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CHAPTER 6 Algebra Toolbox 367
Chapter 6 8. x 4 − 21x 2 + 80
Higher-Degree Polynomial and Rational
Functions = ( x 2 − 16 )( x 2 − 5 )
= ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) ( x 2 − 5 )
Toolbox Exercises
1. a. The polynomial is 4th degree.

9. 2 x4 − 8x2 + 8
b. The leading coefficient is 3. = 2 ( x4 − 4 x2 + 4)
= 2 ( x 2 − 2 )( x 2 − 2 )
rd
2. a. The polynomial is 3 degree.
= 2 ( x2 − 2)
2
b. The leading coefficient is 5.
10. 3x 5 − 24 x 3 + 48 x
= 3x ( x 4 − 8 x 2 + 16 )
b. The leading coefficient is –14.
= 3x ( x 2 − 4 )( x 2 − 4 )
= 3x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
= 3x ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 )
2 2
b. The leading coefficient is –8.
x − 3y x − 3y 1
5. 4 x 3 − 8 x 2 − 140 x 11. = =
3x − 9 y 3 ( x − 3 y ) 3
= 4 x ( x 2 − 2 x − 35 )
= 4 x ( x − 7 )( x + 5 )
x 2 − 9 ( x + 3)( x − 3) x − 3
12. = =
4 x + 12 4 ( x + 3) 4
6. 4 x 2 + 7 x3 − 2 x 4
= −2 x 4 + 7 x 3 + 4 x 2
2 y3 − 2 y
= −1x ( 2 x − 7 x − 4 )
2 2 13.
y2 − y
= − x 2 ( 2 x + 1)( x − 4 ) 2 y ( y 2 − 1)
=
y ( y − 1)
7. x 4 − 13x 2 + 36 2 y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
=
y ( y − 1)
= ( x 2 − 9 )( x 2 − 4 )
= 2 ( y + 1) = 2 y + 2
= ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

368 CHAPTER 6 Higher-Degree Polynomials and Rational Functions
4 x3 − 3x ⎛ 2x − 3 ⎞
14. 19. ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⎜ ⎟
x2 − x ⎝ x+2 ⎠
x ( 4 x 2 − 3) = ( x − 2 )( 2 x − 3)
=
x ( x − 1) = 2x2 − 7 x + 6
4 x2 − 3
= x2  x  6 9  x2
x −1 20.  2
1 x  3x
x  x  6 x 2  3x
2
 
x2 − 6 x + 8 1 9  x2
15.
x 2 − 16  x  3 x  2 x  x  3
 
=
( x − 4 )( x − 2 ) 1   x  3 x  3
( x + 4 )( x − 4 )   x  x  2
x−2
=
x+4
4x  4 8x2  8x
21.  2
x  4 x  6x  8
3x 2 − 7 x − 6 4 x  4 x2  6 x  8
16.  
x2 − 4 x + 3 x  4 8x2  8x
=
(3x + 2 )( x − 3) 4  x  1  x  2 x  4
( x − 3)( x − 1)  
x4 8 x  x  1
3x + 2 x2
= 
x −1 2x
6 x 3 16 x 15 y 4
17.  
8 y 3 9 y 2 x3 6 x2 3x 2  12 x
22.  2
1440 x 4 y 4 4 x y  12 xy x  x  12
2

72 x 3 y 5 6 x2 x 2  x  12
 
20 x 4 x 2 y  12 xy 3x 2  12 x

y 6 x2  x  4 x  3
 
4 xy  x  3 3 x  x  4
1
x3 x  x  4 
18.  2y
x  x  4 x  3
3
x

x3
1
 2
x

x2  x x 2  2 x  3 x3  3x 2 27.
23.   5 x2 4
x  5x  6 2x  4
2
4  x2  2  3 LCD: x 3
x2  x x2  2 x  3 4  x2 x x x
 2   5 x 2 x  x  2 4
x  5 x  6 2 x  4 x3  3x 2  3   3
 x  x  1 x  3 x  1 x  2 x  2 x x3 x
 5x   x  2 x  4
 x  3 x  2 2  x  2 x 2  x  3
2 2

x3
  x  1
2
 5x2  x2  2 x  4
2 x  x  3 
x3
6 x  2 3x  2 4 x2  2 x  4
24.  LCD: 3xy 
3 xy 3xy x3
9x

