Ccje Bs Criminology Camacho

AWARENESS ON PROHIBITED ACTS OF R.A.
10175 AMONG THE

RESIDENTS OF CALAUAN, LAGUNA
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
Laguna State Polytechnic University
San Pablo City Campus
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By:
JOHN CHRISTIAN L. CAMACHO

2024
Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
College of Criminal Justice Education
Approval Sheet
This research entitled “AWARENESS ON THE PROHIBITED ACTS
OF R.A.10175 AMONG THE RESIDENTS OF CALAUAN,LAGUNA,” prepared
and submitted by CAMACHO, JOHN CHRISTIAN L. in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Criminology, is hereby recommended for approval
and acceptance.
GELBERT A. LLANTO, PhD
Thesis Adviser
-----------------------------------------------------------
Approved and Accepted by the Committee on Oral
Examination with a grade of_____.
JENNIFER N. REFIGUIA, MSCJ RICHIE ROSAS S. VELASQUEZ, MSCJ

Member Member
ALLENE PASIA, MA MENCHIE B. ELLAMIL, MAEd

Member Member
JENNIFER A. VALDEZ, MSCJ

Research Coordinator
-----------------------------------------------------------
Accepted and Approved in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
CRIMINOLOGY.
MARLON M. WANKEY, PhD
Dean, CCJE
DELON A. CHING, EdD Date signed

Director/Chairperson, Research & Development
RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION NO.

Thesis Abstract
3
THESIS ABSTRACT
The rapid innovation in the internet world has created new
opportunities and threats in the form of criminality. Crime
existed not only in real society but also in cyberspace. This
study determined the level of awareness among the residents
of Calauan, Laguna, regarding the prohibited acts included
under R.A. 10175. It also identifies the different factors
that affect the resident’s awareness regarding this. Using
the quantitative approach through a descriptive research
design, it was used to measure Calauan, Laguna, residents'
awareness of R.A. 10175 by administering a survey
questionnaire with the goal of linking the respondents'
assessments and evaluating the data. The study used a
convenient quota sampling technique; data from the sixty (60)
respondents was counted, tabulated, and analyzed using an
overall weighted means and f-test, recorded, and given in
tabular form with a matching interpretation. The findings
show that participants are highly aware of the prohibited
acts of R.A. 10175, such as confidentiality, availability,
and integrity of computer data and systems, as well as
computer-related and content-related crimes. The study also
found that there is a significant difference, particularly in
content-related offenses. Apart from that, the residents of
the community strongly agreed about the different factors

Thesis Abstract
4
that affect the level of awareness of the offenses mentioned
above. In conclusion, the authority effectively conducted
spreading of awareness that resulting to being well conscious
of the residents. Moreover, there is a significant
difference, specifically in content-related crimes, for the
reason that some topics were almost the same with only slight
differences. In addition, despite being aware, the residents
strongly agreed on the different factors since not all of
them have the same level of learning and some residents are
placed in remote areas. Regardless of having high
consciousness, the researcher recommended to the authority
that they maintain or much better enhance their strategy to
spread awareness by considering the factors that affect the
consciousness of the residents.
Keywords: Computer-related offenses, Content-related
offenses, Cybercrime, and Prohibited acts

Acknowledgment
5
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study would not have been possible without the
guidance and help of these individuals in its preparation.
To my research adviser, Dr. Gelbert A. Llanto, for his
contribution to improving my study. His continuous support,
guidance, and immense knowledge helped make this research
possible;
To my research panel chairwoman, Ms. Richie Rosas
Velasquez, for giving criticism and making this study
valuable;
To my research subject specialist, Mrs. Jennifer M.
Nayoyos-Refugia, for imparting her knowledge and expertise in
this study. Also, in giving her efforts, insight, comments,
and suggestions;
To Dr. Marlon M. Wankey, as a dean of the College of
Criminal Justice Education, for sharing and giving his ideas,
patience, and support to improve the technical dimension of
this study;
To Mr. Allen Pasia, the statistician, for his assistance
in evaluating the data that helped obtain information and the
study’s result;
To Mrs. Menchie B. Ellamil, the language critic, for
sharing her pearls of wisdom and giving valuable insights and
suggestions for further improvement of this research;

Acknowledgment
6
To the respondents, who have spent some time, effort,
and cooperation in answering the survey guide questions;
To my family, who gave all the spiritual, financial, and
moral support that I needed;
Above all, to Almighty God, who gave me the divine
knowledge to survive upon the completion of this research
work.
- J. C. L. C.
Dedication
7
DEDICATION
This
study is
wholeheartedly
dedicated to my beloved
parents, who have been my source
of inspiration and gave me strength when I
thought of giving up. They continually provide their
moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support. To my
siblings, relatives, friends, and classmates who shared
their words of advice and encouragement to finish
this study. And lastly, to Almighty God,
thank you for the guidance, strength,
power of mind, protection, and
skills, and for giving
me a healthy life.
All of this
is for
you.
Christian
Table of Contents
8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ................................................. 1
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................. 2
THESIS ABSTRACT ............................................ 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................. 4
DEDICATION ................................................. 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................... 8
LIST OF TABLES ............................................ 11
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................... 13
Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study ............................. 14
Objectives of the Study ............................. 27
Significance of the Study ........................... 28
Theoretical Framework ............................... 29
Conceptual Framework ................................ 32
Research Paradigm ................................... 36
Statement of the Problem ............................ 38
Definition of Terms ................................. 39
2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design and Methodology ..................... 41
Population and Locale of the Study .................. 42
Data Gathering Tools ................................43
Data Gathering Procedure ............................ 44

Table of Contents
9
Treatment of Data ...................................45
3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
I. Level of Awareness of Prohibited Acts of
R.A 10175 among the residents
of Calauan, Laguna ............................ 47
A. Offenses against the confidentiality,
integrity, availability of
computer data and
systems .....................................48
B. Computer-related offenses ................... 52
C. Content-related offenses .................... 56
II. Significant difference in the level of
awareness of prohibited acts of
R.A. 10175 among the
Residents .....................................62
III. Factors affecting the level of awareness
of the prohibited acts of R.A. 10175
among the residents of
Calauan, Laguna ............................... 65
4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusions ......................................... 68
Recommendations ..................................... 70
REFERENCES............................................... 72
APPENDICES............................................... 81
Table of Contents
10
Validation Letter ...................................81
Letter to Conduct ...................................82
Survey Questionnaire ................................ 83
Raw Data ............................................ 92
Documentation .......................................95
CURRICULUM VITAE..........................................99
List of Tables
11
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Title Page
1 Frequency and Percentage of
Population of the
Study .................................... 42
2 Level of Awareness on Prohibited Acts
of R.A. 10175 Among the Residents
of Laguna in terms of Offenses
against the confidentiality,
integrity and availability
of computer Data
and systems ............................... 50
of Laguna in terms of
computer-related
offenses ................................. 54
of Laguna in terms of
content-related
offenses 58
5 Significant difference on the level
of awareness on Prohibited acts

List of Tables
12
of R.A. 10175 in Calauan,
Laguna ................................... 64
6 Factors affecting the level of
awareness of the Community
regarding Cybercrime
Offense .................................. 68
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure No. Table Title Page
1 Paradigm of the Study ................ 37

The Problem
14
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
Technology has become extremely popular with everyone.
People are utilizing gadgets to have a convenient life. With
the use of technology, people can still stay in touch or build
bonds with people around the world. However, mishandling of
technology or gadgets might lead to cybercrime. Cybercrime is
a crime that involves cellphones, computers, any gadgets that
can be used as the subject of a crime, or a device that can
keep the evidence of the crime. Cybercrime also refers to
wrongdoings or criminal activities that can be committed on
the internet for personal gain (Sharma, 2019). In addition,
cybercrime is a major global problem that requires responses
both technically and legally. Information needs to be
protected and used decently to stand up for its value creation
as a significant asset (Stanciu & Tinca, 2017).
A notable international study on the impact of
ransomware attacks on confidentiality, integrity, and
availability is presented in the article "An Empirical Study
of Ransomware Attacks on Organizations," published in the
journal Cybersecurity. This study analyzes 55 ransomware
cases from 50 organizations in the UK and North America,
highlighting the severe consequences of these attacks on data

The Problem
15
confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The study
provides insights into the extent of the damage and the
effectiveness of different mitigation strategies (Wall,
2020).
The study by Rozman (2014) found that increased news
coverage on cyber security threats. The role of media in
shaping cyber security awareness and any changes in personal
security practices. Media plays crucial roles in increasing
public awareness of cyber security principles, including the
CIA triad through information dissemination, public
incidents, expert opinions, and educational content.
Moreover, the European Union Cyber Security Agency
(2021) provides that the media plays an important role in
communities by keeping a close eye on governments and ensuring
people are aware of decisions that directly impact their daily
lives. By acting as a powerful amplifier of public messaging,
it emphasizes the importance of implementing strong cyber
security policies. Cooperation with the media contributes to
raising society-wide awareness of the threats posed by the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and IT
systems, thereby promoting public understanding and response
to cybercrime.
The study, "Understanding and Mitigating Cross-Border
Threats to the CIA Triad: A Global Perspective," investigates

