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Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants
6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 5. First write the system as an augmented matrix.
6.1 Practice Problems { x − 2 y = 1 ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤

⇒
2 x + 3 y = 16 ⎢⎣ 2 3 16⎥⎦
Now perform the row operations.
1. a. 3 × 2 b. 1× 2
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤
⎢2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎡0 3 −1 8 ⎤ ⎣ 3 16⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 7 14⎦
⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
2. ⎢ 1 4 0 14⎥ R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤
⎢⎣0 −2 9 0 ⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
7
⎢0
⎣ 1 2⎥⎦
1 Thus, y = 2. Using back-substitution, we have
⎡3 4 5⎤ R1 ↔ R2 ⎡ 2 4 6⎤ 2 R1
x − 2(2) = 1 ⇒ x = 5. The solution is {(5, 2)}.
⎢2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯
→
4 6⎥⎦
3.
⎣ ⎣ 3 4 5⎦
⎡1 2 3⎤ −3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ 6. First write the system as an augmented matrix.
⎢3 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎡2 1 −1 7 ⎤
⎣ 4 5⎦ ⎣ 0 −2 −4⎦ ⎧2 x + y − z = 7
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ x − 3 y − 3 z = 4 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −3 −3 4 ⎥
4. First write the system as an augmented matrix. ⎪⎩4 x + y + z = 3
⎣⎢ 4 1 1 3⎦⎥
⎧ x − 6 y + 3 z = −2 ⎡ 1 −6 3 −2⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ Now perform the row operations.
⎨3x + 3 y − 2 z = −2 ⇒ ⎢ 3 3 −2 −2⎥ ⎡2 1 −1 7 ⎤
⎩⎪2 x − 3 y + z = −2 ⎣⎢ 2 −3 1 −2⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −3 4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Now perform the row operations. ⎢⎣ 4 1 1 3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −6 3 −2 ⎤
⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
⎢ 3 3 −2 −2⎥
→ ⎢2 1 −1 7 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −3 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 1 1 3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −6 3 −2 ⎤
⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
3 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −21 11 −4 ⎥ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 7 5 −1⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
−4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −9 5 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 13 13 −13⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −6 3 −2⎤
⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
→ ⎢ 0 −21 11 −4⎥
9 R2 − 21R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0
5 1
⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 → 1 −
1
R3 → R3 ⎢ 7 7⎥
⎡ 1 − 6 3 −2⎤ 13 ⎢0 1 1 −1⎥⎦
⎢ ⎣
4⎥
1
− R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯21 → ⎢0 1 −
11
⎥ ⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
(− R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎥
7
1
− R3 → R3 ⎢ 21 21⎥ 5 1
6 ⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎣ ⎢ 7 7⎥
Thus, z = −1. ⎢0 0 1 − 3⎥⎦
⎣
Using back-substitution, we have
Thus, z = −3. Using back-substitution, we
11 4 7 1
y − (−1) = ⇒ y = − = − . Then, 5 1
21 21 21 3 have y + ( −3) = − ⇒ y = 2 and
7 7
⎛ 1⎞ x − 3 ( 2) − 3 (−3) = 4 ⇒ x = 1.
x − 6 ⎜ − ⎟ + 3(−1) = −2 ⇒ x − 1 = −2 ⇒
⎝ 3⎠
x = −1 The solution is {(1, 2, −3)}.
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ −1, − , −1⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎭
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc. 569

570 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants
⎧6 x + 8 y − 14 z = 3 ⎡ 6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎡ 8 21⎤
⎪
7. ⎨3x + 4 y − 7 z = 12 ⇒ ⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢1 0 − 5 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩6 x + 3 y + z = 0
⎣⎢ 6 3 1 0⎦⎥ → ⎢0 1 −
2 14 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11
⎢ 5 5⎥
Now perform the row operations. ⎢0 0 1 −2 ⎥
⎡6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ 8 ⎡1 0 0 1⎤
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦ R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎡ 3 4 −7 12⎤ 2
R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥
5 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎧ x+ z = −1 ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
1 ⎢ 1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎪
9. ⎨ 3 y + 2 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥ ⎪⎩3x − 3 y + z = −8
⎣⎢ 3 −3 1 −8⎦⎥
⎢6 3 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 −3 1 −8⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 0 −21⎥
→ ⎢0 3 2 5⎥
−3R1 + R3 → R3
⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 0⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −3 −2 −5⎥⎦
Since the second row is equivalent to 0 = −21, the
system is inconsistent and the solution is ∅. ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 2 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢0 1 ⎥
⎧ 2 x − 3 y − 2 z = 0 ⎡ 2 −3 − 2 0 ⎤ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎪
8. ⎨ x + y − 2 z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎪⎩3x − 5 y − 5 z = 3 ⎢⎣ 3 −5 −5 3⎥⎦ The matrix is in row echelon form. The
⎡ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 −2 7 ⎤ ⎧ x + z = −1
⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎪
→ ⎢ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2 equivalent system is ⎨ 2 5 . Solving
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y + 3 z = 3
⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ for x and y in terms of z, we have x = − z − 1
→ 0 −5 2 −14⎥
⎢
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 5 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ and y = − z .
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 3
⎣⎢0 −8 1 −18⎦⎥
⎧⎛ 5 2 ⎞⎫
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ The solution set is ⎨ ⎜ − z − 1, − z , z ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎩ ⎝ ⎠⎭
2 14 ⎥
1
− R2 → R2 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 5 5⎥ ⎧ s = 0.01s + 0.1c + 0.1t + 12.46
⎢ 0 −8 ⎪
⎣ 1 −18⎥⎦ 10. a. ⎨c = 0.2s + 0.02c + 0.01t + 3 or
⎡ 8 21⎤ ⎩⎪t = 0.25s + 0.3c + 2.7
⎢1 0 − 5 5 ⎥ ⎧ 0.99s − 0.1c − 0.1t = 12.46
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 2 14 ⎥ ⎨ −0.2s + 0.98c − 0.01t = 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 − ⎪⎩−0.25s − 0.3c + t = 2.7
8 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 5 5⎥
⎢ 11 22 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥ b. 0.99(14) − 0.1(6) − 0.1(8) = 12.46
⎣⎢ 5 5 ⎦⎥ −0.2(14) + 0.98(6) − 0.01(8) = 3
−0.25(14) − 0.3(6) + (8) = 2.7
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.

Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 571
6.1 Basic Concepts and Skills ⎡ 1 −1 0 2 ⎤ ⎧ x + 2 y − 3z = 4

⎢ ⎥ ⎪
1. A matrix is any rectangular array of numbers. 24. ⎢2 0 3 −5⎥ 25. ⎨ −2 x − 3 y + z = 5
⎢⎣ 0 1 −2 7 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ 3x − 3 y + 2 z = 7
2. The array of coefficients and constants in a linear
system is called the augmented matrix of the
{
⎧− x + 2 y + 3z = 6
system. ⎪ x− y+ z = 2
26. ⎨2 x + 3 y + z = 2 27.
2 x + y − 3z = 6
3. Two matrices are row equivalent if one can be ⎩⎪4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 1
obtained form the other by a sequence of row
operations. ⎧ x+ y+z = 2
⎪ x− y−z = 4
4. If a matrix is in row-echelon form and each 28. ⎨
2x + 3y + z = 6
leading entry 1 is the only nonzero entry in its ⎪
column, then the matrix is in reduced row echelon ⎩− x + y − z = 8
form.
⎡ 2 3 5⎤ R1 ↔ R2 ⎡1 2 3⎤
5. False. A 3 × 4 matrix has three rows with four 29.(i) ⎢1 2 3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 5⎦
entries in each row. In other words, the matrix has
three rows and four columns. ⎡1 2 3⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 2 3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
6. True ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0 −1 −1⎦
7. False. The augmented matrix of the system is
⎡ 1 2 3⎤ − R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
⎡ 2 3 0 5⎤ (iii) ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯→⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 3 −4 −1⎥ . ⎣0 −1 −1⎦ ⎣0 1 1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 2 3⎥⎦ 1
⎡ 2 4 2⎤ 2 R1 ⎡1 2 1⎤
30.(i) ⎢1 5 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
8. False. The augmented matrix of the system is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣1 5 7⎦
⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 2 1 ⎤ − R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 1 9⎥ . (ii) ⎢1 5 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 3 6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 5 02 4⎥⎦
1
9. 1 × 1 1× 4 2×4 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ 3 R2 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
10. 11. (iii) ⎢ ⎥
12. 3 × 3 13. 2×3 14. 3× 4 ⎣0 3 6⎦ ⎣ 0 1 2⎦
15. a13 = 3, a31 = 9, a33 = 11, a34 = 12 ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤

31.(i) ⎢0 4 −3 11⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R2 ↔ R3
→
16. a. a 23 b. a32 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
c. a14 d. a34 ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤
⎢0 1 5 −3⎥
17. No, the array is not a matrix because it is not a ⎢ ⎥
rectangular array of numbers. ⎢⎣0 4 −3 11⎥⎦
⎡ 6 −5 5⎤ ⎡ 2 4 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤
18. ⎢ 7 2 4⎥ 19. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R2 + R3 → R3
→
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 −3 1 ⎦ (ii)
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 4 −3 11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 7⎤ ⎡ 5 −7 11⎤ ⎡1 2 3 4⎤
20. ⎢ ⎥ 21. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1
⎣3 5 11⎦ ⎣ −13 17 19⎦ 5 −3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −23 23⎥⎦
⎡−1 2 3 8⎤
⎡−3 2 10 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
22. ⎢ ⎥ 23. ⎢ 2 −3 9 16 ⎥
⎣ 5 −1 −7 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 −5 −6 32⎥⎦

⎡1 2 3 4⎤ 1 ⎡1 4 1⎤
3
⎢ ⎥
− R3 ⎡1 4 3 1⎤ 1
− R2 ⎢ ⎥
(iii) 0 1 5 −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 23
→ ⎢0 −3 −2 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ 2
⎢ ⎥ 35. 3
→ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 −23 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
3
⎢0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤ ⎣
⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 4 3 1⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−7 R2 + R3 → R3 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 0 −3⎥
32.(i) ⎢ 0 2 3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎣ 3 ⎦
⎢ −2 −1 7 3⎥ ⎡1 4 3 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 3 R3
⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1
2
0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −9⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎢0 2 3 4⎥
36.
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 3⎤
⎢ 2 3 3 8⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢⎣ 1 −3 −2 5⎥⎦
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ 1
⎢ ⎥ 2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 0 2 3 4 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
1 1 2⎥
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 −3 −2 5⎦⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤
⎢ 1 2 −2 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
2⎥ ⎢0 1 2⎥
− R1 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1
⎢0 2 3 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 9 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −4 −3 2⎦⎥
⎢0 3 6⎥ ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 1 2⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 5 7⎤
⎣⎢0 0 1 10⎦⎥
1
⎡ 4 5 −7⎤ 4 R1 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥
33. ⎢ 5 4 −2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣ 5 4 −2 ⎦ 37. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
⎡ 5 7⎤ pattern that moves down and to the right.
−5 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥ (Property 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 − 9 27 ⎥ 38. No. The leading term of each nonzero row is
⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦ not 1. (Property 1)
4
− R2 → R2 ⎡ 5 7⎤ 39. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 9
→⎢ 4 4 form.
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 −3 ⎦ 40. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
1 pattern that moves down and to the right.
⎡ 2 6 −8⎤ 2 R1 ⎡ 1 3 −4⎤ (Property 2)
34. ⎢ 3 −1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢
2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3 −1 41. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
−3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎣0 −10 14⎥⎦ 42. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1
− R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯ 10 ⎯ →⎢ 7⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ 43. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
⎣ 5⎦ form.

44. No. The matrix does not have a step-like pattern ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
that moves down and to the right. (Property 2), and 55. ⎢ 2 −1 13⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
3 −9⎥⎦
the leading term of each non-zero row (row 3) is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0
1
not 1 (Property 1). R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 →⎢ ⇒
1 −3⎥⎦
45. {x + 2y = 1
y = −2
⇒ x + 2(−2) = 1 ⇒ x = 5 y = −3; x − 2(−3) = 11 ⇒ x = 5
The solution is {(5, −3)}.
⎣0
{x=2
1 ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎡ 3 −2 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −
46.
y=3 56. ⎢ 4 −3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(2, 3)}. ⎣ 4 −3 5⎦
⎡ 2 4⎤
47. { x + 4 y + 2z = 2
z=3
⇒ x + 4 y = −4 ⇒ x = −4 y − 4 −4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎢1 − 3 3⎥
⎢0 − 1 − 1 ⎥
⎥
The solution is {(−4 y − 4, y, 3)} . ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦

⎡ 2 4⎤
48. {x + 2 y + 3z = 4
0z = 1
−3 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢
⎢
⎣0
1 −
3 3⎥ ⇒
1 1⎦
⎥
The system is inconsistent.
2 4
y = 1; x − (1) = ⇒ x = 2
⎧ x + 2 y + 3z = 2 3 3
⎪
49. ⎨ y − 2 z = 4 ⇒ y − 2(−1) = 4 ⇒ y = 2 The solution is {(2, 1)}.
⎪⎩ z = −1
x + 2(2) + 3(−1) = 2 ⇒ x = 1
1 ⎡ 3 3⎤
⎡ 2 −3 3⎤ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −
57. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 2⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, −1)}. ⎣ 4 −1 11⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 −1 11⎦
⎧ x + 2 z = 12 ⎡ 3 3⎤
⎪ 1 −
50. ⎨ y + 3 z = 12 ⇒ y + 3(5) = 12 ⇒ y = −3 −4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 2 2⎥
⎩⎪ z=5 ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 5 5⎦
x + 2(5) = 12 ⇒ x = 2 1
R2 → R2 ⎡ 3 3⎤
⎢ 1 −
2 2⎥ ⇒
The solution is {(2, −3, 5)}.
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
⎢ ⎥
⎧x = 2 ⎣0 1 1⎦
⎪
51. ⎨ y = −5 ⇒ z = −2 w + 3 3 3
⎪⎩ z + 2w = 3 y = 1; x − (1) = ⇒ x = 3
2 2
The solution is {(2, −5, −2w + 3, w)}. The solution is {(3, 1)}.
⎧x = 4 1 ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎪ ⎡ 3 2 1⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1
52. ⎨ y = 3 58. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎣6 4 3⎦ ⎥
⎩⎪ w = 2 ⎣6 4 3⎦
The solution is {(4, 3, z, 2)}. ⎡ 2 1⎤
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ ⇒
⎧x = −5 ⎢ ⎥
⎪y =4 ⎣0 0 1⎦
53. ⎨ ⇒ z + 2(0) = 3 ⇒ z = 3 0 = 1 ⇒ there is no solution.
z + 2w = 3
⎪ Solution set: ∅
⎩ w=0
The solution is {(−5, 4, 3, 0)}.
⎧ x=3
⎪ y=2
54. ⎨
z=0
⎪
⎩ =1
0 w
The system is inconsistent.

1 ⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎧ −2 x + y = 1
⎡ 3 −5 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 − ⎪
59. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ 62. Rewrite the system as ⎨ 3x + 2 y = −1.5 .
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ 4 x − 2 y = −2
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦
⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
1 −
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 3⎥ ⎡ −2 1 1⎤ 1 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 2 −1.5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ − R1
2 → ⎢3 ⎥
⎢0 − 25 23 ⎥ ⎢ 2 −1.5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 −2 −2⎥⎦ ⎢
⎣ 4 −2 −2⎦⎥
⎡ 5 4⎤
3
⎢1 − 3 ⎡ 1 1⎤
− R2 → R2
3⎥ ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯25 →⎢ ⎥⇒ 2
⎢0
1 ⎢ ⎥
1 − ⎥
23 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 − 7 0⎥
⎣⎢ 25 ⎦⎥
3
1
R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 6 ⎥
23 ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ 4 1 4 ⎢0 0⎥⎦
y=− ; x − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ = ⇒ x = − ⎣ 0
25 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠ 3 5 ⎡ 1 1⎤
⎧ ⎛ 1 23 ⎞ ⎫ 6 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎩ ⎝ 5 25 ⎠ ⎭ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0⎥ ⇒
7 1
⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 1⎤
⎡ −2 4 1⎤ − 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −2 − ⎥ 1 1
60. ⎢ 3 −5 −9⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 y = 0; x − 0 = − ⇒ x = −
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ 2 2
⎣ 3 −5 −9 ⎦
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫
⎡ 1⎤ The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ 1 −2 − 2 ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
1 − ⎥
15
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 63. ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
15 ⎛ 15 ⎞ 1 31
⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
y = − ; x − 2 ⎜− ⎟ = − ⇒ x = −
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎧ ⎛ 31 15 ⎞ ⎫ R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭ ⎢⎣0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 −1 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
→ ⎢0 3⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
61. 2 1 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2
⎢ ⎥ −3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −4 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 −1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
1 ⎡1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯3
→ ⎢0 1 1⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 1⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
y = 1; x − 1 = 1 ⇒ x = 2 1 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
− R3 → R3
The solution is {(2, 1)}. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.

⎡ 2 4 1 5⎤ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡ 1 1 2 4⎤
64. ⎢ 1 1 1 6⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢2 4 1 5⎥ 66. ⎢ 2 −1 3 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 2⎥⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
→ ⎢0 2 −1 −7 ⎥ → ⎢0 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −3 −1
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −4 −7 −10⎦⎥
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 7⎥
1
− R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎢0 −4 −7 −10⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 6⎥ ⎢1 1 2 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3 1 7 4 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 1 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢ 1 5⎥ ⎢ 17 34 ⎥
⎢0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
⎢ 7⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
3
2 R3 → R3 1 − R3 → R3 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯17
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥⇒
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 5⎥⎦ ⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
1 7 z=2
z = 5; y − (5) = − ⇒ y = −1
2 2 ⎛1⎞ 1
x −1+ 5 = 6 ⇒ x = 2 y + ⎜ ⎟ (2) = − ⇒ y = −1
⎝ 3⎠ 3
The solution is {(2, −1, 5)}. x − 1 + 2(2) = 4 ⇒ x = 1
⎡ 2 3 −1 9 ⎤ The solution is {(1, −1, 2)}.
⎢ 1 1 1 9⎥
65.
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3 2 4 19⎤
⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 −1⎦⎥ 67. ⎢ 2 −1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎣⎢ 6 7 −1 17⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 3 −1 9 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ 1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1 −
1
⎢⎣ 3−1 −1 −1⎥⎦ 1 ⎢ 2 2⎥
2
R1 ↔ R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 3
2
⎢ 4 19⎥
2
→ ⎢0 1 −3 −9⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢⎣6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 7 −1 17 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣0 −4 −4 −28⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 3⎤
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3 7 5 29 ⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⎣ 0 0 −16 −64⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R3 → R3 2 2 2⎥
⎢0 10 −4 8⎥⎦
⎣
1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 1 1 9⎤
⎡ 3⎤
→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥ ⇒
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
16
⎢1 − 2 2
⎢ ⎥ 2⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 4⎦⎥ 2
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 5 29 ⎥
z = 4; y − 3(4) = −9 ⇒ y = 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
7 1
⎢ 7 7⎥
x +3+ 4 = 9 ⇒ x = 2 ⎢ 0 10 −4
The solution is {(2, 3, 4)}. ⎣ 8⎥⎦
(continued on next page)

(continued) ⎡ 1 −1 0 1⎤
69. ⎢ 1 0 −1 −1⎥
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 3⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
5 29 ⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤
0
→ ⎢0
−10 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 2⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1
⎢ −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
78 234 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 3 1⎥⎦
−1
⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 7 7 ⎦ ⎡1 0 −1
−1⎤
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ − R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −1 2⎥
⎢1 − 2 2
1
2 ⎥ 3R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
7
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 27 ⎥⎦
5 29 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯78 → ⎢0 1 ⇒ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎢1 0
⎢0 −1 −1⎥
3⎥⎦
1
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −1
2 1 2⎥
z=3
⎢ 7⎥
⎛5⎞ 29 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
y + ⎜ ⎟ (3) = ⇒ y=2 ⎣ 2⎦
⎝7⎠ 7
1 1 3 ⎡ 5⎤
x − (2) + (3) = ⇒ x = 1 ⎢1 0 0 2⎥
2 2 2
⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. R3 + R1 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 3 ⎥ ⇒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
− R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ 7⎥
3 1
1 2⎥
⎡ 4 3 1 8⎤ 1 R → R ⎢ 4 4 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 1 4 −4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2⎦
68. 4 → ⎢ 2 1 4 −4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5 3 7
⎢⎣ 3 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 0 1 1⎦⎥ x = ,y = ,z =
2 2 2
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
⎢1 2⎥ ⎧⎛ 5 3 7 ⎞⎫
4 4 The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎭
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 1 7 − 8⎥
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡4 0 5 7⎤ ⎡ 3 4 0 9⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
9 1 R1 ↔ R3
⎢0 − − 5⎥ 70.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 4 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 4 0 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 5 7⎥⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4
2⎥
⎢1 3 0 3⎥
2⎛ 9 ⎞
− ⎜ − R2 + R3 ⎟ → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 1
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
31 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 7
→ ⎢0 − − 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢ ⎥ R3 → R3 ⎢4
⎢0
2 2 7⎥
0 1 −2⎥⎦
5
⎣ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥
⎣5 5⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4 2⎥
⎢1 0 3⎥
−2 R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ 4
− R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢
3
⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 −7 16⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
→ ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥ ⎢ 16 ⎥
z = −2; y − 7(−2) = 16 ⇒ y = 2 ⎢0 − 1 −1⎥
⎣ 15 ⎦
3 1
x + (2) + (−2) = 2 ⇒ x = 1 ⎡ 4 ⎤
4 4 16 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
15 → ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎢ 27 113 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥
⎣ 5 15 ⎦

(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 −5⎤
72. ⎢ 2 −1 −1 −4⎥
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯27
→ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎡ 2 −1 −1 −4 ⎤
→ ⎢1 1 −5⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎢ 113 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 81 ⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡3 0 0 −9 ⎤
⎢1 3 0 3⎥ R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢1 1 1 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
6 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 − 10 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 27 ⎥
⎢ ⎡1 −3⎤
113 ⎥
1 0 0
R1 → R1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1
3
1 1 − 5⎥
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 283 ⎤ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢1 0 0 81 ⎥ ⎡1 0 0 −3⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 −2 ⎥
4 − R1 + R2 → R2
− R2 + R1 → R1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 1
→ ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ ⇒
10 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
⎢ 27 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 113 ⎥ −3⎤
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎡1 0 0
→ ⎢0 −2⎥ ⇒
− R2 + R3 → R3
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1
⎢ ⎥
283 10 113 ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦
x= , y = − ,z = − 0 0
81 27 81 y + z = −2 ⇒ y = − 2 − z
⎧ ⎛ 283 10 113 ⎞ ⎫ The solution is {−3, −2 − z , z} .
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ ,− ,− ⎟⎬.
⎩ ⎝ 81 27 81 ⎠ ⎭
⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ 73. ⎢ 3 1 2 3⎥
71. ⎢ 1 3 5 10⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 5 3 9⎥⎦
⎣⎢3 5 3 18⎥⎦ ⎡1 2 −1 6⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −5 5 −15⎥
→ ⎢0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 2 6 6⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5
→ ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0⎦⎥ ⎡1 0 1 0⎤
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −2 R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2 → ⎢ 0 1 3 3⎥ R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −6 6⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 0 1 0⎤
⎡ 1 0 −4 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6 → ⎢0 1 −1 3⎥
→ ⎢0 1 3 3⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎦⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
x − 4z = 1 ⇒ x = 1 + 4z
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
y + 3 z = 3 ⇒ y = 3 − 3z R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1 + 4 z ,3 − 3z , z )} ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
x = 1, y = 2, z = −1
The solution is {(1, 2, −1)}.

⎡ 2 4 −1 9⎤ ⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎢ 1 3 −3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ c. ⎢ −0.2 1 780⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 4 9⎥
R1 ↔ R2
74. −1 ⎣
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ 0.2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎣ 0 0.98 980⎦
→ ⎢ 0 −2 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 100
R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
98
→⎢
⎣⎢0 −8 11 −5⎥⎦ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎡ 1 3 −3 4⎤ 0.1R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡1 0 1100⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⇒
→ ⎢ 0 −2 5
−4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1⎥ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −9⎥⎦ a = 1100, b = 1000
⎡ 1 3 −3
{
1 4⎤ a = 0.5a + 0.2b + 50, 000
− R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯9 → ⎢ 0 −2 5 1⎥ 80. a.
b = 0.6a + 0.3b + 40, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦
b. Rewrite the system as
{
⎡1 3 0 7⎤
⎢ 0 −2 0 0.5a − 0.2b = 50, 000
−4⎥
3R3 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⇒
−5 R3 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ −0.6a + 0.7b = 40, 000
⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
1 ⎡1 3 0 7⎤ ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
− R2 → R2 ⎣ ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ c. ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎣ ⎦
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
−3R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 100, 000⎥
5
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 1)}. ⎢− 6 7
40, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 10 10 ⎥⎦
75. a. There is one solution: {(2, 3)}. ⎡ 2 ⎤
6
R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1− 100, 000⎥
b. There are infinitely many solutions: 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10 →⎢ ⎥
{(−2 y + 2, y, 2)} . ⎢0 23
100, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 50 ⎦⎥
c. There is no solution.
⎡ 4,300, 000 ⎤
⎢1 0
20
76. a. There is one solution: {(−1, 2, 3)}. R2 + R1 → R1
23 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23
50
→⎢ ⎥⇒
b. There is no solution. 23
R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 5, 000, 000 ⎥
⎢⎣ 23 ⎥⎦
c. There are infinitely many solutions. 4, 300, 000
a= ≈ 186,957
77. False. Each row of matrix A has seven entries. 23
5, 000, 000
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ b= ≈ 217,391
78. False. For example, ⎢ ⎥ is in reduced row- 23
⎣ 0 1 0⎦
⎧ l = 0.4t + 0.2 f + 10, 000
echelon form. ⎪
81. a. ⎨ t = 0.5l + 0.3t + 20, 000
6.1 Applying the Concepts ⎩⎪ f = 0.5l + 0.05t + 0.35 f + 10, 000
79. a. {a = 0.1b + 1000

b = 0.2a + 780
b. Rewrite the system as
⎧
⎪
l − 0.4t − 0.2 f = 10, 000
⎨ − 0.5 l + 0.7t − 0 f = 20, 000 ⇒
b. Rewrite the system as ⎪⎩−0.5l − 0.05t + 0.65 f = 10, 000
{ a − 0.1b = 1000 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
−0.2a + b = 780
⇒⎢
⎣ −0.2 1 780⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −0.4
⎢ −0.5 0.7
−0.2 10, 000⎤
0 20, 000⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −0.5 −0.05 0.65 10, 000⎥⎦

⎡ 1 −0.4 −0.2 10, 000⎤ ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤

⎢ −0.5 0 20, 000⎥ → ⎢ 0 9.8 2940⎥
R2 + 4.3 R3 → R2
c. 0.7 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −0.5 −0.05 0.65 10, 000⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −0.4 −0.2 10, 000⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤
R2 → R2
⎢0 50, 000⎥ → ⎢0 300⎥
R1 + 2 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 −0.2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9.8
1 0
R1 + 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −0.5 1.1 30, 000⎥⎦ ⎣⎢0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −0.4 −0.2 10, 000⎤ ⎡1 0 −0.3 380⎤
⎢0 50, 000⎥ → ⎢0 1 300⎥
R2 + 2 R3 → R3 R1 + 0.2 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 −0.2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 2 110, 000⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 −0.28 30, 000⎤ ⎡1 0 0 500⎤
→ ⎢0 1 −0.2 50, 000⎥ → ⎢0 300⎥
R1 + 0.4 R2 → R1 R1 + 0.3R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0
1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 55, 000⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 45, 400⎤ a = 500, b = 300, c = 400
→ ⎢0 1 0 61, 000⎥
R1 + 0.28 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R2 + 0.2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ 0 + 0 + 300 + T2
⎢⎣0 0 1 55, 000⎥⎦ 83. T1 = ⇒ 4T1 − T2 = 300
4
l = $45, 400, t = $61, 000, f = $55, 000 T + T + 190 + 200
T2 = 1 3 ⇒ −T1 + 4T2 − T3 = 390
4
⎧a = 0.2b + 0.3c + 320 0 + 0 + 100 + T2
⎪ T3 = ⇒ −T2 + 4T3 = 100
82. a. ⎨b = 0.1a + 0.4c + 90 4
⎩⎪c = 0.2a + 0.5b + 150 ⎡ 4 −1 0 300⎤
⎢ −1 4 −1 390⎥
b. Rewrite the system as ⎢ ⎥
⎧ a − 0.2b − 0.3c = 320 ⎢⎣ 0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
⎪
⎨ − 0.1a + b − 0.4c = 90 ⇒ ⎡ 1 −4 1 −390⎤
⎪⎩−0.2a − 0.5b + c = 150 R1 ↔ − R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 4 −1 0 300⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
⎢ −0.1 1 −0.4 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 −4 −1 −390⎤
⎢⎣ −0.2 −0.5 1 150⎥⎦
→ ⎢0 1860⎥
−4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 15 −4
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎣⎢0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
c. ⎢ −0.1 1 −0.4 90⎥ ⎡1 −4 1 −390⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1960⎥
R2 + R3 → R2
⎢⎣ −0.2 −0.5 1 150⎥⎦ ⎢
14 0
⎥
⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎣⎢0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
→ ⎢ −0.1 90⎥
−2 R2 + R3 → R3 −4 −390⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 −0.4 1 ⎡1 1
⎢ ⎥ R2 → R2
⎢⎣ 0 −2.5 1.8 −30⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
14 → ⎢0 1 0 140⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎢⎣0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
→ ⎢0 1220⎥
R1 +10 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 9.8 −4.3 ⎡ 1 −4 1 −390⎤
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 140⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢⎣ 0 −2.5 1.8 −30⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0
⎢ ⎥
9.8 ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎢⎣0 0 4 240⎥⎦
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 9.8 −4.3
2.5
1220⎥ ⎡1 0 1 170⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 140⎥
R1 + 4 R2 → R1
⎣⎢ 0 0 2.756 1102.4⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1
R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ 4 ⎢⎣0 0 1 60⎥⎦
R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2.756
→ ⎢ 0 9.8 −4.3 1220⎥ ⎡1 0 0 110⎤
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 140⎥ ⇒
R1 − R3 → R1
⎣⎢ 0 1 400⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 60⎥⎦
T1 = 110, T2 = 140, T3 = 60

30 + T2 + T4 + 20 ⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
84. T1 = ⇒ 4T1 − T2 − T4 = 50 ⎢
4 75 ⎥
T + 30 + 50 + T3 ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
T2 = 1 ⇒ −T1 + 4T2 − T3 = 80 R2 + 4 R3 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
4 R2 + R4 → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
T + 50 + 40 + T4 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
T3 = 2 ⇒ −T2 + 4T3 − T4 = 90 15 ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
4 1
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
T + T + 40 + 20
T4 = 1 3 ⇒ −T1 − T3 + 4T4 = 60 ⎡1 0 0 0 30⎤
4 ⎢ 75 ⎥
⎡ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎤ ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ −1 4 −1 0 80⎥ R1 + 4 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ ⎣⎢
1
2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ 75 65
⎢ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎥ T1 = 30, T2 = , T3 = 40, T4 =
R1 ↔ − R2 2 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎧ x− y = 270 − 200
⎪
⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ 85. a. ⎨− x + z = 180 − 300
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎪⎩ y − z = 40 + 70 − 60
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ ⎧ x− y = 70
R1 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⇒ ⎨− x + z = −120
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y − z = 50
⎣ 0 −4 0 4 −20⎦
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎡ 1 −1
0 70⎤
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ b. ⎢ −1 01 −120⎥
−4 R3 + R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1
1 50⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 −10 70⎤
⎣ 0 0 −16 8 −380⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −50⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ −1
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −1 50⎥⎦
1
R2 +15 R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −1 120⎤
R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥ R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 0 −1 1 −50⎥ ⇒
8
⎢ 0 0 −2 95 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
1 − ⎥ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ −1 4 1 0 − ⎤
80 x − z = 120 ⇒ x = z + 120
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ − y + z = −50 ⇒ y = z + 50
28 R4 + R3 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ The solution is {( z + 120, z + 50, z )} .
R4 → R4
12 ⎢ ⎥ There are 300 + 200 + 60 = 560 cars
⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
1
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ entering the system, so
0 ≤ ( z + 120) + ( z + 50) + z ≤ 560
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ 0 ≤ 3z + 170 ≤ 560
R3 +16 R4 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 0 ≤ 3z ≤ 390
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥ 0 ≤ z ≤ 130
56
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ Thus, the system has 131 solutions.
⎢0 0 0 1 65 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎧ x − y = 450 − 350
⎪ y − w = 350 − 550
86. a. ⎨ ⇒
z − x = 370 − 350
⎪
⎩− z + w = 200 − 120
⎧ x− y = 100
⎪ y − w = −200
⎨ −x + z = 20
⎪
⎩ − z + w = 80

⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
b. ⎢ ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 1 0 20⎥ 3 ⎣⎢ 0 −2 1 10⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦ ⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100 ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 1 −200 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ −⎥
⎢0 −1 1 0 120 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎣0 0 −1 1 80 ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦
Thus, a = 2, b = −3, and c = 4. The equation is
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤
⎢0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 4.
R3 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ 88. a. 31 = (0.5 2 )a + 0.5b + c = 0.25a + 0.5b + c
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 0⎦ 51 = (12 )a + b + c = a + b + c
z − w = −80 ⇒ z = w − 80 67 = 2 2 a + 2b + c = 4a + 2b + c
y − w = −200 ⇒ y = w − 200
⎡0.25 0.5 1 31⎤
x − y = 100 ⇒ x − ( w − 200) = 100 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
x − w = −100 ⇒ x = w − 100 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {( w − 100, w − 200, w − 80, w)} . ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
There are 350 + 550 + 120 + 350 = 1370 cars ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
4 R1 → R1
entering the system. So, ⎢ ⎥
( w − 100) + ( w − 200) + ( w − 80) + w ≤ 1370 ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
4w − 380 ≤ 1370 ⎡1 2 4 124⎤
4w ≤ 1750 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 ⎢ 1 3 73⎥
w ≤ 437.5 −4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
From the diagram, we see that 200 cars leave the ⎣⎢ 0 −6 −15 −429⎦⎥
system through w, so 200 ≤ w ≤ 437. Thus, the ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 3 73⎥
6 R2 + R3 → R3
system has 238 solutions.
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 3 9⎥⎦
87. 9 = a ( −1) + b ( −1) + c = a − b + c
2
3c = 9 ⇒ c = 3
3 = a (1) + b (1) + c = a + b + c
2
b + 3(3) = 73 ⇒ b = 64
6 = a (2) + b (2) + c = 4a + 2b + c
2 a + 2(64) + 4(3) = 124 ⇒ a = −16
The equation is h = −16t 2 + 64t + 3.
⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 1 1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ b. −16t 2 + 64t + 3 = 0 ⇒
⎢⎣ 4 2 1 6⎥⎦
−64 ± 64 2 − 4(−16)(3)
⎡ 1 −1 1 9⎤ t=
−32
→ 0 2 0 −6⎥
⎢
− R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −64 ± 4288
−4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 6 −3 −30⎥⎦ = ≈ 4 seconds
−32
c. The maximum occurs at t = 2.
h(2) = 67 feet.