3 xy
3

y
2x  3 4x  3
25.  LCD: x 2  1
x2  1 x2  1
6x  6
 2
x 1
6  x  1

 x  1 x  1
6

x 1
1 2
26. 3 + 2
− 3 LCD: x 3
x x
3x3 x 2
= 3 + 3− 3
x x x
3
3x + x − 2
=
x3

28.
a a−2 a a−2
− 2 = − 2 LCD: a 2 ( a − 2 )
2
a − 2a a a (a − 2) a
a (a ) ( a − 2 )( a − 2 )
= −
a ( a )( a − 2 ) a2 (a − 2)
a2 a 2 − 4a + 4
= −
a2 (a − 2) a2 (a − 2)
a 2 − ( a 2 − 4a + 4 )
=
a2 (a − 2)
a 2 − a 2 + 4a − 4
=
a2 (a − 2)
4a − 4
=
a (a − 2)
2
4 ( a − 1)
=
a2 (a − 2)
4a − 4
=
a 3 − 2a 2
29.
5x 8x 5x 8x
+ = 2 +
4
x − 16 x + 2 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x + 2
2
5x 8x
= + LCD: (x 2
+ 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
( x + 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x + 2
2
5x 8x ( x2 + 4)( x − 2)
= +
( x2 + 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
5 x + 8 x ( x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 )
=
(x 2
+ 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
5 x + 8 x 4 − 16 x 3 + 32 x 2 − 64 x
=
( x2 + 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
8 x 4 − 16 x 3 + 32 x 2 − 59 x
=
( x2 + 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
8 x 4 − 16 x 3 + 32 x 2 − 59 x
=
x 4 − 16

30. 33.
x −1 2 2x + 1 5 x +1
− + −
x + 1 x ( x + 1) 2 ( 2 x − 1) 2 x x ( 2 x − 1)
{LCD: x ( x + 1)} {LCD: 2 x ( 2 x − 1)}
x ( x − 1) 2 x ( 2 x + 1) 5 ( 2 x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
= − = + −
x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1) 2 x ( 2 x − 1) 2 x ( 2 x − 1) 2 x ( 2 x − 1)
x2 − x − 2 2 x 2 + x + (10 x − 5 ) − ( 2 x + 2 )
= =
x ( x + 1) 2 x ( 2 x − 1)
=
( x − 2 )( x + 1) 2 x 2 + x + 10 x − 5 − 2 x − 2
=
x ( x + 1) 2 x ( 2 x − 1)
x−2 2 x2 + 9 x − 7 2 x2 + 9 x − 7
= = =
x 2 x ( 2 x − 1) 4 x2 − 2 x
31. 34.
1 2 1 1
1  2 
x2 x x y
LCD: x 2  x  2  1

1
x 2  x  2 x2 2  x  2 x y
   2
x  x  2 x  x  2 x  x  2
2 2
LCD: xy
x3  x 2  2 x  4 yx
 
x 2  x  2 yx
32. 35.
x7 x2 5 3
 2 
x  9 x  20 x  5 x  4
2 2y y
1 1
LCD:  x  5 x  4 x  1 
4 3y
 x  7 x  1  x  2 x  5
  LCD: 12y
 x  5 x  4 x  1  x  5 x  4 x  1
30  36
2 x 2  11x  3 
 3y  4
 x  5 x  4 x  1 66

3y  4

36. 38.
2 1 x 4 − x3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x + 2

1 x x + 1 x + 0 x 4 + x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x − 1
5
2 x 3x
 x5 + x 4
1 x 1
LCD: x  x  1 − x 4 + x3
2x2  2x  x  1 − x 4 − x3

2 x3  2 x 2  3x 2 2 x3 + 0 x 2
2 x2  x  1 2 x3 + 2 x 2

2 x3  x 2 − 2 x2 + 0 x
(2 x  1)( x  1)
 − 2 x2 − 2 x
x 2 (2 x  1)
2x −1
x 1
 2x + 2
x2
−3
37. Thus, the quotient is:
1 2 x 4 − x 3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x + 2 with remainder − 3.

1 x2 or
x  6 10
 3
1 x 1 x 4 − x3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x + 2 −
x +1
LCD:  x  2 x  1
x2  x  2  2 x  2
 39.
( x  6)( x  1)( x  2)  10( x  2)
a3 + a 2
x 2  3x  4
 a + 2 a + 3a 3 + 2a 2
4
( x  2)( x 2  5 x  4)
( x  4)( x  1) a 4 + 2a 3

( x  2)( x  4)( x  1) a 3 + 2a 2
x 1 a 3 + 2a 2

( x  2)( x  1) 0
Thus, the quotient is:
a 3 + a 2 with remainder 0.