The Problem
16
the challenges of safeguarding confidentiality, integrity,
and availability in an international context. By analyzing
case studies, empirical research, and expert insights, it
reveals the pervasive risks posed by cross-border cyber
threats and emphasizes the importance of tailored strategies
for effective mitigation. International collaboration is
identified as crucial for bolstering cybersecurity
resilience, but overcoming barriers such as divergent
national interests and regulatory complexities is essential
for meaningful progress (Smith, 2023).
Based on the discussion by Samonas (2014), cybercrime
includes a variety of crimes that pose serious threats to the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer
systems and data. A breach of confidentiality involves
unauthorized access to or disclosure of confidential
information, putting privacy and confidentiality at risk.
According to Babina (2014), with the increasing of
incidents regarding computer-related crimes, awareness of
illegal activities such as unauthorized access, interception,
and misuse of equipment can be enhanced through personal
encounters such as witnessing or witnessing crimes,
exchanging information with others, and discussing how to
protect against these types of crimes.
Additionally, posters and flyers have proven to be

The Problem
17
effective tools for spreading information about computer-
related crimes. They can reach a broad audience and help
people easily receive and remember cybersecurity information.
These educational efforts contribute to raising awareness and
provide the community with the confidence to implement
preventive measures to protect themselves against computer-
related crimes (Okon, 2019).
Kemp (2021) highlights that as cybercrime, fraud, and
identity theft activities and opportunities increase, there
has been a rise in the number of victims. Consequently, there
is now widespread awareness of these issues.
Some people experience interference from hacking, while
others are affected by eavesdropping, something the older
generation did not experience. Computer crime, including
counterfeiting, fraud, and identity theft, has wide-ranging
consequences. They can cause financial devastation for
individuals, damage business reputations, and erode trust in
online interactions. These crimes highlight the urgent need
for enhanced cybersecurity measures, increased awareness, and
effective law enforcement to mitigate the impact and protect
individuals and organizations from the devastation of
cybercrime (Das, 2014).
Computer-related offenses, including forgery, fraud, and
identity theft, have wide-ranging consequences. These

The Problem
18
offenses highlight the urgent need for enhanced cybersecurity
measures, increased awareness, and effective law enforcement
to mitigate the impacts and protect individuals and
organizations from the devastating effects of cybercrime
(Nayak, 2014).
Content-related crimes are increasing day by day.
Cybercriminals exploit and victimize individuals, leaving
lasting emotional scars and psychological damage. These
offenses damage reputations, destroy careers, and disrupt
personal lives. They destroy trust in online platforms,
hinder freedom of expression, and harm the safety and
wellbeing of individuals (Goni, 2022).
Furthermore, the study of Sadhu (2022) found that
awareness levels of cybercrime vary significantly among
different demographics. Younger individuals (18–34 years old)
are generally more aware of cyber security risks compared to
older age groups. Additionally, gender differences were
observed, with women showing higher awareness in certain
areas. Urban residents also exhibited higher levels of
cybercrime awareness than those in rural areas. These
findings highlight the necessity for targeted educational
initiatives to improve cybercrime awareness across all
demographic groups.
Moreover, Holtfreter (2019) suggests that law

The Problem
19
enforcement efforts, such as organizing seminars or awareness
campaigns, may have played a role in spreading public
knowledge and awareness of various types of cybercrime,
including content-related crime.
In addition, according to Zakaria and Harun (2020), the
purpose of this research is to promote helpful and academic
shared writing behaviors by raising awareness of cyber
defamation cases among adolescents, which can differ
practically from early adult perspectives. These results
ought to serve as the basis for the first steps in raising
awareness of cyberdefamation among our pupils.
According to Li (2021), computer use is rising.
Cybercrime has become increasingly prominent in today's
culture, enabling the occurrence of a wide range of cybercrime
that can be experienced over the internet. Assault by Threat,
Child Pornography, Cyber Contraband, Cyber Theft, Cyber
Trespass, Cyber Vandalism, Cyber Stalking, and Cyber
Terrorism are examples of cybercrimes that involve electronic
fraud, device misuse, identity theft, and data theft, as well
as system interference and the tools used for their respective
purposes.
Chatterjee (2023) examined youth pornography in India
for content-related violations. In Delhi, researchers studied
the psychological impact of online pornography on young

The Problem
20
people who engage in sexual activities on websites that
benefit these groups. According to a previous study, girls
are at risk of being exploited for entertainment on
pornographic websites and have the opportunity to make money
online in countries such as Ecuador, Belgium, and China. While
international standards are still being developed, it is
known that every country faces censorship issues regarding
the use of these online sites, as their content is less widely
reported and accessed on the Internet.
In addition, Bailey & Hsieh-Yee (2020) sought to improve
our understanding of the phenomenon of information sharing,
especially when it comes to disinformation, and to show that
information literacy is the best line of defense against
disinformation. They present a conceptual framework for
understanding why people share information, especially
misinformation, using examples from social media and other
digital communication channels. The consequences of sharing
false information are also discussed. These lead to literacy
strategies that equip information users with the knowledge
and skills to evaluate, process, and respond effectively to
shared information. Therefore, it raises the awareness of the
community about the false information about how they dealt
with it.
Zakaria (2020) confirmed this, stating that their study

The Problem
21
aims to raise awareness about cyber defamation among young
people. The rapid growth of information and communication
technology has profoundly changed their daily lives. The
study emphasizes the need for young adults to shift their
focus towards fostering constructive and scholarly writing
habits from an early age, leading to increased individual
awareness.
Based on the study of adolescent perceptions of cybersex
and its impact on communication with parents, through surveys
and interviews, it reveals that both adolescents and parents
recognize cybersex as risky but feel uncomfortable discussing
it. The findings underscore the importance of fostering open
communication and implementing comprehensive education
programs to address cybersex among adolescents effectively
(Subrahmanya, 2014).
Since there’s a rapid growth of modernization, a
Comprehensive Approach to Combatting Threats to the CIA
Triad" explores the challenges and strategies involved in
protecting the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
of information systems in the Philippines. It examines the
country's unique socio-economic and technological landscape,
analyzes factors such as rapid digitization and cybersecurity
regulations, and proposes practical recommendations for
organizations and policymakers. Additionally, it emphasizes

The Problem
22
the importance of education and awareness programs in
fostering a culture of cybersecurity resilience. Overall, the
thesis aims to contribute to the broader discourse on
cybersecurity governance and resilience in the Southeast
Asian region (Santos, 2023).
The most noteworthy recorded cybercrime cases within the
Philippines in 2019 were recorded in Locale 7, which had 1.4
million casualties of crimes regarding the CIA triad. It has
652.2 thousand individuals who have not been casualties of
any kind of cybercrime in that locale (Measurements Inquire
about Office, 2021).
On the other hand, Arasa (2024) investigates cyber
threats and their impact on national security in the
Philippines. Through analyzing recent cyber incidents and
consulting experts and government officials, it uncovers the
motivations behind cybercriminal activities, such as
financial gain and political agendas. The study highlights a
notable case involving an attempted breach of DNS.GOV.PH,
showcasing the vulnerability of government websites.
Additionally, it explores how online platforms facilitate
terrorist activities, emphasizing the need for proactive
measures to address cyber risks. Recommendations include
strengthening cybersecurity infrastructure, raising public
awareness, and fostering collaboration between government

The Problem
23
agencies and international partners to protect national
security effectively.
The Philippine National Police Anti-Cybercrime Bunch
uncovered that the types of cybercrime that have a high rate
are online tricks, online slander, computer-related
burglaries, anti-photo and video voyeurism, and illicit
access to one's account. Villarin, who is the representative,
expressed that a web trick was committed through online
shopping, wherein the criminal would fair get the money of
the casualty (buyer) and not send the thing. Online slander
is connected to giving untruthful data that will devastate
your notoriety. Villarin also expressed that, in terms of
illicit access, having access to one's account can be utilized
for tricks and sexual abuse (CNN Philippines Staff, 2020).
The Philippine National Police's Anti-Cybercrime Group
has directed all of its regional anti-cybercrime units and
district offices in the National Capital Region to take part
in this initiative simultaneously by posting infographic
stickers with QR codes at strategic locations. These stickers
will direct people to the ACG's Facebook page and website,
which will provide information on how to avoid becoming a
victim of cybercrime. Additionally, small company owners and
a variety of force multipliers received seminars on
cybercrime awareness. In addition, flyer-sand brochures were

The Problem
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distributed to spectators in shopping centers, bus stops, and
other places (De Leon, 2022).
In the era of digital advancement, computer-related
crime presents a substantial hurdle globally, endangering
individuals, businesses, and governments alike. Despite the
Philippines' burgeoning digital infrastructure and expanding
internet usage, it remains vulnerable to these dangers. This
thesis endeavors to explore the realm of computer-related
crime within the Philippines, delving into its frequency,
characteristics, ramifications, and current preventative
measures. By thoroughly scrutinizing accessible data, case
studies, and pertinent literature, this research endeavors to
offer a nuanced understanding of cybercrime dynamics in the
Philippines, culminating in actionable strategies for its
deterrence and containment (Sosa, 2024).
Based on the discussion of Drew (2020), the diverse
nature of victimization experienced by communities in the
Philippines due to computer-related crimes. Through detailed
case studies spanning rural, urban, and suburban contexts,
the study uncovers varying victim profiles, vulnerabilities,
and impacts across different types of cybercrimes. Despite
these challenges, communities demonstrate resilience through
responses such as reporting incidents, seeking support from
local networks, and implementing preventive measures.

