Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals. Ex1. Poverty and Social Issues Much of the developing world is caught in a limbo of sorts, battling to (1) the psychological and physical scars of the near past - of, in many cases, colonial or (2) rule - while at the same time oddly hesitant about making the changes necessary to safeguard a better future. In many cases, the sums don’t add up; large parts of Africa and Latin America, for example, are resource-rich and (3) well- positioned to make their mark in the 21st century, but alas, there is something holding them back. For some, the source of the problem lies very high up indeed; in corrupt and/or unstable governments, which typically rule for the privileged few while the subservient many struggle on in squalor. Others are ravaged by years or even decades of tribal war and 4 Mother Nature, for example, which has (5) drought, famine and, at times, and yet more have simply been the victims of misfortune - the wrath of utter devastation on the hapless masses of much of Sub-Saharan Africa over the years. But, whatever about the (6) causes, the results are as clear as day. A lack of access to education and medical care has left many countries ravaged by diseases by and large under control in the West. Think the AIDS epidemic; that immunity-crippling terminal illness that much of Africa is still struggling to get a handle on. Factors like poor sanitation, malnutrition, poor or a total lack of access to clean water, high rates of violent crime and civil (7) all play their part and contribute to the disheartening reality on the ground; high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, substance abuse, indigence, ; the situation for many is dire. Where, in the West, when we talk about poverty, we do so in relative terms, here, poverty is absolute, The poverty line is not drawn to distinguish those who can maintain a good standard of living 1. COME 2. DESPOT. 3. OSTENSIBLE 4. CORRUPT. 5. LEASH 6.LIE 7.REST 8.JOB 9. NIGHT.irom those struggling to do so, but rather it (10) the difference between life and death; the struggle to exist just long enough to welcome in another tomorrow. (Adapted from https:/ieltsmaterial.com/) 10. LINE Ex2. Natural disasters Earthquakes are amongst the most destructive natural disasters. They usually strike without any warning and result in a great loss of life and an enormous (1) of buildings. Additionally, they may cause devastating landslides or create gigantic tidal waves which, in fact, are colossal walls of water smashing into seashores with such force that they are capable of destroying coastal cities. However, the vast majority of fatalities and serious injuries come about when buildings collapse. Most (2) no time to avert the mortal (3) once the shaking starts. The savage forces of the earthquake lasts 30 to 60 seconds, so usually there is an earthquake trigger a complex chain reaction in the building's structure when itis shaken, lifted, pushed, or pulled. A building's height, its shape, and construction materials are the most (4) factors deciding about the survival or collapse of the structure and, consequently, about the life or death of its (5) (Adapted from English Advanced Vocabulary and Structure Practice) 1. DEMOLISH 2. FREQUENT. 3. SHOT. 4. SIGNIFY 5. HABITAT Ex3. Travel ~~ Getting away from it all If you're looking for a destination which is off the (1) track, then nowhere could be better than the (2) island of Palawan in the Philippines. It is the (3) of an archipelago of 1,780 islands and boasts incredibly clear waters, pristine white beaches and wonderfully (4) fishing villages. Accommodation ranges from five-star luxury hotels to family-run guesthouses and cheap (5) beach huts where you can do all your own cooking, So even young people who are travelling on a (6) budget can afford to stay on this (7) island. (8) ‘one of the most beautiful destinations in the world, Palawan Island is very different from the tourist traps of the Philippines. You can expect to spend a 9) week or two in this tropical paradise as the atmosphere is very laid-back and (10) 1. BEAT 2. FLING 3. LARGE 4. PICTURE 5. CATER 6. SHOES 7. STUN 8. DENY 9. HASSLE 10, COMMERCE(Adapted from Reactivate your grammar & vocabulary) [ Ex4, Health and medicine Cancer Risks Lung cancer kills more people in one year than all (1) and accidental deaths combined. This statistic is shocking, but the good news is that people are now well- informed about the risks connected to lung cancer. They know that their risk of contracting this terrible disease decreases if they either stop smoking or do not smoke at all. (2) , the same cannot be said about other types of cancer. Many people are not aware that their everyday behavior can lead to the development of different forms of cancer. Instead of foods that are good for them, people often eat (3) foods, such as hamburgers, French fries, and pizza. These popular foods