40.
3x3 − x 2 + 6 x − 2
x − 2 3x − x + 0 x3 + 0 x 2 + 5 x − 1
2 5 4
3x5 − 6 x3
− x 4 + 6 x3 + 0 x 2
− x4 + 2x2
6 x3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x
6 x3 − 12 x
− 2 x 2 + 17 x − 1
−2 x 2 +4
17 x − 5
(3 x 3
− x2 + 6 x − 2 ) with rem (17 x − 5 )
or
17 x − 5
3x3 − x 2 + 6 x − 2 +
x2 − 2
41.
x2 + 1
2 4 3 2
3x − 1 3x + 0 x + 2 x + 0 x + 1
3x 4 − x2
3x 2 + 0 x + 1
3x 2 −1
2
x 2 + 1 with remainder 2
or
2
x2 + 1 + 2
3x − 1

Section 6.1 Skills Check 3. a. g ( x) = 3 x 4 − 12 x 2
1. a. h( x) = 3 x 3 + 5 x 2 − x − 10
b.
b.
Window b) gives a complete graph.

4. a. g ( x) = 3 x 4 − 4 x 2 + 10
2. a. f ( x) = 2 x3 − 3 x 2 − 6 x
b.
b.

CHAPTER 6 Section 6.1 375
5. a. The x-intercepts appear to be −2 , 1, and 10. a. The x-intercepts appear to be −2 , and 3.

2.
b. The leading coefficient is negative since
b. The leading coefficient is positive since the graph falls to the right.
the graph rises to the right.
c. The function is quartic since the end
c. The function is cubic since the end behavior is “both ends opening down”.
behavior is “one end up and one end
down”.
11. matches with graph C since it is cubic with a
positive leading coefficient.
6. a. The x-intercepts appear to be −1 , 2, and
3.
12. matches with graph A since it is cubic with a
b. The leading coefficient is negative since negative leading coefficient and y-intercept
the graph falls to the right. (0, 2).

behavior is “both ends opening down”. 13. matches with graph E since it is cubic with a
negative leading coefficient and y-intercept
(0, −6 ).
5.
14. matches with graph B since it is quartic with
b. The leading coefficient is negative since a positive leading coefficient and y-intercept
the graph falls to the right. (0, 12).
c. The function is cubic since the end

behavior is “one end up and one end 15. matches with graph F since it is quartic with
down”. a positive leading coefficient and y-intercept
(0, 3).

5. 16. matches with graph D since it is quartic with
a negative leading coefficient.
b. The leading coefficient is positive since
17. a. The polynomial is 3rd degree, and the
c. The function is quartic since the end leading coefficient is 2.
behavior is “both ends opening up”.
b. The graph rises right and falls left
because the leading coefficient is
9. a. The x-intercepts appear to be −1.5 and positive and the function is cubic.
1.5.
c. f ( x) = 2 x3 − x
b. The leading coefficient is positive since

behavior is “both ends opening up”.

20. a. The polynomial is 4th degree, and the

leading coefficient is –3.
b. The graph falls right and falls left

negative and the function is quartic.
c. g ( x) = −3( x − 3) 2 ( x − 1) 2
18. a. The polynomial is 4th degree, and the

leading coefficient is 0.3.
b. The graph rises right and rises left

positive and the function is quartic.
c. g ( x) = 0.3 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 17 x
21. a. y = x3 − 3x 2 − x + 3
19. a. The polynomial is 3rd degree, and the b. Yes, the graph is complete. As
leading coefficient is –2. suggested by the degree of the cubic
function, three x-intercepts show, along
b. The graph falls right and rises left with the y-intercept.
negative and the function is cubic.
22. a. y = x3 + 6 x 2 − 4 x
c. f ( x) = −2( x − 1)( x 2 − 4)
b. No. One turning point does not show.

