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Chapter 10: Exercise and Ambulation
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The patient has been admitted for hypertension. His blood pressure is normally in the 160/90
range. He has been on bed rest for the past few days, and the doctor has started him on a new
blood pressure medication. The nurse is assisting the patient to move from the bed to the chair
for breakfast, but when the patient tries to sit up on the side of the bed, he complains of being
dizzy and nauseous. The nurse lays the patient down and takes his vital signs. His pulse is
124. His blood pressure is 130/80. This blood pressure is indicative of what?
a. A normal blood pressure for this patient
b. Orthostatic hypotension
c. Orthostatic hypertension
d. Effective baroreceptor function
ANS: B
Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when the patient changes from
a horizontal to a vertical position. It traditionally is defined as a drop in systolic or diastolic
blood pressure of 20 or 10 mm Hg, respectively. Those at higher risk are immobilized
patients, those undergoing prolonged bed rest, the older adult patient, those receiving
antihypertensive medications, and those with chronic illness, such as diabetes mellitus or
cardiovascular disease. Signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension include dizziness,
light-headedness, nausea, tachycardia, pallor, and even fainting. Orthostatic hypertension
would be an increase in blood pressure. Physiological changes associated with aging and
prolonged bed rest may reduce the effectiveness of the baroreceptors. In these patients,
moving to the dangling position may cause a gravity-induced drop in blood pressure; thus, it
is recommended to raise the head of the bed and allow a few minutes before dangling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Text reference: p. 236

OBJ: Discuss indications for assisting with ambulation or using devices to assist with ambulation.
TOP: Orthostatic Hypotension KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
2. The patient is an elderly gentleman who has been on bed rest for the past several days. When
getting the patient up, the nurse should:
a. tell the patient not to move his legs when dangling.
b. tell the patient to hold his breath while dangling.
c. raise the head of the bed and allow a few minutes before dangling.
d. have the patient stand without dangling.
ANS: C
Physiological changes associated with aging and prolonged bed rest may influence the
effectiveness of the baroreceptors. For these patients, moving to the dangling position may
cause a gravity-induced drop in blood pressure; thus, it is recommended to raise the head of
the bed and allow a few minutes before dangling. Interventions to minimize orthostatic
hypotension include movement of the legs and feet in the dangling position to promote venous
return via intermittent contraction and relaxation of the skeletal leg muscles, and asking the
patient to take several deep breaths before and during dangling. Dangling a patient before
standing is an intermediate step that allows assessment of the individual before changing
positions to maintain safety and prevent injury to the patient.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Text reference: p. 236
TOP: Dangling KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
3. An appropriate technique for the nurse to use when performing range of motion (ROM)
exercises is to:
a. repeat each action five times during the exercise.
b. perform the exercises quickly and firmly.
c. support the proximal portion of the extremity being exercised.
d. continue the exercise slightly beyond the point of resistance.
ANS: A
Each movement should be repeated five times during an exercise period. Be sure that ROM
exercises are performed slowly and gently. When performing active-assisted or passive ROM
exercises, support the joint by holding the distal portion of the extremity, or by using a cupped
hand to support the joint. Discontinue exercise if the patient complains of discomfort, or if
you note resistance or muscle spasm.

OBJ: Demonstrate the following skills on selected patients: assisting with ambulation, assisting with
ambulation with the use of an ambulation aid, assisting with ROM exercises, assisting with isometric
exercises, applying a CPM, and applying elastic stockings and SCD.
TOP: Range of Motion KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
4. A patient is admitted to the medical unit following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Evidence of left-sided hemiparesis is noted, and the nurse will be following up on ROM and
other exercises performed in physical therapy. The nurse should correctly teach the patient
and family members which of the following principles of ROM exercises?
a. Flex the joint to the point of discomfort.
b. Medicate the patient after the ROM exercise session.
c. Move the joints quickly.
d. Provide support for distal joints.
ANS: D
When performing active-assisted or passive ROM exercises, support the joint by holding the
distal portion of the extremity, or by using a cupped hand to support the joint. The joint should
be flexed to the point of resistance, not to the point of discomfort. Assess the patient’s level of
comfort (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being the worst pain) before performing exercises.
Before beginning ROM exercises, determine whether the patient would benefit from pain
medication. Joints should be moved slowly through the ROM. Quick movement could cause
injury.

TOP: Range of Motion KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
5. A nurse should be concerned when observing a patient performing isometric exercises if the
patient is:
a. holding his or her breath while exerting.
b. performing the exercises four times per day.
c. tightening each muscle group for 8 seconds, then relaxing.
d. repeating each exercise 8 to 10 times for each muscle group.
ANS: A
Patients doing isometric exercises should be taught to exhale while exerting effort. Many
persons hold their breath (Valsalva maneuver), which increases intrathoracic pressure, causing
a decrease in venous return to the heart. Each exercise prescription is individualized according
to the patient’s needs and limitations. Gradual buildup of exercise repetitions improves both
muscle strength and endurance. Hold the muscles tightly contracted for 5 to 15 seconds, and
then relax completely for several seconds.

TOP: Isometric Exercises KEY: Nursing Process Step: Evaluation
6. A nurse encourages a patient to prevent venous stasis by:

a. crossing the legs when sitting in a chair.
b. wearing thigh-length nylon stockings or garters.
c. elevating the legs on pillows while in bed.
d. increasing early ambulation.
ANS: D
Prevention is the best method to reduce the risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) secondary to
immobility. Early ambulation remains the most effective preventive measure. Discourage
patients from activities that promote venous stasis (e.g., crossing legs, wearing garters,
elevating legs on pillows).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Text reference: p. 234

TOP: Venous Stasis KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
7. Antiembolic stockings (TEDs) are ordered for the patient on bed rest after surgery. The nurse
explains to the patient that the primary purpose for the elastic stockings is to:
a. keep the skin warm and dry.
b. prevent abnormal joint flexion.
c. apply external pressure.
d. prevent bleeding.
ANS: C
The primary purpose of TEDs is to maintain external pressure on the muscles of the lower
extremities and thus promote venous return. The primary purpose of TEDs is not to keep the
skin warm and dry, prevent abnormal joint flexion, or prevent bleeding. They are used to
prevent clot formation due to venous stasis.