contain large amounts of saturated fat, which is one of the worst kinds of fat. Although light and (4) products are constantly being introduced to the consumer market, many people still buy foods that contain fat because they often taste better. People do not eat as many fresh vegetables and fresh fruits as they used to. Instead, they now eat alot more (5) foods that do not contain natural fiber. Many people today are overweight, and being overweight has been connected to some kinds of cancer. Since television sets are now a standard piece of furniture in most living rooms, people spend more time sitting down and © eating snacks than they did in the past. Finally, health officials are (7) concerned by the astounding rise in the cases of skin cancer. Many societies value a tanned (8) so on weekends, people tend to flock to the beach or swimming pools and lie in the sun. Cancer has been around since the earliest days of humans (9) but only recently has the public been made aware of some of the risk factors involved. (10) campaigns can be seen everywhere on billboards, in television commercials, on the radio, and in newsprint. If proper diets, exercise, and sunscreens received the same level of attention, the number of cancer cases could be reduced. (Adapted from Great Writing 4) CRIME . FORTUNE, | HEALTH FAT PROCESS: . MIND. 7.GRAVE 9. 1 . COMPLEX | EXIST 0. SMOKE ExS. Memory and the Hippocampus The Mysteries of Memory Loss Many people claim to have a bad memory, and it's true that we have trouble at times remembering where we put our house keys or recalling the names of people we've recently 3met. But there are those who suffer more serious memory problems, including memory loss over time or memory loss due to injury, disease, or (1) of surgery. The brain only has a limited number of cells, and neuroscientists—doctor experts who study the brain—had theories in the past about how these cells might (2) run out. Further (3) suggests that memory loss may be significantly impacted by injury to the hippocampal region, a part of the brain thought to be crucial for information recall, Research on individuals with brain damage in this region reveals that although they are still able to recollect pre-damaged memories, they are unable to remember recent information. Furthermore, age-related (4) like Alzheimer’s and other issues involving both short- and long-term memory loss are (5) linked to potential hippocampal damage. In recent years, the exploration of the hippocampus and memory has been greatly facilitated by two (6) patients. These individuals, known simply as EP and HM, both encountered memory (7) subsequent to the damage of this particular cerebral area. HM suffered a head injury as a child and later (8) experimental brain surgery to remove most of his hippocampus. In contrast, EP developed a condition that caused his hippocampal tissue to mostly disappear. Although neither of the men can create new memories at this time, they can recall certain things from before their traumas. For instance, (9) of how many times you may have met before, EP and HM will always believe it’s their first time meeting you, even though they are both likely to remember things from their (10) or lessons they learned in school. (Adapted from Active Skills for Reading 3) Ex6, Modern media and Blogging ~~ Blogging in the modern-day Personal narratives of everyday occurrences were common in the early blogs. Very soon, however, many types emerged including critical news (1) often well- informed and (2) expressed. With many millions of bloggers now writing on almost every (3) subject each day, the traditional media cannot afford to ignore them or treat them with (4) Their ubiquity means they have become increasingly influential, as can be seen in the number of ‘official’ news stories that are (5) or called into question by bloggers, and also the numerous stories ~ initiated through blogs 1. COMPLICATE 2. EVENT 3. EVIDENT 4.1LL 5.INCREASE 6. ORDINARY 7. IMPAIR 8.60 9, REGARD 10. CHILD 1. COMMENT 2, ELOQUENCE 3. CONCEIVE 4. RESPECT 5. CREDIT 6. CORPORATEMost large media organizations have now (6) ‘some form of blogging | 7. DEPEND Into their news services, but (7) bloggers still have freedom unavailable to mainstream journalists. They bypass editors and publishers, who tend to distort stories. | 8. MODIFY ‘The material on blogs is raw, (8) by editors, and often harsh and direct in its | 9. CRITICIZE 9) of the way news is reported by the traditional media. Thus, bloggers act | 10. PROOF as a kind of media watchdog, able to check facts and verify or, alternatively, (10) information ina way that mainstream journalists are often unable to. (Adapted from CAE test) Ex7. Living in Cities From one perspective the factor which influences young people to livein cities is work. ‘There is a greater range of jobs available in cities. Even ifa person is (1) orhad | 1, EDUCATE poor performance in academics could find a job in cities. On the other side, many MNC’s build their base in cities offering a different range of positions for youth. Even though it seems expensive in the short run, itis far more (2) that cities offer a wide class of jobs. | 2. BENEFIT Beyond the vibrant energy, cities offer another powerful draw for young people: education. Most universities, with their prestigious programs and diverse research opportunities, are concentrated in urban centers. This proximity makes it a natural choice for ambitious young minds, allowing them to (3) transition from high school to higher education | 3, SEAM while staying in the city they already know and love. The primary motivator for urban migration is the pursuit of financial security. This strategic (4) unlocks a | 4, LOCAL multitude of benefits, including the (5)____of menial employment within the city’s | 5. ACCESS vast commercial ecosystem. Alternatively, it allows for increased dedication to academic pursuits (Adapted from CAE Essay) Ex8. Biology ‘Aging and its unusual characteristics in the Pheidole dentata ant. Pheidole dentata, a native ant species found in the south-eastern U.S, defies the conventional concept of aging. Despite not being (1) , these ants exhibit | 1. MORTAL remarkable resilience to aging, with older worker ants performing tasks just as (2) | 2. EFFECT as their younger (3) and maintaining sharp cognitive abilities. | 3. PART Ysabel Giraldo, who conducted a study on these ants for her doctoral thesis at Boston University, asserts that they show no signs of decline with age. Such extraordinary longevity 5is uncommon in the animal Kingdom, While naked mole rats can live up to 30 years while remaining fit and capable of (4) , the majority of animals, like humans, experience (5) with age. However, ants, like naked mole rats, are social creatures residing in complex colonies, which may contribute to their (6) longevity. Giraldo, now at the California Institute of Technology, emphasizes the (7) of studying P. dentata in understanding aging processes in humans, Unlike many animal studies that rely on mice, worms, or fruit flies, which lead (8) isolated lives, ants offer a more sociable model for research. In her research, Giraldo meticulously tracked ants of different age groups, providing valuable (9) into the aging process. This comprehensive approach sets her work apart from previous studies that merely estimated the age of ants. Overall, P. dentata is a useful model for studying aging, providing information about (10) that may contribute to better agingin social species such as humans (Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 14) 4, PRODUCE 5. DETER 6. EXCEPT 7. SIGNIFY 8. RELATE 9. SEE 10. CHARACTER Ex9. Biology and Psychology Oxytocin is a chemical, a hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the brain. It was through various studies focusing on animals that scientists first became aware of the influence of oxytocin. They discovered that it helps (1) the bonds between prairie voles, | 1. FORCE which mate for life, and triggers the (2) behaviour that sheep show towards their | 2. MOTHER newborn lambs, It is also released by women in (3) , strengthening the | 3. CHILD attachment hetween mother and baby. Few chemicals have as positive a reputation as oxytocin, which is sometimes referred to as the ‘love hormone’, One sniff of it can, it is claimed, make a person more trusting, empathetic, generous and cooperative. It is time, however, to revise this | 4. WHOLE io) optimistic view. A new wave of studies has shown that its effects vary greatly depending on the person and the circumstances, and it can impact on our social (5) | 5.ACT for worse as well as for better. (Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 13) Ex10. nance and Business ‘There was once a widely held belief that people who were in debt, but who could not afford to pay back that debt, should be punished severely. At the end of the 19th century, those unable to repay what they owed were arrested, taken to court, and (1) sent to ‘debtors’ prisons’, locked away until they had worked off what they owed. To be in 1, ULTIMATE 6debi, in the eyes of society, was (2) ‘And yet, by the time we reached the first years of the 21st century, the idea that owning debt was something positive, even productive, had become (3) in many parts of the world. So much so, that the global financial crash of 2008, in the eyes of many observers, was entirely inevitable. At the end of the 20th century, the general financial climate was stable and healthy. Commercial banks and investment banks for a number of years had mostly functioned separately from one another. When people put their income or savings into an investment, it was often done without a great deal of risk, and they tended not to make an astonishing amount of money. But this was soon to change in a (4) way, writes Alicia Pillory in The Great Deception. In the early 2000s, ‘investment bankers devised an opportunity to make huge profits by buying mortgage loans from commercial banks and mortgage lenders’. She explains how the investment banks then created ‘packages’ of these loans and sold them to individual investors. "The grand, (5) theory was that any repayments would have to be made to the companies or people who now owned the mortgages, and everyone would get rich.’ (Adapted from Mindset for IELTS 3) 2. ACCEPT 3. PLACE 4, DISASTER 5. GUIDE Ext. ‘The importance oflaw ‘The law influences all of us virtually all the time, it governs almostall aspects of our (1) and even what happens to us when we are no longer alive, It | 1. BEHAVE affects us from the embryo (2) - Tt governs the air we breathe, the food and | 2. WARD. drink we consume, our travel, family relationships, and our property. Each time we examine a label on a food product, engage in work as an employee or employer, travel on the reads, go to school to learn or to teach, stay, create or (3) a | 3. SOLVE commercial company, play sports, or engage the services of someone for anything from plumbing a sink to planning a city, we are in the world of law. The universal standard of whether something is socially tolerated is (4) becoming whether it is | 4. PROGRESS legal, rather than something that has always been considered acceptable. In earlier times, most people were (5) Today, by contrast, a vast number of people | 5. LITERATURE can read, and itis becoming easier for people to take an interest in law. However, law is, a versatile instrument that can be used equally well for the improvement or the (6) | 6.GRADE of humanity. This inexorable ascension, of course, elevates the legal profession to a position of (7) importance. In our dynamic and rapidly | 7. MOUNT 7valuable. Without their knowledge, many parts of commercial and social life today needed. The American comedian Jerry Seinfeld put it like this, ‘We are all a problem, the (10) is the only person who has read the inside of the top of the box.” (Adapted from https://mini-ielts.com/) evolving world, a plethora of skillsets and erudite knowledge are (8) 8. DEMONSTRATE would seize up in minutes. But legal understanding is just as vital and as (9) | 9. UNIVERSE throwing the dice, playing the game, moving our pieces around the board, butifthere is | 10. LAW Ex12. Archaeology and History Pottery production in ancient Akrotiri Excavations at the site of (1) Akrotiri, on the coast of the Aegean Sea, have revealed much about the technical aspects of pottery manufacture, (2) one of the basic industries of this Greek city. However, (3) less is known about the socio-economic context and the way production was organised. The bulk of pottery found at Akrotiri is locally made and dates from the late fifteenth century BC. It clearly ‘more than fifty different types of pots can be distinguished. The pottery found includes wide variety of (5) fulfilled a vast range of the settlement's (4) types like smaller containers, (6) jars, pouring vessels, cooking pots, drinking vessels and so on, which ll relate to specificactivities and which would have been made and distributed with those activities in mind. Given a large number of shapes produced and the relatively high degree of (7) it has generally been assumed that most, if not all, of Akrotiri pottery, was produced by (8) craftsmen in a (9) context. Unfortunately, neither the potters’ workshops nor kilns have been found within the excavated area. The reason may be that the ceramic workshops were located on the periphery of the site, which has not yet been excavated. In any event, the ubiquity of the pottery, and the consistent repetition of the same types in different sizes suggest production on an (10) scale. (Adapted from https://ieltstrainingonlinecom/) 1. HISTORY 2. DISPUTE 3. CONSIDER 4, REQUIRE 5. FUNCTION 6. STORE 7. STANDARD, 8. SPECIAL 9, DOMESTIC 110. INDUSTRY Ex13, Health and Disease prevention In tests funded by the National Institute of Aging, they got some 50 adults to walk on the toots in their bare feet for less than an hour, three times a week, After 16 weeks, these people showed marked improvements in (1) and even a significant reduction 1. MOBILE 8in blood pressure. People in a control group who walked on ordinary floors also improved but not as (2) The mats are now available for purchase and production is being scaled up. Even so, demand could exceed supply if this foot stimulating activity really isa “useful (3) approach for preventing or controlling hypertension of older adults", as the (4) believe, They are not alone in recognizing the benefits of cobblestones. Reflexologists have long advocated walking on textured surfaces to stimulate so-called 'acupoints' on the soles of the feet. They believe that pressure applied to particular spots on the foot connects directly to particular organs of the body and somehow enhances their function. In China, spas, apartment blocks and even factories promote