23. a. y = 25 x − x 3 25. a. y = x 4 − 4 x3 + 4 x 2
b. b.
c. The window in part b) yields the best

24. a. 3
y = x − 16 x view of the turning points.
26. a. y = x4 − 4x2
b.
b. Yes. The graph is complete.
27. a. y = x 4 − 4 x 2 − 12

b. The graph has three turning points. 31.
c. No, since the polynomial is degree 4, it

has at most three turning points.
28. a. y = x4 + 6x2
Answers will vary. One such graph is

for the function, f ( x) = x 4 − 3 x 2 − 4 , as
shown.
32.
b. Yes, since the polynomial is degree 4, it
has at most three turning points. It
could have 3 or 1 turning points.
29.

for the function,
f ( x) = − x 3 + 3 x 2 + x − 3 , as shown.
33. a. y = x3 + 4 x 2 + 5
for the function, f ( x) = −4 x 3 + 4 , as
shown.
30.

for the function, f ( x) = x 3 − 5 x − 1 , as
shown.

b. c.
[–10, 10] by [–10, 30] [–10, 10] by [–20, 20]
The local maximum is approximately

( −2.67,14.48 ) .
c.
[–10, 10] by [–20, 20]
The local minima are ( −2, −16 ) and

[–10, 10] by [–10, 30]
( 2, −16 ) .
The local minimum is ( 0,5 ) .
34. a. y = x4 − 8x2 35. y = x 4 − 4 x 3 + 4 x 2
b. The local maximum is (1,1) . The local

minima are ( 0,0 ) and ( 2,0 ) .
[–10, 10] by [–20, 20]
The local maximum is ( 0,0 ) .

36. a. y = − x3 − x 2 + 9 x c.
b. d. Fifty units yield revenue of $10,000.
38. a. R ( x) = 2000 x + 30 x 2 − 0.3 x 3
c. The graph in part b) resembles a 2nd

degree (quadratic) function.
b. Based on the physical context of the

Section 6.1 Exercises problem, both x and R(x) should be
nonnegative.
37. a. R = −0.1x 3 + 11x 2 − 100 x
c.
There are two turning points.

d. Sixty units yield revenue of $163,200.
b. Based on the physical context of the
problem, both x and R should be
nonnegative.

39. a. 40. a.
b. Selling 60 units yield a maximum daily b. Selling 28 units yield a maximum

revenue of $28,800. weekly revenue of $50,176.
c. R = 600 x − 0.1x 3 + 4 x 2 c. R ( x) = 2800 x − 8 x 2 − x 3
Answers will vary for the window. Answers will vary for the window.
d. The graph in part a) represents the d. The graph in part a) represents the
physical situation better since both the physical situation better since both the
number of units produced and the number of units produced and the
revenue must be nonnegative. revenue must be nonnegative.
e. As shown in part a), the graph is e. As shown in part a), the graph is
increasing on the interval ( 0,60 ) . increasing on the interval ( 0, 28 ) .
41. a. S = 2000(1 + r )3
Rate, r Future Value, S($)

0.00 2,000.00
0.05 2,315.25
0.10 2,662.00
0.15 3,041.75
0.20 3,456.00

b. 43. a. y  10.3x 3  400 x 2  5590 x  8694
c. At the 20% rate, the investment yields b.

$3456. At the 10% rate, the investment
yields $2662. Therefore, the 20% rate
yields $794 more.
d. The 10% rate is more realistic.
42. a. S = 10000(1 + r )5
In 2020, when x = 20, the number of
Rate, r Future Value, S($) Starbucks stores is projected to be
0.00 10,000.00 25,506 stores.
0.05 12,762.82
0.07 14,025.52 c. No; according to the model, the number
0.12 17,623.42 of stores will not decrease.
0.18 22,877.58
44. a. y  0.000233x3  0.0186 x 2
b.  2.32 x  235
c. At the 24% rate, the investment yields b.

$29,316.25. At the 10% rate, the
investment yields $16,105.10.
Therefore, the 24% rate yields
$13,211.15 more.

0.10 16,105.10
0.24 29,316.25
d. The 10% rate is more realistic.