TOP: Antiembolic Stockings KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
8. When assessing the patient for risk for DVT, the nurse should consider which of the following
an indicator of increased risk?
a. A positive Homans’ sign
b. Pallor to the distal area
c. Edema noted in the extremity
d. Fever or dehydration
ANS: D
Indicators in Virchow’s triad include clotting disorders, fever, and dehydration. Additionally,
a swollen extremity, pain, and warm cyanotic skin, indicate an elevated risk. Less than 20% of
patients exhibit a positive Homans’ sign. Edema of the extremity may or may not occur.

TOP: DVT KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
9. An appropriate procedure for the nurse to use when applying an elastic stocking is to:
a. remove the stockings every 24 hours.
b. keep the tops of the stockings rolled down slightly.
c. turn the stocking inside out to apply from the toes up.
d. wash stockings daily and dry in a dryer.
ANS: C
Turn elastic stocking inside out by placing one hand into the sock, holding the toe of the sock
with the other hand, and pulling. This allows easier application of the stocking. Elastic
stockings should be removed and reapplied at least twice a day. Instruct the patient not to roll
the socks partially down. Rolling the socks partially down has a constricting effect and can
impede venous return. Instruct the patient to launder elastic stockings every 2 days with mild
detergent and lay flat to dry.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Text reference: pp. 234-235

TOP: Applying Elastic Stockings KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
10. When using an SCD, the nurse should:
a. apply powder to the patient’s skin if redness and itching are present.
b. leave a two-finger space between the patient’s leg and the compression stocking.
c. keep the patient connected to the compression device when transferring into and
out of bed.
d. remove the elastic stockings before putting on the sequential pneumatic
compression stockings.
ANS: B
Check the fit of SCD sleeves by placing two fingers between the patient’s leg and the sleeve.
Observe for signs, symptoms, and conditions that might contraindicate the use of elastic
stockings or SCD: Elastic stockings and SCD sleeves may aggravate a skin condition or cause
it to spread. Remove SCD sleeves when transferring the patient into and out of bed to prevent
injury. If the patient is wearing elastic stockings, eliminate any wrinkles and folds before
applying SCD sleeves. Wrinkles lead to increased pressure and alter circulation.

TOP: Applying SCD Sleeves KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
11. The patient is a paraplegic who possesses good arm and hand strength. When the following
devices are compared, which would be most appropriate for this patient?
a. Axillary crutch
b. Platform crutch
c. Lofstrand crutch
d. Standard crook cane
ANS: C
The Lofstrand crutch has a handgrip and a metal band that fits around the patient’s forearm.
Both the metal band and the handgrip are adjusted to fit the patient’s height. This type of
crutch is useful for patients with a permanent disability such as paraplegia. The axillary crutch
frequently is used by patients of all ages on a short-term basis. The platform crutch is used by
patients who are unable to bear weight on their wrists. It has a horizontal trough on which
patients can rest their forearms and wrists and a vertical handle for the patient to grip. The
standard crook cane provides the least support and is used by patients who require only
minimal assistance to walk.

OBJ: Develop teaching plans for selected patients for safety precautions to use at home while using
an ambulation aid, applying and monitoring effects of elastic stockings and SCDs, using the CPM, and
performing ROM and isometric exercises. TOP: Crutches
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
12. An appropriate way for the nurse to measure a patient for crutches is to:
a. have a flexion of 45 degrees at both of the patient’s elbows.
b. have a space of two to three fingers between the top of the crutch and the axilla.
c. place the crutch tips 1 foot to each side of the patient’s feet, and observe the
positioning of the crutches.
d. place the crutch tips 1 foot to the front of the patient’s feet, and observe the
positioning of the crutches.
ANS: B
Following correct crutch adjustment, two to three fingers should fit between the top of the
crutch and the axilla. Following correct crutch adjustment, elbows should be flexed 15 to 30
degrees. Elbow flexion is verified with a goniometer. Position the crutches with the crutch tips
at 6 inches (15 cm) to the side and 6 inches in front of the patient’s feet, and the crutch pads 2
inches (5 cm) below the axilla.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Text reference: pp. 239-240

TOP: Crutches KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
13. The patient has been using crutches for the past 2 weeks. When she comes for her follow-up
examination, she complains of tingling and numbness in her hands and upper torso. Possible
causes of these symptoms are:
a. the patient’s elbows are flexed 15 to 30 degrees when using the crutches.
b. crutch pad is approximately 2 inches below the patient’s axilla.
c. patient holds the cane 4 to 6 inches to the side of her foot.
d. handgrip does not allow for elbow flexion.
ANS: D
Instruct the patient to report any tingling or numbness in the upper torso, which may mean
that the crutches are being used incorrectly, or that they are the wrong size. If the handgrip is
too low, radial nerve damage can occur even if overall crutch length is correct, because the
extra length between the handgrip and the axillary bar can force the bar up into the axilla as
the patient stretches down to reach the handgrip. After correct crutch adjustment, two to three
fingers must fit between the top of the crutch and the axilla. Adequate space prevents crutch
palsy. Proper fit is when the crutch pad is approximately 2 inches or two to three finger widths
under the axilla, with the crutch tips positioned 6 inches (15 cm) lateral to the patient’s heel.

TOP: Crutches KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
14. The patient has a leg injury and is being fitted for a cane. The patient should be taught to:
a. hold the cane on the uninvolved side.
b. hold the cane on the weaker side.
c. extend the cane 15 inches from the foot when used.
d. maintain approximately 60 degrees of elbow flexion.
ANS: A
The patient holds the cane on the uninvolved side, 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) to the side of
the foot. This offers the most support when the cane is placed on the stronger side of the body.
The cane and the weaker leg work together with each step. The cane extends from the greater
trochanter to the floor while the cane is held 6 inches (15 cm) from the foot. Allow
approximately 15 to 30 degrees of elbow flexion. As weight is taken on by the hand and the
affected leg is lifted off the floor, complete extension of the elbow is necessary.

TOP: Cane Measurement KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
15. While ambulating, the patient becomes light-headed and starts to fall. What should the nurse
do first?
a. Call for help.
b. Try to reach for a chair.
c. Ease the patient down to the floor.
d. Push the patient back toward the bed.
ANS: C
If the patient begins to fall, gently ease the patient to the floor by holding firmly onto the gait
belt; stand with the feet apart to provide a broad base of support, extend the leg, and let the
patient gently slide to the floor. As the patient slides, the nurse bends the knees to lower the
body. The nurse can cause more damage to self and patient by trying to catch the patient.
The nurse certainly will call for help, but this is not the first priority. The nurse must ensure
the patient’s safety before getting help by easing him to the floor.

TOP: Patient Safety KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
16. When the four gaits listed below are compared, which is the most stable of the crutch gaits?
a. Four-point gait
b. Three-point gait
c. Two-point gait
d. Swing-to gait
ANS: A
Four-point gait is the most stable of crutch gaits because it provides at least three points of
support at all times. The patient must be able to bear weight on both legs. Each leg is moved
alternately with each opposing crutch, so that three points of support are on the floor all the
time. This gait is often used when the patient has some form of paralysis, such as for spastic
children with cerebral palsy. This is less stable than four-point gait because it requires the
patient to bear all weight on one foot. Weight is borne on the uninvolved leg and then on both
crutches. The affected leg does not touch the ground during the early phase of three-point gait.
This gait may be useful for patients with a broken leg or a sprained ankle. This is less stable
than four-point gait because it requires at least partial weight bearing on each foot. It is faster
than four-point gait and requires better balance because only two points support the body at
any one time. This is the easier of the two swinging gaits. It is less stable than four-point gait
because it requires the ability to partially bear body weight on both legs. This gait is
frequently used by patients whose lower extremities are paralyzed, or who wear
weight-supporting braces on their legs.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Text reference: pp. 241-242

TOP: Crutch Gaits KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
17. The nurse is caring for a patient who has just been treated for a broken leg. She needs to teach
the patient how to use crutches. Which crutch gait is most appropriate for this patient?
a. Four-point gait
b. Three-point gait
c. Two-point gait
d. Swing-to gait
ANS: B
The three-point gait requires the patient to bear all weight on one foot. Weight is borne on the
uninvolved leg and then on both crutches. The affected leg does not touch the ground during
the early phase of three-point gait. It is useful for patients with a broken leg or a sprained
ankle. The four-point gait is the most stable of crutch gaits because it provides at least three
points of support at all times. The patient must be able to bear weight on both legs. Each leg is
moved alternately with each opposing crutch, so that three points of support are on the floor
all the time. The two-point is used when the patient has some form of paralysis, such as for
spastic children with cerebral palsy. This gait requires at least partial weight bearing on each
foot. It requires better balance because only two points support the body at one time. This is
the easier of the two swinging gaits. It requires the ability to partially bear body weight on
both legs. The swing-to gait is used by patients whose lower extremities are paralyzed, or who
wear weight-supporting braces on their legs.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Text reference: pp. 241-242

18. When teaching the use of a three-point crutch gait, the nurse should instruct the patient to
move:
a. both crutches and the affected leg first, then the stronger leg.
b. the right crutch, left foot, left crutch, and right foot in sequence.
c. the left crutch and right foot, then move the right crutch and left foot.
d. both crutches, then lift and swing the legs forward as far as the crutches.
ANS: A
The proper sequence for the three-point crutch gait is: begin in tripod position, advance both
crutches and the affected leg, and then move the stronger leg forward, stepping on the floor.
This is the proper sequence for the four-point gait, the two-point gait, and the swing-to gait.

19. A patient with left hemiparesis is using a quad cane for ambulation. Which of the following is
the correct technique for the nurse to use in teaching the patient?
a. Use the cane on the right side, with the cane moving forward first.
b. Use the cane on the left side, with the left leg moving forward with the cane.
c. Use the cane in either hand, with the right leg moving forward first.
d. Use the cane in either hand, with the left leg moving beyond the forward
placement of the cane.
ANS: A
To correctly use a quad cane, the patient places the cane on the side opposite the involved leg.
This provides added support for the weak or impaired side. Ambulation then begins by
moving the cane forward 6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm), keeping body weight on both legs. The
weak leg is then brought forward even with the cane while the body weight is supported by
the strong leg and the cane. The strong leg is then advanced past the cane. Moving a leg and
the cane forward at the same time will compromise balance and increase risk of fall.

TOP: Ambulation With a Cane KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. The patient had a stroke and is currently immobile. The nurse realizes that increasing mobility
is critical because immobility can result in alterations in which of the following? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Cardiovascular function
b. Pulmonary function
c. Skin integrity
d. Elimination
ANS: A, B, C, D
When mobility is altered, many body systems are at risk for impairment. Impaired mobility
can result in altered cardiovascular functioning, disruption of normal metabolic functioning,
increased risk for pulmonary complications, the development of pressure ulcers, and urinary
elimination alterations.

TOP: Complications of Immobility KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
2. The nurse is caring for an immobile patient. Which of the following may help reduce the
hazards associated with immobility? (Select all that apply.)
a. A high-fiber diet
b. Frequent repositioning
c. Muscle and joint exercises
d. Increased fluid intake
ANS: A, B, C, D
Frequent repositioning, deep breathing and coughing exercises, muscle and joint exercises,
increased fluid intake, and dietary intake of foods containing fiber are examples of measures
that help to reduce the hazards of immobility.

OBJ: Discuss the hazards of immobility. TOP: Prevention of Complications of Immobility
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
3. The nurse is applying a CPM machine to the patient’s leg. To do so, she must: (Select all that
apply.)
a. provide analgesia 1 hour before starting the CPM.
b. stop the CPM when in extension and place a sheepskin on the machine.
c. align the patient’s joint with the CPM’s mechanical joint.
d. secure the patient’s extremity tightly with Velcro straps.
ANS: B, C
Provide analgesia 20 to 30 minutes before CPM is needed. Stop the CPM when in extension.
Place sheepskin on the CPM to ensure that all exposed hard surfaces are padded to prevent
rubbing and chafing of the patient’s skin. Align the patient’s joint with the mechanical joint of
the CPM.

OBJ: Identify significant assessment data to be noted before and during the use of a machine.
TOP: CPM Machine KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
4. Factors that contribute to the development of DVT are: (Select all that apply.)
a. elevated sodium (Na+) levels.
b. hypercoagulability of the blood.
c. venous wall damage.
d. stasis of blood flow.
ANS: B, C, D
Three elements (commonly referred to as Virchow’s triad) contribute to the development of
DVT: hypercoagulability of the blood, venous wall damage, and stasis of blood flow.

OBJ: Understand the pathophysiology of the development of DVTs.
TOP: Deep Vein Thrombosis KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
COMPLETION
1. ____________ refers to an ability to move about freely.
ANS:
Mobility
Mobility refers to an ability to move about freely.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Text reference: p. 221

TOP: Mobility KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
2. A person’s inability to move about freely is known as _______________.
ANS:
immobility
Immobility refers to a person’s inability to move about freely.

TOP: Immobility KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
3. A drop in blood pressure that occurs when the patient changes position from a horizontal to a
vertical position is known as _________________.
ANS:
orthostatic hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when the patient changes
position from a horizontal to a vertical position.

TOP: Orthostatic Hypotension KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
4. The patient is performing ROM exercises independently. These are known as __________
exercises.
ANS:
active ROM
ROM exercises may be active, passive, or active-assisted. They are active if the patient is able
to perform the exercises independently and passive if the exercises are performed for the
patient by the caregiver. The exercises are active-assisted if the patient is able to perform
some of the actions independently with support and assistance from the caregiver.

OBJ: Discuss indications for performing ROM and isometric exercises.
TOP: Active Range of Motion KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
5. Static exercises that involve tightening or tensing of muscles without moving a body part are
known as ______________.
ANS:
isometric exercises
Isometric or static exercises involve tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body
parts.

TOP: Isometric Exercises KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
6. _________________ increase muscle tension but do not change the length of muscle fibers.
ANS:
Isometric contractions
Isometric contractions increase muscle tension but do not change the length of muscle fibers.

TOP: Isometric Contractions KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
7. Virchow’s triad (hypercoagulability of blood, venous wall damage, and stasis of blood flow)
has been found to contribute to ________________.
ANS:
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Three elements (commonly referred to as Virchow’s triad) contribute to the development of
DVT: hypercoagulability of the blood, venous wall damage, and stasis of blood flow.

TOP: Deep Vein Thrombosis KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
8. The nurse is concerned that the patient may fall while he is ambulating. To help her maintain
control while the patient walks, the nurse may apply a ______________ around the patient’s
waist.
ANS:
gait belt
A gait belt encircles a patient’s waist and has space for the nurse to hold while the patient
walks. This gives the nurse better control and helps to prevent injury.

TOP: Gait Belt KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
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Submerged forests, 59, 60
Suckow, G. A., 296, 297, 302
Surface-soils, 55–60
Swanage, 227
Sycidium, 173
S. melo, 155, 173
Synedra, 153
Tchikatcheff, P. de, 283

Teleutospora Milloti, 213
Tenison-Woods, J. E., 279, 291
Teredo, 61, 62
Tertiary Period, 51–53
Thallophyta, 116–228
Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., 87
Thomas, K., 71
van Tieghem, 136
Tmesipteris, 390
Torbanehill, 179, 182
Torbanite, 178, 179
Toula paper-coal, 68, 133
Trametes radiciperda, 215
Transition series, 40, 44, 413
Travertine, 69, 70, 234, 235
Treub, M., 131
Triassic system, 47, 48, 77, 78, 80, 146, 155, 160, 171, 174,
175, 256, 267, 268, 292–294
Trichomanes Goebelianum, 242
Trigonocarpon, 91
Triploporella, 177
Tristichia hypnoides, 231, 232
Trizygia, 411, 412
T. speciosa, 411
Tuedian series, 43
Tulip tree, 16
Turner, D., 191
Tylodendron, 104
Udotea, 171, 185, 202

Unconformity, 27
Underclay, 43
Unger, F., 187, 298, 299, 301
Uteria, 177
Vaillant, S., 225

Vascular Cryptogams, 242–414
Vaucheria, 157, 178
Venation, 99
Vermiporella, 172, 176
Vexillum, 149
Vinci, Leonardo da, 2
Vogelsang, H., 137
Volcanic rocks, 34, 51, 88, 89, 90
Volkmann, G. A., 296
Volkmannia, 350, 360, 361, 362
V. Binneyi, 351
V. Dawsoni, 401
V. Ludwigi, 351
Wallace, A. R., 245

Ward, L., 1
Wealden, 50, 55, 112, 114, 234, 257, 279, 280
Weed, W. H., 126
Weiss, C. E., 290, 343, 344, 351, 357, 358, 360–364, 367, 369,
370, 371, 375, 377, 388, 401, 408
Wenlock series, 38, 124, 200, 203
Wethered, E., 124
Willdenow, K. L., 231
Wille, N., 170
Williamson, W. C., 9, 10, 71, 94, 100, 103, 132, 154, 218, 220,
231, 273, 276, 301, 304, 315, 322, 324–326, 342, 346, 355,
358, 390, 392, 397, 401, 403
Williamson, W. C. and Scott, D. H., 88, 307, 312, 319, 320, 342,
346, 349, 355, 358, 390, 392, 396, 397, 405, 406
Witham, H., 7, 8
Withamia, 115
Wood-boring insects, 107
Woodward, J., 3, 10, 34, 71, 296
Woronina, 216
Wünsch, 89
Yellowstone Park, 79, 92, 126, 150

Yoredale rocks, 40, 43
Yorkshire coast, 55
Young, G. and Bird, J., 269
Zechstein series, 46
Zeiller, R., 76, 100, 133, 146, 232, 261, 264, 265, 282, 283, 289,
367, 375, 378, 390, 401, 403, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411
Zigno, A. de, 6, 271, 276, 287
Zonatrichia calcivora, 130
Zonatrichites, 129, 130
Zygosporites, 214, 220, 221
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Ward (84).
[2] Göppert (36).
[3] Parkinson (11), vol. i.
[4] For an account of the early views on fossils, v. Lyell (67), Vol. i. Vide
also Leonardo da Vinci (83).
[5] Woodward, J. (1695), Preface.
[6] Woodward, J. (1728), p. 59.
[7] Mendes da Costa (1758), p. 232.
[8] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 7, Pl. i. fig. 1.
[9] Parsons (1757), p. 402.
[10] Plot (1705), p. 125, Pl. vi. fig. 2.
[11] Ibid. Pl. vi. fig. 2.
[12] Lhwyd (1760).
[13] Artis (25).
[14] Steinhauer (18).
[15] Schlotheim (04).
[16] Sternberg (20).
[17] Brongniart (28) (282) (49).
[18] Brongniart (39).
[19] Heer (55) (68) (76).
[20] Lesquereux (66) (70) (80) etc.
[21] Zigno (56).
[22] Massalongo (51).
[23] Saporta (72) (73).
[24] Ettingshausen (79). Also numerous papers on fossil plants from
Austria and other countries.
[25] Sprengel (28).
[26] Witham (33).
[27] ibid., p. 3.
[28] Witham (33), p. 5.
[29] Nicol (34). See note by Prof. Jameson on p. 157 of the paper quoted,
to the effect that he has long known of this method of preparing sections.
[30] Limpricht (90) in Rabenhorst, vol. iv. p. 73.
[31] Knowlton (89).
[32] Corda (45).
[33] Binney (68), Introductory remarks.
[34] Williamson (71), etc.
[35] Solms-Laubach (95), p. 442.
[36] Lindley and Hutton (31).
[37] Woodward (1729), Pt. ii. p. 106.
[38] Humboldt (48), vol. i. p. 274.
[39] Vide Hooker, J. D. (81), for references to other writers on this subject;
also Darwin (82), ch. xii.
[40] Darwin (87), vol. iii. p. 247.
[41] Brongniart (49), p. 94.
[42] Grand’Eury (77), Potonié (96), Kidston (94), &c.
[43] Ward (92), Knowlton (94), Grand’Eury (90), p. 155.
[44] Old Persian writer, quoted by E. G. Browne in A Year among the
Persians, p. 220, London, 1893.
[45] W. R. W. Stephens, Life of Freeman, p. 132, London, 1895.
[46] Rothpletz (94).
[47] Heim (78).
[48] Geikie (93), p. 706.
[49] Hughes (79), p. 248.
[50] Whitney and Wadsworth (84).
[51] Murchison (72), p. 5.
[52] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 88.
[53] Kidston (94).
[54] Geikie (93), p. 825.
[55] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 197.
[56] Hinde and Fox (95), p. 662.
[57] Kidston (94).
[58] Vide Zeiller (92) for a list of species of Coal-Measure plants found in
the pieces of shale included in the core brought up by the borer.
[59] Jukes-Browne (86), p. 252.
[61] Neumayr (83).
[62] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 255.
[64] Huxley (93), p. 27.
[65] Discussed at greater length in vol. II.
[66] Woodward, H. B. (95), Figs. 124 and 133 from photographs by Mr
Strahan.
[67] Buckland (37) Pl. LVII.
[68] Young, Glen, and Kidston (88).
[69] Gardner (87), p. 279.
[70] Treub (88).
[71] Morton (91), p. 228.
[72] Lyell (45), vol. I. p. 180.
[73] Mantell (44), vol. I. p. 168.
[74] Forbes, H. O. (85), p. 254.
[75] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 477.
[76] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 1. There are several good specimens of the
black pyritised nipadite fruits in the British Museum and other collections.
[77] Rodway (95), p. 106.
[78] Bates (63), p. 139.
[79] Bates (63), p. 239.
[80] Lyell (67) vol. II. p. 361.
[81] Lyell (67) vol. I. p. 445.
[82] Darwin (90) p. 443.
[83] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. Pt. ii. p. 679.
[84] Bates (63) p. 389.
[85] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. p. 459.
[86] Zeiller (82) and Renault (95).
[87] Heer (76).
[88] Schimper and Mougeot (44).
[89] Sharpe, S. (68) p. 563.
[90] There are still more perfect casts from Sézanne in Prof. Munier-
Chalmas’ Geological collection in the Sorbonne. The best examples have
not yet been figured.
[91] Saporta (68).
[92] Darwin (90) p. 432.
[93] For figures of fossil plants in amber, vide Göppert and Berendt (45),
Conwentz (90), Conwentz (96) &c.
[94] Thomas (48).
[95] Adamson (88).
[96] Williamson (87) Pl. xv. p. 45. A very fine specimen, similar to that in
the Manchester Museum, has recently been added to the School of Mines
Museum in Berlin; Potonié (90).
[97] The British Museum collection contains a specimen of Stigmaria
preserved in the same manner as the example shown in fig. 12.
[98] Lyell (45) vol. i. p. 60.
[99] Lyell (45) vol. i. p. 147.
[100] Warming (96) p. 170.
[101] Bornemann (56), Schenk (67), Zeiller (82).
[102] Solms-Laubach (952).
[103] Nathorst (86) p. 9. See also Delgado (86).
[104] Parkinson (11) vol. i. p. 431.
[105] The British Museum collection contains many good examples of the
Solenhofen plants.
[106] There is a splendid silicified tree stem from Tasmania of Tertiary age
several feet in height in the National Museum.
[107] Darwin (90) p. 317.
[108] Holmes (80) p. 126, fig. 1.
[109] Marsh (71).
[110] Conwentz (78).
[111] A large piece from one of these South African trees is in the Fossil-
plant Gallery of the British Museum.
[112] Barton (1751) p. 58.
[113] Gardner (84) p. 314.
[114] Stokes (40) p. 207.
[115] Witham (81), Christison (76).
[116] Cole (94), figs. 1 and 3.
[117] Harker (95) p. 233, fig. 56.
[118] I am indebted to Dr Renault of Paris for showing to me several
preparations illustrating this method of petrifaction.
[119] Cash and Hick (78).
[120] Stur (85).
[121] Thiselton-Dyer (72) Pl. vi.
[122] Carruthers (70).
[123] Schultze (55).
[124] I am indebted to Prof. Lebour of the Durham College of Science for
the loan of this letter.
[125] Seward (97).
[126] Williamson and Scott (96) Pl. xxiv. fig. 16.
[127] Bryce (72) p. 126, fig. 23.
[128] An erroneous interpretation of the Arran stems is given in Lyell’s
Elements of Geology: Lyell (78) p. 547.
[129] Guillemard (86) p. 322.
[130] Heer (55).
[131] Göppert (36), etc.
[132] Hirschwald (73).
[133] Kuntze (80) p. 8.
[134] Schweinfurth (82).
[135] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 29.
[136] Göppert (57). Some of the large silicified trees mentioned by
Göppert may be seen in the Breslau Botanic gardens.
[137] An example referred to by Carruthers (71) p. 444.
[138] Williamson (71) p. 507.
[139] Dealt with more fully in vol. ii.
[140] Bentham (70).
[141] See also Bunbury (83) p. 309.
[142] Seward (96) p. 208.
[143] Darwin (90) p. 416.
[144] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 9.
[145] Balfour (72) p. 5.
[146] Grand’Eury (77) Pt. i., p. 3.
[147] 1 Renault and Zeiller (88) Pl. lx. fig. 1.
[148] Williamson (73) p. 393, Pl. xxvii. Described in detail in vol. ii. See
also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 7, fig. 1.
[149] A good example is figured by Newberry (88) Pl. xxv. as a
decorticated coniferous stem of Triassic age.
[150] Potonié (87).
[151] Lindley and Hutton (31) vol. iii. p. 4. See also Schenk (88) p. 202.
[152] Saporta (79) (77). Eopteris is included among the ferns in Schimper
and Schenk’s volume of Zittel’s Handbuch der Palaeontologie (p. 115),
and in some other modern works.
[153] Reinsch (81).
[154] Williamson has drawn attention to the occurrence of such borings
and coprolites in Coal-Measure plant tissues. E.g. Williamson (80) Pl. 20,
figs. 65 and 66.
[155] Renault (96) p. 437.
[156] Slide No. 1923 in the Williamson collection.
[157] Crépin (81).
[158] Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, drawn up by the late H. E.
Strickland, M.A., F.R.S., London, 1878.
[159] Lhwyd (1699).
[160] Knowlton (96) p. 82.
[161] Thiselton-Dyer (95) p. 846.
[162] Saporta (75) p. 193.
[163] Seward (95) p. 173.
[164] Ward (96) p. 874.
[165] Challenger (85) p. 934.
[166] Ehrenberg (36) p. 117, Pl. I. figs. 1 and 4, and Ehrenberg (54) Pl.
xxxvii. fig. vii.
[167] Schütt (96) p. 22.
[168] Bütschli (83–87) p. 1028.
[169] Challenger Reports (85) p. 939.
[170] Challenger Reports (91) p. 257.
[171] Hensen (92), Schütt (93) p. 44.
[172] Murray, G., and Blackman, V. H. (97).
[173] Dixon and Joly (97).
[174] Sorby (79) p. 78.
[175] Rothpletz (96), p. 909, Pl. xxiii. fig. 4.
[176] Challenger (85) passim. Schütt (93).
[177] Phillips W. (93).
[178] Kippis (78) p. 115.
[179] Darwin (90) p. 13.
[181] Walther (88).
[182] Cohn (62).
[183] Murray, G. (952).
[184] Thiselton-Dyer (91) p. 226.
[185] Nicholson and Etheridge (80) p. 28, Pl. ix. fig. 24.
[186] Wethered (93) p. 237.
[187] For figures of the sheaths of Cyanophyceous algae, see Murray
(952), Pl. xix. fig. 5. Gomont (88) and (92); etc.
[188] Brown (94) p. 203.
[189] For references to the papers of Wethered and others, see Seward
(94), p. 24.
[190] E. G. Bornemann (87), Pl. ii.
[191] Moseley, H. N. (75), p. 321.
[192] Weed (87–88), vide also Tilden (97).
[193] Bornet and Flahault (892) Pl. xi.
[194] Batters (92).
[195] Quekett (54), fig. 78.
[196] Kölliker (59) and (592); good figures in the latter paper.
[197] Rose (55), Pl. i.
[198] For other references vide Bornet and Flahault (892).
[199] Duncan (76) and (762).
[200] Similar borings are figured by Kölliker (592), Pl. xvi. 14, in a scale of
Beryx ornatus from the Chalk.
[201] Bornet and Flahault (892).
[202] E. G. Wedl (59). Good figures are given in this paper.
[203] Bornemann (86), p. 126, Pls. v. and vi.
[204] Renault (961) p. 446.
[205] Treub (88).
[206] Williamson (88).
[207] Heer (55) vol. i. p. 21, Pl. iv. fig. 2.
[208] de Bary (87) p. 9. A good account of the Schizomycetes has lately
been written by Migula in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien, Leipzig,
1896.
[209] 1 µ = 0·001 millimetres.
[210] James (982), translation of a paper by M. Ferry in the Revue
Mycologique, 1893.
[211] Zeiller (82).
[212] Renault (951), (961) p. 478, (962) p. 106. (Several figures of the
cuticles are given in these publications.)
[213] Renault (961) p. 492.
[214] Renault (952), (961), (962).
[215] Renault and Bertrand (94). See also Renault (952) p. 3, (961) p. 449,
Pl. lxxxix. (962) p. 94, and (963) p. 280, fig. 3.
[216] Renault (952) p. 17, fig. 9, (961) p. 460, fig. 102, and (963) p. 292,
fig. 10.
[217] Renault (963) p. 297, fig. 14.
[218] Van Tieghem (77).
[219] Van Tieghem (79).
[220] Vogelsang (74). Vide also Rutley (92).
[221] I am indebted to Prof. Kanthack for calling my attention to an
interesting account of Bacilli in small stones found in gall-bladders; a
manner of occurrence comparable to that of the fossil forms in petrified
tissues. Vide Naunyn (96) p. 51.
[222] Renault (963) p. 277.
[223] Hooker, J. D. (44) p. 457. Pls. clxvii. clxviii. and clxxi. D.
[224] An American writer has recently discussed the literature and history
of Fucoides; he gives a list of 85 species. It is very doubtful if such work
as this is worth the labour. (James [93].)
[225] Wille (97) p. 136, also Murray, G. (95) p. 121.
[226] Linnarsson (69) Pl. xi. fig. 3. There are many good specimens of this
fossil in the Geological Survey Museum, Stockholm.
[227] Nathorst (812), and (96).
[228] Nathorst (81) p. 14.
[229] Mantell (33) p. 166. Vide also Morris (54) p. 6.
[230] Bateson (88).
[231] Nathorst (81), (86) &c. Dawson (88) p. 26 et seq. Dawson (90)
Delgado (86) Williamson (85) Hughes (84) Zeiller (84) Saporta (81) (82)
(84) (86) Fuchs (95) Rothpletz (96).
[232] Kinahan (58).
[233] Sollas (86).
[234] Barrois (88). References to other records of this genus may be
found in Barrois’ paper.
[235] Zeiller (84). Phymatoderma is probably a horny sponge (vide p.
154).
[236] Newberry (88) p. 82, Pl. xxi. There are some large specimens of this
supposed alga in the National Museum, Washington; they are
undoubtedly of the nature of rill-marks.
[237] Vide Williamson (85).
[238] Dawson (90) p. 615.
[239] Salter (78) p. 99.
[240] Lapworth (81) p. 176, Pl. vii. fig. 7.
[242] A term applied to a certain facies of Eocene and Oligocene rocks in
Central Europe.
[243] Hall (47) Pl. lxviii. 1 and 2, p. 261.
[244] Nathorst (83) p. 453.
[245] Seward (942) p. 4.
[246] Kidston (83) Pl. xxxii. fig. 2. Specimens of this form may be seen in
the British Museum collection.
[247] Cf. Matthew, G. F. (89). Hall called attention in 1852 to the prevalent
habit of describing ‘algae’ from the older strata, without any evidence for a
vegetable origin. (Hall [52] p. 18.)
[248] Credner (87) p. 431.
[249] Saporta (84) p. 45, Pl. vii.
[251] A monograph on the Diatomaceae has recently been written by
Schütt for Engler and Prantl’s systematic work. See also Murray, G. (97)
and Pfitzer (71).
[252] Darwin (90) p. 5.
[253] Weed (87).
[254] Wilson (87).
[255] Ehrenberg (54).
[256] Noll (95) p. 248.
[257] Hooker, J. D. (44) vol. i. p. 503.
[258] Murray, J. and Renard (91) p. 208.
[259] Nansen, Daily Chronicle, Nov. 2, 1896.
[260] Schütt (93) p. 10.
[261] Ehrenberg (36) p. 77.
[262] Cayeux (92), (97).
[263] Shrubsole and Kitton (81).
[264] I am indebted to Mr Murton Holmes for specimens of these London
Clay Diatoms.
[265] Rothpletz (96) p. 910, fig. 3, Pl. xxiii. fig. 203.
[266] Schütt (96) p. 62.
[267] Castracane (76).
[268] Heer (76) p. 66, Pl. xxiii. and (53) p. 117, Pl. vi.
[269] Stefani (82) p. 103.
[270] The Chlorophyceae have recently been exhaustively dealt with by
Wille (97) in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien.
[271] Vide p. 142.
[272] Murray G. (95) p. 123.
[273] Göppert (60) p. 439. Pl. xxxiv. fig. 8.
[274] Zeiller (84).
[275] Murray G. (92) p. 11; also (95) p. 127.
[276] Damon (88) Pl. xix. fig. 12.
[277] Vide also Rothpletz (96) p. 894.
[278] Ellis (1755) Pl. xxxiii. α p. 86.
[279] Fuchs (96) Pl. viii. fig. 3.
[280] Murray G. (95) Pl. iii. figs. 1 and 2.
[281] Rothpletz (90), and (91) Pls. xv. and xvi.
[282] Bornemann (87) p. 17, Pl. ii. pp. 1–4.
[283] Lamouroux (21) Pl. xxv. fig. 5, p. 23.
[284] Munier-Chalmas (79).
[285] For references to genera of calcareous algae previously referred to
Foraminifera, vide Sherborn (93).
[286] Lamarck (16) p. 193.
[287] Defrance (26) Pl. xlviii. fig. 2, and Pl. l. fig. 6.
[288] Carpenter (62) p. 179, Pl. xii. figs. 9 and 10.
[289] Michelin (40–47) Pl. xlvi. fig. 24.
[291] Lamouroux (21) Pl. xxv. fig. 6, p. 23.
[292] Harvey (58) Vol. I. Pl. xxii. fig. 3.
[293] Fuchs (94).
[294] Lamouroux gives a figure of Acetabularia, and includes this genus
with several other algae in the animal kingdom (Lamouroux [21] p. 19), Pl.
lxix.).
[296] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. xxv. fig. 8.
[297] Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 33, Pl. iii.
[298] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. xxv. fig. 8.
[299] Michelin (40) p. 176, Pl. xlvi. fig. 14.
[300] Carpenter (62) p. 137, Pl. xi. figs. 27–82.
[301] Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 32.
[302] Ibid. p. 34, Pl. iii. fig. 13.
[303] Andrussow (87).
[305] Carpenter (62) Pl. xi. fig. 32.
[306] Reuss (61) p. 8, figs. 5–8.
[307] Ellis (1755) Pl. xxv. C.
[308] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 38 gives a detailed description with two
figures of a recent species of Cymopolia.
[309] Murray G. (95).
[310] Wille (97).
[312] Cramer (87) (90).
[313] Solms-Laubach (91) (93) (953).
[314] Church (95).
[315] Gümbel (71).
[316] Benecke (76).
[317] Defrance (26) p. 453.
[318] Munier-Chalmas (77) p. 815.
[319] Munier-Chalmas ibid.
[320] Defrance (26) Pl. xlviii. fig. 1.
[321] Stolley (93).
[322] Deecke (83).
[323] Benecke (76) Pl. xxiii.
[325] Rothpletz (94) p. 24.
[326] Lamarck (16) p. 188.
[327] Carpenter (62) Pl. x.
[328] Gümbel (71). Vide also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 39.
[329] Stolley (93).
[330] Schlüter (79).
[331] Saporta (91) Pl. xxxii. &c.
[332] Solms-Laubach (93), Pl. ix. figs. 1, 8.
[333] Cramer (90).
[334] Rothpletz (922) p. 235.
[335] Steinmann (80).
[336] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 40. fig. 3. Vide also Deecke (83) Pl. i. fig.
12.
[337] Brongniart (28) p. 211.
[338] Bornemann (91) p. 485. Pls. 42 and 43.
[339] Seward (952) p. 367.
[340] Report of the Trial (62).
[341] Bertrand and Renault (92) p. 29.
[342] Bertrand (93), Bertrand and Renault (92) (94), Bertrand (96),
Renault (96). Additional references may be found in these memoirs.
[343] Batters (92). Vide also Schmitz (97) p. 315.
[344] Hauck (85) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. ii.
[345] Kent (93) p. 140.
[346] Agassiz (88) vol. i. p. 82.
[347] Walther (85).
[348] Ibid. (88) p. 478.
[349] Philippi (37) p. 387.
[350] Rosanoff(66) Pl. vi. fig. 10.
[351] Rothpletz (91) Pl. xvii. fig. 4.
[352] Früh (90) fig. 12.
[353] Kjellman (83).
[354] Holmes and Batters (90) p. 102.
[355] Hauck (85). Rosanoff (66). Rosenvinge (93) p. 779. Kjellman (83) p.
88. Solms-Laubach (81).
[356] Unger (58).
[357] A microscopic section of the Vienna Leithakalk is figured in
Nicholson and Lydekker’s Manual of Palæontology (89) vol. ii. p. 1497.
[358] Gümbel (71) Pl. ii. fig. 7, p. 41.
[359] Hauck (85) p. 272.
[360] Rothpletz (91) Pl. xvii. fig. 4.
[361] Vide Walther (88) p. 499; also Jukes-Browne and Harrison (91)
passim. I am indebted to Mr G. F. Franks, who has studied the Barbadian
reefs, for the opportunity of examining sections of West-Indian coral-rock.
[362] Brown A. (94).
[363] Brown A. (94) p. 147.
[364] ibid. p. 200.
[365] e.g. Saporta (82) p. 12.
[366] Turner (11) vol. ii. p. 51.
[368] Penhallow (96) p. 45.
[369] Dawson (59).
[370] Vide ‘Academy’ 1870, p. 16.
[371] Carruthers (72).
[372] Penhallow (89).
[373] Barber (92).
[375] Penhallow (96).
[376] loc. cit. p. 83.
[377] Dawson (59), also (71) p. 17.
[378] Penhallow (89) and (96) p. 46.
[379] Barber (92) p. 336.
[380] Penhallow (89) and (93).
[381] Dawson (81) p. 302.
[382] Barber (92).
[383] Hicks (81) p. 490.
[384] Lake (95) p. 22.
[386] A similar method of fossilisation has been noted by Rothpletz in the
case of the Lower Devonian alga Hostinella. [Rothpletz (96) p. 896.]
[387] Penhallow (96) p. 47.
[388] Carruthers (72) p. 162 regards this species as identical with N.
Logani.
[389] Seward (953).
[390] Strickland and Hooker (53).
[391] Hicks (81) p. 484.
[392] Dawson (82) p. 104.
[393] Barber (89) and (90).
[394] Murray G. (953).
[395] Hooker J. D. (89).
[396] loc. cit.
[398] Seward (942) p. 4.
[399] An excellent monograph on the Mycetozoa has lately been issued
by the Trustees of the British Museum under the authorship of Mr A. Lister
(94). Vide also Schröter (89) in Engler and Prantl’s Natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien.
[400] Renault (96) p. 422, figs. 75 and 76.
[401] Schröter (89) p. 32, fig. 18 B.
[402] Cash and Hick (782) Pl. vi. fig. 3.
[403] Göppert and Menge (83) Pl. xiii. fig. 106.
[404] Harper (95).
[405] e.g. Ludwig (57) Pl. xvi. fig. 1.
[406] Potonié (93) p. 27, Pl. i. fig. 8.
[407] References are given by Potonié to illustrations by Zeiller (922) Pl.
xv. fig. 6, Grand’ Eury (77) Pl. xxxiii. fig. 7, and others in which possible
fungi are represented.
[408] Engelhardt (87).
[409] For figures of the Coccineae, see Comstock (88), Maskell (87),
Judeich and Nitsche (95) &c.
[410] Massalongo (59) Pl. i. fig. 1, p. 87.
[411] Meschinelli (92).
[412] James, J. F. (932).
[413] Lesquereux (87).
[414] Herzer (93).
[415] Conwentz (90) Pl. xii. fig. 5.
[416] Feilden, H. W. (96); Seward (962) p. 62, appendix to Feilden’s paper.
I am indebted to Dr Bonney for an opportunity of examining the plant
remains from the Feilden collection.
[417] Hartig (78).
[418] Conwentz (80) Pl. v. fig. 17.
[419] Carruthers (70) Pl. xxv. fig. 3.
[420] Renault (96) p. 427, fig. 80, d.
[421] ibid. p. 427, fig. 80, a–c.
[422] p. 127.
[423] Etheridge (92) Pl. vii.
[424] Hartig (78) and (94), Göppert and Menge (83).
[425] Renault (96) p. 425, fig. 78.
[426] Fischer in Rabenhorst, vol. i. (92) p. 144.
[427] Carruthers (76) p. 22, fig. 1.
[428] Smith, W. O. (77) p. 499.
[429] Williamson (81) Pl. xlviii. p. 301.
[430] Renault (96) p. 439, figs. 88 and 89.
[431] Cash and Hick (782).
[432] Cash and Hick, Pl. vi. fig. 3.
[433] Felix (94) p. 276, Pl. xix. fig. 1.
[434] ibid. p. 274, Pl. xix. figs. 5 and 6.
[435] Williamson (78) and (80).
[436] Conwentz (90) p. 119, Pl. xi. pp. 2, 3, Pl. xv. fig. 8.
[437] Migula (90) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. v.
[438] Vaillant (1719) p. 17.
[439] Migula (90) p. 53.
[440] Knowlton (892).
[441] Meek (73) p. 219.
[442] Saporta (73) p. 214, Pl. ix. figs. 8–11.
[443] Seward (942) p. 13, fig. 1.
[444] Woodward, H. B. (95) pp, 234, 261, etc.
[445] Forbes, E. (56) p. 160, Pl. vii.
[446] Vide p. 69, fig. 10.
[447] Lyell (29).
[448] Skertchly (77) p. 60.
[449] Schiffner and Müller in Engler and Prantl (95), Campbell (95), Dixon
and Jameson (96) are among the best of modern writers on the
Bryophyta.
[450] Hooker, J. D. (91) p. 513.
[451] Schiffner (95) p. 140.
[452] Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. clxiii.
[453] Bennett and Brown (38), Pl. v.
[454] Bennett and Brown (38) p. 35.

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4. A patient is admitted to the medical unit following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

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6. A nurse encourages a patient to prevent venous stasis by:

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1. ____________ refers to an ability to move about freely.

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2. A person’s inability to move about freely is known as _______________.

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Tchikatcheff, P. de, 283

Udotea, 171, 185, 202

Vaillant, S., 225

Wallace, A. R., 245

Yellowstone Park, 79, 92, 126, 150

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