The Problem
25
However, limited access to resources and support services
underscores the need for targeted interventions and enhanced
collaboration between stakeholders. The study emphasizes the
importance of tailored cybersecurity education, local support
networks, and robust legal frameworks to address the specific
needs of communities and foster a culture of cyber safety in
the Philippines.
Moreover, the study by Henderson (2017) highlighted the
Philippines' significant role in the cybersex trafficking of
children on a global scale. Data from law enforcement agencies
worldwide revealed that the country received over eight times
more referrals than any other nation during the period of
2010–2017, emphasizing the critical need for concerted
international action to address this issue and safeguard
vulnerable children.
Moreover, Mseuf (2019) concluded that there was a high
level of awareness about cybersex among the youth in Lucena
City. However, an information dissemination campaign was
still recommended to further strengthen this awareness and
prevent the occurrence of cybersex, especially among the most
vulnerable youth. The campaign should focus on educating
youth about the risks, legal consequences, and moral
implications of engaging in cybersex.
According to the study of Francisco (2016), online libel

The Problem
26
as the foremost reported cybercrime in the Philippines during
2016 marked a notable shift in the cyber landscape,
potentially reflecting changing societal dynamics alongside
technological advancements. This shift underscores the
importance of maintaining vigilance against cyber threats
while also ensuring that measures taken to combat them uphold
principles of fairness and justice, particularly in the
context of preserving freedom of expression and safeguarding
against potential misuse of laws designed to protect
individuals from harm.
According to the information assembled from Territorial
Hostile to Cybercrime Unit 4A (2018), there were 1008 detailed
cybercrime cases in Calabarzon and 430 cases that were
detailed in Laguna. In 2020 and 2021, cybercrime cases
developed. There are 2,579 detailed cybercrime cases in
Calabarzon and 997 detailed cases in Laguna. The foremost, as
often as possible, detailed cases are swindling (Estafa),
which is a web trick, computer-related character robbery, and
online criticism.
In addition, Balita (2021) Philippines saw its highest
number of cybercrime incidents among individuals who fell
victim to fraudulent SMS or text scams, totaling about 2.4
million. Other cybercrimes prevalent in the area included
hacking, phishing, and cyberbullying.

The Problem
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According to the PNP-Cybercrime Unit in Laguna (2023),
there were 35 incidents regarding fraud and illegal access.
Despite numerous reports about people being imprisoned for
committing this crime, there are still those who continue to
disobey.
Moreover, according to the incident report of the LGU in Brgy.
Mabacan, Brgy. Perez, and Brgy. Prinza, there are a total of
4 incidents in different offenses regarding R.A. 10175
(Personal Communication, 2023).
Objectives of the Study
This study assessed the awareness of the prohibited acts
as stipulated in R.A. 10175 among the residents of Calauan,
Laguna, in terms of offenses against confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of computer data and systems,
computer-related offenses, and content-related offenses.
Specifically, to determine if there is any significant
difference in the level of awareness of prohibited acts under
R.A. 10175 among the residents of Calauan, Laguna, as
stipulated in R.A. 10175 among the residents of Calauan,
Laguna, and to find out the factors that could be affecting
residents’ awareness. To this end, the study also wants to
discover different ways of expanding the level of awareness
of the Prohibited Acts of R.A. 10175 in the locale of Calauan,
Laguna.
The Problem
28
Significance of the Study
The study was conducted meaningfully to serve and give
benefits to the following:
Community. This study will provide awareness and
knowledge to the community regarding the prohibited acts of
Republic Act 10175 through the distribution of flyers. It can
use them to prevent such offenses and report cases such as
cybercrimes to the authorities.
Online Users. This study will raise awareness among
online users about the crimes that might happen to them. It
will also contribute to their safety and what their limits
are when using the internet.
Policymakers. This study will serve as one of the bases
on which they will receive information about the level of
awareness of prohibited acts under R.A. 10175, which will be
useful for determining what needs to be changed about them.
Philippine National Police Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP
ACG). The study would help the PNP-ACG better understand the
factors that influence the level of awareness of cybercrime
among the residents of Laguna. It will also benefit them by
providing insights to improve their educational and awareness
campaigns, better target their efforts, and develop effective
strategies to combat cybercrime.
Security analysts. This research will be beneficial for

The Problem
29
them because it will provide them with a deeper understanding
of the community's knowledge and misconceptions regarding
cybercrime. This valuable insight will empower analysts to
develop targeted educational programs and initiatives that
effectively address the specific areas where the community
may be more vulnerable to cyber threats, ultimately enhancing
overall cybersecurity measures.
Students. This study will benefit the students by
expanding their awareness of the prohibited acts of R.A.
10175. It will broaden by conducting seminars on offenses.
Future Researchers. This research will be beneficial for
them by building upon its findings and expanding knowledge in
the field, contributing to the development of more effective
strategies for raising awareness and combating cybercrime.
Theoretical Framework
This study was anchored in the three theories that
support the entire study; these theories also focused on the
awareness of prohibited acts under R.A. 10175 among the
residents of Laguna. This study was anchored in three (3)
theories, namely: lifestyle theory, self-awareness theory,
and rational choice theory.
Lifestyle Theory
The life-style theory seeks to explain that certain
people may become victims of crimes because of their

The Problem
30
lifestyles and choices. Many of the alternatives available to
victims expose them to criminal offenders and settings where
crime is likely to occur. Lifestyle theory holds that crime
is a developmental process led by a continuing connection
between three variables, such as incentive, opportunity, and
choice. In each stage of the criminal lifestyle (initiation,
transition, maintenance, burnout, and maturity), the values
and meanings of incentive, opportunity, and choice change
(Walters, 2014).
This theory was related to the study, which illustrates
that everyone has their own lifestyle. People nowadays are so
reliant on the internet that they conduct online
transactions, converse, and publicly post information on
social media. As a result, they are the most common victims
of cybercrime.
Self-Awareness Theory
Self-awareness theory proposes that individuals have the
ability to be aware of their own thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors. It suggests that self-awareness can lead to self-
evaluation and comparison between personal standards and
actual behavior, resulting in changes aimed at aligning one's
actions with internal standards. This theory posits that
self-awareness plays a crucial role in shaping individuals'
behavior, attitudes, and self-perception (Eurich, 2018).

The Problem
31
Self-awareness theory can be related to the study by
highlighting the role of self-reflection and introspection in
fostering awareness. Individuals who are self-aware are more
likely to recognize their own potential involvement in
cybercrime and the consequences associated with such acts.
This awareness may lead to a greater sense of personal
responsibility and adherence to legal and ethical norms,
ultimately contributing to a higher level of awareness and a
reduced likelihood of engaging in cybercrime offenses.
Rational Choice Theory
According to Lockert (2022), rational choice theory is
an approach used in the social sciences that posits that
individuals are rational actors who make decisions by
weighing the costs and benefits associated with various
options. This theory states that individuals aim to maximize
their self-interest and make choices based on rational
calculations of expected outcomes. It assumes that
individuals have complete information, consistent
preferences, and the ability to accurately assess the
consequences of their choices.
Regarding the study, this hypothesis proposes that
people weigh the benefits and hazards of participating in
cybercrime even while they are aware of the potential
repercussions. It suggests that people are more inclined to

The Problem
32
commit cybercrime if they believe the advantages exceed the
possible drawbacks. Furthermore, rational choice theory can
support initiatives to raise community awareness by stressing
the value of clearly outlining the dangers and consequences
of cybercrime and drawing attention to the possible drawbacks
in order to discourage people from partaking in such
activities.
Conceptual Framework
The study focused on determining the awareness of
prohibited acts under R.A. 10175 among the residents of
Laguna. This study was confined to an explanation that
discusses the main concept of the Prohibited Acts of R.A.
10175.
Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of computer data and systems, computer-related,
and content-related crimes.
Confidentiality offenses involve unauthorized access to
or disclosure of sensitive data. This can include hacking
into systems, stealing personal information, or intercepting
confidential communications. Such offenses violate privacy
rights and can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, or
the exposure of sensitive information (Balilo & Lavia, 2016).
Integrity offenses focus on tampering with or altering
computer data to deceive or manipulate users or systems. This