their cobblestone paths as (5) amenities. Fisher admits he got the concept from regular visits to the country. Here, city dwellers take daily walks along cobbled paths for five or ten minutes, perhaps several times a day, to improve their health. The idea is now taking off in Europe too. (Adapted from https:/ ieltsonlinetests.com/vi 2. DRAMA 3. PHARMACY 4, SEARCH 5. HEALTH Ex14, Human mind and Emotions Mind Music Golds 's investigators came to the conclusion that recordings and the music we hear in our heads are very similar. They corroborated this hypothesis by having volunteers chronicle the (1) patterns of music using wrist-worn monitors. Subsequent investigations have illuminated that individuals who experience earworms with greater frequency may possess brains that (2) emotions in a manner distinct from those who do not. Dr Stewart also believes that the brain is (3) by earworms when it is not focused ona task. In fact, a reduction in the occurrence of earworms was found to be directly related to how challenging the task was. (4) volunteers’ diaries revealed that the songs they heard inside their head reflected their moods, so the choice of music is not (5) (Adapted from hetps:/ieltsonlinetests.com/vi 1. RHYTHM. 2. MEDIATOR 3. OCCUPY 4, INTEREST 5, ACCIDENT Ex15. Education and Study ‘Anew stage in the study and teaching of history of forms of communication, above all moving images on video or film. Historians (1) used written sources and communicated through | 1. TRADITION books and articles. Today, however, the printed word is being superseded by a (2) | 2. DIVERSE 9The development of this new form of communication Is leading to a growing gap between the practice of professional historians based in (3) ,and the practice of those ai ing to (4) the study of history among the general public, and to encourage people to create their own records for the future. On the one hand, there are mainstream academics who continue to use only the written word as they examine more and more fields with an ever-increasing number of sophisticated (5) approaches. On the other hand, film and video, especially as broadcast on television, are probably the major influence on the public's (6) of history, as they see film of events of fifty or a hundred years ago, events they had previously only read about. 3. ACADEMY 4, POPULAR 5. METHOD 6. CONSCIOUS In a related development, all these visual records may well prove to be (7) | 7.VALUE sources of information for future historians. The glaring (8) 8. CONTRADICT is that the two approaches-the academic and what we might term the popular - have intersected very little: with a few (9) exceptions, professional historians | 9. NOTE have tended to avoid involvement in television programmes about history, and have even less impact on what is being captured and preserved on video. This gulf can be seen as resulting from the willingness or otherwise of individual historians to accept the (10) of new forms of communication in the study of | 10. VALID history. (Adapted from https://ieltsonlinetests.com/vi) x16, Economics and Energy Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow, and we need it to mine minerals, extract oil, or cut wood, and then to process these into finished goods. So the most fundamental definition of money is as a (1) | 1. MACHINE to allow the exchange and (2) of different forms of energy. | 2. ALLOCATE Recently, people have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005, it was possible to expand our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005, oil supply has been in decline, and at the same time, as a direct result of this, the world's economy has been unable to expand, leading to global (3) With the world's energy and the (4) of energy production in decline at the same time, the net energy available to support (5) other than energy procurement will decrease, We could increase energy production by diverting a large proportion of our g oil energy into building nuclear power stations and investing in (6) forms of energy. However, this is very unlikely to happen in democratic 4. PROFIT 5.ACT 6. NEW 10nations, (7) _ because it would require huge, (8) reductions | 7. UNDERSTAND in living standards. As oil supply decreases, the global economy will (9) 8. VOLUNTEER continue to con world to become wealthier. Increased wealth for one individual can only result in the ‘act. With energy in decline, it will be impossible for everyone in the | 9. EVITABLE (10) of poverty for another. 10. BAD (Adapted from CAE test) Ex17. Astronomy ‘The Moon When one looks up into the sky on a clear ni ng, one cannot help but be struck by the sight of our sister planet hanging there in the sky likea silver ball, sending (1) shadows descending to Earth. Few (2) objects can have had such an influence over religion and the arts. And never is the Moon's visual impact ‘more impressive than when it is full and just above the distant horizon, Under these conditions, the apparent (3) of the lunar disc to familiar terrestrial objects ‘makes the Moon appear to be very much larger and closer than normal. But the fact that our 4 eyes still cannot discern more than just a few dark blotches on its surface demonstrates that this effect must indeed be justan optical illusion. The light from the Moon cannot really become (5) as it passes at a grazing angle through our atmosphere. (Adapted from CPE test) 1. GHOST 2. ANIMATE 3. PROXIMATE 4.AID 5. INTENSE Ex18. Technology ~~ “Technology in the developing world Water, or rather the lack of it, has long been a major issue in many regions of the world, But the process of (1) means that water supplies are becoming ever scarcer. According to the (2) of a report published in 2010, 900 million people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water. This (3) has an impact on health, (4) and local economies. One of the answers to this problem is the simple hand pump. In some areas, rainwater drains down through (5) rocks and collects underground. With a simple hand pump, villagers can extract this clean groundwater. However, these mechanical devices tend to wear out due to constant use. It has been (6) estimated that at any one time 30 to 40 percent of them are out of order. 1, DESERT 2. FIND 3. VARY 4. SCHOOL, 5. PORE 6. ACCURACY 11To help with this issue, Oxford University researchers have created a low-cost data transmitter. Using a very simple (7) similar to those used in regular mobile phones, the transmitter monitors movement in the pump handle and is able to make (8) about the amount of water pumped and to send an (9) text message if the pump breaks down. The new device will be piloted in an area of Kenya which commonly experiences Tong periods of (10) (Adapted from Reactivate your grammar & vocabulary) 7. APPLY 8. CALCULATE 9, AUTO 10. DRY Ex19. The Development of Museums The conviction that historical relies provide (1) testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when seience was regarded as (2) and value-free. Museums used to look - and some still do much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle (3) in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom tall looked alike. Similarly, the information (4) the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content and format of (5) dated back to a time when the museum was the (6) domain of the scientific researcher. But opinions on history and how it ought to be presented have changed recently. Experience is now the important word in heritage display. The (7) started much earlier in the US: Williamsburg served asa model for several historic neighborhoods across the globe. Nobody knows where the process will stop. On (8) heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period. of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticized as a(n) (9) vulgarization, but the popularity of numerous historical theme parks and other such (10) indicates that most people do not hold this view. (Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 9) 1. FALL 2. OBJECT 3. DIFFER 4. COMPANY 5. EXPLAIN 6. EXCLUDE 7.TEND 8. CALL 9. TOLERATE 10. ESTABLISH Ex20. Evolution When evolution runs backwards? 2Although evolution isn't meant to proceed backward, a growing body of evidence indicates that it can (1) do so and that it can also portend a species’ future. The (2) of any animal as an ‘evolutionary throwback’ is controversial. For the better part of a century, most biologists have been reluctant to use those words, (3) of a principle of evolution that says ‘evolution cannot run backwards. But as more and more examples come to light and modern (4) enters the scene, that principle has to be (5) . Not only are evolutionary throwbacks possible, they sometimes play an important role in the forward march of evolution. The technical term for an evolutionary throwback is an ‘atavism’, from the Latin status, meaning (6) . The word has ugly connotations thanks largely to Cesare Lombroso, a 19th-century Italian medic who argued that criminals were born not made and could be identified by certain physical features that were throwbacks to a primitive, (7) state. While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Belgian paleontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite conclusion. In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irrevocable: that ‘an organism is unable to return, even (8) , to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestors. Biologists in the early 20th century reached the same result, though they qualified it in terms of (9) , stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards -it is just very unlikely. And so the idea of (10) in evolution stuck and came to be known as ‘Dollo’s law. (Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 10) 1. OCCASION 2. DESCRIBE 3. MIND. 4. GENE 5. WRITE 6. FATHER 7. HUMAN 8. PART 9. PROBABLE 10. REVERSE B