6.1 Beyond the Basics ⎡ 1 10 ⎤

⎢1 0 1 −
3 3⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 1 0⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 2 2
⎢ 1 3 2 4 0⎥ R1 + R2 → R1 1 0 − ⎥
89.
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢⎣ 2 0 1 −1 0⎥⎦ 6
R3 → R3 ⎢ 11 1⎥
1 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎡1 1 1 1 0⎤ − R4 → R4
5 ⎢ 6 6⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −2 −1 −3 0⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 0 1 −1⎦⎥
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −2 −1 −3 0⎥⎦ ⎡1 0 1 0 3⎤
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
1
R4 + R1 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 0⎥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 2 2
0⎥ 2
− R4 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 2⎥
1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 −1⎥⎦
R2 + R1 → R1 3
⎢0 1 1 3
0⎥
11 0 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 − R4 + R3 → R3
R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ 6
⎢0 0 0⎥⎦ ⎡1 0 0 0 1⎤
⎣ 0 0
⎢0 1 0
R1 − R3 → R1 0 0⎥
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 − 0⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 2⎥
2 2
1
− R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
1 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ The solution is {(1, 0, 2, −1)}.
⎢0 0 0⎥⎦
⎣ 0 0 ⎡1 2 −3 1⎤
1 3 ⎢1 0 −3 2⎥
y+ z + w = 0 ⇒ z = − 2 y − 3w 91. a. ⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
1 1 ⎢⎣ 2
x + z − w = 0 ⇒ z = w − 2x 3 0 −2⎥⎦
2 2
−2 y − 3w = w − 2 x ⇒ x = 2 w + y ⎡2 3 0 −2 ⎤
⎢1 0 −3 2 ⎥
The solution is {( y + 2w, y, − 2 y − 3w, w)} . R1 ↔ R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 0⎥
⎡ 1 −1 1 −14⎤ ⎢⎣ 1 2 −3 1⎥⎦
⎢1 2 1 2⎥
90. ⎢
1
⎥ 3 0 −2 ⎤
⎡2
⎢2 3 4 55⎥ R2 − R4 → R2
⎢0
−2 0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 2 −18⎦ R1 − 2 R4 → R4
⎢0
1 1 0⎥
⎡ 1 −1 1 −1 4⎤ ⎢⎣ 0
−1 6 −4⎥⎦
⎢0 3 0 2−2 ⎥ ⎡2 3 0 −2 ⎤
− R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 5 2 7−3⎥ R2 − 2 R4 → R4 0 −2 0 1⎥
−3 R1 + R4 → R4
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ ⎥
R2 + 2 R3 → R3
⎣ 0 7 −1 2−4 ⎦ ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 −12 9⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1 −1 4⎤
⎢0 3 0 2−2 ⎥ ⎡2 3 0 −2 ⎤
−5 R2 + 3 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 6 R3 + R4 → R4
⎢ 0 −2 0 1⎥
−7 R2 + 3R4 → R4 ⎢0 0 6 11 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎣ 0 0 −3 −8 2⎦
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 15⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1 −1 4⎤
⎢ ⎡ ⎤
2⎥
3
2 ⎢ 1 2 0 −1⎥
1
R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ 1
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3
R3 + 2 R4 → R4 ⎢ 3 3⎥ 2
1 ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 6 11 1⎥
− R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
2 →⎢ 2⎥ = B
⎢⎣ 0 0 −5 5⎥⎦ R3 → R3
0 2 ⎢ 1 ⎥
1
R4 → R4 ⎢0 0 1 2 ⎥
15 ⎢0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦

(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 92. a.
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 −3 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 1⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 0⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
→ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 ↔ R3
0 −2⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎣2 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 1 1 1 6⎦⎥
⎢0 2 0 −1⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ R1 − 2 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥
2 R1 − R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥ R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎣0 1 −6 4⎦
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ ⎢
R2 + 3 R3 → R3
⎢0 −1⎥
R2 − 2 R4 → R4 2 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 −12 −36⎥⎦
⎢0 1 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0.5 −0.5 0.5⎤
⎣0 0 12 −9⎦ 1
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 −1 −1⎥ = B
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣0 3⎥⎦
1⎥
3 0 1
1
1
R2 → R2
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ − R3 → R3
→⎢
2⎥ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
z = 3; y − 3 = −1 ⇒ y = 2,
1
R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
12 ⎢ ⎥ 1 1
x + (2) − (3) = ⇒ x = 1
1
⎢0 0 1 −
3⎥ 2 2 2
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
1⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ 1⎥ ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎢ 3⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − ⎥
4⎦ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R3 + R4 → R4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
⎢ 5⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢⎣0 0 0 − ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
4⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ = C
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3⎥⎦
1⎥ z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
→⎢
− R3 → R3 2⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =C The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
4
− R4 → R4 ⎢ 1⎥
5 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥ b. Using a calculator, we find that the reduced
⎢ 2⎥
row-echelon form of both matrices is
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
b. Use a calculator to show that the reduced row- ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ .
echelon form of all three matrices is ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥.
⎢ 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1⎦

⎡ b m⎤ w = 3, v = 2, u + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ u = 1
1 1 log x = 1 ⇒ x = 10;
⎡ a b m ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎢ a a ⎥
93. a. ⎢ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎥ 1 → ⎢ ⎥ log y = 2 ⇒ y = 100
⎣ c d n ⎦ c R2 → R2 ⎢1 d n ⎥
log z = 3 ⇒ y = 1000
⎣⎢ c c ⎦⎥
The solution is {(10, 100, 1000)}.
⎡ b m⎤
⎢ 1
R1 − R2 → R2 a a⎥ 96. Using the hint suggested, we have
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 b − d m − n ⎥ ⎡ 4 −3 1 1⎤
⎣⎢ a c a c ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 4 −2 10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤
⎢1 ⎣⎢ 2 −2 3 4⎦⎥
a a⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 0 bc − ad cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢ 4 −3 1 1⎥
⎣⎢ ac ac ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤ ⎢⎣ 2 −2 3 4⎥⎦
⎢1 a
ac
bc − da
R2 → R2
a⎥ ⎡1 4 −2 10⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
→ 0 −19 9 −39⎥
⎢
R2 − 2 R3 → R3
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ bc − ad ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎡ dm − bn ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 1 0 ad − bc ⎥
b
− R2 + R1 → R1
→ 0 0 −86 −172⎥
⎢
19 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a →⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ bc − ad ⎦⎥
1 ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎛ dm − bn cm − an ⎞ − R2 ↔ R3
The solution is ⎜
⎝ ad − bc bc − ad ⎟⎠
, . ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 86 → ⎢ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
b. (i) There is a unique solution if bc ≠ ad . w = 2, v − 5(2) = −7 ⇒ v = 3
(ii) There is no solution if bc = ad and u + 4(3) − 2(2) = 10 ⇒ u = 2
m n 2 = 2 x ⇒ x = 1; 3 = 3 y ⇒ y = 1
≠ . ln 2
b d 2 = 5 w ⇒ ln 2 = w ln 5 ⇒ w =
ln 5
(iii) There are infinitely many solutions if ⎧⎛ ln 2 ⎞ ⎫
m n The solution is ⎨ ⎜1, 1, ⎟⎬ .
bc = ad and = . ⎩⎝ ln 5 ⎠ ⎭
b d
94. Answers may vary. ⎧a (1) 3 + b(1) 2 + c(1) + d = 5
⎪
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎪a (−1) 3 + b(−1) 2 + c(−1) + d = 1
⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥ , ⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥ , ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ 97. ⎨ ⇒
⎪a (2) + b(2) + c(2) + d = 7
3 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 4 −8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎪⎩a (−2) 3 + b(−2) 2 + c(−2) + d = 11
⎧ a+ b+ c+d =5
95. Using the hint suggested, we have ⎪ −a + b− c+ d =1
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤ ⎨ 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 7
⎢ 3 −1 3 10⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎩−8a + 4b − 2c + d = 11
⎢⎣5 5 −4 3⎥⎦ Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 4 0 − 8⎥
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −27 ⎥⎦
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ The equation is y = − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 .
9 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 3⎦⎥

⎧a (1) 3 + b(1) 2 + c(1) + d = 8 ac

R2 → R2 ⎡ b⎤
1
⎪
⎪a (−1) 3 + b(−1) 2 + c(−1) + d = 2
bc − ad
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ a⎥
98. ⎨ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1⎦
⎪a (2) + b(2) + c(2) + d = 8
3 2
b
⎪⎩a (−2) 3 + b(−2) 2 + c(−2) + d = 20 − R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a
→⎢ ⎥
⎧ a+ b+ c+d =8 ⎣0 1⎦
⎪ −a+ b− c+d = 2
⎨ 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 8 101. Yes. Use the inverse of the operation used to
⎪ transform A to B.
⎩−8a + 4b − 2c + d = 20
Using a graphing calculator, we have 102. a. True. For example,
⎡ 1 0 0 6⎤
⎢0 1 0 3⎥ → ⎡ 1 0 0 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 2⎥⎦
b. False. For example,

⎡ 1 0 0 6⎤ ⎡ 1 0 6⎤
The equation is y = −2 x + 3x + 5 x + 2 .
3 2
⎢0 1 0 3⎥ → ⎢0 0 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
6.1 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing ⎢⎣0 0 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 2⎥⎦
1
⎡ a ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎡1⎤ R1 − R2 → R2 ⎡1⎤ 6.1 Maintaining Skills
99. If a ≠ 0, ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 ⎢1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0⎥ .
⎣b ⎦ R2 → R2 ⎣⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 103. 3 ( x − 1) = 5 − x ⇒ 3x − 3 = 5 − x ⇒
b
⎡ a ⎤ ⎡0⎤ 4x = 8 ⇒ x = 2
If a = 0, b = 0, ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ . Solution set: {2}
⎣ b ⎦ ⎣0⎦
104. 5 ( x − 2) = 3 ( x − 3) + 13 ⇒
⎡0 0⎤ 5 x − 10 = 3x − 9 + 13 ⇒ 5 x − 10 = 3x + 4 ⇒
100. If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥ , then it is in reduced row-
⎣0 0⎦ 2 x = 14 ⇒ x = 7
⎡1 k⎤ Solution set: {7}
echelon form already. If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥ (for
⎣ 0 0⎦ 105. −3 ( x + 4) + 2 = 8 − x ⇒ −3x − 12 + 2 = 8 − x ⇒
k any real number), then it is in reduced row- −3x − 10 = 8 − x ⇒ −2 x = 18 ⇒ x = −9
echelon form already. Solution set: {−9}
⎡0 1⎤
If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥ then it is in reduced row- 106. 6 x − 3 (5 x + 2 ) = 4 − 5 x ⇒
⎣0 0⎦ 6 x − 15 x − 6 = 4 − 5 x ⇒ −9 x − 6 = 4 − 5 x ⇒
⎡a b ⎤ 10 5
echelon form already. If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥, −4 x = 10 ⇒ x = − = −
⎣c d ⎦ 4 2
then we have ⎧ 5⎫
Solution set: ⎨− ⎬
⎡ b⎤ ⎩ 2⎭
1 1
⎡ a b ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎢ a ⎥
⎢c d ⎥ 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ Be sure to check your solutions in the original
⎣ ⎦ R2 → R2 ⎢ 1
d⎥ equations in exercises 107−110.
c
⎣⎢ c ⎦⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎡
⎢ 1
b ⎤ ⎡
a ⎥ ⎢
⎥=⎢
1
b ⎤
a ⎥
⎥
107. {2x − y = 5
x + 2 y = 25 (2)
(1)
From equation (1) we have y = 2x − 5.

⎢0 b − d ⎥ ⎢0 bc − ad ⎥
Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
⎣⎢ a c ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ac ⎦⎥
x + 2 ( 2 x − 5) = 25 ⇒ x + 4 x − 10 = 25 ⇒
5 x = 35 ⇒ x = 7
Substitute x = 7 in equation (1) and solve for y.
2 (7 ) − y = 5 ⇒ 14 − y = 5 ⇒ y = 9
Solution set: {(7, 9)}

108. { x − 3y = 1
2 x + y = −5 (2)
(1)
From equation (1) we have x = 3y + 1. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
2 (3 y + 1) + y = −5 ⇒ 6 y + 2 + y = −5 ⇒ 7 y = −7 ⇒ y = −1
Substitute y = −1 in equation (1) and solve for x.
x − 3 ( −1) = 1 ⇒ x + 3 = 1 ⇒ x = −2
Solution set: {(−2, −1)}
109.
{ x + 3y = 6
2x + 6 y = 8
(1)
(2)
Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the two equations.
−2 x − 6 y = −12
2x + 6 y = 8
0 = −4 False
Solution set: ∅
110. {2 x − y = 3 (1)
6x − 3y = 9 (2)
From equation (1) we have y = 2x − 3. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
6 x − 3 (2 x − 3) = 9 ⇒ 6 x − 6 x + 9 = 9 ⇒ 0 = 0
The system is dependent and the solution set can be expressed as {(x, 2x − 3)}.
111. True 112. False
113. True. This is an example of the distributive property.
114. True. ( x 4 + x 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ 103 − 3⎞⎟⎠ = 1 ⇒ ( x 4 + x 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ 13 ⎞⎟⎠ = 1 ⇒ x 4 + x 2 = 3

6.2 Matrix Algebra
6.2 Practice Problems
1.
⎡ 1
⎢x + y
⎣
2 x − y ⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
5 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2x − y = 1
{
⎥ = ⎢ 2 5⎥ ⇒ x + y = 2 ⇒ x = 1, y = 1
⎡ 2 −1 4⎤ ⎡ −8 2 9⎤ ⎡ −6 1 13⎤
2. ⎢ 5 0 9⎥ + ⎢ 7 3 6⎥ = ⎢ 12 3 15⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 7 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −3⎤ ⎡14 −8⎤ ⎡ 3 −9⎤ ⎡ 11 1⎤

3. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
2 A − 3B = 2 3 6 − 3 2 2 = 6 12 − 6 6 =⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 8⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢15 24⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −15 −28⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 7⎤ ⎡ 5 −5⎤ ⎡ 4 14⎤

4. 5 ⎢ ⎥ + 3X = 2 ⎢ ⎥ ⇒⎢ ⎥ + 3X = ⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣3 5⎦ ⎣ − 3 − 5⎦ ⎣15 25⎦ ⎣ −6 −10⎦
⎡ 1 19 ⎤
⎢ −
⎡ 4 14 ⎤ ⎡ 5 − 5 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 19 ⎤ 3 3⎥
3X = ⎢ ⎥ −⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒X =⎢ ⎥
⎣ −6 −10⎦ ⎣15 25⎦ ⎣ −21 −35⎦ ⎢ −7 − 35 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
5. Yes, the product matrix AB is defined. A is a 2 × 3 matrix, while B is a 3 × 1 matrix. The product matrix has
order 2 × 1.

Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 587
⎡ 41⎤
6. N = [S C M ] = [10 30 45] ; P = ⎢ 26⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 19⎦⎥
⎡ 41⎤
NP = [10 30 45] ⎢ 26⎥ = 10(41) + 30(26) + 45(19) = $2045 thousand
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 19⎥⎦
⎡ −2⎤
⎢ 0⎥
7. [3 −1 2 7 ] ⎢ ⎥ = [3(−2) − 1(0) + 2(1) + 7(5) ] = [31]
⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5⎦
8. AB is not defined because A is a 2 × 2 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix.
⎡ 8 1⎤ ⎡ 8(5) + 1(2) 8(0) + 1(−1) ⎤ ⎡ 42 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 5 0⎤ ⎢
BA = −2 6 ⎢ = −2(5) + 6(2) −2(0) + 6(−1) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(5) + 4(2) 0(0) + 4(−1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 −4⎥⎦
⎡ 7 1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡ 7(2) + 1(4) 7(−1) + 1(4) ⎤ ⎡18 −3⎤

AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ = =
4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(2) + 3(4) 0(−1) + 3(4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣12 12⎥⎦
9.
⎣ 0 3⎦ ⎣ 4
⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡ 7 1⎤ ⎡ 2(7) − 1(0) 2(1) − 1(3) ⎤ ⎡14 −1⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ = =
⎣ 4 4⎦ ⎣ 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(7) + 4(0) 4(1) + 4(3) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 28 16⎥⎦
⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
10. AD = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎥
⎣ 1 0.25 ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6)⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣1(0) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(6) 1(0) + 0.25(6)⎦
⎡0 0 1 1 6 6⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 4 4.25 1.25 2.5 1.5⎦
6.2 Basic Concepts and Skills
1. Two m × n matrices A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ and B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ are equal if aij = bij for all i and j.
2. Let A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ , B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ , and C = ⎡⎣cij ⎤⎦ . If A + B = C, then cij = aij + bij for all i and for all j.
3. The product of a 1 × n matrix A and n × 1 matrix B is 1 × 1 matrix.

4. If A is an m × n matrix and B is an n × p ⎡x + y 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ −1 2 3⎤
matrix, then AB is defined and is an m × p 14. ⎢ 2 x− y 4 ⎥ = 2 5 4⎥ ⇒
⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
matrix. ⎣⎢ 3 4 2 x + 3 y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 −5⎦⎥
5. False. It is possible that AB = BA, but not ⎧ x + y = −1 ⎡ 1 1 −1⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
necessarily true. ⎨ x − y = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 1 − 1 5⎥
6. False. The matrices must have the same order. ⎩⎪2 x + 3 y = −5 ⎣⎢ 2 3 −5⎦⎥
⎡ 2 0 4⎤
⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
→ ⎢ 0 2 −6⎥ ⇒ x = 2, y = −3
R1 − R2 → R2
7. ⎢ −3⎥ = ⎢u ⎥ ⇒ x = 2, u = −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 + R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 2 3 −5⎥⎦
⎡ y⎤
⎢ − 2 ⎥ = ⎡ 4⎤ ⇒ − y = 4 ⇒ x = 3, y = −8 ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
8.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ 15. a. A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ x⎦
2 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦
⎡ 2 x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
b. A− B = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
9. ⎢ y −3⎥ = ⎢ 3 −3⎥ ⇒ x = −1, y = 3 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 1 7⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡2 − x 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −3 −6⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
10. ⎢ −2 3 + y ⎥ = ⎢ −2 −3⎥ ⇒ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ −9 −12⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
{ 2 − x = 3 ⇒ x = −1
3 + y = −3 ⇒ y = −6
⎡1 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦
⎡ −1 0 ⎤
− 2⎢
⎣ 2 −3⎦
⎥
⎡2 x − 3 y −4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 6 ⎤ ⎡ −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 5 6 ⎤
⎢ 5 = ⇒ =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
3x + y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣5 7 ⎥⎦
11.
⎣ ⎣9 12⎦ ⎣ 4 −6⎦ ⎣5 18⎦
{ 2x − 3y = 1
3x + y = 7
⇒ x = 2, y = 1
e.
⎛ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎞
( A + B) 2 = ⎜ ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥
2
⎝ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎟⎠
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡3x + y −17 ⎤ ⎢ − −17 ⎥ ⎛ ⎡ 0 2⎤ ⎞
2
⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2⎤
⎢ 19 = ⇒
2 ⎥⎦ ⎢
12. 2 = ⎜⎢
⎣ ⎥ ⎥ ⎟ = ⎢ 5 1⎥ ⎢ 5 1⎥
⎣ 19 2 x + 3 y ⎦ ⎝⎣ 5 1⎦⎠ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎧⎪ 1 ⎡0(0) + 2(5) 0(2) + 2(1) ⎤
3x + y = − 1 =⎢ ⎥
⎨ 2 ⇒ x = − , y =1 ⎣ 5(0) + 1(5) 5(2) + 1(1) ⎦
⎪⎩2 x + 3 y = 2 2
⎡10 2⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎡x − y 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 1 2⎤ ⎣ 5 11⎦
13. ⎢ 4 3x − 2 y 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 −1 3⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
⎢⎣ 5 6 5 x − 10 y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 6 6⎥⎦ f. A2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4⎦
⎧ x − y = −1 ⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡1(1) + 2(3) 1(2) + 2(4) ⎤ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢
⎨3x − 2 y = −1 ⇒ ⎢ 3 −2 −1⎥ ⎥=⎢ 22⎥⎦
⎪⎩5 x − 10 y = 6 ⎣3(1) + 4(3) 3(2) + 4(4) ⎦ ⎣15
⎣⎢5 −10 6⎦⎥ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ B2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦
→ ⎢0 1 2⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ −1(−1) + 0(2) −1(0) + 0(−3)⎤
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −5 11⎦⎥ ⎣ 2(−1) − 3(2) 2(0) − 3(−3)⎦
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 2⎥ ⇒ 0 = 21
5 R2 + R3 → R3 =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −8 9⎦
⎣⎢0 0 21⎦⎥ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤
A2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢
There is no solution. ⎣15 22⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣ 23 13⎥⎦

⎡4 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
B = 1⎥
1 2
A+ B = ⎢ 3 ⎥+⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢
3 1
16. a. ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎢ 1
⎣ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ 1(1) + 0(2) 1(0) + 0 ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎡1 0 ⎤
⎡ 2 ⎤ =⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 1⎥
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎢ − 1⎥ ⎢ 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
1
b. ⎢
A− B = 3 ⎥ −⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢
3
⎥ ⎢ 2(1) − 2 (2) 2(0) − 2 ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎢ −3
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎡ 17 7 ⎤
⎢ − 9 3 ⎥ ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎢ − 9 3 ⎥
⎡1 ⎤ A2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎥ ⎡ −1 −3⎤ ⎢− ⎢1 ⎥
3 ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦ ⎢−
7 10 11⎥
−3 A = − 3 ⎢ 3 =
⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 −6⎥⎦
c.
⎢ ⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 ⎦⎥
⎣ − 1 2 ⎦
17. a. A + B is not defined.
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
1⎥ b. A − B is not defined.
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ 3 − 2⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ −6 −9⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎣ −4 5⎦ ⎣ 12 −15⎦
=⎢ − =
⎣ −3 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −7 7⎥⎦
d. 3 A − 2 B is not defined
e. ( A + B) 2 e. ( A + B ) 2 is not defined.
2
2 ⎛⎡ 4 ⎤⎞
⎛⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎟ f. A 2 − B 2 is not defined.
= ⎜⎢ 3 ⎥+⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎜⎢ ⎥⎟
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − 1 ⎥ ⎟ ⎜ ⎢ 1 3⎥⎟ 18. a. A + B is not defined.
⎝ ⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎠
⎝ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎠ b. A − B is not defined.
⎡4 ⎤ ⎡4 ⎤
⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ −3 −6 −9⎤
=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎣ −1 −3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 9 −12⎦
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
d. 3 A − 2 B is not defined
⎡ 4 ⎛4⎞ 4 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤
⎢ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 1(1) 3
(1) + 1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝2⎠ e. ( A + B ) 2 is not defined.
=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛4⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎥
⎢1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ (1) 1(1) + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ f. A 2 − B 2 is not defined.
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 25 17 ⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤
⎢9
=⎢
6⎥ 19. a. A + B = ⎢ −2 5 2 + 1 −4 2 ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 17 13 ⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 3⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 6 4 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 7 1 −1⎤
⎡1 ⎤⎡ 1 ⎤ = ⎢ −1 1 4⎥
1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
f. A2 = ⎢ 3 3 ⎣⎢ 2 1 4⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣ −1 2⎦
⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤
⎡ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 1(−1) 3 (1) + 1(2) ⎥ b. A − B = ⎢ −2 5 2 − 1 −4 2 ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 3⎦⎥
⎢ ⎛1⎞ ⎥
⎢ −1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 2(−1) −1(1) + 2(2) ⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦
= ⎢ −3 9 0⎥
⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢− 9 3 ⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 −1 −2⎦⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎢− 7 3 ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥

⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ −12 0 3⎤
c. ⎢ ⎥
−3 A = − 3 − 2 5 2 = ⎢ 6 −15 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −3⎦⎥
⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 12 0 −3⎤ ⎡ 6 2 0⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 −3⎤

d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 −2 5 2 − 2 1 −4 2⎥ = ⎢ −6 15 6⎥ − ⎢ 2 −8 4⎥ = ⎢ −8 23 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 2 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 −2 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 7 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 7 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 7(7) + 1(−1) − 1(2) 7(1) + 1(1) − 1(1) 7(−1) + 1(4) − 1(4) ⎤
e. ( A + B ) 2 = ⎢ −1 1 4⎥ ⎢ −1 1 4⎥ = ⎢ −1(7) + 1(−1) + 4(2) −1(1) + 1(1) + 4(1) −1(−1) + 1(4) + 4(4)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(7) + 1(−1) + 4(2) 2(1) + 1(1) + 4(1) 2(−1) + 1(4) + 4(4) ⎥⎦
⎡ 46 7 −7 ⎤
=⎢ 0 4 21⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 7 18⎥⎦
⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 4(4) + 0(−2) − 1(0) 4(0) + 0(5) − 1(0) 4(−1) + 0(2) − 1(1) ⎤
f. A 2
= ⎢ − 2 5 2 ⎥ ⎢ − 2 5 2 ⎥ = ⎢ −2(4) + 5( − 2) + 2(0) − 2(0) + 5(5) + 2(0) − 2( −1) + 5(2) + 2(1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(4) + 0(−2) + 1(0) 0(0) + 0(5) + 1(0) 0(−1) + 0(2) + 1(1) ⎥⎦
⎡ 16 0 −5⎤
= ⎢ −18 25 14⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3(3) + 1(1) + 0(2) 3(1) + 1(−4) + 0(1) 3(0) + 1(2) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤
B 2 = ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ = ⎢1(3) − 4(1) + 2(2) 1(1) − 4(−4) + 2(1) 1(0) − 4(2) + 2(3)⎥ = ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(3) + 1(1) + 3(2) 2(1) + 1(−4) + 3(1) 2(0) + 1(2) + 3(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦
⎡ 16 0 −5⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 6 1 −7 ⎤
A − B = ⎢ −18 25 14⎥ − ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥ = ⎢ −21 6 16⎥
2 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢13 1 11⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −13 −1 −10⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4 ⎤
20. a. A + B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ + ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
b. A − B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 −1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 −3 4⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ −3 0 −6⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ − 6 − 3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 0 6⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 4⎤ ⎡ −3 2 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 2 1 0 − 2 ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢6 3 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 2⎥ = ⎢ 6 −1 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 3 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 8 −2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 −5 11⎦⎥