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can involve activities like unauthorized modifications of
files, injecting malicious code, or spreading malware that
disrupts the functioning of systems or manipulates data.
Integrity offenses can undermine the reliability and accuracy
of information, compromise the trustworthiness of systems,
and potentially cause financial or reputational harm (Bande,
2018).
Availability offenses seek to disrupt or deny access to
computer systems or data. These offenses can be carried out
through distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, which
overwhelm a system with traffic or render it unavailable to
legitimate users. By impeding access to critical resources or
services, availability offenses can disrupt business
operations, cause financial losses, and impact the
functionality of vital systems (UNODC, 2019).
Computer-related offenses
Computer-related offenses are often committed for
personal interest or to obtain funds, bank notes, or anything
that involves money (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
2019). Computer-related fraud includes computer-related
forgery, computer-related identity theft, and computer-
related fraud. Computer-related forgery pertains to the
changing of a document without the owner's permission and
making it appear legitimate. Computer-related identity theft,

The Problem
34
which pertains to acquiring someone's identity and the
possession of fake accounts, is under the said offense (P&L,
2014). Maras implied that computer-related fraud refers to
the usual victims: private individuals, online sellers, and
those who own businesses. The criminals will manipulate you
until they gain your trust and you reveal your confidential
information. Once they have your trust, they will now get all
your money and properties (UNODC, 2019).
Content-related offenses
Content-related crimes include cybersex, child
pornography, unsolicited commercial communication, libel, and
other offenses. First, cybersex is the act of using a computer
system for favor or consideration to directly or indirectly
intentionally participate in a lascivious display of genital
or sexual activity.
According to John Bancroft (2014), sex is a habitual
pleasure. The most common factor is masturbation; they
imagine a fantasy or even watch pornography for them to
perform it well, which is why cybersex is a very high-rate
crime these days. This is a kind of illicit activity done in
exchange for money. Next is child pornography, which is an
act that is punishable under Republic Act No. 9775 and
involves the illegal engaging of children in sexual activity
using computer systems in exchange for money.

The Problem
35
Additionally, in the study of Tarannum Vashisht (2020),
the main reason why child pornography is present is because
of a person's pedophilia. To have pleasure coming from a child
sex performer in cyberspace. Then, unsolicited commercial
communications is the transmission of business digital
conversations with the use of a PC machine that are searching
for to advertise, sell, or provide on the market services and
products that are prohibited without consent; it is obviously
illegal.
Moreover, in the study of Hans (2018), the majority of
internet users' ignorance of how content removal functions is
another major issue. Terms of service and community
guidelines are frequently loaded with legalese that is
difficult for users to grasp, as West (2018) pointed out.
This means that even while Google modifies its terms of
service to comply with government orders for material
removal, users might not be able to see it, and worse, it
might contain what West (2018) called "Legalese": jargon that
is frequently too complex or legal for the average individual
to understand. This indicates that a large number of internet
users are unaware of the procedures associated with
government demands for the removal of content and Google's
corresponding cooperation.
The Problem
36
Research Paradigm
The paradigm of the study focused on the level of
awareness of the Prohibited Acts of R.A. 10175. The researcher
used the independent variable and dependent variable approach
for its paradigm, as shown in the figure, to illustrate the
flow of the investigation process in determining the
awareness of the prohibited acts of R.A. 10175 among the
residents of Calauan, Laguna.
The independent variable contains the level of awareness
of the Prohibited Acts of R.A. 10175 among the residents of
Laguna in terms of confidentiality, availability, and
integrity of computer systems and data, computer-related and
content-related crimes, as well as the factors that affect
the residents’ awareness.
The dependent variable was the community of Calauan,
Laguna, which was highly aware of the offenses of prohibited
acts under R.A. 10175 among the residents of Laguna.
The study also took into account the moderator variable,
which was the residents of Calauan, Laguna. This variable was
likely to have an impact on the level of awareness and
provided valuable insights into the dynamics of the
Prohibited Acts of R.A. 10175.

The Problem
37
Independent Variables
1. The level of awareness of the

residents on the Prohibited
acts of R.A 10175 in terms:
Dependent Variable
1.1 Offenses against the 1. High Level of
Confidentiality, Integrity Awareness on the
and, availability of Prohibited acts of
computer data and system; R.A 10175 among
1.2 Computer-related the Residents of
offenses; and Calauan, Laguna
1.3 Content-related
offenses.
2. The factors affecting the
level of awareness of the
community regarding
Prohibited acts of R.A
2.1 Offenses against the
confidentiality, integrity,
and availability of computer
data and systems
2.2 computer-related
offenses; and
2.3 Content-related
offenses?
3. What are the factors affecting
the level of awareness of the
community regarding the
prohibited acts of RA 10175?
4. What may be recommended to
increase the awareness of the
community about the
Prohibited Act of RA 10175?
Moderator Variables
Residents of Calauan,
Laguna
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

The Problem
38
Statement of the Problem
This study assessed the awareness of the Prohibited Acts
of R.A. 10175.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub-
question:
1. What is the level of awareness of the residents
about cybercrime offenses in terms of:
1.1 Offenses against the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of computer data and
systems;
1.2 Computer-related offenses; and
1.3 Content-related offenses?
2. Is there a significant difference in the level of
awareness of the residents about the Prohibited Acts of R.A.
10175 in terms of:
2.1 Offenses against the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of computer data and
systems
2.2 computer-related offenses; and
2.3 Content-related offenses?
Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference between the level of
awareness of the Prohibited Acts of RA 10175 among the
residents of Laguna in terms of offenses against the

The Problem
39
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data
and systems, computer-related offenses, and content-related
offenses in terms of:
3. What are the factors affecting the level of
awareness of the community regarding the prohibited acts of
RA 10175?
4. What may be recommended to increase the awareness
of the community about the Prohibited Act of RA 10175?
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this study, the following definitions
are operationally defined:
Anti-cybercrime group. A National Operational Support Unit is
principally in charge of promoting the PNP's anti-cybercrime
campaign and putting relevant Philippine laws on cybercrime
into practice.
Assessment. The process of determining something's quantity,
worth, quality, or significance; furthermore, the judgment or
choice that is made.
Awareness. It is having or showing realization, perception,
or knowledge.
Availability. The assertion that a computer system is
available or accessible by an authorized user whenever it is
needed.
The Problem
40
Cybercrime. A crime committed through the use of computers,
devices, and other gadgets in cyberspace.
Cybersecurity. The process of defending programs, networks,
and systems from online threats.
Computer-related offenses. This refers to the wrongful
activity that is being done with computers or making illegal
acts through a computer system.
Content-related offenses. These refer to cybercrimes related
to any illegal content; the major example of illegal content
is sexual child abuse materials.
Fraud. It refers to an act wherein a person will try to
imitate someone, declare that he or she accomplishes
something, and deceive the victim to get the money.
Hacking. It refers to secretly breaking into a computer system
and stealing valuable data from it without permission.
Identity theft. It is done when someone makes use of one's
identity.
Integrity. The data was complete, trustworthy, and has not
been modified or accidentally altered by an authorized user.
Offenses. It is a punishable act or against the ruling in
R.A. 10175.
Design and Methodology
41
Chapter 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design and
methodology, the population and locale of the study, data
gathering tools and procedures, and the statistical treatment
of the data.
Research Design and Methodology
The study utilized quantitative methods through a descriptive
research design since it aimed to assess the awareness of
prohibited acts in R.A. 10175 among the residents of Calauan,
Laguna. Descriptive research was used because it enables the
researcher to collect data from the respondents through the use of
questionnaires and informal interviews to determine the
hypothesis of the study.
Descriptive method design is a type of design that
studies one or more variables. It also distinguished the
characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories. In
addition, the research design had quantifiable information
for statistical analysis of the sample population (McCombes,
2020).
Therefore, the researcher considered descriptive
research to be the most suitable instrument to use in this
study in order to determine the level of awareness of the
prohibited act, R.A. 10175 among the residents of Laguna.

42
Population and Locale of the Study
The respondents of the study were sixty (60) selected
residents of Barangays Prinza, Perez, and Mabacan in Calauan,
Laguna. The respondents to the study are the people in the
community, specifically those who have experienced using computers,
gadgets, or the internet. Since they are the most likely to commit
the offenses, the researcher selected them to be their
responders.
Table 1. Frequency and Percentage of the Population of the
Study.
Group of Frequency(f) Percentage(%)

respondents
Barangay Prinza 20 33.33%
Barangay Mabacan 20 33.33%
Barangay Perez 20 33.33%
Total 60 100%
Convenient and quota sampling methods were used to
choose the respondents and samples for the questionnaire-
based investigation. Convenient sampling techniques are a
type of non-probability sampling method that relies on
picking out the most conveniently available respondents.
Quota sampling was also a type of non-probability sampling
method where the researchers would divide the population into
subgroups and then collect all the information from a
specified number of people.
To say it another way, convenience sampling meant
getting out the participants that you could typically see

43
anywhere. In quota sampling, a specific number of
participants would be selected until the maximum or required
number of participants was reached (Etikan & Bala, 2017).
Data Gathering Tool
In gathering data, the researcher utilized a survey
questionnaire as the major data gathering tool in order to
address the research problem. The tool was formulated based
on the specific problems of the study. The four-point Likert
scale was utilized in conducting this research study. The
first part of the questionnaire contains questions regarding
the level of awareness of prohibited acts in R.A. 10175 among
the residents of Calauan, Laguna, in terms of (a) offenses
against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
computer data and systems; (b) computer-related offenses; and
(c) content-related offenses. The second part contains the
factors that affect the level of awareness of the residents.
In addition, an informal interview was also used to further
support the results of the study.
The survey questionnaire was checked for content by the
adviser, subject specialist, and thesis chairman. Then, it
was submitted to an English expert to correct grammatical
errors on the survey questionnaires. Lastly, it was submitted
to the Regional Anti-Cybercrime Unit 4A in order to validate
the veracity of the contents, ensure that there are no

44
offending questions, and secure the ethical consideration of
the research instrument.
Data Gathering Procedures
The researcher constructed a survey questionnaire and
presented it to the research adviser for scrutiny. Then the
research instrument was conferred on the subject specialist
and panel chairman for further reading. Afterwards, the
research instrument was forwarded to a language critic for
grammar checking.
Furthermore, the researcher prepared a request letter to
administer the survey questionnaire noted by the research
adviser and dean of the college, and it was addressed to the
barangay chairmen of Brgy. Prinza, Brgy. Perez, and Brgy.
Mabacan is in Calauan, Laguna. The researcher personally
asked permission from the respondents to administer the
questionnaire.
Moreover, the mechanics were explained by the
researcher, who personally retrieved, tallied, and recorded
the responses, which were then submitted to the statistician
for treatment.
Informal personal interviews and informal visits were
also conducted to supplement the data in the interpretation
of the results of the study. The data that elicited is
likewise intended to supplement and contribute to the

45
solution and clarity of the problems at hand.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data and information acquired from the procedures
conducted by the researcher for attaining the desired result
of the study were treated as means and standard deviations.
For the assessment of the level of awareness of prohibited
acts, R.A. 10175 among the residents of Calauan, Laguna. The
data are tallied, tabulated, analyzed, evaluated, recorded,
and presented in tabular form with a corresponding
interpretation as well. For a more valid and meaningful
interpretation of the data, the researcher used the 4-point
Likert scale, F-test ANOVA, frequency, and percentage to
determine the treated data.
For sub-problem no. 1, the gathered data determines the level
of awareness of prohibited acts in R.A. 10175. Offenses
against confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
computer data and systems, computer-related offenses, and
content-related offenses were quantified using the following
4-point Likert scale:
Scale Statistical Descriptive

Limit Interpretation
4 3.26-4.00 Highly Aware

3 2.51-3.25 Aware
2 1.76-2.50 Less Aware
1 1.00-1.75 Not Aware
46
For sub-problem no. 2, the test of significant
difference, the researcher utilized analysis of variance
(one-way ANOVA) to determine the level of difference in the
respondent’s assessment of the level of awareness of the
residents of Laguna of the prohibited acts of R.A. 10175,
which was computed using the ANOVA (f-test) with a 0.05 level
of significance.
𝑤𝑚 =∑𝑤𝑥
𝑁
where:
Wm - Weighted mean
W- Weight of each item or value
X- Represent each of the items or value
N - Total number of participants
For sub-problem no. 3, the gathered data determines the
factors affecting the level of awareness of prohibited acts
of R.A. 10175 were quantified using the following 4-point
Likert scale:
Scale Statistical Limit Descriptive

Interpretation
4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.51-3.25 Agree
2 1.76-2.50 Disagree
1 1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
47
Chapter 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the collected data and the
corresponding results derived from the analysis and
interpretation of the data to address the specific problems
identified in the problem statement.
The first part of this chapter analyzes and interprets
the data obtained through descriptive statistics, including
weighted averages, in order to determine the respondents'
ratings on the idea of preventive measures (R.A. 10175) among
the residents of Calauan, Laguna. In the second part, for
crimes against privacy, availability, and reliability of data
and computer systems, computer crimes, and content-related
crimes, there is a difference in the assessment of respondents
for their understanding of what is prohibited work under R.A.
10175 residents of Calauan, Laguna. The third section is about
the factors that influence the residents' perceptions of the
activities prohibited by R.A. 10175.
I. Level of awareness on the prohibited acts of R.A 10175
among the residents of Calauan, laguna in terms of:
A. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity,
availability of computer data and systems,
B. computer-related offenses, and
C. Content-related offenses.
48
A. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of computer data and systems.
This part presents the obtained mean and interpretation
of the awareness of prohibited acts under R.A. 10175 among
the residents of Laguna in terms of confidentiality,
availability, and integrity of computer systems and data.
Generally, the findings of the study show an overall
weighted mean of 3.53, which was evaluated as "highly aware."
It implies that the residents of Calauan, Laguna, respect
confidential data found on the internet. They maintain the
integrity of information by not altering genuine data,
despite its availability and easy access online. They
understand that, besides being a legal requirement, this
contributes to ensuring a safe and orderly cyberspace.
In corroboration, Pour (2019) examines the awareness and
understanding of the CIA triad (confidentiality, integrity,
and availability) among a sample of community members from
Malaysia. The research found that the respondents were 80%
aware of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
computer data and systems. It also reveals that rampant news,
incident reports, and awareness of prohibited acts were
causes of community awareness.
Additionally, a number of awareness-related variables
were assessed in the Dodge (2021) study, which investigated

49
the three email attack methods—attachments, embedded links,
and social engineering—to determine the level of phishing
awareness. Distribution by classes, distribution by email
type, and failure percentage were the metrics used for
evaluation. They found that 80% of embedded link failures and
40% of requests for sensitive information happened during
their analysis. They discovered that embedded links,
attachments, and sensitive content failed 38%, 50%, and 46%
of the time, respectively, when it came to the distribution
of emails by type. Finally, a range of undergraduate students
from different academic years—freshmen, sophomores, juniors,
and seniors—were investigated. They came to the conclusion
that between 10% and 70% of the students have experienced
phishing attacks.
Further, to support the findings based on an informal
interview conducted with the respondents, which states that
by understanding and adhering to these offenses, we ensure a
more efficient use of the internet, while valuing the
confidentiality of data, we also ensure that legitimate
information is not altered or tampered with. To this end, the
study discovers different of the Prohibited Acts of R.A. 10175
in the locale of Calauan, Laguna. Moreover, we respect the
availability of information online (Personal Communication,
March 2023).
50
Table 2. Level of Awareness on Prohibited Acts of R.A. 10175
among the residents of Calauan, Laguna, in terms of offenses
against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
computer data and systems.

Sub-Indicators WM DI
1.Illegal Access or the access to the whole or any part of 3.62 HA
a computer system without right.
2.Illegal Interception or the interception made by 3.57 HA
technical means without right of any non-public transmission
of computer
data to, from, or within a computer system.
3.Data Interference or the intentional or reckless
alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer
data, electronic document or electronic data message, without 3.48 HA
right,
including the introduction or transmission of viruses.
4. System Interference or the intentional alteration or
reckless hindering or interference with the functioning of a
computer or computer network without right or authority, 3.52 HA
including the introduction or transmission of viruses.
5.Misuse of device or the use of a device, including a
computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the 3.43 HA
purpose of committing any of the offenses under the
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.
6.Misuse of device or the sale of a device including a 3.52 HA
computer program designed or adapted primarily for the
Cybercrime Prevention
Act of 2012.
7.Misuse of device or the use of a computer password, access
code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of a 3.37 HA
computer system is capable of being accessed with intent that
it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses
under the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.
8.Misuse of device or the sale of a computer password, access
code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of a
computer system is capable of being accessed with intent that 3.70 HA
it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses
under the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.
9.Misuse of device or the possession of a device, including 3.38 HA
a computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the
Cybercrime
Prevention Act of 2012.
10.Misuse of device or the possession of a computer password,
access code, or similar data by which the whole or any part
of a computer system is capable of being accessed with intent 3.63 HA
that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the
offenses under the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.53 HA
Legend: HA-Highly Aware A-Aware SA-Slightly Aware NA-Not Aware

51
As shown in the table above, all indicators received a
descriptive interpretation of “highly aware." This implies
that the residents of Calauan, Laguna, due to their high
awareness, avoid meddling with other people's accounts and
refrain from using others' identities, especially for
malicious purposes. They also restrain themselves from
altering or tampering with data from trusted websites or
accounts. Furthermore, it also shows their carefulness in
their activities in cyberspace to avoid misuse. Because it is
clear that, based on authorities, anyone who commits these
offenses will surely be held accountable under RA 10175.
The European Union Cyber Security Agency (2021)
underscores the media's vital role in monitoring governments
and informing the public about decisions affecting daily
life. By amplifying cybersecurity messages, the media
enhances awareness and supports robust policies.
Collaboration with the media also boosts societal
understanding of cyber threats, fostering better responses to
cybercrime. This resulted in a high level of user awareness
in terms of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
data and IT systems.
According to the respondents, it states that they are
aware that tampering with someone else's account, altering
its content, and other improper use of the internet are

52
strictly prohibited because they know it can have significant
impacts on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability
of computer data and systems. And this kind of good practice
will benefit not only others but us as well, ensuring a safer
use of the internet. (Personal Communication, March 2023).
B. Computer-related offenses
This part presents the meaning and interpretation of the
awareness of prohibited acts under R.A. 10175 among the
residents of Laguna in terms of computer-related offenses.
Table 3 represents that computer-related crime has an
overall mean of 3.46, which is interpreted as “highly aware."
It implies that the residents of Calauan, Laguna, were keenly
aware that these actions are strictly prohibited, as they can
affect other people's property in cyberspace, such as
identities, private accounts, and cyber assets. This also
shows that respondents are cautious about their online
activities, as they carefully examine their actions. A
mistake in this regard entails legal responsibility.
To support this, posters and flyers became effective
tools for disseminating information about computer-related
crimes; they can reach a wide audience and help people easily
receive and remember cybersecurity information. These
educational efforts help raise awareness and give the
community the confidence to take preventive measures to

53
protect themselves against computer-related crimes (Okon,
2019).
Moreover, in the study by Lavina (2016), when Reonel
Ramones and Onel de Guzman created a destructive virus called
“Love Bug," the effect reached not only in the Philippines
but also worldwide. The nation passed the first law regarding
penalized computer crime in 2012. In light of this event, it
emphasizes the importance of being appraised on the crime
related to computers.
During an informal interview, one respondent highlighted
their increased confidence in using the internet due to a
better understanding of acceptable online behavior. They
emphasized knowing what actions to avoid and having greater
respect for others' data privacy. This heightened awareness
of cyber offenses contributes to a more orderly cyberspace by
promoting responsible online conduct and reducing potential
risks to data security and privacy (Personal Communication,
March 2023).
By amplifying cybersecurity messages, the media enhances
awareness and supports robust policies. Collaboration with
the media also boosts societal understanding of cyber
threats, fostering better responses to cybercrime. This
resulted in a high level of user awareness in terms of
confidentiality, and availability of data and IT systems.

54
Table 3. Level of Awareness on Prohibited Acts of R.A. 10175
among the residents of Calauan, Laguna, in terms of computer-
related offenses.
1. Computer-related forgery or the input of any computer 3.40 HA

data without right resulting in authentic data with the
intent that it be considered or acted upon for legal purposes
as if it were authentic.
2. Computer-related forgery or the alteration of any 3.50 HA
computer data without right resulting in inauthentic data
with the intent that it be considered or acted upon for
legal purposes as if it were authentic.
3. Computer-related forgery or the deletion of any computer 3.45 HA

data without right resulting in inauthentic data with the
intent that it be considered or acted upon for legal
purposes as if it were authentic.
4. Computer-related Forgery or the act of knowingly using 3.42 HA
computer data which is the product of computer-related
forgery.
5. Computer-related fraud or the unauthorized input of 3.35 HA
computer data or program or interference in the functioning
of a computer system, causing damage there by with
fraudulent intent.
6. Computer-related fraud or the unauthorized alteration of 3.57 HA
of a computer system, causing damage there by with
fraudulent intent.
7. Computer-related fraud or the unauthorized deletion of 3.32 HA

of a computer system, causing damage thereby with
fraudulent intent.
8. Computer-related Identity Theft or the intentional 3.60 HA
acquisition of identifying information belonging to
another, whether natural or juridical, without right.
9. Computer-related Identity Theft or the use of 3.43 HA

identifying information belonging to another, whether
natural or juridical, without right.
10. Computer-related Identity Theft tor the misuse of 3.45 HA
identifying information belonging to another, whether
natural or juridical, without right.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.46 HA
Legend: HA-Highly Aware A-Aware SA=Slightly Aware NA-Not Aware

55
As shown in the table above, all indicators received a
descriptive interpretation of "highly aware" towards the
computer-related crimes. It implies that the residents are
profoundly conscious of avoiding activities that involve
stealing or using other people's identities, such as identity
theft or fraud. They also refrain from interposing with or
altering data, which could include unauthorized access to
accounts or websites. Additionally, they are careful not to
delete data without permission, which could be considered
data sabotage or destruction. These actions are avoided
because they are conscious of the harm they can cause, not
just in terms of credibility but also in terms of potential
legal consequences, as these actions are often associated
with malicious intent.
To further support the result, Kemp (2021) states that
the efforts made to educate and inform the community about
cybercrime, identity theft, and fraud have been effective. As
a result, there is an increased awareness and understanding
among the population regarding the potential threats posed by
cybercriminal activities, particularly in the realm of
computer-related crimes. The implication is that these
educational initiatives have successfully equipped people
with the knowledge to recognize and protect themselves from
such threats, thus contributing to a more informed and

56
vigilant community.
Respondents voluntarily apply their awareness to
responsibly navigate the internet, consciously avoiding
actions like identity theft. They prioritize upholding the
integrity of information, despite its widespread
accessibility online. This proactive approach not only
safeguards personal and sensitive data but also fosters a
culture of ethical online behavior. By valuing integrity and
conscientious use of digital resources, respondents
contribute to a more trustworthy and secure online
environment for themselves and others. (Personal
Communication, March 2023).
C. Content-related Offenses
This part presents the obtained mean and interpretation
of the awareness of prohibited acts under R.A. 10175 among
the residents of Laguna in terms of content-related offenses.
It can be gleaned from Table 4 that content-related offenses
have gained an overall weighted mean of 3.08 with the
descriptive interpretation of "aware.". It implies that the
community was responsive to offenses such as cybersex, child
pornography, cyberlibel, and other content-related crimes. It
suggests that despite the easy access and communication
through the internet, they are also obligated to ensure that
things posted online, particularly on social media, are done

57
properly, are beneficial, and are educational since legal
regulations and platform policies also play a role, as they
require users to adhere to certain standards and often
highlight the consequences of violations.
To further support this, the study implies that law
enforcement initiatives, including the organization of
seminars or awareness campaigns, may have contributed to the
dissemination of public knowledge and awareness of different
types of cybercrime, including content-related crimes
(Holtfreter, 2019).
In corroboration, based on the informal interview
conducted and the respondent’s state, awareness of these
considerations proves invaluable in evaluating social media
posts by weighing their potential impact on others.
Understanding that content can profoundly influence the
thoughts and perceptions of those who engage with it prompts
a thoughtful approach to what respondents share. This
heightened awareness encourages them to consider the
potential harm or benefit of posts before sharing them. By
doing so, respondents contribute to fostering a digital
environment where content is mindful, respectful, and
constructive, thereby promoting positive interactions and
reducing the spread of harmful information online. (Personal

58
Table 4. Level of Awareness on Prohibited Acts of R.A 10175
among the residents of Calauan, Laguna in terms of Content-
related Offenses.
1. Cybersex or the willful engagement to any
lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual 3.27 HA
activity, with the aid of a computer system, for
favor or consideration.
2. Cybersex or the maintenance of computer system 3.20 A
with any lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or
sexual activity for favor or consideration.
3. Cybersex or the operation of any lascivious 3.12 A
exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity for
favor or consideration.
4. Hiring a child to perform in the creation or
3.28 HA
production of any form of child pornography committed
through a computer system.
5. Child pornography or the transmission of
commercial electronic communication with the use of 3.20 A
computer system which seek to advertise products and
services are prohibited.
6. Unsolicited Commercial Communications or the
transmission of commercial electronic communication 3.20 A
with the use of computer system which seeks to sell
products and services are prohibited.
7. Cyber libel or the unlawful writing committed 3.35 HA
through a computer system or any other similar means
which may be devised in the future.
8. Cyber libel or the unlawful printing committed 3.17 A
through a computer system or any other similar means
which may be devised in the future.
9. Cyber libel or the unlawful use of radio committed 3.32 HA
through a computer system or any similar mean which
may be devised in the future.
10. Cyber libel or the unlawful cinematographic 3.20 A
exhibition committed through a computer system or any
similar mean which may be devised in the future.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.08 A
Legend: HA-Highly Aware A-Aware SA=Slightly Aware NA-Not Aware
Table 4 posits that sub-indicator 7, "Cyber libel or the
unlawful writing committed through a computer system or any
other similar means which may be devised in the future," got

59
the highest weighted mean of 3.35 with an interpretation of
“highly aware." It implies that residents avoid defamation
using the internet or computer since it can damage a person's
integrity and clearly cause conflict among the parties
involved. Additionally, based on their awareness, residents
are more discerning about the things they post on social
media.
To further support the result, based on the study of
Zakaria and Harun (2020), the purpose of this research is to
promote helpful and academic shared writing behaviors by
raising awareness of cyber defamation cases among
adolescents, which can differ practically from early adult
perspectives. These results ought to serve as the basis for
the first steps in raising awareness of cyberdefamation among
our pupils.
To further support the results, it educates users about
the ethical implications of their online behavior and
encourages them to exercise sensitivity and responsibility
when expressing opinions or sharing information online. By
promoting a culture of respect and accountability in
cyberspace, we can mitigate the harm caused by online
defamation and foster a safer and more supportive digital
environment for all users. (Personal Communication, March
2023).
60
Furthermore, sub-indicator 9, or "Cyber libel or the
unlawful use of radio committed through a computer system or
any similar means that may be devised in the future," gained
the second highest weighted mean of 3.32, which is equivalent
to an interpretation of “highly aware." It implies that
respondents are well informed that libelous statements on
radio and television broadcasts are accompanied by punishment
and are prohibited by our law. Moreover, residents are careful
when posting their opinions or statements on social media,
blogs, or any online platform, and they also avoid committing
libelous acts through digital or electronic means. To further
support the result, the study by Bailey and Hsieh-Yee (2020)
emphasizes the importance of information literacy in
combating disinformation. It explains why people share
information, especially misinformation, and discusses the
consequences of sharing false information. The study proposes
strategies to improve information literacy, helping
individuals evaluate, process, and respond to information
more effectively. Overall, it results in high awareness about
false information and empowers communities to deal with it.
This is further proven by one respondent based on his
statement. According to the respondents, the internet can be
accessed by everyone, and fake news or misinformation about
various things is more widespread. We prefer to be aware of

