On/Off, Modulating
• WTP - Water quality, PH,Turbidity
TDS,
• STP -water level,BOD and COD
• Water Tanks- High / low levels.
 ELECTRICAL
• Switchgear - On/Off, Fault tripping,
• Voltage - Monitoring And correction
• Current - Monitoring
• Power -Consumption of
Individual feeders
• Power Factor – Monitoring and correction.
• Harmonics - Monitoring and correction
• Scada - All Monitoring
• Generators- Monitoring and Control
 LIFE and SAFETY
• Access - Monitoring And control-
population and unauthorised entry
– Unlimited access possibilities
• All users can have their own user name and
password
• User access levels and rights can be “defined”.

• CCTV - Monitoring And control -

• Occupancy - Monitoring –sensors,social
distancing, Occupancy
counters
• Gas -Monitoring-LPG, CO, Co2,FA,IAQ
 FIRE Fighting
• Fire alarm - Monitoring And control-
Ahus, Dampers, Doors,
• Pumps - Monitoring And control
• sprinklers - Monitoring sensors, headers
pressure,
• LIFT Shafts -Monitoring- Pressurisation,
• Staircases -Monitoring- Pressurisation,
• PA - Monitoring
• Tanks - High/ Low levels
 ELEVATORS

• Operation - Monitoring And control-

• Sequencing - Monitoring And control
• ARD - Monitoring
• Access - Monitoring-
 Efficency
• Chillers – 0.4 IKW/TR to 0.70 IKW/TR
• Pumps 50% to 85%
• AHU/ FCU,s ceiling Units 45% to 70%
• Cooling Towers 60% to 75%
• Lighting 90 to 95% (150-200 lumens /watt)
• Elevators 60 to 90%
• Transformers 90 to 99 %
• Water treatment plant 60to 90%
• Waste water treatment plant70 to 90%
• Dg sets50 to 80%
• STP 60 to 80%
Passive Sensors

• Physical property of sensing element changes with change in the

value of the controlled parameter
• Example: Change in resistance of the sensor with change in
temperature

– Negative Temperature Coefficient Sensors (NTC)

• Resistance decreases with increasing temperature and vice-versa
(synthetic / silica based sensors)

– Positive Temperature Coefficient Sensors (PTC)

• Resistance increases with increasing temperature and vice-versa
(Platinum sensing element Pt-100, Pt - 500, Alloys of nickel etc.,)
Active Sensors

• Physical property of sensing element changes that are converted

electronically via an in-built transducer to an industry standard signal
such as 0-10 V DC signal or 4 – 20 ma current signal.

• Example : Change in conductance / impedance of an RH sensor

converted to a 0-10 V DC signal

• Usually the 0-10 VC DC (or 4 to 20 ma) signal is over the entire

measuring range of the signal.
– (0 – 10 V DC over 0-100% RH),
– (0 – 10 V DC over 0 – 1000 Pascal)
– (0 – 10 V DC over 0 – 2 Bar)
Types of Sensors

T
Duct Temperature Sensor

Room Temperature Sensor

Dp
Dp

T
Types of Sensors

Duct Temp + RH Sensor T/RH

Room Temp + RH Sensor

Dp
Dp

T/RH
Pand I Diagrams
T/RH OA TEMPERATURE & RH SENSOR
T/RH
IP 65 / 66 RATED

Dp
Dp

T/RH

THY

•Monitoring
•Free cooling under favourable conditions
•Summer / winter compensation based on OA temperature
Sensoring

T/RH

T/RH

Duct Velocity Sensor RH

Dp
Dp

V Dp
T/RH

VSD
Dp
THY
Duct Velocity Sensor – Used to
measure airflow
 Sensoring

T
Dp Dp

Conditioned Space

H –O –A

• The fan operates automatically on weekdays when the H-O-A switch is in

Auto position. ‘Run’ situation is monitored by Dp switch
• AHU Filter is monitored by a Dp switch
• A control valve modulates the flow of chilled water through the coil
based on a temperature sensor mounted on the RA duct
IAQ Sensor
T/RH

T/RH
CO2

RH
Duct CO2 Sensor
Dp
Dp

V Dp
T/RH

VSD
Dp
THY
Duct CO2 sensor – Used to
modulate OA based on CO2
contamination inside conditioned
space
Variant – Duct VOC (Volatile
Organic Compound) sensor
 FIRE
sensor
T/RH

T/RH
CO2

Duct Smoke detector

Dp
Dp

V Dp
T/RH

VSD
Dp
THY

Duct Smoke detector – To initiate

“fire / smoke” logic
PI Loop
Diagram
T/RH OA, RA, EA Motorized
Damper & Actuators T/RH
CO2

RH

Dp
Dp

V Dp
T/RH

VSD
Dp
THY
Motorized OA, RA and EA
damper with actuators can be
used to provide free-cooling
when OA is favourable
 Other Sensoring
Devices

Automatic Start of Domestic Water

Pumps – Water side Dp Switch

Tank Level Monitoring – Water side Dp

Sensor
Digital Control System

• Characteristics
– Controllers can handle multiple sensors, multiple controlled devices
– Centralized monitoring and control of all HVAC equipment.An
Integrated Building Management System can handle multiple
services
– Controllers can communicate amongst themselves. Complicated control
strategies (many chillers, cooling towers and pumps can be programed
for coordinated functionality)
– Global commands are possible.
• One OA DBT sensor can be used for the project to introduce Summer /
Winter compensation strategy for all AHUs
• One OA enthalpy sensor can be used to introduce free cooling strategy for all
AHUs
• Master / Slave arrangement for multiple equipment is possible
• Duty / Standby arrangement of pumps is easily possible
 Chiller Control

The chiller microprocessor carries out several automatic control

tasks

–High Pressure Cut Out

• Stops the chiller when the condensing pressure goes higher than set value
–Low Pressure Cut Out
• Stops the chiller when the evaporating pressure goes lower than set value
–Oil Pressure Cut Out
• After chiller start sequence, if the oil pressure does not build up, stops the
chiller
–Antifreeze thermostat
• In case the supply fluid temperature reaches alarmingly low values, the chiller
stops
 Chiller Control
–Anti-cycle timer
• Prevents the chiller to start immediately (up to a pre-determined time span)
after the chiller has stopped for whatever reason. No false starts

–Flow Switch
• If the flow switch on the discharge line does not make contact, the chiller is
prevented from running

–Duty Cycling of compressors

• Wherever multi compressors are involved, the microprocessor “rotates” the lead
and the lag compressors to share the duties equally. Should one compressor
‘trip’, the microprocessor automatically switches on the standby compressor
 Chiller Control

–Demand Limit
• In locations, where there is dual tariff for electrical consumption,
microprocessor can be programmed to limit its production to a fraction of
its full capacity at times when the higher tariff is applicable
• When a generator that does not meet full connected load is in operation,
chiller can be made to limit its capacity
–Capacity Control
• With reduced loads (partial load), chiller is made to produce only that
much capacity as is required by the building.
–Integration with 3rd party BMS
• The microprocessor must also be supported with suitable routers or
gateways (dealt later) to communicate with a 3rd party BMS for operation,
monitoring and troubleshooting
DDC (Direct Digital Control)
– The DDC takes a centralized network oriented
approach
– Even though the concept takes a “centralized” approach,
the controllers at local levels are expected to handle the
automation tasks with full autonomy, the “intelligence”
being distributed at various levels with little or no
dependence on the centralized controller – usually a
computer
– The centralized controller is often left with handling
supervisory tasks or some high level data acquisition such
as, trends, graphics, alarms and event logs
Input / Output Summary

– For automating an Air Handling Unit (example), the first step is to

establish the Input / Output summary
– These are “points” that are mandatory to be considered for the AHU
to run automatically based on a pre-programmed strategy as detailed
by the user of the premises.
– The I/O summary identifies “hard-wired” points that are wired to the
DDC controller from and to peripheral devices. They are electrically
linked to the DDC Panel.
• Examples  A temperature sensor, a control valve, AHU motor
– Besides these hard-wired points, the DDC controllers have to handle
certain “software” points that are not identified in the I/O summary.
These software points are part of the control strategy, however are not
permanently wired to the controller.
• Examples  Set point, Proportional Band, Off set
 Input / Output Summary
• Understanding Inputs and Outputs
– The three basic components of any control loop are the sensor, controller and
controlled device
– The CONTROLLER RECEIVES the information from the sensor. Any
information COMING FROM THE FIELD to the controller is an INPUT
• A continuously varying parameter such as temperature or
• An intermittently activated component such as the “AUTO” position of an AHU Motor
Manual – Off – Auto switch (deactivated when in “Manual” or “Off” position) or
• The differential pressure switch across the filter making a contact indicating the filter is
dirty (or breaking the contact when clean)
– Based on the strategy ‘written’ in the controller, the CONTROLLER COMMANDS a
device as corrective action. Any instruction GOINGTO THE FIELD from the controller
is an OUTPUT
• The controller instructs the AHU motor to start at 8 AM and stop at 7PM on all weekdays
or
• Modulate the flow of chilled water through the coil based on temperature in the zone
Input / Output Summary
• Understanding Inputs and Outputs
– Let us find out how to arrive at a bare minimum point list for an
AHU described as under:-
• Automatic functions will take place only when the “Manual (sometimes
referred to as “Hand”) – Off – Auto switch in the panel fascia is in
“AUTO” position. (popularly known as “H-O-A” or “M-O-A” switch)
• AHU motor will “start” at 8 AM and “stop” at 7 PM on all weekdays
• Motor “running” (or not running) based on contact established (not
stablished) by a DP switch located in the fan section
• Cooling Only, chilled water valve modulates flow of chilled water
based on zone conditions
• Zone temperature represented by a sensor located in the common return
air duct
• Filter “dirty” or “not-dirty”. If, “dirty” raise an alarm on the BMS screen at
the computer
 Input / Output Summary
• Understanding Inputs and Outputs
• An “ANALOG INPUT” (AI) is information of a parameter that goes from a
sensor located in the field to the controller
– Temperature,
– RH,
– Temperature + RH (Enthalpy),
– Pressure,
– Differential pressure (read from a SENSOR that conveys instantaneous value),
– Air quality, (CO2, VOC)
– Air velocity,
– Feedback from a modulating actuator (valve / damper),
– Feedback of from a Variable Speed Drive,
– A temperature set point or an off-set from a room mounted potentiometer,
– Water flow rate from a flow meter
• Usually a 0-10 V DC signal from field device to the DDC controller (sometimes
a 4 – 20 ma signal)
• In some cases a passive temperature sensor to DDC controller
Input / Output Summary

• An “ANALOG OUTPUT” (AO) is a command that goes from

the controller to a field mounted component
– Movement of a valve actuator anywhere between 0 – 100% open
– Movement of a damper actuator anywhere between 0 – 100% open
– The operation of a thyristor connected to a heater battery
– Speed variation of an AHU fan / pump / cooling tower fan / exhaust fan

• Usually a 0-10 V DC signal from the DDC controller to the field

device (sometimes a 4 – 20 ma signal)
 Input / Output Summary
• An “DIGITAL INPUT” (DI) (also known as BINARY INPUT - BI) is
information from the field to the controller, conveyed as a VOLT FREE
SIGNAL
– Auto position of “Hand – Off – Auto” Switch
– “Bypass”, “Hand” position of “Hand – Off – Bypass – Auto” switch
– Differential pressure (from a DP SWITCH) that conveys if a filter is dirty or not dirty,
a motor is running or not running
– Volt free contacts from starter panels of motors to indicate “run” / “trip” status form
direct driven motors (chillers, pumps, CTs etc)
– Volt free contacts from power panels of electric heaters / lighting contactors
– Open / Close status of two position valve / damper actuators
• DDC controllers can accept only Volt-free signals. Any volt-filled
source that is fed to the DDC panel must be rendered volt-free by using
a relay
 Input / Output Summary

• An “DIGITAL OUTPUT” (DO) (also known as BINARY OUTPUT -

BO) is a command from the controller, to the field conveyed as a VOLT
FREE SIGNAL. A relay in the panel must be used to route the power back
to the starter / equipment panel
– Start / Stop command for AHUs, Pumps, CTs, Electric heater contactors,
humidifier contactors, lighting contactors
– Enable / disable command to chillers
– Open / close command to two position actuators of valves/ dampers
IBMS (Integrated Building Management
System)
– The functioning of an HVAC equipment differs on a day to
day basis, on an hourly basis and on seasonal / natural
occurrences thereby demanding a high degree of
automation to maintain more or less uniform conditions
inside the space throughout the year irrespective of all such
changes (complicated control strategies)

– Hence, in all major projects, the BMS (Building

Management System) – as a minimum – takes care of the
automation of the entire Services
IBMS (Integrated Building Management
System)
– While the central computer is used as an interface for the “control
and monitoring” of the services
– In some cases, other “systems” such as fire, electrical lighting,
access control can have their own independence while still being
operable from the same central computer
– In other instances, these services can be used for inter-related
functions between services making the system an Integrated
Building Management System
– Example  The access control system detecting an employee
working on a holiday, lights up the passage, permits the elevator
to reach the appropriate floor, starts the A/C and provides lighting
to his / her workstation. (Here, the access control system,
elevators, lighting and HVAC are “integrated”)
 IBMS Architecture
• • The Process Level

Communication Bus (Trunk / Network / DDC LAN

DDC DDC DDC DDC DDC

• AHUs / Chillers / Cooling Towers / Complicated Control Strategies

• Normally comes with a Real Time Clock (& Peer to Peer Communication)
• Freely Programmable
• Extension Modules Possible
• Proprietary Protocols / Open Protocols
• Number of controllers per communication bus depends on point handling
capability of supervisory controller
The architecture shown here is only representative.
IBMS Architecture
• The Supervisory Level

Supervisory controllers linked to HMI via

Proprietary or Building Network (TCP/IP)

Supervisory controller
Extension Modules on local
Bus

DDC trunk (Proprietary or Open protocol such as Bacnet

/MSTP or Lonworks)
The architecture shown here is only representative.
 Protocols
• Why are “open” protocols required?
– The customer does not get “LOCKED” to a vendor
– Interoperability and interchangeability gives a lot of freedom to the customer
during ‘retrofit’ and expansion stages of a project
– Promotes standardization.
– Engineering, installation, testing and commissioning becomes easy as all
technical personnel will deal with the situation in a familiar way
 Protocols
• What is BACNET and how does BACNET fit into “OPEN”
systems?
– BACNET  Building Automation and Control Network
– BACNET is an ASHRAE defined protocol
– The protocol was introduced with no commercial intention and
hence remains totally vendor independent
– BACNET can be adapted by all types of building services. Other
services such as Fire detection / Electrical meters / VFDs actively
consider BACNET as a preferred choice or have developed suitable
“routers” / “gateways” to communicate with HVAC equipment /
automation via BACNET
– BACNET can be adapted at all levels of the BMS hierarchy
including peripheral devices. This practice promotes complete
interoperability and allows total flexibility at site
– BMS vendors invent and innovate new peripherals / controllers on a
BACNET platform.
 THANK YOU

Satish N Iyengar
harekrishnabangalore@yahoo.com