⎡4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4(4) − 1(2) + 4(1) 4(−1) − 1(3) + 4(5) 4(4) − 1(1) + 4(2)⎤

e. ( A + B) = ⎢ 2
2
3 1⎥ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥ = ⎢ 2(4) + 3(2) + 1(1) 2(−1) + 3(3) + 1(5) 2(4) + 3(1) + 1(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 5 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 5 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢1(4) + 5(2) + 2(1) 1(−1) + 5(3) + 2(5) 1(4) + 5(1) + 2(2)⎦⎥
⎡18 13 23⎤
= ⎢15 12 13⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢16 24 13⎦⎥
⎡1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡1(1) + 0(2) + 2(0) 1(0) + 0(1) + 2(1) 1(2) + 0(0) + 2(3) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 8⎤

f. A = ⎢2
2
1 0⎥ ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ = ⎢ 2(1) + 1(2) + 0(0) 2(0) + 1(1) + 0(1) 2(2) + 1(0) + 0(3) ⎥ = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0(1) + 1(2) + 3(0) 0(0) + 1(1) + 3(1) 0(2) + 1(0) + 3(3) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 4 9⎦⎥
⎡3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3(3) − 1(0) + 2(1) 3(−1) − 1(2) + 2(4) 3(2) − 1(1) + 2(−1) ⎤
B = ⎢0
2
2 1⎥ ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 0(3) + 2(0) + 1(1) 0(−1) + 2(2) + 1(4) 0(2) + 2(1) + 1(−1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1(3) + 4(0) − 1(1) 1(−1) + 4(2) − 1(4) 1(2) + 4(1) − 1(−1) ⎦⎥
⎡11 3 3⎤
=⎢ 1 8 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 3 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 8⎤ ⎡11 3 3⎤ ⎡ −10 −1 5⎤
A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥ − ⎢ 1 8 1⎥ = ⎢ 3 −7 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 4 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 7⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −3⎤
21. a. A + B = 3 4 5 + 1 −4 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 0 7 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ −2 1 −3⎤
b. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
A − B = 3 4 5 − 1 −4 2 = 2 ⎥ ⎢ 8 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −2 −3⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −3 −6 9⎤
c. −3 A = −3 3 4 5 = −9 −12 −15⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −6 3 0⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 6 −9⎤ ⎡ 6 2 0⎤ ⎡ −3 4 −9⎤

d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ 3 4 5⎥ − 2 ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ = ⎢9 12 15⎥ − ⎢ 2 −8 4⎥ = ⎢ 7 20 11⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣6 −3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 2 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −5 −6⎥⎦
⎡4 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4(4) + 3(4) − 3(4) 4(3) + 3(0) − 3(0) 4(−3) + 3(7) − 3(3) ⎤
e. ( A + B) = ⎢ 4
2
0 7 ⎥ ⎢ 4 0 7 ⎥ = ⎢ 4(4) + 0(4) + 7(4) 4(3) + 0(0) + 7(0) 4(−3) + 0(7) + 7(3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(4) + 0(4) + 3(4) 4(3) + 0(0) + 3(0) 4(−3) + 0(7) + 3(3) ⎥⎦
⎡ 16 12 0⎤
= ⎢ 44 12 9⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 28 12 −3⎥⎦

⎡1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 2(3) − 3(2) 1(2) + 2(4) − 3(−1) 1(−3) + 2(5) − 3(0) ⎤
f. A = ⎢3
2
4 5⎥ ⎢ 3 4 5⎥ = ⎢3(1) + 4(3) + 5(2) 3(2) + 4(4) + 5(−1) 3(−3) + 4(5) + 5(0) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2(1) − 1(3) + 0(2) 2(2) − 1(4) + 0(−1) 2(−3) − 1(5) + 0(0) ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 13 7⎤
= ⎢ 25 17 11⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −1 0 −11⎦⎥
⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 0⎤ ⎡ 3(3) + 1(1) + 0(2) 3(1) + 1(−4) + 0(1) 3(0) + 1(2) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤
1
B = ⎢1
2 ⎥
−4 2 1 −4⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢1(3) − 4(1) + 2(2) 1(1) − 4(−4) + 2(1) 1(0) − 4(2) + 2(3)⎥ = ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(3) + 1(1) + 3(2) 2(1) + 1(−4) + 3(1) 2(0) + 1(2) + 3(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦
1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1
⎡ 1 13 7 ⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −9 14 5⎤
A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ 25 17 11⎥ − ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥ = ⎢ 22 −2 13⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1 0 −11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −14 −1 −22⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4 ⎤
22. a. A + B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ + ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ −3 0 −6⎤
b. A − B = 2 1 0 − 0 2 1 = 2 −1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ − 6 − 3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −1 −3 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −3 −9⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 0 6⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 4⎤ ⎡ −3 2 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 2 1 0 − 2 ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢6 3 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 2⎥ = ⎢ 6 −1 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 3 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 8 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 −5 11⎥⎦
⎡4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4(4) − 1(2) + 4(1) 4(−1) − 1(3) + 4(5) 4(4) − 1(1) + 4(2)⎤

e. ( A + B) 2 = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥ = ⎢ 2(4) + 3(2) + 1(1) 2(−1) + 3(3) + 1(5) 2(4) + 3(1) + 1(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1(4) + 5(2) + 2(1) 1(−1) + 5(3) + 2(5) 1(4) + 5(1) + 2(2)⎥⎦
⎡18 13 23⎤
= ⎢15 12 13⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣16 24 13⎥⎦
⎡1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡1(1) + 0(2) + 2(0) 1(0) + 0(1) + 2(1) 1(2) + 0(0) + 2(3) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 8⎤

f. A2 = ⎢2 1 0⎥ ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ = ⎢ 2(1) + 1(2) + 0(0) 2(0) + 1(1) + 0(1) 2(2) + 1(0) + 0(3) ⎥ = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(1) + 1(2) + 3(0) 0(0) + 1(1) + 3(1) 0(2) + 1(0) + 3(3) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4 9⎥⎦
⎡3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3(3) − 1(0) + 2(1) 3(−1) − 1(2) + 2(4) 3(2) − 1(1) + 2(−1) ⎤
B 2 = ⎢0 2 1⎥ ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 0(3) + 2(0) + 1(1) 0(−1) + 2(2) + 1(4) 0(2) + 2(1) + 1(−1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1(3) + 4(0) − 1(1) 1(−1) + 4(2) − 1(4) 1(2) + 4(1) − 1(−1) ⎥⎦
⎡11 3 3⎤
=⎢ 1 8 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 3 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 8⎤ ⎡11 3 3⎤ ⎡ −10 −1 5⎤
A − B = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥ − ⎢ 1 8 1⎥ = ⎢ 3 −7 3⎥
2 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 9⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 3 7⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 2⎦⎥

⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎢ 1 −2 ⎥ +X =⎢ ⇒ 28. 3 X + 2 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
4⎥⎦
23.
⎣ 4⎦ ⎣2 3 ⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 6 −2 ⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0 ⎤
X =⎢ − 3X + ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 −2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 −4 8 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
⎡ −4 −2 1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 6 −2⎤
=⎢ 3X = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 1 5 0⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 −4 8 ⎦
⎡ 5 2 ⎤
⎡ −2 1 0 ⎤ ⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −6 −5 2 ⎤ ⎢ −2 − 3 3 ⎥
24. ⎢ 2 3 4⎥ + X =⎢
− 4⎥⎦
⇒ 3X = ⎢ ⎥⇒ X =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 2
⎣ 0 7 −4 ⎦ ⎢0 − ⎥
7 4
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦
X =⎢ −
⎣ 1 − 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 4⎥⎦
−1⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎡ 4 2 29. 2⎢ ⎥ + 3 ⎢ 2 3 4⎥ + 4 X = 0 ⇒
=⎢ −
0⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 2 4
⎣ −1 −5
⎡ 4 6 −2⎤ ⎡ −6 3 0 ⎤
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 2 −4 8 ⎥ + ⎢ 6 9 12⎥ = −4 X ⇒
2X − ⎢ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
25. ⎥=⎢ 4⎥⎦
⇒
⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 ⎡1 9 1⎤
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 9 −2 ⎤ ⎢2 −4 2⎥
2X = ⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⇒ ⎢ 8 5 20 ⎥ = −4 X ⇒ X = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3 4⎦ ⎣ 1 −2 4⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ −2 − 5 − 5⎥
⎡ 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
⎢0 2 − ⎥
⎡0 4 −1⎤ 2
2X = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ X = ⎢ ⎥ ⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎣ 3 1 8⎦ ⎢3 1 30. 3X − 2 ⎢ ⎥ + 5⎢ ⎥=0⇒
4⎥ ⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4⎦
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 4 6 −2⎤ ⎡ −10 5 0⎤
3X − ⎢ + =0⇒
⎡ −21 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎣ 2 −4 8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 10 15 20⎥⎦
2X − ⎢ = ⇒
3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎥⎦
26.
⎣2 ⎡ −14 −1 2 ⎤
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 8 19 12⎥ = −3 X ⇒
2X = ⎢ + ⇒ ⎣ ⎦
⎣1 −2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎡ 14 1 2⎤
⎢ 3 − ⎥
⎡ 1⎤ 3 3
⎢0 2 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=X
⎡0 4 −1⎤ ⎢− −4 ⎥
2 8 19
2X = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒X =⎢ ⎥ −
⎣3 1 8 ⎦ ⎢3 1 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
4 ⎥
3
⎣⎢ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡1(−2) + 2(3) 1(1) + 2(5) ⎤
⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
31. a. ⎢3 4⎥ ⎢ 3 5⎥ = ⎢3(−2) + 4(3) 3(1) + 4(5) ⎥
+ 3⎢ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
27. 2X ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦ =⎢
⎡ 4 11⎤
⎡6 9 −3⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎥
+⎢ ⎣ 6 23⎦
2X ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 3 −6 12 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4⎦
⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −2(1) + 1(3) −2(2) + 1(4)⎤
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡6 9 −3⎤ b. ⎢ 3 5⎥ ⎢3 4⎥ = ⎢ 3(1) + 5(3) 3(2) + 5(4) ⎥
2X =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ 2 3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 −6 12 ⎦
⎡ 1 0⎤
⎡ 3⎤ =⎢ ⎥
⎡ −8 −8 3 ⎤ ⎢ −4 −4 2 ⎥ ⎣18 26⎦
2X =⎢ ⎥⇒ X =⎢ 1 9 ⎥
⎣ −1 9 −8⎦ ⎢− −4⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦

⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡3(1) + 2(2) 3(3) + 2(5) 3(−2) + 2(0)⎤ ⎡ 7 19 −6⎤

⎢1 5⎥ ⎡ 1 3 −2⎤ = ⎢ 1(1) + 5(2) 1(3) + 5(5) 1(−2) + 5(0)⎥ = ⎢11 28 −2⎥
⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 5 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢
32. a.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0(1) + 1(2) 0(3) + 1(5) 0(−2) + 1(0)⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 5 0⎦⎥
⎡ 3 2⎤
⎡ 1 3 −2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1(3) + 3(1) − 2(0) 1(2) + 3(5) − 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 6 15⎤
b. ⎢ 2 5 0 ⎥ ⎢1 5⎥ = ⎢ 2(3) + 5(1) + 0(0) 2(2) + 5(5) + 0(1)⎥ = ⎢11 29⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 5⎤
⎡ 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2(1) − 1(−2) + 0(4) 2(5) − 1(3) + 0(0) ⎤ ⎡ 4 7⎤
33. a. ⎢ −3 1 2⎥ ⎢ −2 3⎥ = ⎢ −3(1) + 1(−2) + 2(4) −3(5) + 1(3) + 2(0) ⎥ = ⎢ 3 −12⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 4 0⎥⎦
⎡ 1 5⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 5(−3) 1(−1) + 5(1) 1(0) + 5(2) ⎤ ⎡ −13 4 10⎤

⎢ −2 3⎥ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ = ⎢ −2(2) + 3(−3) −2(−1) + 3(1) −2(0) + 3(2) ⎥ = ⎢ −13 5 6⎥
⎥ ⎢⎣ −3 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢
b.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(2) + 0(−3) 4(−1) + 0(1) 4(0) + 0(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 −4 0⎥⎦
34. a. The product AB is not defined.

b. The product BA is not defined.
⎡ 1⎤
35. a. [ 2 3 5] ⎢ −2⎥ = [ 2(1) + 3(−2) + 5(4)] = [16]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1(2) 1(3) 1(5) ⎤ ⎡ 2 3 5⎤

⎢ −2⎥ 2 3 5 = ⎢ −2(2) −2(3) −2(5) ⎥ = ⎢ −4 −6 −10⎥
⎢ ⎥[ ] ⎢
b.
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4(2) 4(3) 4(5) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 8 12 20⎦⎥
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1(−3) 1(0) 1(2) ⎤ ⎡ −3 0 2⎤

⎢ 2⎥ −3 0 2 = ⎢ 2(−3) 2(0) 2(2) ⎥ = ⎢ −6 0 4⎥
⎢ ⎥[ ] ⎢
36. a.
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1(−3) −1(0) −1(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 1⎤
b. [ − 3 0 2 ] ⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥ = [ −3(1) + 0(2) + 2(−1)] = [ −5]
⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −1⎤
37. a. [1 2 3] ⎢ 0 3 1⎥ = [1(1) + 2(0) + 3(2) 1(2) + 2(3) + 3(0) 1(−1) + 2(1) + 3(−3)] = [7 8 −8]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 0 −3⎥⎦
b. The product BA is not defined.

38. a. The product AB is not defined.
⎡ 4 −6 2⎤
b. [ −2 0 1] ⎢ 2 3 0⎥ = [ −2(4) + 0(2) + 1(1) −2(−6) + 0(3) + 1(2) −2(2) + 0(0) + 1(−3)] = [−7 14 −7 ]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 −3⎥⎦

⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2(3) + 0(−1) + 1(4) 2(1) + 0(2) + 1(5) 2(0) + 0(0) + 1(2)⎤ ⎡10 7 2⎤
39. a. ⎢ 1 4 2⎥ ⎢ −1 2 0⎥ = ⎢1(3) + 4(−1) + 2(4) 1(1) + 4(2) + 2(5) 1(0) + 4(0) + 2(2)⎥ = ⎢ 7 19 4⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 5 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3(3) − 1(−1) + 0(4) 3(1) − 1(2) + 0(5) 3(0) − 1(0) + 0(2)⎦⎥ ⎣⎢10 1 0⎦⎥
⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3(2) + 1(1) + 0(3) 3(0) + 1(4) + 0(−1) 3(1) + 1(2) + 0(0)⎤ ⎡ 7 4 5⎤

b. ⎢ −1 2 0⎥ ⎢ 1 4 2⎥ = ⎢ −1(2) + 2(1) + 0(3) −1(0) + 2(4) + 0(−1) −1(1) + 2(2) + 0(0)⎥ = ⎢ 0 8 3⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(2) + 5(1) + 2(3) 4(0) + 5(4) + 2(−1) 4(1) + 5(2) + 2(0)⎥⎦ ⎣⎢19 18 14⎥⎦
⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −5 0⎤ ⎡ 3(2) − 1(−1) + 2(3) 3(−5) − 1(2) + 2(0) 3(0) − 1(−1) + 2(2)⎤

40. a. ⎢0 4 −3⎥ ⎢ −1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢0(2) + 4(−1) − 3(3) 0(−5) + 4(2) − 3(0) 0(0) + 4(−1) − 3(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1(2) − 2(−1) + 2(3) 1(−5) − 2(2) + 2(0) 1(0) − 2(−1) + 2(2)⎥⎦
⎡ 13 −17 5⎤
= ⎢ −13 8 −10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 10 −9 6⎥⎦
⎡ 2 −5 0⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 2(3) − 5(0) + 0(1) 2(−1) − 5(4) + 0(−2) 2(2) − 5(−3) + 0(2)⎤

b. ⎢ −1 2 −1⎥ ⎢0 4 −3⎥ = ⎢ −1(3) + 2(0) − 1(1) −1(−1) + 2(4) − 1(−2) −1(2) + 2(−3) − 1(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3(3) + 0(0) + 2(1) 3(−1) + 0(4) + 2(−2) 3(2) + 0(−3) + 2(2)⎥⎦
⎡ 6 −22 19⎤
= ⎢ −4 11 −10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 11 −7 10⎥⎦
⎡3 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 5 0⎤ ⎡ 3(2) + 1(1) + 2(3) 3(5) + 1(2) + 2(0) 3(0) + 1(−1) + 2(2) ⎤ ⎡13 17 3⎤
41. AB = ⎢0 4 3⎥ ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢0(2) + 4(1) + 3(3) 0(5) + 4(2) + 3(0) 0(0) + 4(−1) + 3(2) ⎥ = ⎢13 8 2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1(2) − 2(1) + 2(3) 1(5) − 2(2) + 2(0) 1(0) − 2(−1) + 2(2) ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 6 1 6⎥⎦
⎡ 2 5 0⎤ ⎡ 3 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2(3) + 5(0) + 0(1) 2(1) + 5(4) + 0(−2) 2(2) + 5(3) + 0(2) ⎤ ⎡ 6 22 19⎤
BA = ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ ⎢0 4 3⎥ = ⎢ 1(3) + 2(0) − 1(1) 1(1) + 2(4) − 1(−2) 1(2) + 2(3) − 1(2) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 11 6⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3(3) + 0(0) + 2(1) 3(1) + 0(4) + 2(−2) 3(2) + 0(3) + 2(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣11 −1 10⎥⎦
So, AB ≠ BA.
⎡ 5 2 4⎤ ⎡ 4 1 2⎤ ⎡ 5(4) + 2(−3) + 4(−1) 5(1) + 2(0) + 4(3) 5(2) + 2(5) + 4(4) ⎤

42. AB = − −⎢ 6 3 10 ⎥ ⎢ − 3 0 5 ⎥ ⎢
= − 6(4) − − + −
3( 3) 10( 1) −6(1) − 3(0) + 10(3) − 6(2) − 3(5) + 10(4) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 6 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2(4) + 6(−3) + 5(−1) −2(1) + 6(0) + 5(3) −2(2) + 6(5) + 5(4) ⎥⎦
⎡ 10 17 36⎤
= ⎢ −25 24 13⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −31 13 46⎥⎦
⎡ 4 1 2⎤ ⎡ 5 2 4⎤ ⎡ 4(5) + 1(−6) + 2(−2) 4(2) + 1(−3) + 2(6) 4(4) + 1(10) + 2(5)⎤
BA = −3 0 5 −6 −3 10 = −3(5) + 0(−6) + 5(−2) −3(2) + 0(−3) + 5(6) −3(4) + 0(10) + 5(5)⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −1 3 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 6 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −1(5) + 3(−6) + 4(−2) −1(2) + 3(−3) + 4(6) −1(4) + 3(10) + 4(5)⎦⎥
⎡ 10 17 36⎤
= ⎢ −25 24 13⎥ ⇒ AB = BA
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −31 13 46⎦⎥

⎛ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(3) 1(−3) + 2(5) ⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 8 7 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤

43. ( AB)C = ⎜ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎝ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎣3(2) + 4(3) 3(−3) + 4(5) ⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎣18 11⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦
⎡ 8(0) + 7(2) 8(1) + 7(4) ⎤ ⎡ 14 36⎤
=⎢ =
⎣18(0) + 11(2) 18(1) + 11(4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 22 62⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2(0) − 3(2) 2(1) − 3(4) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −6 −10⎤
A( BC ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣3 4⎦ ⎝ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎠ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3(0) + 5(2) 3(1) + 5(4) ⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 10 23⎥⎦
⎡ 1(−6) + 2(10) 1(−10) + 2(23) ⎤ ⎡ 14 36⎤
=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ( AB)C = A( BC )
⎣3(−6) + 4(10) 3(−10) + 4(23) ⎦ ⎣ 22 62⎦
⎡1 2⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −2⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(5) 1(−2) + 2(9) ⎤ ⎡ 12 16⎤

A( B + C ) = ⎢ + = = =
4⎦⎥ ⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ 3 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 4⎦⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎣⎢ 3 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢3(2) + 4(5) 3(−2) + 4(9) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 26 30⎦⎥
44.
⎣3
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(3) 1(−3) + 2(5)⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 2(2) 1(1) + 2(4) ⎤
AB + AC = ⎢ + = +
⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(2) + 4(3) 3(−3) + 4(5)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(0) + 4(2) 3(1) + 4(4) ⎥⎦
⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎡ 4 9⎤ ⎡ 12 16⎤
=⎢ + = ⇒ A( B + C ) = AB + AC
⎣18 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 19⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 26 30⎥⎦
⎛ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3(0) − 1(2) 3(1) − 1(4)⎤ ⎡ −2 −1⎤

( A + B )C = ⎜ ⎢ + = = =
4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6(0) + 9(2) 6(1) + 9(4)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 18 42⎥⎦
45.
⎝ ⎣3
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 2(2) 1(1) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 2(0) − 3(2) 2(1) − 3(4) ⎤
AC + BC = ⎢ + = +
⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(0) + 4(2) 3(1) + 4(4)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3(0) + 5(2) 3(1) + 5(4) ⎥⎦
⎡4 9⎤ ⎡ −6 −10⎤ ⎡ −2 −1⎤
=⎢ + = ⇒ ( A + B)C = AC + BC
⎣8 19⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 10 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 18 42⎥⎦
⎛ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(3) 1(−3) + 2(5) ⎤ ⎡ 8 7 ⎤ ⎡ 8c 7c ⎤

46. c( AB ) = c ⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎟ = c⎢ ⎥ = c⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎝ ⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎠ ⎣3(2) + 4(3) 3(−3) + 4(5) ⎦ ⎣18 11⎦ ⎣18c 11c ⎦
⎛ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ c 2c ⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 2c + 6c −3c + 10c ⎤ ⎡ 8c 7c ⎤
(cA) B = ⎜ c ⎢ = = =
⎝ ⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3c 4c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6c + 12c −9c + 20c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣18c 11c ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2c −3c ⎤ ⎡ 2c + 6c −3c + 10c ⎤ ⎡ 8c 7c⎤
A(cB ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜c ⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ = = ⇒
⎣3 4⎦ ⎝ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎠ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3c 5c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6c + 12c −9c + 20c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣18c 11c⎥⎦
c( AB ) = (cA) B = A(cB )
6.2 Applying the Concepts
47. Steel Glass Wood

⎡7 3 18⎤ ⎡ 6 2 20⎤ ⎡13 5 38⎤ Material
A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎣ 4 1 3⎦ ⎣ 3 1 4⎦ ⎣ 7 2 7 ⎥⎦ Transportation
48. Steel Glass Wood

⎡7 3 18⎤ ⎡6 2 20⎤ ⎡ 21 9 54⎤ ⎡12 4 40⎤ ⎡33 13 94⎤ Material
A + B = 3⎢ ⎥ + 2 ⎢ 3 1 4⎥ = ⎢12 3 9⎥ + ⎢ 6 2 8⎥ = ⎢18
⎣ 4 1 3⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 5 17 ⎥⎦ Transportation
⎡60⎤
49. [100 300 400] ⎢38⎥ = [100(60) + 300(38) + 400(17) ] = [ 24, 200]
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢17 ⎦⎥
The total cost is $24,200.

M L P
⎡ 20 2 20⎤ A
50.
[50 75 150] ⎢⎢ 15 3 25⎥⎥ B = [50(20) + 75(15) + 150(25) 50(2) + 75(3) + 150(1) 50(20) + 75(25) + 150(15)]
⎢⎣ 25 1 15⎥⎦ C
Materials Labor Profit
= [5875 475 5125]
51. a. Chairman President Vice President b. ⎡1 ⎤ Chairman

Salary ⎡ 2,500, 000 1, 250, 000 100, 000⎤ ⎢1 ⎥
⎢ 1,500, 000 ⎢ ⎥ President
Bonus 750, 000 150, 000⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥ Vice President
⎢ ⎥
Stock ⎣⎢ 50, 000 25, 000 5000⎥⎦
Totals
⎡ 2,500, 000 1, 250, 000 100, 000⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2, 500, 000(1) + 1, 250, 000(1) + 100, 000(4) ⎤ ⎡ 4,150, 000 ⎤ Salary
c. ⎢ 1,500, 000 750, 000 150, 000⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ = ⎢ 1, 500, 000(1) + 750, 000(1) + 150, 000(4) ⎥ = ⎢ 2,850, 000⎥ Bonus
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 50, 000 25, 000 5000⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 50, 000(1) + 25, 000(1) + 5000(4) ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 95, 000 ⎥⎦ Stock
52. M F C Cals Protein Cals Protein
⎡ 2400 55⎤
Browns ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎡ 2(2400) + 3(1900) + 1(1800) 2(55) + 3(45) + 1(33)⎤ ⎡12, 300 278⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1900 45⎥ = ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
Newgards ⎣ 1 1 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 1(2400) + 1(1900) + 2(1800) 1(55) + 1(45) + 2(33)⎦ ⎣ 7900 166⎦
⎣⎢1800 33⎦⎥
For the Brown family, the total calorie requirement is 12,300 and the total protein requirement is 278. For the
Newgard family, the total calorie requirement is 7900, and the total protein requirement is 166.
53. ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣ 0 −1⎦ ⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
⎡1(0) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(6) 1(0) + 0(6) ⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) − 1(0) 0(4) − 1(0) 0(4) − 1(1) 0(1) − 1(1) 0(1) − 1(6) 0(0) − 1(6) ⎥⎦
⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0 0 −1 −1 −6 −6⎥⎦
54. ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0 ⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎦
⎡ −1(0) + 0(0) −1(4) + 0(0) −1(4) + 0(1) −1(1) + 0(1) −1(1) + 0(6) −1(0) + 0(6) ⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6) ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 − 4 − 4 − 1 − 1 0 ⎤
=⎢
⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
55. ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0 ⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.25 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎦
⎡ 1(0) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(6) 1(0) + 0(6)⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.25(0) + 1(0) 0.25(4) + 1(0) 0.25(4) + 1(1) 0.25(1) + 1(1) 0.25(1) + 1(6) 0.25(0) + 1(6)⎦
⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0 1 2 1.25 6.25 6⎥⎦

56. ⎡ 1 −0.25⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
AD = ⎢
⎣0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
⎡1(0) − 0.25(0) 1(4) − 0.25(0) 1(4) − 0.25(1) 1(1) − 0.25(1) 1(1) − 0.25(6) 1(0) − 0.25(6)⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6)⎥⎦
⎡ 0 4 3.75 0.75 −0.5 −1.5⎤
=⎢
⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
6.2 Beyond the Basics
⎡0 3⎤ ⎡ 2 1⎤ ⎡ 0(2) + 3(3) 0(1) + 3(0) ⎤ ⎡ 9 0⎤

AB = ⎢ = =
0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0(2) + 0(3) 0(1) + 0(0) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0⎥⎦
57.
⎣0
⎡0 3⎤ ⎡5 4⎤ ⎡ 0(5) + 3(3) 0(4) + 3(0) ⎤ ⎡ 9 0⎤
AC = ⎢ = =
⎣0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(5) + 0(3) 0(4) + 0(0) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0⎥⎦
So, AB = AC does not imply B = C.
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ −1 3 5⎤
58. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −3 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 3 5⎥⎦
⎡ 2(−1) − 3(1) − 5(−1) 2(3) − 3(−3) − 5(3) 2(5) − 3(−5) − 5(5)⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤
= ⎢ −1(−1) + 4(1) + 5(−1) −1(3) + 4(−3) + 5(3) −1(5) + 4(−5) + 5(5)⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1(−1) − 3(1) − 4(−1) 1(3) − 3(−3) − 4(3) 1(5) − 3(−5) − 4(5)⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦
So, AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0.
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
59. Answers will vary. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ 2 −3⎥ . Then A + B = ⎢3 4⎥ + ⎢ 2 −3⎥ = ⎢ 5 1⎥
⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0 2 ⎤⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0(0) + 2(5) 0(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 10 2 ⎤
( A + B)2 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5 1⎥ = ⎢ 5(0) + 1(5) 5(2) + 1(1) ⎥ = ⎢ 5 11⎥
⎣ 5 1 ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 2(3) 1(2) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 7 10⎤
A =⎢
2
⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣3(1) + 4(3) 3(2) + 4(4)⎦ ⎣15 22⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1(−1) + 2(2) 1(0) + 2(−3) ⎤ ⎡ 3 −6⎤ ⎡ 6 −12⎤
2 AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = 2⎢ ⎥ = 2⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣3(−1) + 4(2) 3(0) + 4(−3) ⎦ ⎣5 −12⎦ ⎣10 −24⎦
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1(−1) + 0(2) −1(0) + 0(−3)⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
B2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2(−1) − 3(2) 2(0) − 3(−3)⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦
⎡ 7 10⎤ ⎡ 6 −12⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡14 −2⎤
A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣15 22⎦ ⎣10 −24⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣17 7⎦
So, ( A + B) 2 ≠ A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 .
⎡ 7 10⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤
60. Using the matrices in exercise 59, we have A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥.
⎣15 22⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣ 23 13⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 2⎤
A− B = ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ 2 −3⎥ = ⎢ 1 7 ⎥ A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦
⎡ 2 2⎤ ⎡0 2⎤ ⎡ 2(0) + 2(5) 2(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡10 6⎤
( A − B)( A + B) = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 7 ⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦ ⎣ 1(0) + 7(5) 1(2) + 7(1) ⎦ ⎣35 9⎦
So, A 2 − B 2 ≠ ( A − B)( A + B ).