In 2022, when x = 42, the U.S. c.

population is projected to be 348 million
people.
c.
[0, 35] by [0, 10]
The maximum number of

subscriberships is projected in the year
[0, 70] by [200, 450] 2024 when x = 34.
Using the maximum function on a 46. a.

calculator, the maximum U.S.
population over this time period is
projected to be 408.6 million.
45. a. y  0.00728 x3  0.0414 x 2

 0.296 x  0.340
There are approximately 7.2 million

people working full time who are 50
years old.
b.
b.
[27, 62] by [0, 10]
The maximum number of workers

In 2020, when x = 30, the number of occurs at the point (46.062, 7.376). This
subscriberships is estimated to be indicates that the maximum number of
approximately 9.064 billion. full time workers is 7.4 million people
when they are 46 years old.

c. c.
[27, 62] by [0, 10] [15, 86] by [0, 33]
Approximately 6.27 million at x = 27.8. The number of crashes among older

This and looking at the graph indicates drivers will reach 8 per million miles
that there is a low point in the number of around the age of 83, when x = 83.7.
workers at age 27, but that is not the age
where the lowest number occurs d.
according to the data.
47. a. y  0.00001828 x 4  0.003925 x3

 0.3031x 2  9.907 x  118.2
[15, 86] by [0, 33]
The minimum number of crashes occur

when x = 35, age 35.
b. 48. a.
y = −0.0000929 x 4 + 0.00784 x 3 − 0.226 x 2
+ 2.508 x + 34.347
When a driver is 22, when x = 22, the

number of crashes is estimated to be
approximately 9.4 per million miles. [5, 30] by [40, 44]
The minimum median salary between

1980 and 2000 is $41,856 and occurred
in the year 1993.

b.
2000 units produced and sold yields
a maximum profit.
b. The maximum profit is $90,000.
50. a. P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x)
= (60,000 x − 50 x 2 ) −
[10, 40] by [40, 45]
(800 + 100 x 2
+ x3 )
No, the model gives a lower median
= − x 3 − 150 x 2 + 60,000 x − 800
salary in 2006 ($41,486).
49. a.
P (x) = R (x) − C (x)
= (120 x − 0.015 x 2 ) −
(10,000 + 60 x − 0.03x 2
+ 0.00001x3 )
= −0.00001x 3 + 0.015 x 2 +
60 x − 10,000 [0, 200] by [–500,000, 5,000,000]
The maximum of the function occurs

when x = 100. Therefore, the maximum
profit occurs when 100,000 units are
produced and sold.
b. The maximum profit is $3,499,200.
[0, 5000] by [–20,000, 120,000]

Section 6.2 Skills Check 5. a.
1. 3 2
40 y = x - 2x
30
20
10
0
-4 -2 -10 0 2 4 6
-20
b. It appears that a cubic model will fit the
data better.
3 2
6. a.
2. y = 2.972x - 3.36x - 3.7x +
10000
1
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000 0 5 10 15 20
b. It appears that a cubic model will fit the

250 data better.
4 2
y =x - 4x
3. 200 7. a.
150
100
50
0
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
-50
b.
4 2
400 y = 1.5x - 1.75x
4. 350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 c. It appears that a cubic model will fit the
-4 -2 -50 0 2 4 6 data better.

8. a. 10. a.
b.
c. Both models fit the data equally well. b. The quartic model appears to be the
better fit.
3 2
9. a. y = 35.000x - 333.667x +
1600 60
920.762x - 677.714 11. 4 2
1400 50 y = x - 4x - 3x + 1
1200
40
1000
800 30
600 20
400
10
200
0 0
-200 0 2 4 6 8 -4 -2 0 2 4
-10
-20
4 3
b. y = 12.515x - 165.242x +
2
748.000x - 1324.814x +
1600 738.286 12. Yes. The model found in Exercise 11 is a
1400
4th degree polynomial, and fits the data and
scatter plot exactly.
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8
-200

13. Section 6.2 Exercises

First Second Third
x f(x)
Difference Difference Difference 17. a. The cubic equation is
0 0 y  0.00556 x 3  0.145 x 2
1 1 1
2 5 4 3 4.725 x  50.740
3 24 19 15 12
4 60 36 17 2 b. For the year 2022, x = 17. Using the
5 110 50 14 –3 unrounded model, the percent of
households with internet access for 2022
The function f(x) is not exactly cubic. is estimated to be 61.8%.
c. The graphs of the data and the model

14. appear to be a good fit.
First Second Third
x g(x)
Difference Difference Difference 18. a. y = 0.0002 x 3 − 0.0264 x 2 + 1.6019 x
0 0 +2.1990
1 0.5 0.5
2 4 3.5 3 b.
3 13.5 9.5 6 3
4 32 18.5 9 3
5 62.5 30.5 12 3
The function g(x) is exactly cubic.
15. 3 2
y = 0.565x + 2.425x - 4.251x +
120
0.556
100
c. Yes. It appears the model fits the data
80
well.
60
40 19. a.
20
0
-20 0 2 4 6
16. 70
60 y = 0.5x3
50
40
b. The equation is
30 y  0.00000486 x 3  0.000825 x 2
20 0.0336 x  2.11
10
0
0 2 4 6

c. b.
It is a good fit to the data. c.
d. For the year 2022, x = 82. Using the

unrounded model, the world population
for 2022 is estimated to be 7.737 billion
people.
e.
[15, 65] by [20, 60]
According to the intercept above, at the

age of 57, when x = 56.99, the median
income is estimated to be $56,520.
21. a. The cubic function is:

y  0.00000537 x 3  0.000369 x 2
[0, 120] by [0, 10]
 0.0844 x  26.0
According to the intercept above, in the
year 2026, when x = 86, the world b. In 2020, when x = 120, the age at first
population is estimated to be 8 billion. marriage for men will be 30 (when
x = 30.5) years.
f. No; the model is not a good predictor
because it predicts that the world 22. a. The quartic function is:
population will decrease. y  0.000000297 x 4  0.0000742 x 3
0.00478 x 2  0.0664 x
21.7
y  0.000864 x3  0.128 x 2
6.606 x  62.650 b. In 2020, when x = 120, the age at first
marriage for women will be 27 (when
x = 27.4) years.

23. a. The equation is b.

y  0.000487 x3  0.162 x 2
19.8 x  388
b.
[0, 20] by [0, 6]
The fit is only fair.

It is a good fit to the data. y = 0.000078 x3 − 0.01069 x 2 − 0.1818 x
+64.6848
c. For the year 2022, x = 52. Using the
unrounded model, China’s labor pool b.
for 2022 is estimated to be 913 million
people.
d.
[0, 120] by [0, 100]
In 2000, when x = 99.2, the per cent of

elderly men in the work force reached
[ - 2, 90] by [400, 1000] its minimum.
Using the maximum function, the 26. a. The equation is
maximum point will be (49.95, 914.08).
This means that in the year 2020 (1970 y  0.000841x3  0.0481x 2
+ 50), the labor pool will have a 0.390 x  0.581
maximum of approximately 914 million
people. b.
24. a. The quartic function is:
y = 0.00028 x 4 − 0.01155 x3 + 0.17835 x 2

−1.18426 x + 5.21895

c. For the year 2024, x = 34. Using the 28. a.

unrounded model, the world cell phone
subscribership for 2024 is estimated to
be 9.83 billion people.
27. a.
b. Based on the scatter plot, it appears that

a cubic model will fit the data well.
The cubic function is:

y = −0.00082 x 3 + 0.125 x 2 − 1.7446 x
[0, 80] by [200, 450]
+25.0583
b. The equation is
c. In 2015, when x = 70, the CPI is
y  0.000233 x3  0.0186 x 2 estimated to be 235.2.
2.33 x  235
29. a.
c.
b. The equation is
It is an excellent fit to the data. y  2.481x3  52.251x 2
528.682 x  5192.580
d.
c.
The model does not seem appropriate

for the increased time period, because it d. For the year 2023, x = 23. Using the
predicts that the population of the U.S. unrounded model, the amount of federal
will begin to decrease, and that does not tax per capita for 2023 is estimated to be
seem likely. $19,894 per person.

e. 32. a. The quartic function is:

y = −0.0006 x 4 + 0.0221x3 − 0.2582 x 2
+0.5576 x + 9.3990
b.
[-2, 25] by [0, 20000]

year 2021, when x = 21, the amount of
federal tax per capita is estimated to be
$16,226 per person. c.
30. a. The quartic equation is

y = 0.0041x 4 − 0.222 x3 + 4.287 x 2
−34.840 x + 101.342
b. For the year 2012, x = 22. Using the

unrounded model, the percent change in
the GDP for 2012 is estimated to be
5.06%. The rounded model estimates the
homicide rate in 2011, when x = 21, to
c. No, according to the model, the percent be –4.8 per 100,000 people. No, a
change in the GDP for 2014 is estimated negative value is not possible.
to be 23.50%, which is unlikely.
33. a.
y = −0.00007 x3 + 0.00567 x 2
+0.863x + 16.009
b.
[0, 120] by [0, 100]
In 2046, when x = 96.5, the number of

women in the work force will reach its
maximum.

b. The quadratic function is:

y  0.117 x 2  3.79 x  45.3 c. The quartic function is:
y = 0.0111x 4 − 0.2523 x3 + 1.8365 x 2
−5.0400 x + 8.8515
c. The cubic function is:

y  0.00188 x3  0.0954 x 2  2.79 x d. See parts b) and c).
2.70
e. The cubic is a better choice for
prediction after 2010 since it is likely
that ad revenue will continue to
decrease.
35. a.
d. The cubic model is a better fit for the

data.
34. a.
b. The equation is
y  0.02189 x3  1.511x 2
13.67 x  347.4
c.
b. The cubic function is:

y = −0.0307 x3 + 0.4519 x 2 − 2.2708 x
+8.0540
The model is a good fit to the data.

d. For the year 2026, x = 26. Using the

unrounded model, the millions of metric
tons of emission for 2026 is estimated to
be 628.4million metric tons.
e.

y  0.0576 x 3  0.0774 x 2  1.96 x
99.2
[8, 45] by [200, 1000]

year 2035, when x = 35, the number of
carbon emissions is estimated to be 781
million metric tons.
36. a. The cubic function is: c. The cubic model is a better fit for the
y = 0.0944 x3 − 25.9401x 2 data.
+2273.2513x − 45,827.8973
38. a.
b.

[0, 120] by [0, 22,000] y  5.321x3  92.084 x 2
2012.336 x  33,883.443
When x = 72.5, which corresponds to
the year 1973, the number of U.S. c.
workers who were union members was
maximized.
c. The relative maximum from the model

agrees fairly well with the data.
37. a. The quadratic function is:

y  0.169 x 2  0.381x  99.9

d. The quartic function is:

y  4.457 x 4  130.123x3
1191.736 x 2  5176.940 x
32,353.737
e. The quartic function is a better fit to the

data, but for extrapolation after 2014,
the cubic function predicts that the
number of people covered by Medicaid
will continue to increase.

Section 6.3 Skills Check 6. 2 x3 − 8 x = 0
1. (2 x − 3)( x + 1)( x − 6) = 0 2 x ( x2 − 4) = 0
2 x − 3 = 0, x + 1 = 0, x − 6 = 0 2 x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
x = 3 / 2, x = −1, x = 6 2 x = 0, x + 2 = 0, x − 2 = 0
x = 0, x = −2, x = 2
2. (3x + 1)(2 x − 1)( x + 5) = 0 Checking graphically

3x + 1 = 0, 2 x − 1 = 0, x + 5 = 0
x = −1 / 3, x = 1 / 2, x = −5
3. ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 4)(2 x − 5) = 0
x + 1 = 0, x − 4 = 0, 2 x − 5 = 0
x = −1, x = 4, x = 5 / 2
[–10, 10] by [–50, 50]

4. (2 x + 3) 2 (5 − x) 2 = 0
2 x + 3 = 0,5 − x = 0
x = −3 / 2, x = 5 7. x 4 − 4 x3 + 4 x 2 = 0
x2 ( x2 − 4 x + 4) = 0
x 2 ( x − 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
5. x 3 − 16 x = 0
x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x − 2 = 0
x ( x 2 − 16 ) = 0
x = 0, x = 2
x ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0 Checking graphically
x = 0, x + 4 = 0, x − 4 = 0
x = 0, x = −4, x = 4
Checking graphically
[–5, 5] by [–5, 10]
8. x 4 − 6 x3 + 9 x 2 = 0
[–10, 10] by [–50, 50] x2 ( x2 − 6 x + 9) = 0
x 2 ( x − 3)( x − 3) = 0
x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x − 3 = 0
x = 0, x = 3

Checking graphically Checking graphically
[–5, 5] by [–5, 10] [–3, 3] by [–1, 3]
9. 4 x3 − 4 x = 0 11. x 3 − 4 x 2 − 9 x + 36 = 0
4 x ( x 2 − 1) = 0 (x 3
− 4 x 2 ) + ( −9 x + 36 ) = 0
4 x ( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 x 2 ( x − 4 ) + ( −9 )( x − 4 ) = 0
4 x = 0, x + 1 = 0, x − 1 = 0 ( x − 4)( x2 − 9) = 0
x = 0, x = −1, x = 1
( x − 4 )( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0
Checking graphically x − 4 = 0, x + 3 = 0, x − 3 = 0
x = 4, x = −3, x = 3
12. x 3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 20 = 0
(x 3
+ 5 x 2 ) + ( −4 x − 20 ) = 0
x 2 ( x + 5 ) + ( −4 )( x + 5 ) = 0
( x + 5)( x2 − 4) = 0
[–5, 5] by [–5, 10] ( x + 5 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
x + 5 = 0, x + 2 = 0, x − 2 = 0
10. x 4 − 3x 3 + 2 x 2 = 0 x = −5, x = −2, x = 2
x 2 ( x 2 − 3x + 2 ) = 0
x 2 ( x − 2 )( x − 1) = 0 13. 3x 3 − 4 x 2 − 12 x + 16 = 0
x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x − 2 = 0, x − 1 = 0 (3 x 3
− 4 x 2 ) + ( −12 x + 16 ) = 0
x = 0, x = 2, x = 1 x 2 (3x − 4 ) + ( −4 )(3x − 4 ) = 0
(3 x − 4 ) ( x 2 − 4 ) = 0
(3x − 4 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
4
x = , x = −2, x = 2
3

14. 4 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 36 x − 72 = 0 1 4
17. x −8 = 0
4 ( x + 2 x − 9 x − 18 ) = 0
3 2 2
1 4
x =8
4 ⎡⎣( x 3 + 2 x 2 ) + ( −9 x − 18 )⎤⎦ = 0 2
4 ⎡⎣ x 2 ( x + 2 ) + ( −9 )( x + 2 )⎤⎦ = 0 ⎛1 ⎞
2 ⎜ x 4 ⎟ = 2 (8 )
⎝2 ⎠
4[( x + 2)( x 2 − 9)] = 0
x 4 = 16
4( x + 2)( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0
x = −2, x = −3, x = 3
4
x 4 = ± 4 16
x = ±2
15. 2 x 3 − 16 = 0
2 x 3 = 16
x3 = 8
3
x3 = 3 8
x=2
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
[–5, 5] by [–20, 20]
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]

16. 3x 3 − 81 = 0
3 x 3 = 81 18. 2 x 4 − 162 = 0
x 3 = 27 2 x 4 = 162
3
x 3 = 3 27 x 4 = 81
x=3 4
x 4 = ± 4 81
x = ±3
[–5, 5] by [–100, 20]

[–5, 5] by [–180, 40]

22.
0.2 x 3 − 24 x = 0
0.2 x ( x 2 − 120 ) = 0
0.2 x = 0, x 2 − 120 = 0
0.2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
x 2 − 120 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 120
[–5, 5] by [–180, 40] x 2 = ± 120 = ± 4 × 30
x = ±2 30
19. 4 x 4 − 8 x 2 = 0 x = 0, x = ±2 30
4 x2 ( x2 − 2) = 0
4 x 2 = 0, x 2 − 2 = 0 23. x 4 − 6 x 2 + 9 = 0
4 x2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0 (x 2
− 3)( x 2 − 3) = 0
x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 2 x 2 − 3 = 0, x 2 − 3 = 0
x2 = ± 2 x2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 3
x=± 2 x2 = ± 3
x = ± 2, x = 0 x=± 3
20. 24. x 4 − 10 x 2 + 25 = 0
3x 4 − 24 x 2 = 0
(x 2
− 5 )( x 2 − 5 ) = 0
3x ( x − 8 ) = 0
2 2
2 2
x 2 − 5 = 0, x 2 − 5 = 0
3x = 0, x − 8 = 0
2
x2 − 5 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 5
3x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
x2 = ± 5
x2 − 8 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 8
x=± 5
x2 = ± 8 = ± 4 × 2
x = ±2 2
25. a. f ( x) = 0 implies x = −3, x = 1, x = 4 .
x = 0, x = ±2 2
Note that the x-intercepts are the
solutions.
21. 0.5 x 3 − 12.5 x = 0 b. The factors are (x + 3) (x – 1)(x – 4).

0.5 x ( x − 25 ) = 0
2
0.5 x ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) = 0 26. a. f ( x) = 0 implies x = −2, x = 0.5, x = 8 .

x = 0, x = −5, x = 5 Note that the x-intercepts are the
solutions.
b. The factors are (x + 2) (x – ½) (x – 8).

27. a. The x-intercepts appear to be at –1, 2,

and 3. