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台北榮總精神部

廖幸儀 臨床心理師
大網

 睡和醒的神經生理機制
 睡眠檢查
 睡眠疾患
 睡眠心理師的角色
睡和醒的神經生理機制
調節睡/醒的神經生理機制
 Two-process model of • Physiological
sleep regulation Models:Arousal
system 清醒機制
恆定機制
• Psychophysiological
and metabolic
evidence
• Electrophysiological
晝夜節律機制
evidence
• Neuroendocrine
evidence
Homeostatic system
 每個人都有自己一個需要的睡眠量,這個量因
個人以及年齡而有所不同。
 恆定系統的強弱取決於先前清醒時間的多寡。
 VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic area)
of the hypothalamus
 Adenosine為恆定系統相關的化學物質。
Circadian system

 內在生理時鐘中樞:下視丘
 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

 內在生理時鐘維持大約24小時的睡眠/清醒
的循環
 Forced desynchronize protocol (Czeisler, 2000)
 20hours/day
→core body temperature & melatonin rhythms
=24hrs15mins
Light & Circadian rhythms
 Light →
Retinothalamic tract
→ SCN → other
hypothalamic nuclei
and the pineal gland :
modulate body
temperature and
melatonin.
Arousal system
 Arousal system不是引發睡眠的作用,而是干擾
睡眠
 激發腦部的活性,維持清醒。
 與睡眠機制相互拮抗,干擾睡眠機制的運作。
 受到壓力的激發。
 激發清醒系統因素
 感官刺激
 情緒
 動機
睡醒神經生理機制的運作
Sleep Switch

(LH側下視丘)
Orexin

1.藍斑核(LC):NE
睡 2.下視丘後結節乳頭核
(TMN):Histamine
(VLPO腹外 3.縫核(Raphe):serotonin
側核) GABA 4.橋腦LDP/PPT:Ach

 1.晝夜節律系統:
 白天模式:醒
 晚上模式:睡
 2.身體的訊號,如飢
餓感,也會啟動清醒
系統作用

 1.醒的時間越久
→Adenosine↑→VL
PO分泌GAGB↑→抑
制orexin作用而進入
睡眠
 2.晝夜節律系統進入
夜晚模式:分泌
Melatonin
調節睡/醒的神經生理機制
 Two-process model of • Physiological
sleep regulation Models:Arousal
system 清醒機制
恆定機制
• Psychophysiological
and metabolic
evidence
• Electrophysiological
晝夜節律機制
evidence
• Neuroendocrine
evidence
睡眠障礙評估
 基本資料(身高、體重、職業、工作時間)
 晤談、行為觀察
 量表
 失眠嚴重度量表
 匹茲堡睡眠品質評量表
 睡眠失功能信念及態度量表
 睡眠衛生執行量表
 Epworth sleepiness嗜睡量表
 Morning / evening scale
 檢查工具
 睡眠日誌
 PSG(Polysomnography)
 MSLT(Multiple Sleep Latency Test,)
 活動腕錶
檢查項目1:Polysomnography

 Basic sleep recording


 EEG: C3, C4, O1, O2, F3, F4 referred to A1/A2
 EOG: LOC/A2 and ROC/A1
 Mentalis/submentalis EMG
檢查項目2:MSLT (Multiple
sleep latency)
 前一天晚上有足夠睡眠下,進行白天睡眠檢查
 程序
 兩小時睡一次,共五次
 每次給二十分鐘
 睡著→睡十分鐘(看有沒有進入REM)
 沒睡著→起床
 結果
 SOL≦8分鐘:表示嗜睡
 SOREM≧2次:表示有Cataplexy的可能
檢查項目3:活動腕錶(Actiwatch)

 原理:應用活動量、光照
 目的:
 1.評估每天的入睡時間、半夜醒來時間、睡眠效
率。
 2.睡眠週期問題(晝夜節律疾患)
 執行方式:
 戴錶二週+填寫睡眠日誌
活動腕錶(Actiwatch)