61.
62.
⎡ x y⎤
63. Let B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ z w⎦
⎧2 x + 3z = 1
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 x + 3 z 2 y + 3w⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎪ 2 y + 3w = 0
⎢ 1 2⎥ ⎢ z w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎢ x + 2 z + ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎨ x + 2 z = 0 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ y 2 w ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ y + 2w = 1
⎡ 2 0 3 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 0 3 0 1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 0 2⎤
⎢ 0 2 0 3 0⎥ ⎢ 0 2 0 3 0⎥ 1
( R1 − 3 R3 ) → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 −3⎥
⎢ − ( R1 − 2 R3 ) → R3
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢ 1 0 2 0 0⎥ − ( R2 − 2 R4 ) → R4 ⎢ 0 0 1 0 −1⎥ 1 ( R2 − 3R4 ) → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 2 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 0 0 1 2⎦
⎡ 2 −3⎤
x = 2, y = −3, z = −1, w = 2 ⇒ B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2 ⎦
⎡ x y⎤
64. Let B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ z w⎦
⎧x − 2z = 1
⎡ 1 −2⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ x − 2z y − 2 w⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎪ y − 2 w = 0
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ −2 x + 4 z −2 y + 4 w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎨ −2 x + 4 z = 0 ⇒
⎣ −2 4⎦ ⎣ z w⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ −2 y + 4w = 1
⎡ 1 0 −2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −2 0 1⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 −2 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 −2 0⎥
⎢ 2 R1 + R3 → R3
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ There is no solution.
→
⎢ −2 0 4 0 0⎥ 2 R2 + R4 → R4 ⎢0 0 0 0 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 −2 0 4 1⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 1⎦
⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎛ ⎡ 2 −1 3⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 8 −4 12⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤
65. − −
⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 0 2⎥ ⎢ 2 −3 4⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
4 1 = ⇒ ⎜⎝ ⎢ 4 0 8⎥ ⎢ 2 −3 4⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎢ −1⎥ = ⎢ y ⎥ ⇒
−
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
⎡ 2⎤
⎡7 −6 13⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡7(2) − 6(−1) + 13(1) ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡33⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎢2 ⎥ −1 = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ x = 33, y = 5
⎣ 3 4⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2(2) + 3(−1) + 4(1) ⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 5⎦ ⎣ y ⎦
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦

⎡ 3 2 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎡ 3x + 2 y − z ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎧3x + 2 y − z = 0
⎢ 4 9 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢7 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ 4 x + 9 y + 2 z ⎥ = ⎢7⎥ ⇒ ⎪4 x + 9 y + 2 z = 7 ⇒
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
66.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎣⎢ 5 0 −2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 x − 2 z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2⎦⎥ ⎪⎩5 x − 2z = 2
⎡ 3 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡3 2 −1 0⎤ 1 ⎡ 3 2 −1 0⎤
⎢ 4 9 2 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢ ⎥ (10 R2 +19 R3 )→ R3 ⎢
21⎥
−4 R1 + 3R2 → R2
→ 0 19 10 21 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 81
→ 0 19 10
⎢ ⎥ −5 R1 + 3 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 0 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −10 −1 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 3 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 0 4⎤ 1 R − 2 R → R ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
( R2 −10 R3 )→ R2 ⎢ ⎥ ( 1 2) 1 ⎢
→ ⎢ 0 1 0 −1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0 −1⎥
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19
→ 0 1 0 −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3
→ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
x = 2, y = −1, z = 4
⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 (1) + 1(0) 0 (0) + 1(0)⎤ ⎡0 0⎤

AB = ⎢ = = =0
0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 (1) + 0 (0) 0 (0) + 0 (0)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦
67.
⎣0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 0 (0) 1(1) + 0 (0)⎤ ⎡0 1⎤
BA = ⎢ = = ≠0
⎣ 0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 (0) + 0 (0) 0 (1) + 0 (0)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦
⎡ 5 2⎤ ⎡3 6⎤
68. A+ B = ⎢ A− B = ⎢
⎣0 9⎥⎦ ⎣0 −1⎥⎦
( A + B ) + ( A − B ) = 2 A = ⎡⎢0 9⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ 0
5 2 3 6⎤ ⎡ 8 8⎤ ⎡ 4 4⎤
= ⇒ A= ⎢
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 8⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 4⎥⎦
−4⎤
( A + B ) − ( A − B ) = 2 B = ⎡⎢0 9⎤⎥ − ⎡⎢0
5 2 3 6⎤ ⎡ 2
= ⇒ B = ⎡ 1 −2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 5⎥⎦
Verify by computing A + B and A − B.
⎡ 6 −6 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤
69. 2A − B = ⎢ A+ B = ⎢
⎣ −4 2 1⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 − 4 ⎥⎦
(2 A − B ) + ( A + B ) = 3 A = ⎡⎢−64 −62 01⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ −23 01 −43⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢ −96 −63 −33⎤⎥ ⇒ A = ⎡⎢ −23 −21 −11⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 0 2 2⎤
A+ B = ⎢ +B=⎢ ⇒ B−⎢ − =
⎣ −2 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ −1 3 5⎤
70. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ −1 3 5⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( −1) + ( −3)(1) + ( −5)( −1) 2 (3) + (−3)(−3) + (−5)(3) 2 (5) + (−3)(−5) + (−5)(5)⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤
= ⎢( −1)( −1) + 4 (1) + 5 ( −1) (−1)(3) + 4 (−3) + 5 (3) (−1)(5) + 4 (−5) + 5 (5) ⎥⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢⎣1(−1) + (−3)(1) + (−4)(−1) 1(3) + (−3)(−3) + (−4)(3) 1(5) + (−3)(−5) + (−4)(5) ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −1 3 5⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
BA = ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ −1 3 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎤ ⎡0 0 0⎤
= ⎢1(2) + (−3)( −1) + ( −5)(1) 1(−3) + ( −3)( 4) + (−5)(−3) 1(5) + (−3)(−5) + (5)(−4)⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦

⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤
71. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ −1 3 4⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −3)(−1) + (−5)(1) 2 (−2) + ( −3)(3) + (−5)(−2) 2 (−4) + (−3)( 4) + (−5)(−3)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 4 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−2) + 4 (3) + 5 (−2) (−1)(−4) + 4 (4) + 5 (−3) ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣⎢1(2) + ( −3)( −1) + ( −4)(1) 1( −2) + (−3)(3) + (−4)(−2) 1(−4) + (−3)(4) + (−4)(−3) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
= ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ = A
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
BA = ⎢ −1 3 4⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −2)(−1) + (−4)(1) 2 (−3) + (−2)( 4) + (−4)(−3) 2 (−5) + (−2)(5) + (−4)(−4)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 4 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 4 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 4 (−4) ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢⎣1(2) + (−2)( −1) + (−3)(1) 1( −3) + ( −2)(4) + (−3)(−3) 1(−5) + (−2)(5) + (−3)(−4) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤
= ⎢ −1 3 4 ⎥ = B
⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
A 2 = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −3)(−1) + (−5)(1) 2 (−3) + (−3)(4) + (−5)(−3) 2 (−5) + (−3)(5) + (−5)(−4)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 4 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 4 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 4 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣⎢1(2) + ( −3)( −1) + ( −4)(1) 1( −3) + ( −3)(4) + (−4)(−3) 1(−5) + (−3)(5) + (−4)(−4) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
= ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ = A
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 2 ( 2) + 3 (−1) 2 (3) + 3 ( 2) ⎤ ⎡ 1 12⎤

A2 = ⎢ =⎢ =
−1)(3) + 2 ( 2)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦
72. a.
⎣ −1 2 ⎥
⎦⎣⎢ −1 2 ⎥
⎦ ⎣ ( −1)( 2 ) + 2 ( − 1) (
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 8 12⎤ ⎡7 0⎤ ⎡ 1 12⎤
4 A − 7I = 4 ⎢ − 7⎢ = − = = A2
⎣ −1 2⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 12⎤ ⎡ 1 12⎤ ⎡1(1) + 12 ( −4) 1(12) + 12 (1) ⎤ ⎡ −47

( ) 24⎤
2
b., c. A 4 = A 2 =⎢ =⎢ ⎥=
⎣ −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦ ⎣ −4 (1) + 1( −4) −4 (12) + 1(1)⎦ ⎢⎣ −8 −47 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 16 24⎤ ⎡63 0⎤ ⎡ −47 24⎤
8 A − 63I = 8 ⎢ − 63 ⎢ = − = = A4
⎣ −1 2⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −8 16⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 63⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −8 −47 ⎥⎦
⎡ 4 −1 −4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 −4⎤
73. A 2 = ⎢ 3 0 −4⎥ ⎢ 3 0 −4⎥
⎢ 3 −1 −3⎥ ⎢ 3 −1 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 4 ( 4) + ( −1)(3) + (−4)(3) 4 ( −1) + ( −1)(0) + (−4)(−1) 4 (−4) + (−1)(−4) + (−4)(−3)⎤
= ⎢3 (4) + 0 (3) + ( −4)(3) 3 ( −1) + 0 (0) + ( −4)(−1) 3 (−4) + 0 (−4) + (−4)(−3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣3 (4) + (−1)(3) + ( −3)(3) 3 ( −1) + ( −1)(0) + (−3)(−1) 3 (−4) + (−1)(−4) + (−3)(−3) ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ = I
⎢0 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦

6.2 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing
74. a. AB is defined when n = 5. The order of AB when this product is defined is 3 × m.

b. BA is defined when m = 3. The order of BA when this product is defined is 5 × n.
75. (CA)B
⎡ 13 6 6⎤
⎢ 25 ⎥
⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.52 0.24 0.24⎤ ⎢ 25 25
⎥
P 2 = ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.48 0.28 0.24⎥ = ⎢
12 7 6⎥
76. a.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥
⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.48 0.24 0.28⎦⎥ ⎢ 12 6 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 25 25 25 ⎥⎦
⎡ 13 6 6⎤
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 12 7 6 ⎥ ⎡ 37 19 19 ⎤
XP 2 = ⎢ =
⎣3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 75 75 75 ⎥⎦
⎢ 12 6 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 25 25 25 ⎥⎦
⎡ 62 63 63 ⎤
⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡0.52 0.24 0.24⎤ ⎡ 0.496 0.252 0.252⎤ ⎢ ⎥
P 3 = P 2 P = ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎢ 0.48 0.28 0.24⎥ = ⎢ 0.504 0.252 0.244⎥ = ⎢
63 63 61 ⎥
b.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.48 0.24 0.28⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.504 0.244 0.252⎦⎥ ⎢ 63 61 63 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢125 250 250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 62 63 63 ⎤
⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 63 63 61 ⎥ ⎡ 188 187 187 ⎤
XP 3 = ⎢ =
⎣ 3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢125 250 250 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 375 750 750 ⎥⎦
⎢ 63 61 63 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣125 250 250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 313 156 156 ⎤
⎢ 625 ⎥
⎡0.496 0.252 0.252⎤ ⎡ 0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.5008 0.2496 0.2496⎤ ⎢ 625 625
⎥
P 4 = P 3 P = ⎢0.504 0.252 0.244⎥ ⎢ 0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.4992 0.2512 0.2496⎥ = ⎢
312 157 156 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥
⎢⎣0.504 0.244 0.252⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.6 0.1 0.3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.4992 0.2496 0.2512⎥⎦ ⎢
312 156 157 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 625 625 625 ⎥⎦
⎡ 313 156 156 ⎤
⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 312 157 156 ⎥ ⎡ 937 469 469 ⎤
XP 4 = ⎢ =
⎣3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥ ⎢⎣1875 1875 1875 ⎥⎦
⎢ 312 156 157 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥⎦

(continued)
⎡ 0.5008 0.2496 0.2496⎤ ⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.49984 0.25008 0.25008⎤

P 5 = P 4 P = ⎢ 0.4992 0.2512 0.2496⎥ ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.50016 0.25008 0.24976⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.4992 0.2496 0.2512⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0.6 0.1 0.3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.50016 0.24976 0.25008⎥⎦
⎡ 1562 1563 1563 ⎤
⎢ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ 1563 1563 1561 ⎥
⎢ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥
⎢ 1563 1561 1563 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1562 1563 1563 ⎤
⎢ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 1563 1563 1561 ⎥ ⎡ 4688 4687 4687 ⎤
XP = ⎢
5
⎥ =⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢
⎣ 3 3 3 ⎦ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥ ⎣ 9375 18, 750 18, 750 ⎦
⎢ 1563 1561 1563 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥⎦
⎡1 1 1⎤
XP n = ⎢
⎣ 2 4 4 ⎥⎦
In the long term, the market shares for each company are: A, 50%; B, 25%; C, 25%.
6.2 Maintaining Skills
−1 −1
85. { 3x + 5 y = 2
6 x + 10 y = 4
(1)
(2)
⎛1⎞ ⎛5⎞ 12 Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the two
77. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =2 78. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =
2 12 5 equations.
−6 x − 10 y = −4
79. x −1 =
1
⇒ x=8 6 x + 10 y = 4
8 0=0
−1 The equations are dependent and the system
⎛ x⎞ 35
80. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =7⇒ = 7 ⇒ 35 = 7 x ⇒ x = 5 has infinitely many solutions. Solve equation
35 x (1) for y in terms of x to find the general
solution.
1 7 11 5 6 18 3x + 5 y = 2 ⇒ 5 y = −3 x + 2 ⇒
81. x− = − x⇒ x= ⇒
4 12 12 4 4 12 3 2 2 − 3x
18 4 y=− x+ =
x = ⋅ =1 5 5 5
12 6 Thus, the solution set can be written as
2 3 4 2 2 2 3 ⎧ ⎛ 2 − 3x ⎞ ⎫
82. x− = x+ ⇒− x= + ⇒ ⎨ ⎜⎝ x, ⎟⎬ .
3 5 3 15 3 15 5 ⎩ 5 ⎠⎭
⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
{
2 11 11
− x= ⇒ x = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ = − −9 x + 2 y = 8
3 15 ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 10 86.
(1)
5 x + 8 y = 32 (2)
2 3
83. = ⇒ 2 (4 x + 1) = 3 (4 x − 1) ⇒ Multiply equation (1) by −4, then add the
4x − 1 4x + 1 equations and solve for x.
5 36 x − 8 y = −32
8 x + 2 = 12 x − 3 ⇒ −4 x = −5 ⇒ x =
4 5 x + 8 y = 32
41x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
2 1
84. = ⇒ 2 ( x − 1) = x + 1 ⇒ Substitute x = 0 in equation (1) and solve for
x +1 x −1 y.
2x − 2 = x + 1 ⇒ x = 3
−9 ( 0 ) + 2 y = 8 ⇒ 2 y = 8 ⇒ y = 4
Solution set: {(0, 4)}

87. {3x + 2 y = 6 (1)

6 x + 4 y = −13 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the equations.
−6 x − 4 y = −12
6 x + 4 y = −13
0 = −25 False
The system is inconsistent and the solution set is ∅.
88.
{3x − 4 y = 13 (1)
2x + 5 y = 1 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 5 and equation (2) by 4, then add the equations and solve for x.
15 x − 20 y = 65
8 x + 20 y = 4
23x = 69 ⇒ x = 3
Substitute x = 3 in equation (2) and solve for y.
2 (3) + 5 y = 1 ⇒ 6 + 5 y = 1 ⇒ 5 y = −5 ⇒ y = −1
Solution set: {(3, −1)}
6.3 The Matrix Inverse
6.3 Practice Problems
1. We need to verify that AB = BA = I.

⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡ −1 2⎤ ⎡3(−1) + 2(2) 3(2) + 2(−3)⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2(−1) + 1(2) 2(2) + 1(−3)⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡ −1(3) + 2(2) −1(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣ 2(3) − 3(2) 2(2) − 3(1) ⎦ ⎣0 1⎥⎦
Thus B is the inverse of A.
⎡ x y⎤
2. Suppose A has an inverse B, where B = ⎢ ⎥ . Then
⎣ z w⎦
⎡3 1⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 x + z 3 y + w⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤
⎢3 1⎥ ⎢ z w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎢3x + z 3 y + w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ .
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Since the matrices are equal, the entries must be equal. So 3x + z = 1 (in the 1, 1 position) and 3x + z = 0 (in
the 2, 1) position. This is a contradiction, so A does not have an inverse.
⎡ 1 4 −2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 4 −2 1 0 0⎤
⎢ −1 1 2 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
3. [ ] ⎢
A | I = →
⎥ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢
5 0
⎥
⎢⎣ 3 7 −6 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −5 0 −3 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 4 −2 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 −2 1 1⎥⎦
The inverse of A does not exist.

Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 605
⎡ 1 2 3 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 2 3 1 0 0⎤
⎢
4. [ A | I ] = −2 3 ⎥ 2 R1 + R2 → R2
1 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢
→ 0 7 7 2 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ −4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 5 −2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −3 −14 −4 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 4 2⎤
⎡1 2 3 1 0 0⎤ ⎢ 1 0 3 1 − 11 − 11⎥
(2 R2 + R3 )→ R2 ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
2 1⎥
1
R1 − 2 R2 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 2 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11 → ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎢ 11 11⎥ ⎛⎜ − 1 ⎞⎟ (3 R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢ 11 11⎥
⎢0 −3 −14 −4 0 1⎥ ⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 7 77 11⎦
⎡ 1 19 1⎤ ⎡1 19 1⎤
⎢ 1 0 3 7 − 77 11⎥ ⎢ 7 − 77 11⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 0
1⎥
⇒ A −1 = ⎢ 0
R1 − 3R3 → R1 2 2 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ 11 11⎥ ⎢ 11 11⎥
⎢ 2 3 1 ⎥ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 77 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 77 11⎥⎦
5. a. ad − bc = (8)(1) − (2)(4) = 0
The inverse of matrix A does not exist.
b. ad − bc = (8)(1) − (−2)(3) = 14
Thus, matrix B is invertible.
⎡ 1 1⎤
−1 1 ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎢ 14 7 ⎥
B = ⎢ =⎢ ⎥
14 ⎣ −3 8⎥⎦ ⎢ 3 4 ⎥
−
⎢⎣ 14 7 ⎥⎦
⎧3x + 2 y + 3 z = 9 ⎡3 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 9⎤
⎪
6. ⎨3x + y = 12 ⇒ AX = B ⇒ 3 1 0⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢12⎥ ⇒ X = A −1 B
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x + z= 6 ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢− 6 3 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
Using a graphing calculator, we find that A −1 = ⎢ 0 − ⎥.
1 3
⎢ 2 2⎥
⎢ 1 1 1⎥
⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 6 3 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 2⎤ ⎡ 11⎤
⎢− 5 5 ⎥
5 ⎡ 9⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ − ⎥ ⎢12⎥ ⇒ X = ⎢ − ⎥
3 1 6 9
−
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢
1 2 3 1⎥
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎧ ⎛ 11 9 1 ⎞⎫
Solution set: ⎨ ⎜ , − , ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎭

⎡110, 400 ⎤
−1 1 ⎡ 36 24 ⎤ ⎡ 800 ⎤ ⎢ 19 ⎥
7. Following the discussion given in Example 7, we have X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
19 ⎣16 36⎦ ⎣3400⎦ ⎢135, 200 ⎥
⎣⎢ 19 ⎦⎥
To meet the consumer demand for 800 units of energy and 3400 units of food, the energy produced must be
110, 400 135, 200
units and food production must be units.
19 19
8. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of three (inserting two zeros at the right end), forming a 3 × 6 matrix:
J A C K I S N O W S A F E
[10 1 3] [11 0 9] [19 0 14] [15 23 0] [19 1 6] [5 0 0]
⎡10 11 19 15 19 5⎤
M = ⎢ 1 0 0 23 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 9 14 0 6 0⎥⎦
⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡10 11 19 15 19 5⎤ ⎡ 21 38 61 61 39 5⎤
Let A = 1 3 3 . Then, AM = ⎢1 3 3⎥ ⎢ 1 0 0 23 1 0⎥ = ⎢ 22 38 61 84 40 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢1 2 4⎦⎥ ⎢⎣1 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 9 14 0 6 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 24 47 75 61 45 5⎦⎥
The cryptogram is 21 22 24 38 38 47 61 61 75 61 84 61 39 40 45 5 5 5.
6.3 Basic Concepts and Skills ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎢ − ⎥
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ 5 5 ⎡1 0⎤
1. For n × n matrices A and B, if AB = I, then B AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢
1⎥⎦
9.
is called the inverse of A. ⎣ 1 4⎦ ⎢− 1 3 ⎥ ⎣0
⎢⎣ 10 10 ⎥⎦
2. An n × n matrix is invertible if there is a
⎡ 2 1⎤
matrix B such that AB = BA = I. ⎢ 5 − 5 ⎥ ⎡3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥ = ⇒
3. To find the inverse of an invertible matrix A,
⎢− 1 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
we transform [ A | I ] by a sequence of row ⎣⎢ 10 10 ⎦⎥
operations into [ I | B ] , where B = A −1.
B is the inverse of A.
⎡ 1 1⎤
⎡a b⎤ −
A=⎢ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0⎤
4. ⎥ is invertible if and only if AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢
1⎥⎦
10.
⎣c d⎦ ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎢ − 2 1 ⎥ ⎣0
ad − bc ≠ 0. ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1⎤
5. False. ⎢ − 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⇒
6. False. ad − bc = 8(8) − 16(4) = 0, so A is not
⎢ − 2 1 ⎥ ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎣0 1⎥⎦
invertible. ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −2⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ 1⎥⎦
7.
⎣1 3⎦ ⎣ −1 1⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 0⎤
⎡ 3 −2⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 1⎥ = ⎢0 1⎥⎦
11.
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⇒ ⎣ − ⎦ ⎣
1⎥⎦
1 1 1
⎣ −1 1⎦ ⎣1 3⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎢⎣ 1 1⎥⎦
B is the inverse of A. ⎡ 2 1⎤ ⎡1 1 −1⎤
⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎢
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 BA = ⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢ = 1 0⎥ ⇒
⎥ ⎣ −1 1 1⎦⎥ ⎢
0⎤ 0
⎢ ⎥
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ =
3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
8. ⎢⎣ 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0⎥⎦
⎣ 4 3⎦ ⎣ −4
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ B is not the inverse of A.
BA = ⎢ = ⇒
⎣ −4 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦

⎡ −2 1 3⎤ ⎛ ⎡ −2 6 4⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ⎡ 5 −2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
AB = ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 1 −3 2⎥ ⎟ BA = ⎜ ⎢ 2 0 2⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥
1 1
12.
⎢ ⎥ ⎜8 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎜4 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 0⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎢ −3 2 −1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ −1 1 −1⎥⎦
⎣
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎛ ⎡ −2 6 4⎤ ⎞ ⎡ −2 1 3⎤
⎡ 1 −1 0⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎞
BA = ⎜ ⎢ 1 −3 2⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥
1
AB = ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ ⎜ ⎢ −1 1 1⎥ ⎟
1
⎜8 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥ 16.
⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 1 2 0⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎣ ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ −1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
⎡1 0 0⎤
⎡1 0 0⎤
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 −1 0⎤
BA = ⎜ ⎢ −1 1 1⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥
1
AB = ⎢ −8 −2⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎟
1
13.
⎢
6
⎥⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢ −1 −1 1⎦⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎣⎢ 1 0 1⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 3 1 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣
⎡1 3⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
−1 − ⎥
⎢2 = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢
2
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is not the inverse of A. ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
In exercises 17−26, the steps to find the
inverse may vary. Be sure to verify that
⎡2 3 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 1 −5 7 ⎤ ⎞
AA −1 = I .
AB = ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 7 1 − 5⎥ ⎟
1
14.
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 18 ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎣⎢ 3 1 2⎦⎥ ⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ −5 7 1⎦⎥ ⎠⎟ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡ 2 0 1 0⎤ 2 R1 ⎢1 0 0⎥
⎡1 0 0⎤ 17. [ A | I ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ → 2
⎣ 1 3 0 1⎦ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎣1 30 1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 ⎤
R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢1 02
0⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 −5 7 ⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −31
−1⎥
BA = ⎜ ⎢ 7 1 −5⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥
1
⎜ 18 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ −5 7 1⎦⎥ ⎠⎟ ⎣⎢ 3 1 2⎦⎥ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0⎥
1
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ − R2
2
⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
3
⎥⇒
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A. ⎢0 1 − 1 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 0⎥
⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 5 −2 −1⎤ ⎞ A −1 = ⎢ ⎥
AB = ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 2 0 2⎥ ⎟
1
15.
⎢ ⎥⎜4 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢− 1 1⎥
⎢⎣ −1 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ −3 2 −1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦

⎡ 4 3 1 0⎤ ⎡1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
18. [A | I] = ⎢1 ⎥
⎣ 0 0 1⎦ 21. [ A | I ] = ⎢0 2 3 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
R1 − 4 R2 → R2 ⎡4 3 1 0⎤ ⎣⎢0 1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
⎣0 3 1 −4⎦⎥ ⎡1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 0⎥
2 R3 − R2 → R3
1 ⎡4 3 1 0⎤ 2 3 0 1
R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯ 3 →⎢ 4⎥
⎢0 1
1
− ⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦ 1 ⎡ 1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
(−3 R3 + R2 )→ R2 ⎢
⎡4 0 0 −3⎥
4⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 0 0 2
R1 − 3R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ 1 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦ 0 1 −8
⎡1 0 10⎤
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤ ⎢0 −3⎥
1 R1 − 4 R3 → R1
R1
4 →⎢ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
4⎥ ⇒
1 0 0 2
⎯⎯⎯ 1 R1 − 6 R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −8 10⎤
A −1 = ⎢ 1 4⎥ A = 0 2 −3⎥
−1 ⎢
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 3⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2 4 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −1 1 0 0⎤
19. [ A | I ] = ⎢3 ⎥
⎣ 6 0 1⎦ 22. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 5 1 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
1
R1 → R1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3 0 0 1⎥⎦
1 2 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯2 →⎢ 2 ⎡ 2 0 −1 3 0 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
R1 + 3 R3 → R1
⎣3 6 0 1 ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R2 − R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3 3 0 1⎥⎦
−3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1 2 2 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎡ −1 0 0 −3 1 −1⎤
⎢0 0 − 3 1 ⎥
→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R1
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ⎢ ⎥
The inverse of A does not exist. ⎣⎢ 0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎡⎢6
9 6 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
20. − R1 → R1
⎣ 4 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎣⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
R1 → R1 ⎢1 3 9 0⎥ 1 ⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
9 − ( R2 − 5 R1 ) → R2
⎢ 2 1⎥
1
R2 → R2 ⎢1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢ 0 0 1 5 −2 2 ⎥
6 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 6⎦ ⎣⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
⎢1 3 9 0⎥
→ ⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 R2 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 − 1 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 5 −2 2⎦⎥
⎣ 9 6⎦
⎡1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
The inverse of A does not exist.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0 −15 6 −5⎥ ⎢
R2 − 3R3 → R2
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 5 −2 2⎥⎦
⎡ 3 −1 1⎤
A −1 = ⎢ −15 6 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −2 2⎥⎦

⎡ 2 3 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 3 −3 4 1 0 0 ⎤
23. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 4 1 0 1 0⎥ 25. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 −3 4 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡2 3 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0 ⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ → ⎢ 2 −3 4 0 1 0⎥
R2 − R1 → R3 R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0 ⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ ⎢ 0 3 −4 2 −3 0 ⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R1 2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0⎤
⎢0 − ( R2 + 4 R3 ) → R2
1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −4 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 0 −1 1 0 −2 3
R3 − 7 R2 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2 7 −7 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 0 0 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0⎤
( R3 − 3R1 )→ R3 ⎢
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0
2 1 0 −1 1 0⎥ R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −2 3 −4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 −5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 −2 3 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 − 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤
A −1 = ⎢ −1 1 0⎥ A −1 = ⎢ −2 3 −4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ −2 3 −3⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −5 2⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 1 5 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤
24. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 4 3 −5 0 1 0⎥ 26. [ A | I ] = ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 0 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 1 5 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0⎥ → ⎢ −1 3 0⎥
4 R1 − R2 → R2 R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 25 4 −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 0 1
1
( R1 − R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥
5 5⎦ ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 1⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎡1 1 0 0 0 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 −1 1 1
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 − 5 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −1 −1 ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
R2 − 25 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥
→ ⎢0 2⎥
R2 + R3 → R2
5 5⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0 1 1
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 0 0 1 1 −4⎤ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −1 −1 ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 2⎥
2 R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ 1 1⎥ 0 1 1
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 5⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
−1 ⎢
A = −1 −1 5⎥ R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 5 0 − 5 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 2 6⎤
A −1
= ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 5⎥⎦
27. ad − bc = (1)(2) − (0)(3) = 2

⎡ 1 0⎤
1 ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎢
3 1⎥
−1
A = ⎢ =
2 ⎣ −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦

28. ad − bc = (3)(6) − (4)(5) = −2 ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤

⎡ −3 2⎤ ⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
1 ⎡ 6 −4 ⎤ ⎢ 41.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
3⎥
−1
A =− ⎢ = 5
2 ⎣ −5 3⎥⎦ ⎢ − ⎥ ⎣⎢ −1 1 2⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
⎧ x + 2 y + 5z = 4
29. ad − bc = (2)(5) − (−3)(−3) = 1 ⎪
42. ⎨2 x + 3 y + 8 z = 6 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎡5 3⎤ ⎪⎩− x + y + 2 z = 3
A −1 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 2⎦ ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 6⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
30. ad − bc = (3)(−2) − (−4)(2) = 2 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ −1 2⎤ ⎢⎣ −1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦
1 ⎡ −2 4 ⎤ ⎢
A −1 = ⎢ = 3⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −1⎤
2 ⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢ −1 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 0⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −5 3 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
31. ad − bc = (a)(− a) − (b)(−b) = − a 2 + b 2
The solution is {(−1, 0, 1)}.
−1 1 ⎡−a b⎤
A = 2 ⎢ −b a ⎥
where a 2 ≠ b 2 . ⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 + 5 x3 = 1
−a + b ⎣
2
⎦ ⎪
43. ⎨2 x1 + 3x 2 + 8 x3 = 3 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
32. ad − bc = (2)(−1) − (−1)(1) = −1 ⎪⎩− x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 = −3
⎡ −1 1⎤ ⎡1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
A −1 = −1 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣1 −2⎦ ⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
33. {2 x + 3 y = −9 ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −9⎤
x − 3 y = 13
⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 13 ⎦
⎣⎢ −1 1 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −3⎥
{ ⎡ 5 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5x − 4 y = 7
34. ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥
4x − 3y = 5 ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 5⎦ The solution is {(2, −3, 1)}.
⎧3x + 2 y + z = 8 ⎡ 3 2 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡8 ⎤ ⎧ x + 2 y + 5 z = −4
⎪
35. ⎨2 x + y + 3z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 2 1 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢7 ⎥ 44. ⎪2 x + 3 y + 8 z = −6 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
⎪⎩ x + 3 y + 2 z = 9 ⎢ 1 3 2⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢9 ⎥ 5
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪− x + y + 2 z = −
⎩ 2
⎧ x + 3y + z = 4 ⎡1 3 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎪ ⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −6 ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
36. ⎨ x − 5 y + 2 z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −5 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 7 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + y − 4 z = −9 ⎢3 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 5 ⎥
⎣
⎢⎣ − 2 ⎥⎦
37.
⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢2
⎣
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥⇒
1⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣5⎦ 2 {
x − 2y = 0
x+ y=5 ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎡ 1⎤
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ −6 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎧ 2 x1 + 3x2 = 0 ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 ⎥
38. ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒⎨ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎢ 5 ⎥
⎣ 3 −1⎦ ⎣ x 2 ⎦ ⎣11⎦ ⎩3x1 − x2 = 11 ⎢⎣ − 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢− ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
⎧⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎫
⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ −1⎤ ⎧2 x1 + 3x 2 + x3 = −1 The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , −1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ 5 7 −1⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥ ⇒ ⎪5 x + 7 x − x = 5 ⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭
⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 1
39.
⎢ 2 3
⎢⎣ 4 3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5⎥⎦ ⎩⎪4 x1 + 3x 2 =5
⎡ 3 −2 3⎤ ⎡ r ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎧3r − 2s + 3t = 4
⎢ 5 0 4⎥ ⎢ s ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ ⎪5r + 4t = 3
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
40.
⎢
⎢⎣ 2 7 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ t ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −8⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 2r + 7 s = −8

⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 3 1⎥
45. a. [ A | I ] = ⎢1 2 3 0 1 0⎥ 1
( R2 − 4 R3 ) → R3 ⎢
−3 0 0
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 8
9
−11 0 −1 3⎥
⎣⎢1 4 9 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎢ 4 1 5⎥
⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 9⎦
→ ⎢0 1 2 −1 1 0⎥
R2 − R1 → R2 9 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯R3 − R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 4 1 2⎤
⎢⎣0 3 8 −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢1 3 0 − − ⎥
3 3 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 0 −1
R1 + 3R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 11
−
5
− ⎥
7
2 −1 0⎥ ⎢
0
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
1
( 2
R + 11 R3) → R 18 18 18 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ −1 ⎢ 5⎥
2
8
⎢0 1 2 1 0⎥ 4 1
1
( R3 − 3R2 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎢0 0 − − ⎥
3 1⎥
1
2
⎢0 0 1 1 − ⎥ ⎣⎢ 9 9 9 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢1 0 0 −
⎡
3 −
5 1⎤ 2 2 2⎥
⎢1 0 0 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
11 5 7
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − 3 R2 → R1
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ −3 4 −1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢0 1 0 ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥
⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 4 1 5⎥
⎢0 0 1 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 9 9 9⎦
⎡ 5 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢ 3 − 2 2⎥ ⎢− 2
⎢ ⎥ 2 2⎥
A −1 = ⎢ −3 4 −1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
11 5 7
⎢ A −1 = ⎢ − − ⎥
3 1⎥ ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥
⎢ 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 4
⎣ 2 2⎦ 1 5⎥
⎢ − − ⎥
⎣ 9 9 9⎦
⎧x + y + z = 6
⎪
b. ⎨ x + 2 y + 3z = 14 ⇒ AX = B ⇒ ⎧2 x + 4 y − z = 9
⎪⎩ x + 4 y + 9 z = 36 ⎪
b. ⎨3x + y + 2 z = 7 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎪⎩ x + 3 y − 3z = 4
⎢1 2 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢14⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2 4 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 9⎤
⎢ 3 1 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 7⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎣⎢1 4 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢36⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 5 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 1 3 −3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥
3 −
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −3 ⎥⎢ ⎥
4 −1⎥ 14 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢− 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡9 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎥
⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 − 3 1 ⎥ ⎣⎢36⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3⎦⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 11 − 5 − 7 ⎥ ⎢7 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
4 1 5
⎢ − − ⎥
⎡ 2 4 −1 1 0 0⎤ ⎣ 9 9 9⎦
The solution is {(1,2,1)}.
46. a. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 3 1 2 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎤
→ ⎢3 1 2 0 0⎥
R1 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 −1 1 0 0⎦⎥
⎡ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎤
3 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 8 −11 0 −1 3⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 2 −5 −1 0 2⎥⎦


⎧ x + y + 2z = 7 ⎡1 1 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤
⎪
49. ⎨ x − y − 3z = −6 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −1 −3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −6⎥
47. { 3 x + 7 y = 17
−5 x + 4 y = 13
⎡ 3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡11⎤
⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −5 4⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣13⎦
⎪⎩2 x + 3 y + z = 4
⎡1 1 2 1
⎢
⎣⎢ 2 3
0 0⎤
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥
⎡ 3 7 1 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢ −5 4 0 1⎥ [ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 1 −1 −3 0 1 0⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ 2 3 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
5 R1 + 3R2 → R2 ⎡ 3 7 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 1 2 1 0 0⎤
⎣ 0 47 5 3⎦ ⎢0 1 −1 0 ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 5
1
R2 → R2 ⎡3 7 1 0⎤ R3 − 2 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
→⎢ ⎢⎣0 1 −3 −2 0 1⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3⎥
47
5
⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 47 47 ⎦ ⎢2 0 −1 1 1 0⎥
⎡ 4 7⎤ 2 R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 0 47 − 47 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −1
1 2 5 1 0⎥
( R1 − 7 R2 ) → R1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ( R2 − 2 R3 ) → R3
3
⎥ 11 ⎢ 5 1 2⎥
⎢0 1 5 3⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 47 47 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎡4 7⎤ ⎡ 8 5 1⎤
⎢1 0 0 − ⎥
−1
⎢ 47 − 47 ⎥ 1 ⎢
11 11 11
⎥
A =⎢ ⎥ ( R1 + R3 ) → R1 7 3 5⎥
⎢5 3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 0 − −
⎢⎣ 47
1 ⎢ 11 11 11⎥
47 ⎥⎦ ( R2 − 5 R3 ) → R2
⎢ 2⎥
2
⎡4 7⎤ 5 1
− ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
−1 ⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ 47 47 ⎡11⎤ ⎡ −1⎤ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
X = A B⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ y⎦ ⎢ 5 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣13⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2⎥⎦ ⎡ 8 5 1⎤
⎢ 11 − ⎥
⎢⎣ 47 47 ⎥⎦ 11 11
⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(−1, 2)}. 7 3 5⎥
A −1 = ⎢ − −
⎢ 11 11⎥
{
11
x − 7y = 3 ⎡ 1 −7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ 5
⇒ = 1 2⎥
2 x + 3 y = 23 ⎢⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 23⎥⎦
48. ⎢ − − ⎥
⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎡ 1 −7 1 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 3 0 1⎥ X = A −1B ⇒
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 8 5 1⎤
1 ⎡ 1 −7 10⎤ ⎢ 11 − ⎥
( R2 − 2 R1 ) → R2 11 11 ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
→⎢ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 1⎥
17
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢− 7 − 3 5 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−6 = −1
⎣ 17 17 ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 11 11 11⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ 4⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
⎡ 3 7⎤ 5 1 2 ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢1 0 ⎢ − − ⎥
( R1 + 7 R2 ) → R1 17 17 ⎥ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 −
2 1⎥ The solution is {(2, −1, 3}}.
⎢⎣ 17 17 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 7⎤
−1
⎢ 17 17 ⎥
A =⎢ ⎥
⎢− 2 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 17 17 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 7⎤
⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ 17 17 ⎥ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡10⎤
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ y ⎦ ⎢− 2 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 17 17 ⎦⎥
The solution is {(10, 1)}.

⎧ x+ y+ z =6 ⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎧2 x + 2 y + 3x = 7 ⎡ 2 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤
⎪ ⎪
50. ⎨2 x − 3 y + 3 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 2 −3 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥ 51. ⎨5 x + 3 y + 5 z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 5 3 5⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x − 2 y − z = −4 ⎢ 3 −2 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −4⎦⎥ ⎪⎩3x + 5 y + z = −5 ⎢ 3 5 1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ −5⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 2 3 1 0 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 2 −3 3 0 1 0⎥
⎥ [ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 5 3 5 0 1 0⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 3 −2 −1 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 5 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 2 3 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢ 0 4 5 5 −2 0 ⎥
5 R1 − 2 R2 → R2
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 −1 2 −1 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 5 4 3 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −4 7 3 0 −2⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢ −4 0 −1 3 −2 0⎥
1
( R3 − R2 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ R2 − 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 → ⎢ 0 5 −1 2 −1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢ 0 4 5 5 −2 0⎥
( R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢
⎢ 1 1 1⎥ 12 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 5 5 5⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 4 1 1⎤ ⎡ 11 13 1 ⎤
⎢1 1 0 5 − ⎢ 1 0 0 − 12
5 5⎥ 24 24 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
− ( R1 + R3 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢
→ 0 1 0
11
−
4
−
1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
4 ⎢0 1 0 5
−
7 5⎥
1
( R2 + R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ 1
( R2 − 5 R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥
5 ⎢ 1 1 1⎥
4 ⎢ 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6 ⎤ ⎡ 11 13 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 − ⎢ − 12
5 25 25 ⎥ 24 24 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 11 4 1⎥ −1 ⎢ 5 7 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 − − A = −
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1⎥ ⎢ 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6⎤ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ 5 − 25 25 ⎥ ⎡ 11 13 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − 12 ⎥
A −1 = ⎢
11 4 1⎥ 24 24
− − ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ − 5⎤
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ y⎥ = ⎢ 5 − 7 5 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 = 1
1 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ −5⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
⎣⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ 2 1 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ − − ⎥
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6⎤ The solution is {(−5, 1, 5)}.
⎢ 5 − 25 25 ⎥
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 11 − 4 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ −4⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
1 1 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦

⎧9 x + 7 y + 4 z = 12 ⎡ 9 7 4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡12⎤
⎪
52. ⎨6 x + 5 y + 4 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 6 5 4 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + z = 7
⎣⎢ 4 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 7 ⎦⎥
⎡9 7 4 1 0 0⎤ ⎡9 7 4 1 0 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 6 5 4 0 1 ⎥ 6 R1 − 9 R2 → R2
0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎥ 4 R1 − 9 R3 → R3 ⎢
→ 0 −3 −12 6 −9 0⎥
⎢
⎥
⎣⎢ 4 3 1 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 7 4 0 −9⎦⎥
⎡9 6 −3 −3 0 9⎤ ⎡9 6 0 3 −3 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢
⎯→ 0 −3 −12 6 −9 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎥ R1 + 3 R3 → R1
→ 0 1 0 −10 7 12⎥
⎢
( R2 + 3R3 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎥ − 1 ( R +12 R ) → R ⎢ ⎥
1
9 ⎢⎣0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ 3
2 3 2
⎢⎣0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 0 0 7 −5 −8⎤
( R1 − 6 R2 ) → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0 −10 7 12⎥
9 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 7 −5 − 8⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 −5 −8⎤ ⎡12⎤ ⎡ 3⎤
A = −10 7 12 ⇒ X = A B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −10 7 12⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ −1⎥
−1 ⎢ ⎥ −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2⎥⎦
The solution is {(3, −1, −2 )}.
53. Let x = the amount invested in a treasury bill, y = the amount invested in bonds, and z = the amount invested
in a mutual fund. Then we have
⎧ x + y + z = 90, 000 ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡90, 000⎤
⎪ ⎢0.03 0.07 −0.11⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 980⎥
⎨ 0.03 x + 0.07 y − 0.11z = 980 ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩0.03x + 0.07 y + 0.08 z = 5920 ⎢⎣0.03 0.07 0.08 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5920⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢1 1 1 1 0 0⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥ − 3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
[ A I ] = ⎢100 7
−
11
0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 → ⎢0 1 − 7 − 3 1 0⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ −
3
R +R → ⎢ 25 50 100 ⎥
100 3 3
⎢ 3 7 8 ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 3 ⎥
⎢⎣100 100 100 0 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 25 20 − 100 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 1 1 1 0 0 ⎥
−
100
( R2 − R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 7 3 25 R2 → R2 7 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19 → ⎢0 − − 1 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − 25 0 ⎥
⎢ 25 50 100 ⎥ ⎢ 2 4 ⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ ⎢ 100 100 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 − 0 −
19 19 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 19 19 ⎥⎦
0 1 0
⎡ 100 100 ⎤ ⎡ 7 25 450 ⎤

⎢1 1 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 0 − −
19 19 4 19 19 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 − 3 125 350 ⎥ R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 3 125 350 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 −
7
R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥
2 ⎢ 100 100 ⎥ ⎢ 100 100 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 − ⎥
⎣ 19 19 ⎦ ⎣ 19 19 ⎦
⎡ 7 25 450 ⎤ ⎡ 7 25 450 ⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥ ⎢ − −
19 19 ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎡90, 000⎤ ⎡16, 000 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −
350 ⎥ ⎢
980⎥ = ⎢ 48, 000⎥
3 125 350 ⎥ 3 125
A −1 = ⎢ −
⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ 100 100 ⎥ ⎣ 5920⎦ ⎣ 26, 000⎦
⎢ 0 − ⎥ ⎢ 0 − ⎥
⎣ 19 19 ⎦ ⎣ 19 19 ⎦
Liz invested $16,000 in a treasury bill, $48,000 in bonds, and $26,000 in a mutual fund.

54. Let x = the selling price of a chicken sandwich, y = the selling price of a fish sandwich, and x = the selling
price of a ham sandwich. Then we have
⎧8 x + 11y + 6 z = 164 ⎡8 11 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡164⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ 7 x + 8 y + 7 z = 141 ⇒ ⎢7 8 7 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢141⎥
⎩⎪ 4 x + 6 y + 3 z = 86 ⎢⎣ 4 6 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 86 ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
⎡8 11 6 1 0 0⎤ 7 ⎢ ⎥
− R1 + R2 → R2
⎢7 8 7 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[ A I ] ⎢
= 8
⎥ − R +R →R
→ ⎢0 −
13 7
−
7
1 0⎥
1
⎢ 8 4 8 ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 6 3 0 0 1⎥⎦ 2 1 3 3
⎢ ⎥
1 1
⎢⎣0 0 − 0 1⎥
2 2 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
R2 ↔ R3
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 − 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 13 7 7
13 7
⎢⎣ 0 − 8 4 −
7
1 0⎥ ⎢⎣0 − 8 4 − 8 1 0⎥⎦
8 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢8 0 6 12 0 −22⎥ 4 ⎢8 0 6 12 0 −22⎥
−11R2 + R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ 7 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13
→ ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
8 ⎢ 7 5 13 ⎥ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥
− ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − 7 7
⎢⎣ 0 0 4 ⎥⎦ 7 ⎥⎦
1
4 2
⎡ 144 24 232 ⎤ ⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤
⎢8 0 0 − − 1 0 0 − − ⎥
7 7 7 ⎥ 1R →R ⎢ 7 7 7
−6 R3 + R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ 8 1 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥
⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤ ⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤
⎢ 7 − − ⎥ − − ⎥ 164
7 7 ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 7 7 7 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A −1 = ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎢141⎥ = ⎢8⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 86⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦
⎢⎣ − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦
The chicken sandwich costs $5, the fish sandwich costs $8, and the ham sandwich costs $6.
⎧V − E + R = 2 ⎧ V −E +R=2 ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎪ ⎪
55. ⎨ 2 E = 3V ⇒ ⎨−3V + 2 E = 0 ⇒ ⎢ −3 2 0 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩ 2 R = E − 1 ⎪⎩ − E + 2 R = −1 ⎢ 0 −1 2⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤
[ A I ] = ⎢⎢ −3 2 0 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −1 3
⎥
⎥
3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎢
3 1 0⎥
⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −1 2 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 −1 2 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 −2 −2 −1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −3 ⎥ → ⎢0 1 −3 −3 −1 0⎥
− R2 → R2 R1 + R2 → R1
−3 −1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ − ( R3 + R2 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 3 1 −1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 4 1 −2⎤
R1 + 2 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 6 2 −3⎥
R2 + 3R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3 1 −1⎥⎦

(continued)
⎡ 4 1 −2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤ ⎡10⎤

A −1 = ⎢ 6 2 −3⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 6 2 −3⎥ ⎢ 0⎥ = ⎢15⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 ⎥⎦
There are 10 vertices, 15 edges, and 7 regions.
56. In order to answer (a) and (b), we must first determine the coefficients of the equation.
⎧1 ⎡1 ⎤
⎪ 2 a + v0 + h0 = 100 ⎢ 2
1 1⎥ x
⎡ ⎤ ⎡100⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ 2a + 2v0 + h0 = 92 ⇒ ⎢ 2 2 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 92⎥
⎪9 ⎢9 ⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 76⎦⎥
⎪⎩ 2 a + 3v0 + h0 = 76 ⎢⎣ 2 3 1⎥⎦
⎡1 ⎤
⎢ 2 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎡ 1 2 2 2 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢
[ A I ] = ⎢ 2 2 1 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 2 1 0 1 0⎥
2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢9 ⎥ ⎢ 9 6 2 0 0 2⎦⎥
⎣
⎢⎣ 2 3 1 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡1 2 2 2 0 0⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 2 2 2 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥ (−6 R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢
1 0⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 −2 −3 −4 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → 0 −2 −3 −4
−9 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −12 −16 −18 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 0 −4 6 −2⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −2 1⎤
−2 R3 + R1 → R1
⎢ 5 3 ⎥ −2 R2 + R1 → R1
⎢ 5 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 − 4 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 − 4 − ⎥
− (3 R3 + R2 ) → R2 ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
1 2 2
2
⎢⎣0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤
⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎡100⎤ ⎡ −8⎤
3⎥
4 − ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ − 4 − ⎥ ⎢ 92⎥ = ⎢ 4⎥
3 5
A −1 = ⎢ −
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 − 3 1⎥⎦ ⎣ 76⎦ ⎣100⎦
Thus, the equation is h = f (t ) = −4t 2 + 4t + 100.
f (0) = −4 (0) + 4 (0) + 100 = 100

2
a.
The initial height is 100 feet.
f (2.5) = −4 (2.5) + 4 (2.5) + 100 = 85

2
b.
After 2.5 seconds, the projectile is 85 feet high.

−1
⎡ 9 2⎤
−1
⎢ 10 − ⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.1 0.4⎤ ⎞ ⎡50⎤ −1 5
57. X = ⎜⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢30⎥ ; ( I − A) = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎝ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣0.5 0.2⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢− 4⎥
⎣⎢ 2 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 9 2 ⎤ ⎡9 2 ⎤ 13 2 ⎡ 117 18 9⎤
⎢ 10 − 1 0⎥ 1 R + 9 R → R ⎢10 − 5 1 0⎥ ⎢ 250 0
5 1 2 2 R1 + R2 → R1
25 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 10
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
25 5 →⎢ ⎥
⎢− 1 4
0 1⎥ ⎢ 0 13 1 9 ⎥ ⎢ 0 13 1 9⎥
⎢⎣ 2 5 ⎥
⎦ ⎢
⎣ 25 2 10 ⎦ ⎥ ⎢
⎣ 25 2 10 ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 10 ⎤
⎢ 1 0 13 13 ⎥
250
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
117
25
→⎢ ⎥
13
R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 1
25 45 ⎥
⎢⎣ 26 26 ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 10 ⎤ ⎡ 20 10 ⎤
⎢ 13 13 ⎥ ⎢ 13 13 ⎥ ⎡50⎤ ⎡100⎤
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ −1
⎥ ⇒ X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 25 45 ⎥ ⎢ 25 45 ⎥ ⎣30⎦ ⎣100⎦
⎣⎢ 26 26 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 26 26 ⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 4 1⎤
−1
⎢ 5 − ⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.2 0.5⎤ ⎞ ⎡11⎤ −1 2
58. X = ⎜⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢18⎥ ; ( I − A) = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎝ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ 0.1 0.6⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢− 2⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡4 1 ⎤ ⎡ 27 8 2⎤
⎢ 5 − 1 0⎥ 1 R + 4 R → R ⎢5 − 2 1 0⎥ 27 R + 1 R → R ⎢ 0
2 1 2 2 1 2 1 125 25 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
10 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 2 →⎢ ⎥
⎢− 1 2
0 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0
27 1 4 ⎥ ⎢ 0 27 1 4⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 100 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 100 10 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 40 50 ⎤
⎢ 1 0 27 27 ⎥
125
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
27
100
→⎢ ⎥
27
R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 1 10 80 ⎥
⎣⎢ 27 27 ⎦⎥
⎡ 40 50 ⎤ ⎡ 40 50 ⎤ ⎡1340 ⎤
−1
⎢ 27 27 ⎥ −1
⎢ 27 27 ⎥ ⎡11⎤ ⎢ 27 ⎥
( I − A) =⎢ ⎥ ; X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 10 80 ⎥ ⎢ 10 80 ⎥ ⎢⎣18⎥⎦ ⎢1550 ⎥
⎢⎣ 27 ⎥
27 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 27 27 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 27 ⎥⎦
−1
⎛ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡0.2 0.2 0⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 400⎤
59. X = ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢ 0.1 0.1 0.3⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 600⎥
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢0 0 1⎥ ⎢ 0.1 0 0.2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 800⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
−1
⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡4 1 ⎤
⎢ 5 −5 0⎥ ⎢ 5 −5 0 1 0 0⎥ ⎢5 − 5 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 R + 4 R →R ⎢ ⎥
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ − − ⎥ ⇒ ⎢− 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 0⎥
1 9 3 1 9 3 1 2 2 7 6 1 4
− 10 5 −
⎢ 10 10 10 ⎥ ⎢ 10 10 10 ⎥ 1 R1 + 4 R3 → R3 ⎢ 10 25 10 5 ⎥
⎢ 1 4⎥ ⎢ 1 4 ⎥ 10 5 ⎢ 1 16 1 4⎥
⎢− 0 ⎥ ⎢− 0 0 0 1⎥ ⎢0 − 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 50 25 10 5 ⎥⎦

(continued)
⎡4 1 ⎤
⎢5 − 5 0 1 0 0⎥
625 ⎛ 1 7 ⎞
⎜ R2 + R3 ⎠⎟ → R3
⎢ ⎥
→⎢0 0⎥
277 ⎝ 50 10 7 6 1 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −
⎢ 10 25 10 5 ⎥
⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤
⎢ 4 −1 0 5 0 0⎥ ⎢ 1 0 0 277 277 277 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎢ ⎥
5 R1 → R1 ⎢ 0 1 0 55 320 120 ⎥ 4 ( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎢ 55 320 120 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 ⇒
10 ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥
⎜ R3 + R2 → R2 ⎟⎠
7 ⎝ 25 ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥ ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣ 277 277 277 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦
⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤ ⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤ ⎡ 216, 000 ⎤
⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎡ 400⎤ ⎢ 277 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
120 ⎥ ⎢
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ 600⎥ = ⎢
120 ⎥
; X = ( I − A) −1 D = ⎢
55 320 55 320 310, 000 ⎥
⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 277 ⎥
⎢ 45 ⎢ 800⎥⎦ ⎢
10 350 ⎥ ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥ ⎣ 304, 000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 277 277 277 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 277 ⎦⎥
−1
⎛ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0.5 0.4 0.2⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 500⎤
60. X = ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢0.2 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 300⎥
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢0 0 1⎥ ⎢ 0.1 0.1 0.3⎥ ⎟⎠
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 200⎦⎥
−1
⎡ 1 2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 − − ⎥ ⎢ 2 − 5 − 5 1 0 0⎥
5 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 7 1⎥ 1 7 1
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ − − ⇒⎢ − − 0 1 0⎥
⎢ 5 10 10 ⎥ ⎢ 5 10 10 ⎥
⎢ 1 1 7⎥ ⎢ 1 1 7 ⎥
⎢ − 10 −
10 ⎥⎦ ⎢ − 10 − 10 0 0 1⎥
⎣ 10 ⎣ 10 ⎦
⎡ 100 10 10 ⎤ ⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤
⎢ 5 −4 0 9 9 3⎥ ⎢1 0 0
27 27 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ( R1 + 4 R2 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥
R1 + 2 R3 → R1 25 55 5⎥ 5 25 55 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 ⎛ 9
→ ⎢0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 ⇒
⎞ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥
⎜⎝ R3 + R2 ⎟ → R2
⎠ ⎢ 5 5⎥ ⎢ 5 5⎥
27 100
5 5
⎢0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 9 3⎦
⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢2 − − 1 0 0⎥ −4 −2 10
5 5 ⎢5 0 0⎥
1 1
R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
27 9 1 1 10 R1 → R1 27 9 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 2
→⎢0 − 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 − 0⎥
1 1
R + R → R3 ⎢ 100 100 5 2 ⎥ 10
(3 R3 + R2 ) → R3 ⎢ 100 100 5 2 ⎥
10 1 2 3 ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
9
9 33 1 5 5
⎢0 − ⎥ ⎢⎣0 3 ⎥⎦
0 0 1
⎣ 100 100 10 2⎦ 9 9
⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤ ⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤ ⎡ 61, 000 ⎤
⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎡ 500⎤ ⎢ 27 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5⎥ ⎢
300⎥ = ⎢
25 55 5⎥ 25 55 32, 000 ⎥
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ ; X = ( I − A) −1 D = ⎢
⎢ 27 27 9⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 27 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 5 5 5⎥ ⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥ ⎣ 200⎦ ⎢ 7000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 ⎦

Answers will vary in exercises 61−64.

61. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of two, forming a 2 × 9 matrix:
⎡3 14 15 6 14 3 12 13 15⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
M =⎢ ⎥ Let A = ⎢ ⎥ Then,
⎣1 14 20 9 4 15 15 2 0 ⎦ ⎣ 2 1⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡3 14 15 6 14 3 12 13 15⎤ ⎡ 5 42 55 24 22 33 42 17 15 ⎤
AM = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣1 14 20 9 4 15 15 2 0 ⎦ ⎣7 42 50 21 32 21 39 28 30⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
1 ⎡1 2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢ −
⎡ 1 2 1 0 ⎤ (2 R1 − R2 ) → R2
⎢ R1 − 2 R2 → R1 3⎥
1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
3 3 3
b. A −1 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3
2 ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1 0 1⎦ ⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 2 1⎥
⎣ 3 3⎦ − −
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
⎢ −
3 3 ⎥ ⎡ 5 42 55 24 22 33 42 17 15 ⎤
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 − 1 ⎥ ⎣7 42 50 21 32 21 39 28 30⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡3 14 15 6 14 3 12 13 15⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣1 14 20 9 4 15 15 2 0 ⎦
numbers into groups of two, forming a 2 × 9 matrix:
⎡ 6 21 4 5 4 6 5 18 18 19 14 20 15 11⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
M =⎢ ⎥ Let A = ⎢ 2 1⎥ Then,
⎣15 14 8 1 15 20 18 15 9 20 5 23 18 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 6 21 4 5 4 6 5 18 18 19 14 20 15 11⎤
AM = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣15 14 8 1 15 20 18 15 9 20 5 23 18 0⎦
⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎦
The cryptogram is 36 27 49 56 20 16 7 11 34 23 46 32 41 28 48 51 36 45 59 58 24 33 66 63 51 48 11 22.
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎢− 3 3⎥
b. From exercise 61b, A =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 − 1⎥
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎢− 3 3 ⎥ ⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
M = A ( AM ) = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎢ 2 − 1 ⎥ ⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
=⎢
⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎥⎦

numbers into groups of three, forming a 3 × 6 matrix:
⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1⎤
M = 1 15 9 3 15 15 Let A = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ Then,
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2 1 1⎤ ⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤ ⎡ 21 63 35 26 52 19⎤
AM = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 1 15 9 3 15 15⎥ = ⎢19 64 38 25 55 32⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣32 69 43 37 53 17 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡2 1 1 1 0 0⎤
b. −1 ⎢
A = 1 2 1 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎥ R1 − 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 −3 −1 1 −2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 1 0 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 5 1 3⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎢2 1 0 − ⎥
1 ⎢2 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢
4 4 4
⎥
( R2 − 3R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 1 3 1
→ ⎢0 1 0 − − ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
8
⎢ 0 −3 −1 1 −2 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
− ( R3 + R2 ) → R2 ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
1 3
⎢ 0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −
1 1
⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦ −
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 1 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
4 4 4 4 4 4
1
( R1 − R2 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 1⎥ ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 0 − − = − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 1 3 ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦ ⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥
4 4 ⎡ 21 63 35 26 52 19⎤ ⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1⎥ ⎢
19 64 38 25 55 32⎥ = ⎢ 1 15 9 3 15 15⎥
1 3
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎢32 69 43 37 53 17⎥⎦ ⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦
1 3⎥ ⎣
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
numbers into groups of three, forming a 3 × 9 matrix:
⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1⎤
M = 15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18 Let A = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ Then,
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 1 2⎦⎥
⎡ 2 1 1⎤ ⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤ ⎡ 48 40 15 56 46 57 72 53 59⎤
AM = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ ⎢15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18⎥ = ⎢57 30 11 47 59 60 73 68 62⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 63 34 14 61 59 51 67 71 55⎥⎦
The cryptogram is 48 57 63 40 30 34 15 11 14 56 47 61 46 59 59 57 60 51 72 73 67 53 68 71 59 62 55.

⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥
4 4
⎢ ⎥
−1 ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
b. From exercise 59b, A = − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 1 3⎥
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − 4 − 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 48 40 15 56 46 57 72 53 59⎤
− ⎥ ⎢57 30 11 47 59 60 73 68 62⎥
1 3 1
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎢ 63 34 14 61 59 51 67 71 55⎥⎦
1 3⎥ ⎣
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤
= ⎢15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎥⎦
6.3 Beyond the Basics ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 5 −4 ⎤

AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
65. a. Yes, by the definition of inverse if AB = I, ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 −2⎦ ⎣9 −8⎦
⎡ 2 −1⎤
then BA = I. So B = A −1 and A = B −1. 1 ⎡ −8 4 ⎤ ⎢
( AB ) −1 = − ⎢ = 5⎥
4 ⎣ −9 5⎥⎦ ⎢
9
− ⎥
( A−1 )
−1
b. =A ⎣4 4⎦
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤
⎡2 1⎤ ⎡ −4 −1⎤ B −1 A −1 = ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 3 1⎥ = ⎢9 5⎥
A −1 = ⎢ ⇒ A=
1 ⎢− − ⎥⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ − ⎥
66. ⎥ 2(−4) − 3(1) ⎢⎣ −3 2⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣4 4⎦
⎣ 3 −4⎦
⎡4 1⎤ 71. If A is invertible, then there exists a matrix D
⎢11 11⎥ such that AD = I and DA = I. Then
=⎢ ⎥
⎢3 − 2⎥ AB = AC ⇔ DAB = DAC ⇔ IB = IC ⇔
⎣⎢11 11⎦⎥ B=C.
72. Not necessarily. For example, let
67. I = A 2 B = A( AB ), so AB is the inverse of A.
⎡ 9 6⎤ ⎡ 2 4⎤ ⎡ 4 8⎤
A= ⎢ ⎥ , B = ⎢ 3 6⎥ , and C = ⎢ 0 0⎥ .
68. I = AB = AIB = A( AB) B = A 2 ( B 2 ), so B 2 is ⎣ 6 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
the inverse of A 2 . A −1 does not exist (ad − bc = 0) .
ABB −1 A −1 = AIA −1 = AA −1 = I ⎡ 36 72⎤

69. AB = AC = ⎢ ⎥.
B −1 A −1 AB = B −1IB = B −1B = I ⇒ AB is ⎣ 24 48⎦
invertible and ( AB) −1 = B −1 A −1. 73. If A is invertible, then
⎡ −2 1⎤ ( )
I = A −1 A = A −1 ( AB ) = A −1 A B = IB = B.
⎡ 1 2⎤ −1 1 ⎡ 4 −2⎤ ⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ = − =
2 ⎢⎣ −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢
70. A 3 1
⎣ 3 4⎦ − ⎥ ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ −1
⎣ 2 2⎦ 74. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢3 4⎥ . A does
⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ − 1 0 ⎤
B=⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎡ 2 0⎤
⎣ 3 − 2 ⎦ not exist (ad − bc = 0) . AB = ⎢ ⎥.
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎣ 0 0⎦
1 ⎡ −2 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ However, B ≠ I .
B −1 = ⎢ =
2 ⎣ −3 −1⎥⎦ ⎢ −
3 1
− ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦

2
⎡ 3 4⎤ ⎡ 3 4⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡17 24⎤ ⎡18 24⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤
75. a. ⎢ 2 3⎥ − 6 ⎢ 2 3⎥ + ⎢0 1⎥ = ⎢12 17⎥ − ⎢12 18⎥ + ⎢ 0 1⎥ = ⎢ 0 0⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
b. A 2 − 6 A + I = 0 ⇒ I = 6 A − A 2 ⇒ AA −1 = 6 A − A 2 ⇒ A −1 = 6 I − A
⎡ 6 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −4 ⎤
A −1 = 6 I − A = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ 3⎥⎦
c.
⎣0 6⎦ ⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ −2
⎡ 22 −21 21⎤ ⎡ 36 −30 30⎤ ⎡ 18 −9 9⎤ ⎡ 4 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤

76. a. A − 6 A + 9 A − 4 I = ⎢ −21 22 −21⎥ − ⎢ −30 36 −30⎥ + ⎢ −9 18 −9⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
3 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 −21 22⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 30 −30 36⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 9 −9 18⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦
b. A3 − 6 A 2 + 9 A − 4 I = 0 ⇒ A3 − 6 A 2 + 9 A − 4 AA −1 = 0 ⇒ A 2 − 6 A + 9 I − 4 A −1 = 0 ⇒
1
4 A −1 = A 2 − 6 A + 9 I ⇒ A −1 = ( A 2 − 6 A + 9 I )
4
⎛ ⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ 2 ⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎞
c. −1
4
( )
1 ⎜⎢
A = A − 6 A + 9 I = ⎜ −1 2 −1 − 6 −1 2 −1 + 9 ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ ⎟
1 2
4 ⎢
⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎟
⎜ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
⎝
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 4 − 4⎥
⎡ 3 1 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
1⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
= 1 3 1 =
4⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢⎣ −1 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢
1 1 3⎥
⎢− ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
−1
⎧ x− y − z − w = −4 ⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎪ x+ ⎢1 1 1 ⎥
−1 y⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
y+z−w=2 2
77. ⎨ ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
2x + y+z−w=3 ⎢2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢ 2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢ z ⎥
⎪
⎩ x− y + z − w = −2 ⎢ 1 −1 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−1⎦ ⎣ w⎦ ⎣ −2⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ 1 −1 1 −1⎦ ⎣ −2⎦ ⎣ w⎦
Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡ 0 −1 1 0⎤
−1 ⎢
⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ 1 1⎥
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 2 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ 1 1⎥
⎢ 2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢− 2 2⎥
0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −1 1 −1⎦
⎢− 1 − 3 1 0⎥
⎣⎢ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 0 −1 1 0⎤
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢− 2 ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎢− 1 − 3 1 0⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, 1, 2)}

−1
⎧x + y + z − w =1 ⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎪x − y − z + w =1 ⎢1 −1 −1 1 y ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢1 −1 −1 1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
78. ⎨ ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
x − y + z + 3w = 1 ⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥
⎪
⎩ x + y + z + w = 3 ⎢⎣1 1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ w⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 1 1⎦ ⎣3⎦ ⎣ w⎦
Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 0 0⎥ ⎢ 2 0 0⎥
−1 2 2
⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢1 −1 −1 1⎥ ⎢− 1 0 −
1
1⎥ ⎢− 1 0 −
1
1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 1⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 1 1⎦ ⎢ 2 2 2 2⎥ ⎢ 2 2 2 2 ⎥ ⎣3⎦ ⎣ 1⎦
⎢− 1
0 0
1 ⎥ ⎢− 1
0 0
1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, –1, 1)}
⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 8 10⎤
79. a. ABB −1 = AI = A ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 2 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 6 8⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ −1 7⎤
b. B −1BA = IA = A ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 0 2⎦ ⎣ −3 17⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤
c. B −1BAB −1 = IAB −1 = AB −1; AB −1 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣1 2⎦ ⎣ 7 11⎦
⎧ a + 3b = 3
⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ a + 3b 2a + 4b ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎪ 2a + 4b = 5
⎢ c d ⎥ ⎢3 4⎥ = ⎢ 7 11⎥ ⇒ ⎢c + 3d 2c + 4d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 11⎥ ⇒ ⎨ c + 3d = 7 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ 2c + 4d = 11
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
3 1 5 3 ⎢2 2⎥
a = ,b = ,c = ,d = ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥
2 2 2 2 ⎢5 3⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 4 6⎤
d. B −1 ABB −1 = B −1 AI = B −1 A ⇒ B −1 A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣1 2⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 7 10⎦
⎧ a + 2c = 4
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ 4 6 ⎤ ⎡ a + 2c b + 2d ⎤ ⎡ 4 6⎤ ⎪b + 2d = 6
⎢3 4⎥ ⎢ c d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 10⎥ ⇒ ⎢3a + 4c 3b + 4d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 10⎥ ⇒ ⎨3a + 4c = 7 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩3b + 4d = 10
⎡ −2 0 1 0 ⎤
−1 ⎡ −1⎤
⎡1 0 2 0⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎡1 0 2 0⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ 0 −2 0 1 ⎥⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ b ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⎢6⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ −2
⎢
1 0 2 b 6
⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ 3 0 −1 ⎥⎢6⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒
⎢5⎥
⎢7⎥ ⎢ 2
0 ⎥
⎢3 0 4 0⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎢ 7 ⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎢3 0 4 0⎥ ⎢7⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
2
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 3 0 4⎦ ⎣ d ⎦ ⎣10⎦ ⎣ d ⎦ ⎣0 3 0 4⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢0
10 3
0 − ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎥⎦
1 10
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥
2⎦
⎡ −1 −2⎤
A=⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ 4⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
80. a. Yes. ad − bd = x 2 + 2 x + 2. x 2 + 2 x + 2 = 0 has no real zeros, so the matrix is invertible.

b. No. ad − bc = x 2 − 6 x + 8. Substitute y = −2 in equation (2) and solve for

x.
x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 4, so the x − ( −2 ) = 7 ⇒ x = 5
matrix is not invertible for those values of x.
Solution set: {(5, −2)}
{
16 x − 9 y = −5 (1)
93.
81. a. True. A B = AAB = ABA = BAA = BA
2 2 10 x + 18 y = −11 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 2, then add the
b. False. For example, if A = I and B = −I, then resulting equation and equation (2).
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤ 32 x − 18 y = −10
A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ , which
⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 −1⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦ 10 x + 18 y = −11
is not invertible. 1
42 x = −21 ⇒ x = −
2
⎡ 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤
82. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ . Then A 2 = ⎢ ⎥. 1
⎣ 0 0⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦ Substitute x = − in equation (2) and solve
2
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 −1⎤ for y.
I + A=⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎛ 1⎞
10 ⎜ − ⎟ + 18 y = −11 ⇒ −5 + 18 y = −11 ⇒
⎡ 1 1⎤ ⎝ 2⎠
( I + A) −1 = ⎢ ⎥ 1
⎣0 1⎦ 18 y = −6 ⇒ y = −
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤ 3
I − A=⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎧⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎫
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ Solution set: ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 3 ⎠⎭
83. True. A matrix has an inverse if and only if it
is square. 94. ⎧ x − y + 5 z = −6 (1)
⎪
6.3 Maintaining Skills ⎨3x + 3 y − z = 10 (2)
⎪⎩ x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 (3)
84. 1 85. 1 Write the augmented matrix.
86. −1 87. −1 ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎢3 3 −1 10⎥
⎢1 3 2 5⎥⎦
88. [ −1 4] ⎡⎢32⎤⎥ = ⎡⎣(−1) 2 + 4 (3)⎤⎦ = [10] ⎣
⎣ ⎦ Now use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve
the system.
⎡ −1⎤ ⎡−1(5) −1(0)⎤ ⎡ −5 0⎤
89. ⎢⎣ −3⎦⎥ [5 0] = ⎢ −3 (5) −3 (0)⎥ = ⎣⎢ −15 0⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎢3 3 −1 10⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢1 3 2 5⎥⎦
⎣
⎡7 1⎤ ⎡ 21 3⎤
90. 3 ⎢
⎣ 5 − 2 ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣15 −6⎥⎦ −3R1 + R2 → R2
⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 6 −16 28⎥
− R3 + R1 → R3 ⎢ 0 −4
⎣ 3 −11⎥⎦
91. (−1) ⎡⎢−64 7⎤ ⎡ 6 −7 ⎤
=
−1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦ ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 2
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ 1 −1 5 −6⎥
In exercises 92−95, be sure to check the solution in ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢0 6 −16 28⎥
⎢ ⎥
the original equations. ⎢0 0 − 23 23 ⎥
{
⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦
2 x − 3 y = 16 (1)
92. 3
− R3 → R3 ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
x− y =7 (2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 23 → ⎢0 6 −16 28⎥
Solve equation (2) for x in terms of y. ⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
⎣
x=y+7
Substitute the expression for x in equation (1) (continued on next page)
and solve for y.
2 ( y + 7) − 3 y = 16 ⇒ 2 y + 14 − 3 y = 16 ⇒
− y = 2 ⇒ y = −2

Section 6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule 625
(continued) ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤
M 11 = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
5 6
⎡1 −1 0 −1⎤ 2. a.
⎢ ⎥ 1 2
R1 − 5 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 7 1 2⎦⎥
(16 R3 + R2 )→ R3 ⎢⎣0 1 −1⎥⎦
1
6 0 = (5)(2) − 6(1) = 4
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤
R1 + R1 → R1 3 −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 2⎥
M 23 = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
1
⎢0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ 7 1
⎣ 0
⎢⎣7 1 2⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, −1)}
= 3(1) − (−1)(7) = 10
95. ⎧ 2 x − y + 2 z = 3 (1) ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤
⎪
⎨ + − =
= ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
2 x 2 y z 0 (2) 3 2
M 32
⎪⎩− x + 2 y + 2 z = −12 (3) ⎢ ⎥ 4 6
Write the augmented matrix. ⎣⎢7 1 2⎦⎥
= 3(6) − 2(4) = 10
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
⎢ 2 2 −1 0⎥
⎢ −1 2 2 −12⎥ b. A11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = 4
⎣ ⎦
Now use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = −10
the system. A32 = (−1) 3 + 2 M 32 = −10
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
⎢ 2 2 −1 0⎥ 3. Expand by the third row:
⎢ −1 2 2 −12⎥ 2 −3 7
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤ −2 −1 9
R2 − R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ 0 2 −9
R1 + 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ 0 3 6 −21⎥
⎣ ⎦ = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
( R3 − R2 )→ R3 ⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
1
2 7 2 −3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9 → ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ = 0 + 2(−1) 3 + 2 − 9(−1) 3 + 3
⎢0 0 −2 9 −2 −1
⎣ 1 −2⎥⎦
= 0 − 2(32) − 9(−8) = 8
⎡ 2 −1 0 7 ⎤
R1 − 2 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥ 2 3 7 3
( R2 + 3R3 )→ R2 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −2⎥⎦
1
4. D= = 3, D x = = 51
3 5 9 4 9
( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
1
2 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2 → ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥ Dy = = −27
⎢ 0 0 1 −2 ⎥ 5 4
⎣ ⎦
D 51 D y −27
Solution set: {(2, −3, −2)} x= x = = 17; y = = = −9
D 3 D 3
6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule The solution is {(17, −9)}.
6.4 Practice Problems 3 2 1 4 2 1

5. D = 4 3 1 = −3, D x = 5 3 1 = −6
5 1
1. a. = 5(−7) − 1(3) = −38 5 1 1 9 1 1
3 −7 3 4 1 3 2 4
2 −9 D y = 4 5 1 = 3, D z = 4 3 5 = 0
b. = 2(18) − (−9)(−4) = 0
−4 18 5 9 1 5 1 9
D −6 Dy 3
x= x = = 2; y = = = −1
D −3 D −3
D 0
z= z = =0
D −3
Solution set: {(2, −1, 0)}

6.4 Basic Concepts and Skills a b

15. = a−b
⎡a b⎤ b a
1. The determinant of ⎢ ⎥ is ad − bc.
⎣c d⎦
( 3)
3 1 2
2. The minor of an element is the determinant 16. = − 1(−1) = 4
−1 3
you get by deleting the row and column
containing that element.
⎡ 2 −3 4⎤
−3 4
3. To expand an n × n determinant, you 17. a. M 21 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
⎢ ⎥ 1 2
multiply each element of some row (or
column) by its cofactor and add the result. ⎣⎢ 0 1 2⎦⎥
= (−3)(2) − 4(1) = −10
4. A system of n linear equations in n variables
has a unique solution provided the ⎡ 2 −3 4⎤
2 −3
determinant of the coefficient matrix is not b. M 23 = ⎢ 1 −1 2 ⎥ = = 2(1) − 0 = 2
zero. ⎢ ⎥ 0 1
⎣⎢ 0 1 2⎦⎥
5. False.
⎡ 2 −3 4 ⎤
6. False. Each element is multiplied by its
= ⎢ 1 −1 2 ⎥ =
2 4
c. M 32 = 2(2) − 4(1) = 0
cofactor. ⎢ ⎥ 1 2
⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
2 3
7. = 2(5) − 4(3) = −2
4 5 18. a. A21 = (−1) 2 +1 M 21 = 10
3 −5 A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = −2
8. = 3(4) − (−5)(1) = 17 b.
1 4
c. A32 = (−1) 3+ 2 M 32 = 0
4 −2
9. = 4(−3) − (−2)(3) = −6
3 −3 ⎡ 2 −3 4⎤
−1 2
19. a. M 11 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
1 ⎢ ⎥ 1 2
−2 ⎛1⎞ 7 ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
10. 2 = (−2)(1) − ⎜ ⎟ (3) = −
⎝2⎠ 2 = (−1)(2) − 2(1) = −4
3 1
⎡ 2 −3 4 ⎤
−1 −3
M 22 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
2 4
11. = (−1)(−5) − (−3)(−4) = −7 b. =4
−4 −5 ⎢ ⎥ 0 2
⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
1 1
⎡ 2 −3 4 ⎤
2 3 ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ −3 4
12. = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =0
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ c. M 31 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
1 ⎢ ⎥ −1 2
4 6 ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
= (−3)(2) − 4(−1) = −2
3 1
8 2 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 139 20. a. A11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = −4
13. = ⎜ ⎟ (5) − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ =
1 ⎝8⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠ 72
− 5 b. A22 = (−1) 2 + 2 M 22 = 4
9
1 1 c. A31 = (−1) 3 +1 M 31 = −2
−
2 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1
14. = ⎜− ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
1 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 12
−
4 3

21. Expand by the third row: 28. Expand by the first row:
1 0 −1 1 0 2
0 2 2 = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33 0 5 7 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
−1 0 0 3 1 0
0 −1 5 7 0 5
= −1(−1) 3+1 + 0 + 0 = −2 = 1(−1)1+1 + 0 + 2(−1)1+ 3
2 2 1 0 3 1
= −7 + 2(−15) = −37
22. Expand by the second column:
1 29. Expand by the first row:
2 0
2 3 4 1
1 0 2 = a12 A12 + a 22 A22 + a32 A32 = 0 1 4 3 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
4 0 −5 4 3 1
4 3 1 3
23. Expand by the third row: = 3(−1)1+1 + 4(−1)1+ 2
3 1 4 1
1 2 3
1 4
0 3 4 = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33 + 1(−1)1+ 3
4 3
0 0 4
= 3(−5) − 4(−11) + 1(−13) = 16
1 2
= 0 + 0 + 4(−1) 3 + 3 = 12 30. Expand by the second row:
0 3
3 1 −2
24. Expand by the first column:
4 0 −4 = a 21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
2 3 4
2 −1 −3
0 −4 6 = a11 A11 + a 21 A21 + a31 A31
1 −2 3 1
0 0 −5 = 4(−1) 2 +1 + 0 − 4(−1) 2 + 3
−1 −3 2 −1
−4 6
= 2(−1)1+1 + 0 + 0 = 40 = −4(−5) + 0 + 4(−5) = 0
0 −5
31. Expand by the first row:
0 1 6
1 0 0
1 0 4 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
2 0 0 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
8 3 1
3 4 5
1 4 1 0
0 0 = 0 + 1(−1)1+ 2 + 6(−1)1+ 3
= 1(−1)1+1 +0+0 = 0 8 1 8 3
4 5 = −1(−31) + 6(3) = 49
26. Expand by the first row: 32. Expand by the first row:
−1 0 0 0 2 3
3 2 0 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 1 0 1 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
4 5 −3 3 2 0
2 0
= −1(−1)1+1 +0+0 = 6 = 0 + 2(−1)1+ 2
1 1
+ 3(−1)1+ 3
1 0
5 −3 3 0 3 2
27. Expand by the first row: = −2(−3) + 3(2) = 12
1 6 0
2 5 3 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
3 4 0
5 3 2 3
= 1(−1)1+1 + 6(−1)1+ 2 +0
4 0 3 0
= −12 − 6(−9) = 42

33. Expand by the first row: 4 3 −1 3

38. D= = −26, D x = = −22
a b 0 2 −5 9 −5
0 a b = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 4 −1
Dy = = 38
b 0 a 2 9
a b 0 b −22 11 38 19
= a(−1)1+1 + b(−1)1+ 2 +0 x= = ,y= =−
0 a b a −26 13 −26 13
= a ( a 2 ) − b(−b 2 ) = a 3 + b 3 ⎧ ⎛ 11 19 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 13 13 ⎠ ⎭
0 z y 5 3 11 3
39. D= = −1, D x = = −1
z 0 x = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 2 1 4 1
y x 0 5 11
Dy = = −2
z x z 0 2 4
= 0 + z (−1)1+ 2 + y (−1)1+ 3 −1 −2
y 0 y x x= = 1, y = =2
= − z (− xy ) + y ( xz ) = 2 xyz −1 −1
2 −7 13 −7
a b c 40. D= = 47, D x = = 141
5 6 9 6
c a b = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
2 13
b c a Dy = = −47
5 9
a b c b
= a(−1)1+1 + b(−1)1+ 2 141 −47
c a b a x= = 3, y = = −1
47 47
c a
+ c(−1)1+ 3 The solution is {(3, −1)}.
b c
2 9 4 9
= a(a 2 − bc) − b(ac − b 2 ) + c(c 2 − ab) 41. D= = −31, D x = = −62
3 −2 6 −2
= a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc
2 4
36. Expand by the first row: Dy = =0
3 6
u v w −62 0
x= = 2, y = =0
w v u = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 −31 −31
u v w The solution is {(2, 0)}.
v u w u 5 3 1 3
= u (−1)1+1 + v(−1)1+ 2 42. D= = −31, D x = = 31
v w u w 2 −5 −12 −5
w v 5 1
+ w(−1)1+ 3 Dy = = −62
u v 2 −12
= u (vw − vu ) − v( w 2 − u 2 ) + w(vw − uv) 31 −62
x= = −1, y = =2
=0 −31 −31
The solution is {(−1, 2)}.
1 1 8 1
37. D= = −2, D x = = −6 2 −3
1 −1 −2 −1 43. D= = 0 ⇒ there is not a unique
1 8 4 −6
Dy = = −10
1 −2 solution. 2 x − 3 y = 4 ⇒ x =
3
y + 2.
−6 −10 2
x= = 3, y = =5
−2 −2 ⎧⎛ 3 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ y + 2, y ⎟ ⎬ .
The solution is {(3, 5)}. ⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭

3 1 1 3 0 4 3 0
44. D= = 0 ⇒ there is not a unique
6 2 48. D = 0 1 3 = 37, D x = 7 1 3 = 37
solution. 3 x + y = 2 ⇒ y = −3 x + 2. The 4 0 1 6 0 1
solution is {( x, −3x + 2)} . 1 4 0 1 3 4
D y = 0 7 3 = 37, D z = 0 1 7 = 74
⎧2 3
⎪⎪ x + =2 4 6 1 4 0 6
1 1 y
45. Let u = and v = . Then ⎨ ⇒ x=
37
= 1, y =
37
= 1, z =
74
=2
x y 5 8 31
⎪ + = 37 37 37
⎪⎩ x y 6 The solution is {(1, 1, 2)}.
⎧2u + 3v = 2
⎪ 2 3 1 1 −1 −3 1 −1
⎨5u + 8v = 31 ⇒ D = = 1,
⎪⎩ 6
5 8 49. D = 2 3 1 = −5, D x = 2 3 1 = −5
2 3 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 1
1 1
Du = 31 = , Dv = 31 = ⇒ 1 −3 −1 1 1 −3
8 2 5 3
6 6 D y = 2 2 1 = 5, D z = 2 3 2 = −15
1 1
u = , v = ⇒ x = 2, y = 3 0 1 1 0 2 1
2 3 −5 5 −15
The solution is {(2, 3)}. x= = 1, y = = −1, z = =3
−5 −5 −5
1 1 The solution is {(1, −1, 3)}.
46. Let u = and v = . Then
x y 3 1 1 10 1 1
⎧3 6 50. D = 1 1 −1 = −46, D x = 0 1 −1 = −92
⎪⎪ x −
{
=2
y 3u − 6v = 2
⎨4 ⇒ ⇒ 5 −9 0 1 −9 0
7 4u + 7v = −3
⎪ + = −3 3 10 1 3 1 10
⎪⎩ x y
D y = 1 0 −1 = −46, D z = 1 1 0 = −138
3 −6 2 −6
D= = 45, Du = = −4, 5 1 0 5 −9 1
4 7 −3 7 −92 −46 −138
3 2 4 17 x= = 2, y = = 1, z = =3
Dv = = −17 ⇒ u = − , v = − ⇒ −46 −46 −46
4 −3 45 45 The solution is {(2, 1, 3)}.
45 45
x=− ,y=− 1 1 1 3 1 1
4 17
⎧ ⎛ 45 45 ⎞ ⎫ 51. D = 2 −3 5 = 22, D x = 4 −3 5 = 22
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 4 17 ⎠ ⎭ 1 2 −4 −1 2 −4
1 3 1 1 1 3
1 −2 1 −1 −2 1
Dy = 2 4 5 = 22, D z = 2 −3 4 = 22
47. D= 3 1 −1 = 11, D x = 4 1 −1 = 11
1 −1 −4 1 2 −1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 1 −2 −1 x=
22
= 1, y =
22
= 1, z =
22
=1
Dy = 3 4 −1 = 11, D z = 3 1 4 =0 22 22 22
0 1 1 0 1 1
11 11 0
x= = 1, y = = 1, z = = 0
11 11 11

1 2 −1 3 2 −1 2 1 1 7 1 1
52. D = 3 −1 1 = −10, D x = 8 −1 1 = −30 56. D = 3 −1 −1 = 25, D x = −2 −1 −1 = 25
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 −3 −4 2 −3
1 3 −1 1 2 3 2 7 1 2 1 7
D y = 3 8 1 = 10, D z = 3 −1 8 = 20 D y = 3 −2 −1 = 50, D z = 3 −1 −2 = 75
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 −4 −3 1 2 −4
−30 25 50 75
x= = 3, y =
10
= −1, z =
20
= −2 x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3
−10 −10 −10 25 25 25
The solution is {(3, −1, −2)}}. The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
2 −3 5
53. D = 3 5 −2 = −38 1 2 1
1
1 2 −3 57. A= D = −3 4 1 = 11
2 4 6 1
11 −3 5
D x = 7 5 −2 = −38
3 1 1
−4 2 −3 1 1
58. A= D = 4 2 1 =
2 11 5 2 2
5 4 1
D y = 3 7 −2 = −76
1 −4 −3 −2 1 1
2 −3 11 1 21
59. A = D = −3 −5 1 = = 10.5
2 2
D z = 3 5 7 = −114 2 4 1
1 2 −4
−38 −76 −114 −1 2 1
x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3 1
−38 −38 −38 60. A= D = 2 4 1=4
2
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. 0 0 1
1 −3 0 1 −3 0 0 3 1
54. D = 2 −1 −4 = 14, D x = 2 −1 −4 = 62 61. −1 1 1 = 0 ⇒ the points are collinear.
0 1 2 4 1 2 2 7 1
1 1 0 1 −3 1
D y = 2 2 −4 = 16, D z = 2 −1 2 = 20 2 0 1
0 4 2 0 1 4 1
62. 1 1 = 0 ⇒ the points are collinear.
62 31 16 8 20 10 2
x= = ,y= = ,z = =
14 7 14 7 14 7 4 −1 1
⎧ ⎛ 31 8 10 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , ⎟ ⎬ . 0 −4 1
⎩⎝ 7 7 7 ⎠ ⎭
63. 3 −2 1 = −2 ⇒ the points are not collinear.
5 2 1 12 2 1 1 −4 1
55. D= 2 1 3 = −7, D x = 13 1 3 = −7
3 2 4 19 2 4 1
0 − 1
5 12 1 5 2 12 4
1
D y = 2 13 3 = −14, D z = 2 1 13 = −21 64. 1 −1 1 = − ⇒ the points are not collinear.
4
3 19 4 3 2 19 2 −2 1
−7 −14 −21
x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3
−7 −7 −7

x y 1
−1 1 −1 1 −1 −1
65. −1 −1 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ −4 x + 2 y − 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 x + 1
3 1 1 1 1 3
1 3 1
x y 1
4 1 0 1 0 4
66. 0 4 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ 3 x + y − 4 = 0 ⇒ y = −3 x + 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
x y 1
1 1
1 1 0 1 0 2 1 2 1
67. 0 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 3 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 3 =0⇒ − x+ y− = 0⇒ y = x+
3 1 1 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
x y 1
1 1
1 − 1 1 1 1 − 1 2 1 2
68. 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 3 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 3 = 0⇒ − x+ y+ = 0⇒ y = x−
3 2 1 3 3 3 3
0 1 2 1
2 0 1
6.4 Beyond the Basics
0 0
69. a. = 0(5) − 2(0) = 0
2 5
1 0
b. = 1(0) − 3(0) = 0
3 0
1 −2 −3
−2 −3 1 −3 1 −2
c. Expand by the second row: 0 0 0 = 0(−1) 2 +1 + 0(−1) 2 + 2 + 0(−1) 2 + 3 =0
4 −7 4 −7 4 4
4 4 −7
4 5 0
6 −7 4 5 4 5
d. Expand by the third column: 6 −7 0 = 0(−1)1+ 3 + 0(−1) 2 + 3 + 0(−1) 3 + 3 =0
8 15 8 15 6 −7
8 15 0
2 3 4 5
70. a. A= = −2, B = =2⇒ B =− A
4 5 2 3
−5 3 3 −5
b. A= = 14, B = = −14 ⇒ B = − A
2 −4 −4 2
1 3 5 1 3 5
c. A= 0 1 2 = 9, B = 3 −1 4 = −9 ⇒ B = − A
3 −1 4 0 1 2
2 3 5
3 5 2 5 2 5
71. a. Expand by the second row: −1 4 8 = −1(−1) 2 +1 + 4(−1) 2 + 2 + 8(−1) 2 + 3 =0
3 5 2 5 2 5
2 3 5

3 4 3
1 1 3 3 3 3
b. Expand by the second column: 1 2 1 = 4(−1)1+ 2 + 2(−1) 2 + 2 + 6(−1) 3 + 2 =0
−1 −1 −1 −1 1 1
−1 6 −1
−1 2 3 −1 2 3
72. a. B = 1⋅ 5 4 ⋅ 5 8 ⋅ 5 = 25; 5 A = 1 4 8 = 5(5) = 25 ⇒ B = 5 A
2 3 6 2 3 6
1 2 3 1 2 1
b. B = −1 5 6 = 45; 3 A = −1 5 2 = 3(15) = 45 ⇒ B = 3 A
0 2 9 0 2 3
2 −3 4 2 −3 4
73. −4 7 −8 = −14, 0 1 0 = −14
5 −1 3 5 −1 3
1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
4 5 2 1 −R + R → R 4 5 2 1
74.(i) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 3 3
1 2 5 3 0 0 2 0
2 4 3 7 2 4 3 7
1 2 3 3
2 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 2 1
(ii) = 0(−1) 3 +1 5 2 1 + 0(−1) 3 + 2 4 2 1 + 2(−1) 3 + 3 4 5 1 + 0(−1) 3 + 4 4 5 2
0 0 2 0
4 3 7 2 3 7 2 4 7 2 4 3
2 4 3 7
1 2 3 3
1 2 3
4 5 2 1 3+ 3
(iii) = 0 + 0 + 2(−1) 4 5 1 + 0 = 2(−3) = −6
0 0 2 0
2 4 7
2 4 3 7
2 0 −3 4 0 −4 −3 −10
0 1 0 5 R − 2R → R 0 1 0 5
75. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 4
R −5R → R
1
5 0 −9 8 3 4 3 0 −10 −9 −27
1 2 0 7 1 2 0 7
Expand by column 1:
0 −4 −3 −10
−4 −3 −10
0 1 0 5 4 +1
= 0 + 0 + 0 + 1(−1) 1 0 5 = 21
0 −10 −9 −27
−10 −9 −27
1 2 0 7

−3 1 2 3 −3 1 2 3 −3 1 2 3
0 −2 4 7 3R − R → R 0 −2 4 7 2R + R → R −6 0 8 13
76. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 2
4R + R → R
2
−9 3 5 2 0 0 1 7 1 4 4 0 0 1 7
2 −4 3 −12 2 −4 3 −12 −10 0 11 0
−3 1 2 3
−6 8 13
−6 0 8 13 3+ 3
Expand by column 2: = 1(−1) 0 1 7 = 32
0 0 1 7
−10 11 0
−10 0 11 0
5 7 1 2 5 7 1 2
6 8 9 3 −9 R + R → R −39 −55 0 −15
77. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 2
−6 R + R → R
2
→
24 22 6 10 1 3 3 −6 −20 0 −2
−7 R1 + R4 → R4
21 17 7 10 −14 −32 0 −4
5 7 1 2
−39 −55 −15
−39 −55 0 −15 1+ 3
Expand by column 3: = 1(−1) −6 −20 −2 = 476
−6 −20 0 −2
−14 −32 −4
−14 −32 0 −4
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
2 −3 1 0 R −2R → R 0 −7 −5 0
78. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 1
R +R →R
2
−1 −3 4 5 1 3 3 0 −1 7 5
R4 − R1 → R4
1 3 7 4 0 1 4 4
1 2 3 0
−7 −5 0
0 −7 −5 0 1+1
Expand by column 1: = 1(−1) −1 7 5 = −101
0 −1 7 5
1 4 4
0 1 4 4
3 2
79. = 0 ⇒ 3 x − 12 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
6 x
3 2
80. = 0 ⇒ 36 − 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 18
x 12
x −2 1± 1− 8 1± i 7
81. = 0 ⇒ x2 − x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = =
1 x −1 2 2
2x + 7 4 1
82. = 0 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 4)(2 x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −4 or x =
1 x 2
83. Expand by the second row:

1 −3 1
−3 1 1 1 1 −3
4 7 x = 0 ⇒ 4(−1) 2 +1 + 7(−1) 2 + 2 + x (−1) 2 + 3 =0⇒
2 2 0 2 0 2
0 2 2
−4(−8) + 7(2) − 2 x = 46 − 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 23


x x +1 x + 2
3 −1 2 −1 2 3
2 3 −1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + ( x + 1)(−1)1+ 2 + ( x + 2)(−1)1+ 3 =0⇒
−2 4 3 4 3 −2
3 −2 4
37
10 x − 11( x + 1) − 13( x + 2) = −14 x − 37 = 0 ⇒ x = −
14
x 0 1
x 1
0 x 0 = 0 ⇒ 0 + x(−1) 2 + 2 + 0 ⇒ x( x 2 − 1) = 0 ⇒ x( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1 or x = −1
1 x
1 0 x

x 2 3
2 3 x 3 x 2
x x 1 = −8 ⇒ x (−1) 2 +1 + x(−1) 2 + 2 + 1(−1) 2 + 3 = −8 ⇒
0 1 2 1 2 0
2 0 1
−2 x + x( x − 6) + 4 = x 2 − 8 x + 4 = −8 ⇒ x 2 − 8 x + 12 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 6
−4 2 1
1 −4 1 −4 2
87. 0 k 1 = 28 ⇒ 0 + k (−1) 2 + 2 + 1(−1) 2 + 3 = 56 ⇒ −2k − (−4k + 4) = 2k − 4 = 56 ⇒ k = 30
2 −2 1 −2 k
−2 k 1
2 3 1
1 3 1 2 1 2 3
88. 1 2 1 = 3 ⇒ −2(−1) 3 +1 + k (−1) 3 + 2 + 1(−1) 3 + 3 =6⇒
2 2 1 1 1 1 2
−2 k 1
−2(1) − k + 1 = −1 − k = 6 ⇒ k = −7
⎧ 1 3
⎪⎪ x − 2 +
{
= 13
1 1 y +1 u + 3v = 13
89. Let u = and v = . Then ⎨ 4 ⇒ .
x−2 y +1 5 4u − 5v = 1
⎪ − =1
⎪⎩ x − 2 y +1
1 3 13 3 1 13
D= = −17, Du = = −68, Dv =
= −51
4 −5 1 −5 4 1
−68 −51
u= , v= =3
−14 −17
1 9 1 2
4= ⇒ 4x − 8 = 1 ⇒ x = ; 3 = ⇒ 3y + 3 = 1 ⇒ y = −
x−2 4 y +1 3
⎧⎛ 9 2 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 4 3 ⎠ ⎭
1 1 6 4 7 4
90. Let u = and v = . Then D= = −2, Du =
= −1
x +1 y −1 8 5 9 5
⎧ 6 4 6 7
⎪⎪ x + 1 +
{
=7 Dy = = −2
y −1 6u + 4v = 7 8 9
⎨ 8 ⇒
5 8u + 5v = 9 −1 1 −2
⎪ + =9 u= = ,v = =1
⎪⎩ x + 1 y −1 −2 2 −2

(continued) log 3 512 log 4 3

b.
1 1 log 3 8 log 4 9
= ⇒ x +1 = 2 ⇒ x = 1 = log 3 512 ⋅ log 4 9 − log 4 3 ⋅ log 3 8
2 x +1
1 log 512 ⋅ log 9 log 3 ⋅ log 8
1= ⇒ y −1 = 1⇒ y = 2 = −
y −1 log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 4 ⋅ log 3
=
( )
log 2 ⋅ 16 2 ⋅ 2 log 3
−
3log 2
1 1 log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 4
91. Let u =
3 x
and v =
4y
. Then
=
( log 2 + 2 log16) ⋅ 2 3log 2
−
2 log 2 2 log 2
⎧1
( )−3
4
⎪⎪ 3 x + 4 y = 25
⎨2
⎪ −
1
= 14
⇒ {
u + 4v = 25
2u − v = 14
=
log 2 + 2 log 2 4
log 2 2
⎩⎪ 3 x 4 y log 2 + 8 log 2 3
= −
1 4 25 4 log 2 2
D= = −9, Du = = −81 9 log 2 3 3 15
2 −1 14 −1 = − = 9− =
1 25 log 2 2 2 2
Dy = = −36
2 14 93. The system has no solution when D = 0.
−81 −36 k 3 −1
u= = 9, v = =4
−9 −9 D= 1 2 1
1 1 −k 1 2
9 = x ⇒ 3 x = ⇒ x = −2 3 −1 k −1 k 3
3 9 = −1 +2 −1
1 1 1 2 −k 2 −k 1
4 = y ⇒ 4 y = ⇒ y = −1
4 4 = −7 + 2 (2k − k ) − (k + 3k )
The solution is {(−2, −1)}. = −7 + 2k − 4k = −7 − 2k
7
92. We use the change of base formula along with −7 − 2 k = 0 ⇒ k = −
the power rule of logarithms. See section 4.3. 2
7
( )
a. Recall that log 8 = log 2 3 = 3log 2.
The system has no solution for k = − .
2
log 2 3 log 8 3 2 a 6
a 6 2 6 2 a
log 3 4 log 3 4 94. D= 1 2 b = − +3
2 b 1 b 1 2
= log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 − log 8 3 ⋅ log 3 4 1 1 3
=
log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 3 ⋅ log 4
− = (ab − 12) − ( 2b − 6) + 3 ( 4 − a )
log 2 ⋅ log 3 log 8 ⋅ log 3 = ab − 3a − 2b + 6
log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 3 ⋅ log 4 The system of equations has a unique solution
= −
log 2 ⋅ log 3 3log 2 ⋅ log 3 when D ≠ 0.
log 4 log 4 ab − 3a − 2b + 6 = 0 ⇒ ab − 3a = 2b − 6 ⇒
= − a (b − 3) = 2 (b − 3) ⇒ a = 2, b ≠ 3
log 2 3log 2
3log 4 − log 4 2 log 4 So, the system has a unique solution if a ≠ 2
= = and b ≠ 3.
3 log 2 3log 2
=
( ) = 4 log 2 = 4
2 log 2 2 If a = 2, then row 1 = 2 row 3, so there are
infinitely many solutions.
3log 2 3 log 2 3
If a = b = 3, then D = 0, but all rows are
different, so there is no solution.

6.4 Maintaining Skills ⎧0 = a (1) 2 + b (1) + c ⇒ 0 = a + b + c

⎪⎪
⎨0 = a (−3) + b (−3) + c ⇒ 0 = 9a − 3b + c
2
You may want to refer to sections 1.2, 8.3, and 8.4.
⎪
⎪⎩6 = a (0) + b (0) + c ⇒ c = 6
2
1 2
95. x2 = 8y ⇒ x =y
8 Substitute c = 6 into the first two equations,
then solve the system made up of the first two
96. ( x + 3)2 = 4 ( y − 1) ⇒ x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 4 y − 4 ⇒ equations.
x 2 + 6 x + 13 = 4 y ⇒
1 2 3
4
13
x + x+ = y
2 4 { a+b+6 = 0
9a − 3b + 6 = 0
⇒ {
a + b = −6 (1)
9a − 3b = −6 (2)
Solve equation (1) for a in terms of b.
97. ( x − 2)2 = 6 ( y − 3) ⇒ x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 6 y − 18 ⇒ a = −b − 6
1 2 2 11
x 2 − 4 x + 22 = 6 y ⇒ x − x+ = y Substitute this expression for a in equation (2)
6 3 3 and solve for b.
9 ( −b − 6) − 3b = −6 ⇒ −9b − 54 − 3b = −6 ⇒
98. ( x − 5)2 = −2 ( y + 7 ) ⇒
−12b = 48 ⇒ b = −4
x 2 − 10 x + 25 = −2 y − 14 ⇒ Substitute b = −4 in equation (1) and solve for
1 39 a.
x 2 − 10 x + 39 = −2 y ⇒ − x 2 + 5 x − =y
2 2 a − 4 = −6 ⇒ a = − 2
1 The function is y = −2 x 2 − 4 x − 6.
−2 = a ( −2) ⇒ −2 = 4a ⇒ −
2
99. =a
2
103. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 4x − 6
1
The function is y = − x 2 .
2 a. Opens up since a > 0.
100. The formula for the x-value of the vertex gives b 4

b. x=− =− = −1
b 2a 2 ( 2)
x=− =0⇒b=0
f (−1) = 2 ( −1) + 4 (−1) − 6 = −8
2a 2
Substituting (0, 0) and (2, −20) along with
The vertex is (−1, −8).
b = 0 in the general form of a quadratic
equation gives c. The axis of symmetry is x = −1.
( )
−20 = a 2 2 + 0 x + c ⇒ −20 = 4a + c d. To find the x-intercepts, let y = 0 and solve
0 = a (0 2 ) + 0 x + c ⇒ c = 0 for x.
Since c = 0, −20 = 4a + c ⇒ a = −5. ( )

2x 2 + 4x − 6 = 0 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0 ⇒
The function is y = −5 x 2 .
( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −3, x = 1
The x-intercepts are −3 and 1.
101. The formula for the x-value of the vertex gives
e. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve
b
x=− = −3 ⇒ b = 6a for y.
2a
y = 2 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) − 6 = −6
2
Using (0, 10) gives
( )
10 = a 0 2 + b (0) + c ⇒ c = 10.
The y-intercept is −6.
Substituting (−3, −8), b = 6a, and c = 10 gives 104. f ( x ) = −2 x 2 + 12 x − 10

−8 = a ( −3) + 6a ( −3) + 10 ⇒
2
a. Opens down since a < 0.
−8 = 9a − 18a + 10 ⇒ −18 = −9a ⇒ 2 = a ⇒
b 12
b = 12 b. x=− =− =3
2a 2 ( −2 )
The function is y = 2 x 2 + 12 x + 10.
f (3) = −2 (3) + 12 (3) − 10 = 8
2
102. Create a system of equations by substituting The vertex is (3, 8).

(1, 0), (−3, 0), and (0, 6) in the general form
of a quadratic equation. c. The axis of symmetry is x = 3.

Chapter 6 Review Exercises 637
d. To find the x-intercepts, let y = 0 and solve ⎡1 2 1 7⎤

for x. − ( − R1 + R2 ) → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 2 5⎥
−2 x 2 + 12 x − 10 = 0 ⇒ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −7 −1 −9⎦⎥
( )
−2 x 2 − 6 x + 5 = 0 ⇒ 1 ⎡1
(7 R2 + R3 ) → R3
2 1 7⎤
( x − 1)( x − 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, x = 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13
→ ⎢0 1 2 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 2⎦⎥
The x-intercepts are 1 and 5. 0 1
e. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve
for y. ⎡ 3 1 3 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 −1 0⎤
⎢ 2 1 1 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R3
11. → ⎢2 1 1 1⎥
y = −2 (0) + 12 (0) − 10 = −10
2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −1 −1 0 ⎦ ⎣3 1 3 1⎦
The y-intercept is −10. ⎡ 1 −1 −1 0⎤
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 1⎥
Chapter 6 Review Exercises −3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 4 6 1⎦
Basic Skills and Concepts ⎡ 1 −1 −1 0⎤
1
− ( −2 R2 + R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2
⎢0 1 0 ⎥
1. 1 × 4 2. 1×1 ⎢ 2⎥
3. 3 × 2 4. 2×4 ⎣⎢0 4 6 1⎦⎥
a12 = −1, a14 = −4, a 23 = 3, a 21 = 5 ⎡ 1⎤

⎢ 1 0 −1
5.
2⎥
⎢ 1⎥
⎡ −1 2 5 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 7 ⎤ R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
6. ⎢ 4 3 1⎥ 7. ⎢ ⎥ 1
( R3 − 4 R2 ) → R3 ⎢ 2⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3 1 6⎦ 6 ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − 6 ⎥
⎡ 1 1 −1 6⎤ ⎣ ⎦
8. ⎢ 2 −3 −2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 0 0
⎢⎣ 5 −3 1 8⎥⎦ 3⎥
⎢ 1⎥
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
9. Answers may vary. ⎢ 2⎥
⎡0 1 2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ 2 0 3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R3
→ ⎢2 0 3 4⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − 6 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢ 1 −2 1 7 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 2
⎡ 3 4 −4 2 ⎤ ⎡1 1 2 1⎤
⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢ 2 1 −2 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢2 1⎥
R1 ↔ R3
1 −2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −4 −1 10⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2 12.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 1 2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 4 −4 2⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 0 1 2 1⎦⎥
⎡1 1 2 1⎤
⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢0 1⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 6
→ ⎢0 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 ↔ R3 3 R1 − R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 −1 10 1⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 −4 −1 10⎦⎥
⎡1 0 −4 0⎤
1
(4 R2 + R3 ) → R3
⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢0 1⎥
R1 − R2 → R1 1 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0
7
1 2 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
( R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 2⎦⎥ 16
⎣ 8⎦
⎡ 1⎤
⎡3 −1 2 12⎤ ⎡ 1 2 1 7⎤ ⎢1 0 0
⎢ 1 1 −1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2⎥
→ ⎢ 1 1 −1 2 ⎥
R1 ↔ R3
10. ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ R1 + 4 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 2 1 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3 −1 2 12⎦⎥ R2 − 6 R3 → R2
⎢ 4⎥
⎢0 0 1 1⎥
⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦

⎧ x+ y− z =0 ⎡1 1 −1 0⎤ ⎧2 x + y + z = 7 ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
⎪ ⎪
13. ⎨2 x + y − 2 z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 2 1 −2 3⎥ 16. ⎨ x + 2 y + z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 1 2 1 3⎥
⎪⎩3x − 2 y + 3 z = 9 ⎢ 3
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ x + 2 y + 2 z = 6 ⎢⎣ 1 2 2 6⎥⎦
⎣ −2 3 9⎦⎥
⎡1 1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
2 R2 − R1 → R2 ⎢ 0 3 1 −1⎥
⎢0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 0 −3⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 R3 − R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
3 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 0 3 3 5⎦
⎣⎢0 5 −6 −9⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
( R3 − R2 ) → R3
⎡ 1 0 −1 3⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢ 0 3 1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎣ 0 0 1 3⎦
1
− ( R3 − 5 R2 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
6 ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 7⎤
⎢1 2 2 2⎥
⎡1 0 0 2⎤
⎢ 1⎥
1
R1 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 + R3 → R1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ 3 ⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
The solution is {( 2, −3, −1)} . 1 1 4
z = 3; y + (3) = − ⇒ y = −
3 3 3
⎧ x − y + 2z = 1 ⎡ 1 −1 2 1⎤ 1 ⎛ 4⎞ 1 7 8
⎪
14. ⎨ x + 3 y − z = 6 ⇒ ⎢ 1 3 −1 6⎥ x + ⎜ − ⎟ + (3) = ⇒ x =
⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎝ 3⎠ 2 2 3
⎪⎩2 x + y − 3z = 1 ⎢ 2 1 −3 1⎥⎦
⎣ ⎧⎛ 8 4 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ,3 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎡ 1 −1 2 1⎤ ⎩⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎭
1
( R2 − R1 ) → R2 ⎢ 3 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎡ 1 −2 −2 1⎤
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 4 4⎥ ⎧ x − 2 y − 2 z = 11
⎪
⎢ 0 −3 1⎥⎦ 17. ⎨3x + 4 y − z = −2 ⇒ ⎢ 3 4 −1 −2⎥
⎣ 7 ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 5 y + 7 z = 7 ⎢⎣ 4 5 7 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 5 9⎤
⎢1 0 4 4⎥ 1
( R2 − 3R1 ) → R2
⎡ 1 −2 −2 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5 ⎢ 0 2 1 −7 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 −
3 5⎥ R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
4
(3R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢ 4 4⎥ ⎣⎢0 13 15 −37 ⎦⎥
19 ⎢0 0 1⎥
⎢
1
⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −1 4⎤
→ ⎢0 2 1 −7 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎣ ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 13
( R3 − R2 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
3 5
z = 1; y − (1) = ⇒ y = 2 17 2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦
4 4
5 9 ⎡1 0 0 5⎤
x + (1) = ⇒ x = 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 + R3 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 −4⎥
4 4 1 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2,1)} .
( R2 − R3 ) → R2
2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦
The solution is {(5, −4,1)} .
⎧ x − 2 y + 3z = −2 ⎡ 1 −2 3 −2⎤
⎪
15. ⎨2 x − 3 y + z = 9 ⇒ ⎢ 2 −3 1 9⎥ ⎧ x − y − 9z = 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎪3x − y + 2 z = 5 ⎢⎣ 3 −1 2 5⎥⎦ 18. ⎨3x + 2 y − z = 2 ⇒ ⎢3 2 −1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −2 3 −2 ⎤ ⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + 3z = 0 ⎢⎣ 4 3 3 0⎥⎦
R2 − 2 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1 −5 13⎥ −1 −9
R3 − 3R1 → R3 ⎢
0
⎥ ⎡1 1⎤
⎢⎣0 5 −7 11⎥⎦
R2 − 3 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 26 −1⎥
R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
1
( R3 − 5 R2 ) → R3
⎡ 1 −2 3 −2 ⎤ ⎢⎣0 7 39 −4⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
18 ⎢
→ 0 1 −5 13⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
(5 R3 − 7 R2 ) → R3
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −3⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0
13 5 26 −1⎥
z = −3; y − 5(−3) = 13 ⇒ y = −2 ⎢ ⎥
x − 2(−2) + 3(−3) = −2 ⇒ x = 3 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
The solution is {(3, −2, −3)}.

(continued) ⎡ 1 −1 0 − 8⎤
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + 9 R3 → R1
⎡ 1 −1 −8⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
0 1
( R2 − 26 R3 ) → R2
⎢ ⎥
R1 + 9 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 5⎥ 5 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
1 ⎢ ⎥
5
( R2 − 26 R3 ) → R2
⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎡1 0 0 −3⎤
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎡1 0 −3⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
0 ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ The solution is {(−3, 5, −1)}.
{
The solution is {(−3,5, −1)}. ⎡x − y 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ x− y =1
21. ⎢ 1 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⇒
⎣ x + y ⎦ ⎣1 3⎦ x+ y =3
⎧2 x − y + 3z = 4 ⎡ 2 −1 3 4⎤
⎪ ⎢ 1 3 3 −2⎥ 2 x = 4 ⇒ x = 2, y = 1
19. ⎨ x + 3 y + 3z = −2 ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + 2 y − 6 z = 6 ⎢⎣ 3 2 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎡2 x + 3 y −1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 −2⎤
⎡ 1 3 3 −2⎤ 22. ⎢ 0 1 x − y ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 −3⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢ 2 −1 3 4⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢⎣ 2 3x + 4 y 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 5 5⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 2 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎡ 2 3 4⎤
⎧2 x + 3 y = 4
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 3 3 −2 ⎤ ⎨ x − y = −3 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −1 −3⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 −8⎥ ⎪⎩3x + 4 y = 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
R3 − 3R1 → R3 ⎢
0 7
⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 5⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 −7 −15 12⎦⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 −3⎤
→ ⎢ 2 3 4⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎡ ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢1 3 3 −2⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 4 5⎥⎦
− ( R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12 → 0⎢ 7 3 − 8⎥ −1 −3⎤
1 ⎡1
⎢ 1⎥ ( R2 − 2 R1 ) → R2
⎢0
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
1 2⎥
⎣ 3⎦
1
( R3 − 3 R1 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
7 ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎡1 3 0 −1⎤
⎢0 1 ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
−1⎥
R1 − 3 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 R1 + R2 → R1 ⎢ 0 1 2⎥ ⇒
1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
7
( R2 − 3R3 ) → R2
⎢ 1⎥
R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦
3⎦ x = −1, y = 2
⎡1 0 0 2⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −1⎥ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 −1⎤
R1 − 3 R2 → R1
0
⎢ ⎥ 23. a. ⎢ −3 4⎥ + ⎢ −5 6⎥ = ⎢ −8 10⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 − ⎥
3⎦ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −1 5⎤
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ 2, −1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
b. ⎢ −3 4⎥ − ⎢ −5 6⎥ = ⎢ 2 −2⎥
⎝ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎩ 3 ⎠⎭
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎧ x − y − 9z = 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤ c. 2⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎪
20. ⎨3x + 2 y − z = 2 ⇒ ⎢3 2 −1 2⎥ ⎣ − 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ − 6 8⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + 3 z = 0 ⎢⎣ 4 3 3 0⎥⎦ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −6 9⎤
d. −3 ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤ ⎣ −5 6⎦ ⎣ 15 −18⎦
R2 − 3 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 26 −1⎥
R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤
⎢⎣0 7 39 −4⎥⎦ e. 2⎢ ⎥ − 3 ⎢ −5 6 ⎥
⎣ − 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
(5 R3 − 7 R2 ) → R3 ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 6 −9 ⎤ ⎡ −4 13⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0
13 5 26 −1⎥ =⎢ ⎥ −⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −6 8⎦ ⎣ −15 18⎦ ⎣ 9 −10⎦
⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦

⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −2⎤

24. a. ⎢ 1 2 2 ⎥ + ⎢ 1 −1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3 0 4⎦⎥
⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤
b. ⎢ 1 2 2⎥ − ⎢ 1 −1 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 3 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −2⎤ ⎡ 0 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −5⎤

c. 2 ⎢ 1 2 2 ⎥ + 3 ⎢ 1 −1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 4 4 ⎥ + ⎢ 3 − 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 5 1 4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 0 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −3 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −7 0 9⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 6 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −6 ⎤ ⎡ 7 0⎤
25. 3 A + 2 B − 3 X = 0 ⇒ 3 ⎢ ⎥ + 2⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒
⎣ −3 4 ⎦ ⎣ −5 6 ⎦ ⎣ −9 12⎦ ⎣ −10 12⎦ ⎣ −19 24⎦
⎡ 7 ⎤
⎢ 3 0⎥
X =⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 19 8⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 2 −2⎤

26. A − 2 X + 2 B = 0 ⇒ 1 2 2 + 2 1 −1 0 = 2 X ⇒ ⎢ 1 2 2⎥ + ⎢ 2 −2 0⎥ = 2 X ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 0 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 0 2⎦⎥
⎡ 3⎤
⎢ 1 1 − 2⎥
⎡ 2 2 −3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 0 2⎥ = 2 X ⇒ X = ⎢ 3 0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣⎢ −4 0 5⎦⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
⎢ −2 0 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 0(−1) + 1(−3) 0(−1) + 1(4) ⎤ ⎡ −3 4⎤

27. a. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ −3 4⎦ ⎣ 2(−1) + 3(−3) 2(−1) + 3(4) ⎦ ⎣ −11 10⎦
⎡ −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ −1(0) − 1(2) −1(1) − 1(3)⎤ ⎡ −2 −4⎤

b. BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ −3(0) + 4(2) −3(1) + 4(3)⎦ ⎣ 8 9⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤
⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎢
AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0(1) + 1(3) + 2(0) 0(2) + 1(−1) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 3 7 ⎤
28. a.
− ⎥ ⎢ 3 −1⎥ = ⎢ −1(1) + 0(3) + 1(0) −1(2) + 0(−1) + 1(4)⎥ = ⎢ −1 2⎥
⎣ 1 0 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 4⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 2(−1) 1(1) + 2(0) 1(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ −2 1 4⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎢
BA = 3 −1 ⎢ = 3(0) − 1(−1) 3(1) − 1(0) 3(2) − 1(1) ⎥ = ⎢ 1 3 5⎥
⎥ ⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢
b.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0(0) + 4(−1) 0(1) + 4(0) 0(2) + 4(1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 0 4⎥⎦
⎡ 2⎤
29. a. AB = [1 2 −1] ⎢ 3⎥ = [1(2) + 2(3) − 1(1)] = [7 ]
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥

⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2(1) 2(2) 2(−1)⎤ ⎡ 2 4 −2⎤

b. BA = 3 [1 2 −1] = ⎢ 3(1) 3(2) 3(−1)⎥ = ⎢ 3 6 −3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1(1) 1(2) 1(−1)⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 2 −1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 0(2) 1(2) + 0(−1) 1(3) + 0(2) 1(4) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤

⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤ ⎢
AB = ⎢ 2 −1⎥ ⎢ = 2(1) − 1(2) 2(2) − 1(−1) 2(3) − 1(2) 2(4) − 1(3)⎥ = ⎢ 0 5 4 5⎥
⎥ ⎣ 2 −1 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢
30. a.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(1) − 2(2) 3(2) − 2(−1) 3(3) − 2(2) 3(4) − 2(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 8 5 6⎥⎦
b. BA is not defined.
−1 −1
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡5 6⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 5 6⎤ ⎡ 5 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 5 3⎤
31. ⎢3 −1⎥ A = ⎢ 1 −3⎥ ⇒ A = ⎢3 −1⎥ ⎢ 1 −3⎥ 34. A⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒ A=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 4 2⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 4 2⎦
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 3⎤
−1 −1 −1
⎡ 1 2⎤ 1 ⎡ −1 −2 ⎤ ⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎡ 5 3⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 − 3 ⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢3 −1⎥ = −1 − 6 ⎢ −3 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 2⎥ = 10 − 12 ⎢ −4 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ ⎢ 3
−
1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 2 − 5⎥
⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤
−1 −1
⎢7 7 ⎥ ⎡5 6⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
A=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ A=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 − 1 ⎥ ⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥ ⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
The answers are the same.
−1
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡5 6 ⎤ ⎡ 5 6 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
32. B⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒B=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡3 −1⎤ ⎡3 −1⎤
⎣3 −1⎦ ⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣3 −1⎦ A −1 = =
0 − (−1) ⎢⎣ 1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0⎥⎦
35. a.
⎡1 2⎤
−1
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ − 1 −2 ⎤ ⎢ 7 7⎥ −1
⎢3 −1⎥ = −1 − 6 ⎢ −3 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⎛ ⎡ 0 1⎤ 2 ⎞ ⎡ −1
−1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ ⎢ 3
⎢⎣ 7
−
1⎥
7 ⎥⎦
b. ( )
A 2 −1
= ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎟ =⎢
⎜⎝ ⎣ −1 3⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ −3
3⎤
8⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 23 4 ⎤ 1 ⎡8 −3⎤ ⎡8 −3⎤
⎡5 6⎤ ⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎢ 7 7⎥ = =
B=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ −8 + 9 ⎢⎣3 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3 −1⎥⎦
⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎢ 3 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ − 8 5 ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎡3 −1⎤ ⎡3 −1⎤ ⎡8 −3⎤
( A −1 )
2
c. =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0⎦ ⎣ 1 0⎦ ⎣3 −1⎦
The results of exercises 31 and 32 show that
CA = BC does not imply A = B.
−1 3 8 −3
( A2 )( A−1 ) = ⎡⎢⎣−3 8⎤⎥⎦ ⎡⎢⎣3 −1⎤⎥⎦ = ⎡⎢⎣0
2 1 0⎤
−1
1⎥⎦
d.
⎡ 5 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 5 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
33. ⎢ 4 2⎥ A = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ A = ⎢ 4 2⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ So ( A −1 ) is the inverse of A 2 .
2
⎡ 3⎤
−1 −1
⎡ 5 3⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ = = ⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡ 3 −4⎤ ⎡ 3 −4⎤
10 − 12 ⎣⎢ −4 5⎦⎥ ⎢ A −1 = =
9 − 8 ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦
⎣ 4 2⎦ 36. a.
− ⎥
5
2
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ −1
⎢ −1 −1 ⎛ ⎡ 3 4⎤ 2 ⎞ −1
A=⎢
2 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎢
⎥⎢ ⎥ =⎢
2⎥
⎥ b. (A ) 2 −1
= ⎜⎢ ⎟
⎜⎝ ⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
=
⎡17 24⎤
⎢12 17⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 17 −24 ⎤
= 2 ⎢ ⎥
17 − 12 ( 24) ⎣ −12 17 ⎦
⎡ 17 −24⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −12 17 ⎦

⎡ 3 −4⎤ ⎡ 3 −4⎤ ⎡ 17 −24⎤

( A −1 )
2
=⎢ =
3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −12 17 ⎥⎦
c.
⎣ −2
17 −24⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
( A2 )( A−1 ) = ⎡⎢⎣12 17⎤⎥⎦ ⎡⎢⎣−12
2 17 24
=
17⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
d.
So ( A −1 ) is the inverse of A 2 .
2
For exercises 37–40, we show that AB = I. You should also show that BA = I in order to show that B is the inverse
of A.
⎡ 7 6 ⎤ ⎡ −5 6 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤
37. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 6 5⎦ ⎣ 6 −7 ⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ −4 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
38. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −4⎦ ⎣ −1 −1⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −4⎤ ⎡ 5 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
39. AB = ⎢ 1 0 4⎥ ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 3 2 −8⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 1 0 4⎥ ⎢ 3 2 −8⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 0 5 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
40. AB = ⎢ 0 −1 2⎥ ⎢ −2 −1 4⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 2 1⎤
−1 −
⎡ 3 1⎤ 1 ⎡ 4 −1⎤ ⎢ 5 10 ⎥
⎢ 2 4⎥ = =⎢ ⎥
12 − 2 ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢ 1
41.
⎣ ⎦ −
3⎥
⎣⎢ 5 10 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎡ 3 −4 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎢ 5 5⎥
42. ⎢ 1 2⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 6 + 4 ⎣ −1 3⎦ ⎢ 1 3 ⎥
−
⎢⎣ 10 10 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
43. ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R2 → R2
→ ⎢0 5 −2 1 ⎥ R1 + R3 → R1
1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ R2 + 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
2 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R3 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 1 2 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 6⎤
⎢
Thus, −1 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 2 5⎦⎥

⎡ ⎤
⎡ 1 2 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎢1 2 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎡1 0 3 −1 1 0⎤
44. ⎢ 2 2 4 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢0 2 −2 2 −1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 − R2 → R1
→ ⎢ 0 2 −2 2 −1 0⎥
⎢ 0 0 3 0 0 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
1
R3 → R3
⎣ ⎦ 3 ⎢0 0 1 0 0
1⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 0 0 −1 1 −1⎥
R1 − 3 R3 → R1 ⎢ 1 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 1 0 1 − ⎥
2
( R2 + 2 R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 2 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0
1⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
−1 ⎡ −1 1 −1⎤
⎡ 1 2 1⎤ ⎢ 1 1⎥
Thus, ⎢ 2 2 4⎥ = ⎢ 1 − ⎥
⎢ 0 0 3⎥ ⎢ 2 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ 1⎥
⎢ 0 0
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
{
−1
x + 3y = 7 ⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ −5 3⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ −23⎤
⇒ = ⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢
2 x + 5 y = 4 ⎣⎢ 2 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥ ⎥ ⎥
45.
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2 5⎦ ⎣ 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −1⎦ ⎣ 4⎦ ⎣ 10⎦
The solution is {( −23, 10)} .
⎡ 5⎤ ⎡ 9⎤
{
−1 2 − ⎥ −
3x + 5 y = 4 ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⇒ = ⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
2 x + 4 y = 5 ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5⎥⎦ ⎥
46.
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ −1 3 ⎥ ⎣ 5⎦ ⎢ 7 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎧⎛ 9 7 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭
−1
⎧ x + 3 y + 3z = 3 ⎡1 3 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1 3 3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 7 −3 −3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ −12⎤
⎪
x + 4 y + 3z = 5 ⇒ ⎢1 4 3 y = 5 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢1 4 3⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ −1 1 0⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
47. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x + 3 y + 4 z = 6 ⎢⎣1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦
The solution is {( −12, 2, 3)} .
−1
⎧ x + 2 y + 3z = 6 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 1 −3 2⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎪
2 x + 4 y + 5 z = 8 ⇒ 2 4 5 y = 8 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2 4 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 8⎥ = ⎢ −3 3 −1⎥ ⎢ 8⎥ = ⎢ −4⎥
48. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + 5 y + 6 z = 10 ⎢ 3 5 6⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢10⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
z 3 5 6
The solution is {(2, − 4, 4)} .
⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎡7⎤
−1 ⎢ 12 12 12 ⎥ ⎢6⎥
⎧ x− y+z =3 ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
= 5 ⇒ 4 2 0 y = 5 ⇒ y ⎥ = ⎢ 4 2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ − 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
1 1 1
49. ⎨4 x + 2 y
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 6 3 6⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢6⎥
⎪⎩7 x − y − z = 6 ⎢7 −1 −1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 −1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ 6⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 3 1 1 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ 2⎦⎥
⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎧⎛ 7 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , 2 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎭

−1
⎧ x + 2 y + 4z = 7 ⎡ 1 2 4⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 4⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ 9 −6 16⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ 91⎤
⎪
4 x + 3 y − 2 z = 6 ⇒ 4 3 −2 y = 6 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 4 3 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ = ⎢ −10 7 −18⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ = ⎢ −100⎥
50. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x − 3z = 4 ⎢⎣ 1 0 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 29⎥⎦
The solution is {(91, − 100, 29)} .
2 −5
51. = 2(4) − (−5)(3) = 23
3 4
−1 4
52. = (−1)(−3) − (4)(11) = −41
11 −3
12 21
53. = 12(7) − 21(4) = 0
4 7
−7 9
54. = (−7)(5) − 9(−4) = 1
−4 5
⎡ 4 −1 2 ⎤
55. a. A = ⎢ − 2 − 3 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 2 −4⎥⎦
−2 5 4 −1
M 12 = = (−2)(−4) − 5(0) = 8 M 23 = = 4(2) − (−1)(0) = 8
0 −4 0 2
4 2
M 22 = = 4(−4) − 2(0) = −16
0 −4
b. A12 = (−1)1+ 2 M 12 = −8 A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = −8 A22 = (−1) 2 + 2 M 22 = −16
⎡ 1 2 3⎤
56. a. A = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 7 8 9⎥⎦
4 6 1 2
M 12 = = 4(9) − 6(7) = −6 M 23 = = 1(8) − 2(7) = −6
7 9 7 8
1 3
M 22 = = 1(9) − 3(7) = −12
7 9
b. A12 = (−1)1+ 2 M 12 = 6
A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = 6
A22 = (−1) 2 + 2 M 22 = −12
1 −2 3
−2 3 1 3 1 −2
57. a. 4 −1 −2 = a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 = 4(−1) 2 +1 − 1(−1) 2 + 2 − 2(−1) 2 + 3
1 5 −2 5 −2 1
−2 1 5
= −4(−13) − 1(11) + 2(−3) = 35
1 −2 3
4 −1 1 −2 1 −2
b. 4 −1 −2 = a13 A13 + a23 A23 + a33 A33 = 3(−1)1+ 3 − 2(−1) 2 + 3 + 5(−1) 3 + 3
−2 1 −2 1 4 −1
−2 1 5
= 3(2) + 2(−3) + 5(7) = 35

1 4 3
4 3 1 3 1 4
58. a. 6 8 10 = a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 = 6(−1) 2 +1 + 8(−1) 2 + 2 + 10(−1) 2 + 3
5 4 2 4 2 5
2 5 4
= −6(1) + 8(−2) − 10(−3) = 8
1 4 3
6 8 1 4 1 4
b. 6 8 10 a13 A13 + a 23 A23 + a33 A33 = 3(−1)1+ 3 + 10(−1) 2 + 3 + 4(−1) 3 + 3
2 5 2 5 6 8
2 5 4
= 3(14) − 10(−3) + 4(−16) = 8
1 2 0
1 2 2 0
59. Expand by the first column: 0 1 2 = 1(−1)1+1 + 0 + 1(−1) 3 +1 = 2+4= 6
0 2 1 2
1 0 2
60. Expand by the first column:

2 3 4
5 9 3 4 3 4
2 5 9 = 2(−1)1+1 + 2(−1) 2 +1 + 2(−1) 3 +1 = 2(17) − 2(20) + 2(7) = 8
7 16 7 16 5 9
2 7 16
5 3 11 3 5 11
61. D= = −1, D x = = −1, D y = = −2
2 1 4 1 2 4
−1 −2
x= = 1, y = =2
−1 −1
2 −7 13 −7 2 13
62. D= = 47, D x = = 141, D y = = −47
5 6 9 6 5 9
141 −47
x= = 3, y = = −1
47 47
3 1 −1 14 1 −1 3 14 −1 3 1 14
63. D = 1 3 −1 = −20, D x = 16 3 −1 = −100, D y = 1 16 −1 = −120, D z = 1 3 16 = −140
1 1 −3 −10 1 −3 1 −10 −3 1 1 −10
−100 −120 −140
x= = 5, y = = 6, z = =7
−20 −20 −20
2 3 −2 0 3 −2 2 0 −2 2 3 0
64. D = −3 5 4 = −62, D x = 9 5 4 = 124, D y = −3 9 4 = −62, D z = −3 5 9 = 31
3 7 −6 4 7 −6 3 4 −6 3 7 4
124 −62 31 1
x= = −2, y = = 1, z = =−
−62 −62 −62 2
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ −2, 1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
65. Expand by the third row:
1 2 4
2 4 1 4 1 2
−3 5 7 = 0 ⇒ 1(−1) 3 +1 + x(−1) 3 + 2 + 4(−1) 3+ 3 = 0 ⇒ −6 − 19 x + 4(11) = 0 ⇒ x = 2
5 7 −3 7 −3 5
1 x 4


1 −1 2
1 2 1 −1
0 x 1 = 14 ⇒ 0 + x(−1) 2 + 2 + 1(−1) 2 + 3 = x( x − 7) − 1(5) = 14 ⇒ x 2 − 7 x − 5 = 14 ⇒
3 x −1 3 2
3 2 x −1
7 ± 49 + 76 7 ± 5 5
x 2 − 7 x − 19 = 0 ⇒ x = =
2 2
x y 1
3 1 2 1 2 3
67. 2 3 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ 7 x − y − 11 = 0 ⇒ y = 7 x − 11
−4 1 1 1 1 −4
1 −4 1
3 − (−4)
Using the given points to find the slope and y-intercept, we have m = = 7 and
2 −1
3 = 7(2) + b ⇒ b = −11 .
1 1 1
1 1
68. A = D = 4 3 1 = (16) = 8 square units
2 2
2 7 1
Applying the Concepts
69. A B C
Method 1 ⎡4 8 2⎤ ⎡10⎤ ⎡ 84⎤
Method 2 ⎢5 7 1⎥ ⎢ 4⎥ = ⎢ 84⎥ ⇒ Method 3 is the most profitable.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Method 3 ⎣⎢ 5 4 8⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢114⎦⎥
70. M F C Cals Protein Cals Protein

⎡ 2200 50 ⎤
Ardestanis ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎡ 2(2200) + 3(1700) + 1(1500) 2(50) + 3(40) + 1(30) ⎤ ⎡11, 000 250⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1700 40⎥ = ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
Barkley ⎣ 1 1 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 1(2200) + 1(1700) + 2(1500) 1(50) + 1(40) + 2(30) ⎦ ⎣ 6900 150⎦
⎣⎢1500 30 ⎦⎥
71. Let x = the speed of the plane. Let y = the 72. Let x = Nertha’s speed. Let y = Kristina’s
velocity of the wind. Using Gauss-Jordan speed. Using Cramer’s rule, we have
elimination, we have
{
3( x + y ) = 1680
3.5( x − y ) = 1680
⇒ {
3x + 3 y = 1680
3.5 x − 3.5 y = 1680
⇒
{
5x = 2 + 4 y
12 y = 10 + 10 x
⇒ { 5x − 4 y = 2
−10 x + 12 y = 10
⇒
5 −4 2 −4
⎡ 3 3 1680⎤ D= = 20, D x = = 64,
−10 12 10 12
⎢3.5 −3.5 1680⎥
⎣ ⎦ 5 2
1 Dy = = 70
R1 → R1 ⎡1 1 560⎤ −10 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→⎢ ⎥
⎣1 −1 480⎦
1 64 70
3.5
R2 → R2 x= = 3.2, y = = 3.5
1
20 20
( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎡1 0 520⎤ Nertha walks at 3.2 miles per hour, and
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 →⎢ ⇒
1
( R1 − R2 ) → R2 ⎣0 1 40⎥⎦ Kristina walks at 3.5 miles per hour.
2
x = 520, y = 40
The plane is traveling at 520 mph and the
wind velocity is 40 mph.

Chapter 6 Practice Test A 647
73. Let x = Andrew’s amount. Let y = Bonnie’s ⎡1 1 1 130⎤

amount. Let z = Chauncie’s amount. Using 1
( R2 − 3R1 ) → R2 ⎢ 1 ⎥
Gaussian elimination, we have ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 70⎥
75 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎧ x + y + z = 320 ⎧ x + y + z = 320 ⎢0 55 45
⎪ ⎪ ⎣ 4900⎥⎦
⎨x = 2z ⇒ ⎨ x − 2z = 0 ⇒
⎩⎪ y + z = x − 20 ⎩⎪ − x + y + z = −20 ⎡1 1 1 130⎤
2
( R3 − 55 R2 ) → R3 ⎢ 1 ⎥
1 1 1 320 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
35 → ⎢0 1 70⎥ ⇒
1 0 −2 0 ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 60⎥⎦
−1 1 1 −20 ⎣
1
1 1 1 320 z = 60, y + (60) = 70 ⇒ y = 40,
R1 − R2 → R2 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ 0 1 3 320 x + 60 + 40 = 130 ⇒ 30
( R1 + R3 ) → R3
2 0 1 1 150 There are 30 registered nurses, 40 licensed
1 1 1 1 320 practical nurses, and 60 nurses aides.
( R2 − R3 ) → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 3 320 ⇒ 76. Let x = the medicine sales. Let y = the sales of
0 0 1 85 nonmedical items. Let z = the sales of beer
and cigarettes. Using Gauss-Jordan
z = 85, y + 3(85) = 320 ⇒ y = 65
elimination
x + 65 + 85 = 320 ⇒ x = 170
⎧ x + y + z = 18, 500 ⎧ x + y + z = 18,500
Andrew has $170, Bonnie has $65, and ⎪ ⎪
Chauncie has $85. ⎨0.08 y + 0.2 z = 1020 ⇒ ⎨ 8 y + 20 z = 102, 000
⎪⎩ x = y + z + 3500 ⎪⎩ x − y − z = 3500
74. Let x = the number of men. Let y = the
number of women. Using Cramer’s rule, we ⎡ 1 1 1 18, 500⎤
⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
have ⎢ ⎥
⎧5 ⎣⎢ 1 −1 −1 3500⎦⎥
⎪8 y = x
⎨7
⎪ ( y + 1) = x + 1
⇒ {
− 8x + 5 y = 0
−11x + 7 y = 4
⇒ 1
( R1 + R3 ) → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
→ ⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎩11
−8 5 0 5 ⎣⎢ 1 −1 −1 3500⎦⎥
D= = −1, D x = = −20, ⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
−11 7 4 7
→ ⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
R1 − R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−8 0 ⎢ ⎥
Dy = = −32 ⎢⎣0 1 1 7500⎥⎦
−11 4
1
( R2 − 8 R3 ) → R3
⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
−20 −32
x= = 20, y = = 32 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12 → ⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
−1 −1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3500⎥⎦
There were 20 men and 32 women.
1 ⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
( R2 − 20 R3 ) → R2
75. Let x = the number of registered nurses. Let
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8
→ ⎢0 1 0 4000⎥ ⇒
y = the number of licensed practical nurses. ⎢ ⎥
Let z = the number of nurse’s aids. Using ⎢⎣0 0 1 3500⎥⎦
Gaussian elimination, we have x = 11, 000, y = 4000, z = 3500
⎧75 x + 20 y + 30 z = 4850 The medicine sales were $11,000; the
⎪
⎨ 3x + 5 y + 4 z = 530 ⇒ nonmedical sales were $4000; the beer and
⎪⎩ x + y + z = 130 cigarette sales were $3500.
⎡75 20 30 4850⎤
⎢ 3 5 4 530⎥ Chapter 6 Practice Test A
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 1 1 130⎦⎥ 1. 5 × 4, a 43 = 9
⎡ 1 1 1 130⎤
R1 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 3 5 4 530⎥ ⎡ 7 −3 9 5⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ −2 4 3 −12⎥
2.
⎣⎢75 20 30 4850⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 8 −5 1 −9⎥⎦

⎧4 x − z = −3 ⎡ 5 −2⎤ ⎡ −3 −1⎤ ⎡ 8 −1⎤

⎪
3. ⎨ x + 3 y =9 7. A − B = ⎢ 4 0 ⎥ − ⎢ 0 − 8 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 8⎥
⎪⎩2 x + 7 y + 5 z = 8 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢7 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢11 0⎦⎥
4. x − 5 = 5 ⇒ x = 10; y + 3 = 13 ⇒ y = 10; z = 0
⎡ 0⎤
8. AB = [3 −7 2] ⎢ 1⎥ = [3(0) − 7(1) + 2(4) ] = [1]
⎢ ⎥
⎧ x + 2y + z = 6 ⎡1 2 1 6⎤ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦
⎪
5. ⎨ x + y − z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 −1 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪2 x − y + 2 z = −3 ⎢⎣ 2 −1 2 −3⎥⎦ 9. The product AB is not defined.
⎡1 2 1 6⎤ ⎡ −3 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ −6 2 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 2A = 2 ⎢ ⎥=⎢
−1⎥ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 10.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 ⎣ 5 7 2⎦ ⎣ 10 14 4⎦
1
(2 R1 − R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢⎣0 1 0 3⎥⎦
⎡ −3 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ −1 4 ⎤ ⎡ −3 1 0 ⎤
⎡1 2 1 6⎤ A + BA = ⎢ +
7 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 7 2⎥⎦
1
( R2 − R3 ) → R3
11.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 2 −1⎥ ⎣ 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ −3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 23 27 8⎤
⎣⎢0 0 −2⎦⎥ =⎢ +
7 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −14 22 4⎥⎦
1
⎡1 2 0 8⎤ ⎣ 5
⎢0 1 ⎡ 20 28 8⎤
3⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ =⎢
29 6⎥⎦
0
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −9
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 5⎤ ⎡ 1 5⎤ ⎡ 1 25⎤
⎢0 1 12. C 2 = ⎢ ⎥=⎢
3⎥ ⎥⎢ ⎥
R1 − 2 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 ⎣0 4⎦ ⎣ 0 4⎦ ⎣ 0 16⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 5⎤
The solution is {(2, 3, −2)}. ⎢ 1 − ⎥
⎡ 1 5 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 4 − 5 ⎤ 4
13. C −1 = ⎢ ⎥= ⎢ =⎢ ⎥
⎧2 x + y − 4 z = 6 ⎡ 2 1 −4 6⎤ ⎣ 0 4⎦ 4 ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ 1⎥
⎪ 0
6. ⎨− x + 3 y − z = −2 ⇒ ⎢ −1 3 −1 −2⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩2 x − 6 y + 2 z = 4 ⎢⎣ 2 −6 2 4⎥⎦ −1
⎡ 2 1 3⎤ ⎡2 1 3 1 0 0⎤
⎡ 2 1 −4 6 ⎤ ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥
R1 + 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 7 −6 2 ⎥ 14. = ⎢ 1 2 −1 0 1 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 7 −6 2⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 1 5⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 1 5 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡1 2 −1 0 1 0 ⎤
⎡ 20 ⎤
→ ⎢2 1 3 1 0 0⎥
11 R1 ↔ R2
⎢1 0 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
7⎥
1
(7 R1 − R2 ) → R1 7 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
14 → ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 1 5 0 0 1⎥⎦
R2 − R3 → R3
⎢ 70 −6 2⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦ −1 0 1 0 ⎤
⎡1 2
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 3
−5 −1 2 0 ⎥
⎡ 11 20 ⎤ 3R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 − 7 7⎥ ⎢⎣0 5
−8 0 3 −1⎥⎦
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡5 7 0 1 3 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 − 6 2⎥
⇒ ⎢0 3−5 −1 2 0 ⎥
7 5 R1 − R2 → R1
⎢ 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
7 3 R3 − 5 R2 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0⎥ ⎢⎣0 01 5 −1 −3⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 1 ⎡ 5 7 0 1 3 0⎤
( R2 + 5 R3 ) → R2
x−
11
z=
20
⇒ x= z+
11 20 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 8 −1 −5⎥
3
⎢ ⎥
7 7 7 7 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 5 −1 −3⎥⎦
6 2 6 2
y− z= ⇒ y= z+
7 7 7 7
⎧ ⎛ 11 20 6 2 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ z + , z + , z ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 7 7 7 7 ⎠⎭

Chapter 6 Practice Test B 649
(continued) 2 −1 3
Dz = 1 1 6
1
( R1 − 7 R2 ) → R1
⎡ 1 0 0 −11 2 7 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 4 3 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
8 − 1 − 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3 −1 1 2 3 1
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 5 −1 −3⎥⎦ 6 1 1 1 6 1
−1 4 3 −2 4 −2
⎡ 2 1 3⎤ ⎡ −11 2 7 ⎤ x= ,y=
4
,
⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢ 8 −1 −5⎥ 2 −1 1 2 −1 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎣⎢ 3 1 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 −1 −3⎦⎥ 4 3 −2 4 3 −2
2 −1
{
3
⎡5 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡32⎤ 12 x − 3 y = 5
15. ⎢3 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢18⎥ 16.
−2 x + 7 y = − 9
1 1 6
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 3 4
z=
2 −1 1
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 2 5 −11⎤
17. ⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − 5 X = 2 ⎢18 8 11⎥ ⇒ 1 1 1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 3 −2
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 4 10 −22⎤
⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − 5 X = ⎢36 16 22⎥ ⇒ Chapter 6 Practice Test B
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 4 10 −22⎤
⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − ⎢36 16 22⎥ = 5 X ⇒ 1. D 2. D 3. D
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −3 −5 20⎤ 4. x + 3 = 9 ⇒ x = 6; y + 4 = 2 ⇒ y = −2; z = 3
⎢ −32 −18 −15⎥ = 5 X ⇒ The answer is C.
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎧2 x + y = 15 ⎡ 2 1 0 15⎤
⎢ −5 −1 4 ⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎥=X 5. ⎨2 y + z = 25 ⇒ ⎢ 0 2 1 25⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 32 − 18 −3⎥ ⎪⎩2 z + x = 26 ⎢⎣ 1 0 2 26⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 5 5 ⎥⎦
⎡2 1 0 15⎤
1 1 R1 − 2 R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 2 1 25⎥
− ⎢ ⎥
2 4 ⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎢⎣ 0 1 −4 −37⎥⎦
18. = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜− ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
1 3 ⎝2⎠ ⎝4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝2⎠ 2
1
( R2 − 2 R3 ) → R3
⎡ 2 1 0 15⎤
2 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 2 1 25⎥ ⇒ z = 11
9
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 11⎦⎥
1 3 5
The answer is C.
2 0 10
−3 1 −15 ⎧2 x + y = 17 ⎡ 2 1 0 17 ⎤
⎪
6. ⎨ y + 2 z = 15 ⇒ ⎢ 0 1 2 15⎥
3 5 1 3 ⎢ ⎥
= 2(−1) 2 +1 + 0 + 10(−1) 2 + 3 ⎪⎩ x + z =9
1 −15 −3 1 ⎣⎢ 1 0 1 9⎥⎦
= −2(−50) − 10(10) = 0 ⎡ 2 1 0 17 ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 2 15⎥
2 R3 − R1 → R3
⎧2 x − y + z = 3 2 −1 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎪
20. ⎨ x + y + z = 6 ⇒ D = 1 1 1 ⎣⎢ 0 −1 2 1⎦⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y − 2 z = 4 4 3 −2 1 ⎡1 0 9⎤
1
( R1 + R3 ) → R1
3 −1 1 2 3 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢01 2 15⎥
Dx = 6 1 1 , D y = 1 6 1, 1
( R2 + R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
4 ⎢⎣0
0 1 4⎥⎦
4 3 −2 4 4 −2
⎡ 1 0 0 5⎤
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 7⎥ ⇒
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
x = 5, y = 7, z = 4 ⇒ 4(5) + 3(7) + 4 = 45
The answer is D.

⎡ −1 4⎤ ⎡ 7 2⎤ ⎡ −8 2⎤ ⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ −1 −2 −1⎤
7. ⎢ 0 4⎥ − ⎢17 4⎥ = ⎢ −17 0⎥
17. ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − 3 X = −5 ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 5 10 5⎤
⎣⎢ 8 −4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 −6⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − 3 X = ⎢⎣ −5 0 −5⎥⎦ ⇒
The answer is C.
⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 5 10 5⎤
⎡ 3⎤ ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣ −5 0 −5⎥⎦ = 3 X ⇒
8. AB = [ −8 2 9] ⎢ 0⎥ = [ −8(3) + 2(0) + 9(−3) ] 3X = ⎢
⎡ −7 −13 −4⎤
⇒
⎢ ⎥ 3 3⎥⎦
⎣ 0
⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
= [ −51] . The answer is B. ⎡ 7 13 4⎤
− − − ⎥
X =⎢ 3 3 3
⎢ 0 1⎥⎦
9. AB is not defined. The answer is A. ⎣ 1
The answer is B.
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 2 −6⎤
2A = 2 ⎢ =
1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −10 4 2⎥⎦
10. −8
⎣ −5 2 18.
5
= (−8)(−1) − 5(−4) = 28
The answer is B. −4 −1
The answer is D.
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ −3 7⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −3⎤
A + BA = ⎢ +
1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −5 2 1⎥⎦
11.
⎣ −5 2 2 3 −2
3 −3
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ −41 11 16⎤ 19. 3 0 −3 = 3(−1)1+ 2 = −3(−24) = 72
=⎢ + −3 −5
⎣ −5 2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −16 10 −2⎥⎦ −3 0 −5
⎡ −39 12 13⎤ The answer is C.
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −21 12 −1⎦
⎧ x + y + z = −6 1 1 1
The answer is C. ⎪
20. ⎨ x − y + 3z = −22 ⇒ D = 1 −1 3 = 4
⎡5 4⎤ ⎡5 4⎤ ⎡ 29 20⎤ ⎪⎩2 x + y + z = −10 2 1 1
12. C 2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0 ⎦ ⎣ 1 0⎦ ⎣ 5 4 ⎦ −6 1 1 1 −6 1
The answer is C. D x = −22 −1 3 = −16, D y = 1 −22 3 = 12
−1 ⎡0 1⎤ −10 1 1 2 −10 1
⎡5 4⎤ 1 ⎡ 0 −4⎤ ⎢
13. C −1 = ⎢ ⎥ =− ⎢ = 5⎥
4 ⎣ −1 5⎦⎥ ⎢ −6
1
⎣ 1 0⎦ − ⎥ 1 1
⎣4 4⎦ D z = 1 −1 −22 = −20
The answer is B.
2 1 −10
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
−1
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ −16 12 −20
x= = −4, y = = 3, z = = −5
14. ⎢2 1 0⎥ = ⎢2 1 0 0 1 0⎥ 4 4 4
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ The answer is B.
⎢⎣ 3 −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −4 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ Cumulative Review Exercises
R2 − 2 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 −2 1 0 ⎥
3R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ (Chapters P−6)
⎢⎣0 4 −1 3 0 −1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ 1. (−1 − 2) 2 + ( y − (−3)) 2 = 5 ⇒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 −2 1 0 ⎥ ⇒
4 R2 − R3 → R3
9 + ( y + 3) 2 = 25 ⇒ y 2 + 6 y − 7 = 0 ⇒
⎢ ⎥
( y + 7)( y − 1) = 0 ⇒ y = −7 or y = 1
⎣⎢0 0 1 −11 4 1⎦⎥
−1
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ 4 3 18
⎢2 ⎥ 2. − = ⇒
1 0 = ⎢ −2 1 0⎥ x − 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)( x − 1)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −11 4 1⎥⎦ 4( x + 2) − 3( x − 1) = 18 ⇒ x + 11 = 18 ⇒ x = 7
The answer is D. 3. 2 x − 5 = 3 ⇒ 2 x − 5 = 3 or 2 x − 5 = −3 ⇒
15. A 16. A x = 4 or x = 1

Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters P−6) 651
4. 4 x 2 = 8 x − 13 ⇒ 4 x 2 − 8 x + 13 = 0 ⇒ Test Value of
Interval Result
8 ± 64 − 4(4)(13) 8 ± −144 3 point x2 − 7x + 6
x= = = 1± i
2(4) 8 2 (−∞,1] 0 6 +
2
⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞ [1, 6] 2 –4 –
5. ⎜⎝ ⎟ − 3 ⎜⎝ ⎟ − 28 = 0
x+5 ⎠ x+5 ⎠ (6, ∞ ) 7 6 +
3x − 1
Let u = . Then we have u 2 − 3u − 28 = 0 ⇒ The solution set is [1, 6] .
x+5
(u + 4)(u − 7) = 0 ⇒ u = −4 or u = 7
9. The factors of the constant term are {±1, ±3} .
3x − 1 19
= −4 ⇒ 3x − 1 = −4 x − 20 ⇒ x = − The factors of the leading coefficient are
x+5
3x − 1
7
{±1, ±2, ±4} . The possible rational zeros are
= 7 ⇒ 3 x − 1 = 7 x + 35 ⇒ x = −9
x+5 ⎧ 1 1 3 3⎫
⎨±1, ± , ± , ±3, ± , ± ⎬ .
⎧ 19 ⎫ ⎩ 2 4 2 4⎭
The solution is ⎨− , −9⎬ .
⎩ 7 ⎭
10. Using synthetic division, we have
6. log 2 x + log 2 x + 6 = 4 ⇒ 1
4 8 −11 3
log 2 ( x ⋅ x + 6 ) = 4 ⇒ 2 4 = x 2 + 6 x ⇒ 2
2 5 −3
x 2 + 6 x = 16 or x 2 + 6 x = −16 4 10 −6 0
x 2 + 6 x − 16 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 8)( x − 2) = 0 ⇒
x = −8 or x = 2
⎛ 1⎞
(
4 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 11x + 3 = ⎜ x − ⎟ 4 x 2 + 10 x − 6
⎝ 2⎠
)
x + 6 x + 16 = 0 ⇒
2
The zeros of the depressed function
−6 ± 36 − 64 4 x 2 + 10 x − 6 are also zeros of the original
x= = −3 ± i 7 (reject this)
2 function.
The solution is {−8, 2}.
4 x 2 + 10 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ 2( x + 3)(2 x − 1) = 0 ⇒
7. Solve x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 and 1
1 x = −3 or x = .
2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = . The intervals to be tested 2
2 1
So is a zero of multiplicity 2.
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
are (−∞, −2) , ⎜ −2, ⎟ , and ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
11. h = kr 3 ⇒ 10,125 = k (153 ) ⇒ k = 3
Value of h = 3(20 3 ) = 24, 000 horsepower
Test
Interval x+2 Result
point
2x − 1 12. Let x = the number of acres to be annexed.
Then
(−∞, −2) –3 17 + 0.12(400 + x) = 0.02(400) + 0.2 x ⇒
48 + 0.12 x = 8 + 0.2 x ⇒ x = 500 square miles
(−2,1 2) 0 –2 –
13. Using substitution, we have
{
(1 2, ∞) 1 3 +
3x + y = 2
⇒ y = −3 x + 2
⎛1 ⎞ 4 x + 5 y = −1
The solution set is (−∞, −2) ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠ 4 x + 5(−3x + 2) = −1 ⇒ −11x + 10 = −1 ⇒
x = 1; y = −3(1) + 2 = −1
8. Solve the associated equation:
x 2 − 7 x + 6 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 6)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 6
or x = 1. The intervals are (−∞,1],[1, 6], and
[6, ∞).

14. Using elimination, we have ⎡ 1 2 − 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤

⎧2 x + y = 5
⇒⎨
⎧2 x + y=5
⇒ 17. ⎢ −1 3 0⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥ ⇒
⎨ 2 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩ y − 2 y = −3x + 5 ⎩3 x + y − 2 y = 5
2
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
⎧ −6 x − 3 y = −15 −1
⎨ ⇒ 2 y 2 − 7 y = −5 ⇒ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 − 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤
⎩ 6 x + 2 y − 4 y = 10
2
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1 3 0 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
2 y 2 − 7 y + 5 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 1)(2 y − 5) = 0 ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −3⎥⎦
5
y = 1 or y = ⎡ 3 2 6⎤ ⎡ 5⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
2
2x + 1 = 5 ⇒ x = 2 = ⎢ 1 1 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5
2x + = 5 ⇒ x =
5 ⎢⎣ 2 2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
2 4 The solution is {(1, 1, −1)}.
⎧ ⎛ 5 5 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨(2,1) , ⎜ , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎭ 18. a. F ( x) = ( x + 2) 2 + 3( x + 2) − 1 = x 2 + 7 x + 9
15. Shift the graph of f ( x) = x one unit left, b. F (4) = 4 2 + 7(4) + 9 = 53

stretch by a factor of 3, then shift the resulting
x
graph two units up. 19. y= . Switch the variables, and then
x+4
y
solve for y to find f −1 ( x) : x = ⇒
y+4
xy + 4 x = y ⇒ xy − y = −4 x ⇒
4x
y ( x − 1) = −4 x ⇒ y = − ⇒
x −1
4x
f −1 ( x) = −
x −1
20. Domain: (−∞, −4) ∪ (−4, ∞)
−1 Range: (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
⎡ 1 2 −2⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤
16. ⎢ −1 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢0 0⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 −2 1 1
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 5 −2 1 1 0 ⎥
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 R2 + 5 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 1 1 2⎥ ⇒
1
( R2 + 2 R3 ) → R2
⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 1 2 −2⎤ ⎡ 3 2 6⎤
⎢ −1 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 2 5⎥⎦

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Oh ! si j’avais su… je croyais au contraire que vous ne vouliez pas
qu’on vous voie ! Berthe dit : Nous pourrions nous en aller et souper
ailleurs. — C’est bien difficile, dit Daniel. De quoi aurions-nous l’air ?
Berthe ne voulut ni manger ni boire. Daniel finit par lui faire
prendre un petit verre d’anisette. Il se força à manger de la viande
froide, pour ne pas être venu là sans rien prendre.
Daniel parla de la pièce du Palais-Royal, puis de certains
incidents du mariage. Mais toutes les conversations s’éteignaient
après deux ou trois répliques. Berthe finit par lui dire : Si on rentrait,
je tombe de sommeil !
Dans la voiture, il la prit dans ses bras. Il mit ses lèvres sur les
siennes, et, dans cette attitude de recueillement, chacun d’eux
songea à ses affaires. Daniel était très fatigué et se demandait s’il lui
serait possible de s’endormir tout de suite, une fois arrivé. Il se
déshabilla et se coucha le premier pour chauffer le lit. Elle était très
longue à se déshabiller. Quand elle vint le rejoindre, il la prit dans
ses bras.
— Oh ! dit-elle, laissez-moi dormir. J’ai trop sommeil.
Il lui tourna brusquement le dos, comme s’il était très fâché.
— Qu’est-ce que vous avez ? dit-elle alarmée. Daniel ! vous
n’allez pas faire le méchant ?
— Vous ne m’aimez plus ? dit-il.
Très énervé, il se mit à pleurer silencieusement.
Elle lui passa la main sur la figure, et sentit ses larmes.
— Oh ! mon chéri, pourquoi est-ce que vous pleurez ?
Et elle se mit à pleurer aussi.
Alors il la prit dans ses bras. Après une étreinte frénétique et qui
lui sembla très longue, il l’embrassa tendrement sur les yeux,
l’installa du côté de la ruelle. Lui-même vint s’allonger sur le devant
du lit.
Moins d’une minute après, le couple dormait d’un sommeil
profond.
TABLE DES CHAPITRES
I. — Départ pour le bal 1

II. — Quadrille des lanciers 10
III. — Coup de foudre 18
IV. — Dimanche 29
V. — Dans les affaires 39
VI. — Pylade 49
VII. — Intermède 62
VIII. — Grande banlieue 72
IX. — Le double aveu 84
X. — La fête commence 95
XI. — Le retour 106
XII. — En famille 118
XIII. — Maison à louer 131
XIV. — On s’installe 144
XV. — A cheval 156
XVI. — Un point obscur 171
XVII. — Graves résolutions 180
XVIII. — Démarches officielles 191
XIX. — Fleurs et présents 207
XX. — Un ami véritable 220
XXI. — Conseil de famille 234
XXII. — Une démarche 245
XXIII. — La fiancée 256
XXIV. — Repas officiel 268
XXV. — André Bardot 283
XXVI. — L’enquête 299
XXVII. — Sagesse nocturne 314
XXVIII. — L’attachement 325
XXIX. — Épilogue 340
Châteauroux. — Imp. et Stér. A. Majesté et L. Bouchardeau.

A. Mellottée, Successeur.
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College Algebra 8th Edition Aufmann Solutions Manual

College Algebra 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

6.1 Practice Problems { x − 2 y = 1 ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤

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6.1 Basic Concepts and Skills ⎡ 1 −1 0 2 ⎤ ⎧ x + 2 y − 3z = 4

15. a13 = 3, a31 = 9, a33 = 11, a34 = 12 ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤

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The solution is {(5, −2)}.

The solution is {(−4 y − 4, y, 3)} . ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦

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79. a. {a = 0.1b + 1000

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⎡ 1 −0.4 −0.2 10, 000⎤ ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤

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6.1 Beyond the Basics ⎡ 1 10 ⎤

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⎧a (1) 3 + b(1) 2 + c(1) + d = 8 ac

b. False. For example,

From equation (1) we have y = 2x − 5.

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114. True. ( x 4 + x 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ 103 − 3⎞⎟⎠ = 1 ⇒ ( x 4 + x 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ 13 ⎞⎟⎠ = 1 ⇒ x 4 + x 2 = 3

⎡ 7 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −3⎤ ⎡14 −8⎤ ⎡ 3 −9⎤ ⎡ 11 1⎤

⎡ 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 7⎤ ⎡ 5 −5⎤ ⎡ 4 14⎤

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⎡ 7 1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡ 7(2) + 1(4) 7(−1) + 1(4) ⎤ ⎡18 −3⎤

6.2 Basic Concepts and Skills

3. The product of a 1 × n matrix A and n × 1 matrix B is 1 × 1 matrix.

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⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 12 0 −3⎤ ⎡ 6 2 0⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 −3⎤

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⎡4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4(4) − 1(2) + 4(1) 4(−1) − 1(3) + 4(5) 4(4) − 1(1) + 4(2)⎤

⎡1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡1(1) + 0(2) + 2(0) 1(0) + 0(1) + 2(1) 1(2) + 0(0) + 2(3) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 8⎤

⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 6 −9⎤ ⎡ 6 2 0⎤ ⎡ −3 4 −9⎤

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⎡4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4(4) − 1(2) + 4(1) 4(−1) − 1(3) + 4(5) 4(4) − 1(1) + 4(2)⎤

⎡1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡1(1) + 0(2) + 2(0) 1(0) + 0(1) + 2(1) 1(2) + 0(0) + 2(3) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 8⎤

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