61
these offenses because, aside from the law, we also know that
we will be affected by them as the quality of information
available on the internet will decrease (Personal
On the other hand, sub-indicator 3, or “Cybersex or the
operation, received the lowest weighted mean of 3.12 with an
interpretation of "aware." It implies that the respondents
were conscious of cybersex or having sexual activity with the
use of a computer in exchange for money. Since the residents
of Calauan, Laguna, do not allow themselves to engage in
activities that display private body parts and lewd behavior
on the internet in exchange for money, they are aware that if
they do this, they could be caught, which could damage their
reputation.
To further support the result, based on the study of
Mseuf (2019), the study concluded that there was a high level
of awareness about cybersex among the youth in Lucena City.
However, an information dissemination campaign was still
recommended to further strengthen this awareness and prevent
the occurrence of cybersex, especially among the most
vulnerable youth. The campaign should focus on educating
youth about the risks, legal consequences, and moral
implications of engaging in cybersex.
Moreover, our respondents were perceptive about cybersex

62
since it was destructive and had negative effects on the minds
of those who watched it. respondent demonstrated awareness of
cybersex by being cautious in their online activities to avoid
breaking the law. This understanding also includes the
technical aspects of cybersex, such as its usage and potential
societal impact (Personal Communication, March 2023).
Whereas, sub-indicator 8 or "Cyber libel or the unlawful
printing committed through a computer system or any other
similar means be devised in the future gained the second-
lowest weighted mean of 3.17 with a descriptive
interpretation of "aware." It implies that they can be
considered attentive since residents are careful about what
they post and make public, especially when it involves another
person. Respondents limit and scrutinize their actions to
avoid damaging a person's reputation and credibility.
It was corroborated by Zakaria (2020). In this study,
they disseminate awareness about cyber defamation among youth
and adolescents. The exponential rise in information and
communication technology has brought about significant
changes to their daily lives. They focus on diverging
practically from an early adult perspective in order to
encourage constructive and scholarly shared writing
behaviors. So that it results in being aware of the
individual.
63
Furthermore, based on respondents, it states that the
respondents are informed of the serious legal implications of
cyber libel, which involves defaming someone online.
Understanding these consequences ensures that their online
communications are respectful and factual to avoid any legal
issues. It recognizes the importance of being mindful of the
content they share and the potential impact it can have on
others. By staying informed about the laws and regulations
regarding cyber libel, they take proactive steps to
communicate responsibly and ethically in the digital space.
(Personal Communication, March 2023).
II. Significant differences in the level of awareness of
prohibited acts on R.A. 10175 among the residents of Calauan,
laguna
This part shows the significant differences in the level
of awareness of prohibited acts under R.A. 10175 based on the
F-test result of the ANOVA.
The F-test result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) on
the significant differences in the degree of recognition of
prohibited acts in RA 10175 is generally shown in this table.
The null hypothesis was rejected based on the indicators of
offenses against confidentiality, integrity, and availability
of computer data and systems and offenses related to
computers.
64
Table 5: Significant difference in the level of awareness of
Prohibited acts under R.A. 10175 in Calauan, Laguna.
ANNOVA
Sum of df Mean
Square Square f Sig. Decision interpretat

ion
Offense Between 0.166 2 0.083 o.858 0.429 HO Not

Against Groups
Confidentiality, Significa
Integrity and Within 5.524 57 0.097
Availability of Groups nt
computer data
and system Total 5.690 59
Computer-related Between 0.261 2 0.131 1.184 0.313 HO Not
offenses Groups
Significant
Within 6.284 57 0.110
Groups
Total 6.545 59
Content-related Between 1.984 2 0.992 12.816 0.000 H1 Significant

offenses Groups
Within 4.412 57 0.077

Groups
Total 6.396 59
Legend: Sig. < 0.05 Significant
Table 5 shows the obtained statistical results,
interpretation, and analysis of the significant difference in
the level of awareness of the prohibited acts of R.A. 10175
among the residents of Calauan, Laguna. The null hypothesis
obtained in this study concerning the level of awareness of
the prohibited acts of R.A. 10175 among the residents of
Calauan, Laguna, was rejected. For the reason that content-
related offenses got a significant value of 0.000, 0.000 that
obviously is less than 0.05, This means that there was a
significant difference in the awareness of residents of Brgy.
Pinza, Brgy. Mabacan and Brgy. Perez, Calauan, and Laguna,

65
particularly in content-related offenses. It implies that
awareness of content-related offenses varies significantly
due to factors such as access to education and media literacy,
cultural norms, legal frameworks, technological proficiency,
formal education on digital citizenship, and media coverage.
These elements influence how seriously individuals perceive
and understand the implications of their online actions,
impacting their awareness and behavior when navigating
digital platforms responsibly. It suggests that efforts to
raise awareness and educate the public about content-related
offenses may need to be more targeted and specific compared
to efforts related to other aspects of the law. This could
involve developing more tailored educational materials or
campaigns to address the specific needs of different groups
in order to ensure a more comprehensive understanding of R.A.
10175 across the board.
In corroboration of the study by Sadhu (2022), it was
found that awareness levels of cybercrime vary significantly
among different demographics. Younger individuals (18–34
years old) are generally more aware of cybersecurity risks
compared to older age groups.
Additionally, gender differences were observed, with
women showing higher awareness in certain areas. Urban
residents also exhibited higher levels of cybercrime

66
awareness than those in rural areas. These findings highlight
the necessity for targeted educational initiatives to improve
cybercrime awareness across all demographic groups.
In corroboration of the statement of one of our
respondents, according to them, although they were aware in
terms of content-related offenses, they need more deeply and
widely discussed to enhance their awareness. Despite the
authorities' diligent efforts to raise awareness, there are
still areas that remain unreached due to their extreme
remoteness (Personal Communication, March 2023).
III. Factors affecting the level of awareness of the
prohibited acts of R.A. 10175 among the residents of Calauan,
laguna.
In this section, the factors that may affect the
awareness of residents in the community of Calauan, Laguna,
regarding the offenses included in R.A. 10175 will be
presented.
Table 6 shows the obtained mean and interpretation of
the elements influencing the community's level of awareness
regarding cybercrime offenses. It shows that the elements
influencing awareness of the Prohibited Acts of RA 10175 have
an overall weighted mean of 3.95, with the descriptive
interpretation of “strongly agree." It implies that despite
having high awareness among the residents, respondents still

67
agree on factors affecting the awareness of others regarding
the offenses under RA 10175. Since individuals have varying
learning capacities, there is still a need for more precise
and specific information sharing, as sometimes it can be
unclear. Additionally, they lack accessible personalities to
approach regarding this issue, and they also feel that
authorities are not making enough effort to reach remote areas
to further raise awareness about it.
In accordance with the findings of Panichpapiboon and
Ramashoota (2014), they discovered that there are elements
that influence the degree of awareness. The key solution is
to educate and promote awareness with consideration of such
factors.
It suggests that efforts to raise awareness and educate
the public about content-related offenses may need to be more
targeted and specific compared to efforts related to other
aspects of the law. In corroboration of the statement of one
of our respondents, according to them, although they were
aware in terms of content-related offenses, they need more
deeply and widely discussed to enhance their awareness.
Despite the authorities' diligent efforts to raise awareness,
there are still areas that remain unreached due to their
extreme remoteness (Personal Communication, March 2023).
To further support the results, here is a statement from

68
one of our respondents. According to respondents, despite
being aware of offenses, some information still contains
confusing information. There are terminologies that are
almost similar but have different meanings, especially when
further discussed (Personal Communication, March 2023).
Table 6: Factors affecting the level of awareness of the
community regarding Prohibited Acts of RA 10175
1. Lack of information dissemination 3.40 SA
programs.
2. Inability to comprehend with the prohibited 3.40 SA
acts provided under the Cybercrime Prevention Act
of 2012.
3. Lack of personnel for the implementation of 3.40 SA
the prohibited acts of Cybercrime Prevention Act
of 2012 in the community.
4. Unclear mode of communication to the community 3.40 SA
by the authorities.
5. Lacks of efforts among the authorities to keep
the community aware.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.40 SA

Legend; SA-Strongly Agree A-Agree D-Disagree SD-Strongly Disagree
Table 6 shows that all sub-indicators got a weighted
average mean of 3.95 with a descriptive interpretation of
“strongly agree." It implies that despite having a high level
of awareness, there are still instances where they lack
information about what is being disseminated in their area.
The way information is disseminated is somewhat unclear, and
sometimes authorities do not reach the remote areas that are
affected by the factors they strongly agree with.

69
As corroborated by Odumesi John Olayemi (2014), a socio-
technological analysis of cybercrime and cyber security in
Nigeria highlights awareness and technicalities as well as
duplication of duties and responsibilities among Nigerians.
Organizations also lack institutional memory, as cyber
practitioners are placed in places where their knowledge is
insufficient and vague explanations can be ineffective.
According to the shared statement of one of our
respondents, having a high level of awareness does not mean
you know everything. Moreover, the agreement with the stated
factors may not only help me but also those who still have
questions in mind regarding the offenses referred to in R.A.
10175 (Personal Communication, March 2023).
In summary, the most important conclusions of the study
are as follows: the respondents are "highly aware." Acts
prohibited by RA 10175 include violations of the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data
and systems, including computer crimes. The respondents had
a strong understanding of the different actions that are
considered illegal. The respondent’s awareness of breaches of
data confidentiality, integrity, and availability was high.
They had information about, among other things, unauthorized
computer systems, data failures, system failures, and misuse
of equipment. This demonstrates that they understand the

70
importance of protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of computer data and systems.
In addition, the respondents showed a high level of
awareness of computer crimes. They appear to be well-versed
in prohibited activities, including computer fraud, forgery,
identity theft, and unauthorized interception of computer
data. This means that they are aware of the risks and
consequences associated with participating in these
activities.
On the other hand, the findings about content-related
offenses indicate that respondents are "aware,” which means
that there was a significant difference in content-related
offenses among the presented variables. Furthermore, the
study discusses the factors affecting the level of awareness
of the prohibited act in RA 10175 and gives a descriptive
interpretation of “strongly agree." Based on the result, the
respondents fully agree that those factors affected their
awareness of the members of the community, resulting in
profound awareness.
Conclusions and Recommendations
71
Chapter 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendation
of the study derived from the data presented, interpreted,
and analyzed in the previous chapter.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the following
conclusions were derived:
1. The residents of Calauan, Laguna, understand key
issues such as the confidentiality, availability, and
integrity of computer systems and data, content-related
offenses, and computer-related offenses. Enhanced awareness
may contribute to better cyber security practices and a safer
digital environment in the region.
2. The results showed that there was a significant
difference in the level of awareness among the respondents
regarding content-related crimes. Thus, the null hypothesis
is rejected.
3. The respondents strongly agree that various factors
influence their understanding of this law. There are
underlying elements that continue to impact how residents
perceive and comprehend that law’s provisions, suggesting a
need for ongoing education and engagement efforts.

72
Recommendations
On account of the salient findings and conclusions, the
following are recommended:
1. The Calauan PNP Cybercrime Unit should conduct an
enhanced awareness program about the CIA triad and offenses
stipulated in R.A. 10175 over the next 3 months, engaging
residents through community centers, schools, local
government offices, and online platforms. Collaborate with
local stakeholders and experts, and gather feedback to refine
the program. To maintain and enhance the level of awareness.
2. To address the disparity in awareness of content-related
crimes, the Calauan PNP-Cybercrime Unit should launch
targeted educational initiatives over the next three months,
focusing on residents with lower awareness levels. These
programs should include workshops, seminars, and online
courses, conducted in community centers, schools, local
government offices, and online. Collaborate with local
authorities, educational institutions, and cybercrime experts
to develop and deliver content, using diverse communication
channels to reach all demographics. Regular feedback will
help refine and improve the programs, ensuring a uniform
understanding across the community.
3. To address factors affecting residents' understanding of
R.A. 10175, the Calauan PNP-Cybercrime Unit, with the

73
collaboration of the LGU, implements continuous educational
programs and engagement activities targeting all residents,
especially those with knowledge gaps and who live in remote
areas. Start these initiatives immediately, using community
centers, schools, local government offices, and online
platforms. This will be successful if it is implemented as
soon as possible.
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Appendix A
Validation Letter
Appendix B
Letter of Request for Respondents

Appendices
83
Appendix C
Survey Questionnaire
Appendices
84
Appendices
85
Appendices
86
Appendices
87
Appendices
88
Appendices
89
Appendices
90
Appendices
91
Appendices
92
Appendices
93
Appendix D
Raw Data
Appendices
94
Appendices
95
Appendices
96
Curriculum Vitae
97
Appendix E
Documentation
Curriculum Vitae
98
CURRICULUM VITAE
CAMACHO, JOHN CHRISTIAN L.

Brgy. Mabacan, Calauan Laguna
camachojohnchristian94@gmail.com
+639955354457
Personal Information
Date of Birth: September 05, 1999

Age: 24 years old
Civil Status: Single
Height: 5’6
Weight: 65 kg
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Mother’s Name: Maribel L. Camacho
Occupation: Vendor
Father’s Name: Henry T. Camacho
Occupation: Factory Worker
Educational Background
1. Tertiary : Laguna State Polytechnic

University
San Pablo City, Laguna
Undergraduate
2. Senior Highschool: Dayap National High School

Calauan Annex
3. Junior Highschool: Dayap National High School

Mabacan, Annex
4. Primary : Mabacan Elementary School

Curriculum Vitae
99
Seminars and Training Attended

Streamlining Traffic: Strategies April 26, 2024 for
Effective Barangay - Level
Traffic Management
Zoom Meeting
Seminar on Investigation Process February 24, 2024

LSPU-SPCC
KRAV MAGA Martial Arts Seminar January 11, 2024
LSPU-SPCC
Emergency Response Training December 10, 2023

LSPU-SPCC
I hereby declare that the above information is true to

the best of my knowledge and that I will be held responsible
for any deviation from them at a later stage.
John Christian L. Camacho

Researcher

Ccje Bs Criminology Camacho

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AWARENESS ON PROHIBITED ACTS OF R.A.

10175 AMONG THE

JOHN CHRISTIAN L. CAMACHO

JENNIFER N. REFIGUIA, MSCJ RICHIE ROSAS S. VELASQUEZ, MSCJ

ALLENE PASIA, MA MENCHIE B. ELLAMIL, MAEd

JENNIFER A. VALDEZ, MSCJ

DELON A. CHING, EdD Date signed

RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION NO.

The rapid innovation in the internet world has created new

opportunities and threats in the form of criminality. Crime

existed not only in real society but also in cyberspace. This

study determined the level of awareness among the residents

of Calauan, Laguna, regarding the prohibited acts included

under R.A. 10175. It also identifies the different factors

that affect the resident’s awareness regarding this. Using

the quantitative approach through a descriptive research

design, it was used to measure Calauan, Laguna, residents'

awareness of R.A. 10175 by administering a survey

questionnaire with the goal of linking the respondents'

assessments and evaluating the data. The study used a

convenient quota sampling technique; data from the sixty (60)

respondents was counted, tabulated, and analyzed using an

overall weighted means and f-test, recorded, and given in

tabular form with a matching interpretation. The findings

show that participants are highly aware of the prohibited

acts of R.A. 10175, such as confidentiality, availability,

and integrity of computer data and systems, as well as

computer-related and content-related crimes. The study also

found that there is a significant difference, particularly in

content-related offenses. Apart from that, the residents of

the community strongly agreed about the different factors

that affect the level of awareness of the offenses mentioned

above. In conclusion, the authority effectively conducted

spreading of awareness that resulting to being well conscious

of the residents. Moreover, there is a significant

difference, specifically in content-related crimes, for the

differences. In addition, despite being aware, the residents

strongly agreed on the different factors since not all of

placed in remote areas. Regardless of having high

consciousness, the researcher recommended to the authority

that they maintain or much better enhance their strategy to

spread awareness by considering the factors that affect the

consciousness of the residents.

Keywords: Computer-related offenses, Content-related

offenses, Cybercrime, and Prohibited acts

This study would not have been possible without the

guidance and help of these individuals in its preparation.

To my research adviser, Dr. Gelbert A. Llanto, for his

contribution to improving my study. His continuous support,

guidance, and immense knowledge helped make this research

To my research panel chairwoman, Ms. Richie Rosas

Velasquez, for giving criticism and making this study

To my research subject specialist, Mrs. Jennifer M.

Nayoyos-Refugia, for imparting her knowledge and expertise in

this study. Also, in giving her efforts, insight, comments,

To Dr. Marlon M. Wankey, as a dean of the College of

Criminal Justice Education, for sharing and giving his ideas,

patience, and support to improve the technical dimension of

To Mr. Allen Pasia, the statistician, for his assistance

in evaluating the data that helped obtain information and the

To Mrs. Menchie B. Ellamil, the language critic, for

sharing her pearls of wisdom and giving valuable insights and

suggestions for further improvement of this research;

To the respondents, who have spent some time, effort,