Normal Sleeper Free Running


睡眠疾病
Sleep wake disorders (DSM-V)
1. DSM主要的使用主為精神衛生與一般醫療人員,ICSD2來自睡
眠醫學的專家,所以DSM-V診斷標準和ICSD2 做連結
2. DSM-V Sleep wake disorders分類編碼屬於non-psychiatric listing.
3. 各類疾病具有較多研究支持證據
1. Narcolepsy
2. breathing-related sleep disorders
3. restless legs syndrome, which can often coexist with
periodic limb movements during sleep.
Sleep wake disorders (DSM-V)
 Insomnia Disorder
 Hypersomnolence Disorder
 Narcolepsy
 Breathing-related sleep disorder
 Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
 Central Sleep Apnea
 Sleep-Related Hypoventilation
 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-wake Disorder
 Parasomnias
 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders
 Nightmare Disorder
 Rapid Eye Movement sleep Behavior Disorder
 Restless Legs Syndrome
 Substance/medication-Induced Sleep Disorder
 Other Specified Sleep Disorder
 睡太少
 Insomnia Disorder Sleep wake disorders
 睡太多
 Hypersomnolence Disorder (DSM-V)
 Narcolepsy
 Kleine Levin Syndrome
 睡錯時間點
 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-wake Disorder
 Breathing-related sleep disorder(呼吸系統相關)
 Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
 Central Sleep Apnea
 Sleep-Related Hypoventilation
 神經系統相關
 Restless Legs Syndrome
 Parasomnias(睡醒轉換問題)
 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders
 Nightmare Disorder
 Rapid Eye Movement sleep Behavior Disorder
 其他
 Substance/medication-Induced Sleep Disorder
 Other Specified Sleep Disorder
Insomnia Disorder
 A. A predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or
quality, associated with one (or more) of the following symptoms:
 1. Difficulty initiating sleep.
(children:without caregiver intervention.)
 2. Difficulty maintaining sleep.
(children:without caregiver intervention.)
 3. Early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep.
 B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic,
behavioral, or other important areas of functioning.
 C. 頻率:每週三個晚上
 D. 持續時間:至少三個月
 E. 有足夠睡覺的機會下仍出現睡眠困難
Insomnia Disorder
排除條款:
 F. 不是其他Sleep wake disorders 可做更好解

 G. 並非物質所引起的
 H.共存的精神疾病或生理疾病無法解釋的失眠
抱怨
Specify if:
 陣發型:1個月以上,<3m
 持續型:>3m
 多次發作型:一年發作兩次以上
Insomnia Disorder(診斷特質)
1.Nonrestorative sleep不是獨立存在。通常
存在入睡困難、難持續睡眠或早醒之中,
也可能存在於呼吸相關的睡眠疾患。
2.量化定義嚴重度:
 (1)入睡困難:SL>20-30分
 (2)難維持睡眠:醒來再入睡SL>20-30分
 (3)早醒:預定醒來前三十分鐘醒來,需
考量幾點睡的,以及年齡改變之影響
3.夜間睡眠困擾影響白天狀態(疲累、嗜睡
、注意力、記憶力…)
Insomnia Disorder(其他相關特質)
 生理與心理Arousal
 投入很多時間在處理睡眠:
 越努力睡覺越感到挫折
 相當關注睡眠議題
→干擾正常的睡眠機制,形成失眠
 長期失眠後,形成不良的睡眠習慣(躺床時間多
、經常小睡、不正常的睡醒時間)及睡眠信念(過
度解釋偶而的失眠及失眠所造成的影響…),使
得失眠長期存在
 有些人表示若不努力睡時,較容易入睡;離開
床或易引發arousal的事物時,較容易入睡
 特質:易憂鬱焦慮、想得多、內化、情緒
導向、易專注身體
Etiology of Insomnia
3P Model of the
Development of Insomnia
 Predisposing Factor
 Individual characteristic to set the stage for the development of
insomnia
 Precipitating Factor
 The event that triggers the onset of insomnia
 Perpetuating Factor
 The factors that maintain
持續因子
the continuation of 誘發因子
insomnia 前置因子

尚 失 短 長
未 眠 期 期
失 ( 失 失
眠 急 眠 眠


(Spielman AJ et al., 1986) )
失眠成因的神經行為模式

Psychological/Behavioral Neurophysiological
Facotrs Systems

Behavioral Homeostatic
Practices System

Sleep
Sleep Circadian vs.
Cognition System Wake/Arousal

Emotional
Arousal Arousal
System
Treatment of Insomnia
 Pharmacological Treatment
 BZD Hypnotics/Sedatives
 Non-BZD Hypnotics
 Antidepressants
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
 Sleep Hygiene Education
 Cognitive Restructuring
 Sleep Schedule Management
 Stress Management/Relaxation Training
 Circadian Rhythm Adjustment
Hypersomnia Related to … (睡太多)

 Hypersomnolence Disorder (Primary


Hypersomnia/Narcolepsy without Cataplexy)
 Narcolepsy(Narcolepsy/Hypocretin Deficiency)
 Kleine Levin Syndrome
Hypersomnolence Disorder
 A. 自述主要睡眠時間已持續至少七小時,但仍想睡,
併有下列至少一項的症狀:
 1. 同一天反覆的進入睡眠
 2. 即使延長睡眠晚九小時,起床後仍感到不可恢復
的感覺 (i.e., unrefreshing).
 3. Difficulty being fully awake after abrupt
awakening.
 B. 嗜睡發生,每週≥3次,持續≥ 3個月
 C. significant distress or impairment in cognitive,
social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
 D. E.F.排除條款
Hypersomnolence Disorder
 診斷特質
 通常SE(Sleep efficiency)佳
 起床後極度嗜睡、難以維持清醒、sleep inertia(動作
不敏捷、行為不恰當、記憶力缺乏、時間空間定向
感不佳、像喝醉般無力),仍可以做一些自動化的事
 有些人睡超過九小時,早上仍感到難以清醒而有不
可恢復的感覺,白天也會無意識的小睡,大多超過
一小時,但怎麼睡都睡不飽,睡眠品質不見得好。
 低刺激低活動的狀態下,嗜睡感更明顯
 Diagnostic Markers
 PSG normal(SE90%)
 MSLT positive
Hypersomnolence Disorder
 Specify if:
 急性: ≤1 month
 亞急性: 1-3 months.
 Persistent: >3 months.
 Specify current severity:
 多次從事任何日常活動如開車、工作時,出現
難以克服的嗜睡,無法保持日間清醒。
 Mild: 1-2 days/week.
 Moderate: 3-4 days/week.
 Severe: 5-7 days/week.
Narcolepsy
 A.一天內反覆進入無法抗拒的睡眠或小睡
,近三個月中至少出現三次。
 B.至少出現下列其中一項:
 1.Cataplexy:指a.或b.,每個月至少發生幾次。
 a.意識清醒時,因大笑而突然喪失兩側肌肉張力
 b.兒童或在初發六個月內,在沒有任何情緒觸發
源下,出現自發性作鬼臉、張下顎並伸出舌頭、
或整體肌張力低下
 2.腦脊液中hypocretin-1的濃度異常(≤110 pg/ml
或低於一般人1/3)
 3.PSG:進入第一個REM ≤15分,或
MSLT:SOL≦8分鐘,SOREM≧2次
Narcolepsy

 Specify current severity:


Cataplexy 白天小睡 夜間干擾
輕度 <1次/週 1-2次/天 少
中度 每天或幾天 多次/天 √
重度 每日多次 持續嗜睡 √(頻移動、
失眠、夢境
栩栩如生)
Narcolepsy
 診斷特質
 B-1.cataplexy通常在情緒誘發下,全身肌肉失去
張力,進入睡眠當時意識清楚知道外面狀態。
 B-2.抽腦脊液中hypocretin-1的濃度是診斷的黃
金標準(很少hypocretin低下但沒有cataplexy)
 B-3. PSG需停精神科藥物且有兩週的充足睡眠
 Diagnis Marker
 MSLT 90%-95% (+)
 PSG
 2%-4% arousal↑SE↓Stage1↑
 40%PLM及Sleep Apnea
 CSF hypocretin-1在初期只有些微的減少
Cataplexy
Kleine Levin Syndrome (ICSD-2)
 Recurrent hypersomnia
 – Recurrent episodes of excessive daytime
sleepiness lasting for 2 days to 4 weeks(極度嗜睡2
天-4週)
 – Episodes recur at least once per year(每年至少一
次再發)
 – Alertness, cognitive function and behavior are
normal between episodes(非發病階段:認知功能
、清醒度與行為皆正常)
 – Hypersomnia is not explained by another sleep,
medical, neurological, or psychiatric disorder,
medication use, or substance abuse(排除條款)
Kleine Levin Syndrome (ICSD-2)
 Kleine-Levin syndrome:In addition to the
recurrent hypersomnia criteria, the patient
should also have at least one of the following
 – Cognitive abnormalities – ex confusion,
derealization, hallucinations
 – Abnormal behavior – irritability, aggression
 – Hyperphagia (吃東西慾望高)
 – Hypersexuality(性慾望高)
Kleine Levin Syndrome
(好發:男性>女性,4倍,青春期)

睡眠時間、白天的警醒力正常

 嗜睡:每次持續約2天~4週
 異常行為:
 吃過多(binge eating)
 不當的性行為(hypersexuality)
 不安(irritability)、衝動(aggression)
 認知異常
 覺得不真實(unreality)、混亂(confusion)及幻覺(hallucinations)
Kleine Levin Syndrome
( Miglis and Guilleminault, 2014)

 病因:不明
 基因:
 兩對同卵雙胞胎
 DQB1*0601
 25%complicated birth history 15%發展遲緩
 感染65%:像感冒一樣、上呼吸道感染
 發燒20%
 壓力5%
 睡眠剝奪5%
Kleine Levin Syndrome

( Miglis and Guilleminault, 2014)


Kleine Levin Syndrome

症狀治療

( Miglis and Guilleminault, 2014)


Circadian Rhythm sleep-wake
Disorders
 A. A persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption
leading to excessive sleepiness, insomnia, or both that is
primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or
to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian
rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by a
person’s physical environment or social/professional
schedule.
 B. The sleep disruption leads to excessive sleepiness or
insomnia, or both.
 C. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.
主訴:失眠(前移—早醒、後移—入睡困難)、嗜睡

期望的睡眠時間

實際的睡眠時間

睡眠節律前移疾患

期望的睡眠時間

實際的睡眠時間

睡眠節律後移疾患
Circadian Rhythm sleep-wake
Disorders
 Specify whether:
 Delayed Sleep Phase Type
 Advanced Sleep Phase Type
 Irregular Sleep –Wake Type
 Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
 Shift Work Type
 Specify if:
 陣發型:1-3M
 持續型:≥3M
 多次發作型:一年內 ≥2次
Delay Sleep Phase Type
Delay Sleep Phase Type

 臨床表現
 入睡困難
 晚上精神好
 只要睡著就可以一覺到天亮,不影響睡眠品質
 早上爬不起來
 常見於年輕人、見光死的宅男腐女、週末
假期結束(上班)前一晚
Advance Sleep Phase Type

 臨床表現
 晚上很早就開始打瞌睡
 早醒
 早上醒來就接觸陽光

 常見於老年人
Treatment
 Light Therapy
 Sleep Schedule Management
 Melatonin
睡眠生理疾病—呼吸與神經

 Breathing-related sleep disorder(呼吸系統


相關)
 Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
 Central Sleep Apnea
 Sleep-Related Hypoventilation
神經系統相關
 Restless Legs Syndrome
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Hypopnea Syndrome
 A. (1)或(2)其中之一:
 1. PSG顯示Obstructive Apnea或hypopneas ≧5次/hr ,和以
下睡眠症狀之一:
 a. 夜間呼吸干擾:打鼾、噴鼻息、喘氣或睡眠時呼吸中

 b.白天嗜睡、疲勞或有足夠機會睡仍感到睡眠不可恢復
性(不是另一種精神或身體疾病引起的)
 2.無論伴隨的症狀為何,PSG顯示Obstructive Apnea或
hypopneas ≧15次/hr
 Specify if:
 輕度:PSG AHI:5~15次/hr
 中度:PSG AHI:15-30次/hr
 重度:PSG AHI:>30次/hr
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Hypopnea Syndrome
 危險因子
 肥胖、頸圍粗大
 顱顏結構:下顎過小、後縮 正常的睡眠狀態 睡眠呼吸中止
呼吸道通暢 呼吸道塌陷
 睡眠呼吸中止症的影響
 白天嗜睡
 淺眠、睡眠品質差
 注意力、記憶力、抽象思考與決策能力變差
 增加心臟、血管疾病的發生率
阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症
治療
Positional Therapy
Restless Legs Syndrome
 A. An urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by or in
response to uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the
legs, characterized by all of the following:(以下都要符合)
 1. The urge to move the legs begins or worsens during periods of
rest or inactivity. . (在休息的時候,如坐著或躺著時發生、或變
得更嚴重)
 2. The urge to move the legs is partially or totally relieved by
movement.(腿動一動會改善)
 3. The urge to move the legs is worse in the evening or at night
than during the day,or occurs only in the evening or at night. (傍
晚或晚上更嚴重;或是僅在傍晚或晚上發生)
 B.準則A至少每週3次,共持續至少3個月
 C.功能損傷
 D.E.排除條款
Restless Legs Syndrome
 診斷特質
 uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations:指creeping,
crawling, tingling, burning, itching
 RLS易延後入睡時間、睡眠片斷
 有些嚴重的個案,即使移動也不會改善
 其他:相關特質、危險因子
 基因
 一等親家族史
 基因證據 MEISl and BTBD9
 缺鐵(補充後即恢復)
 Uremia又併有家族史
 90%有PLMS
 dopaminergic treatment有效
 Diagnostic markers
 PSG:SL↑ arousal index ↑(因動作困擾引發的)
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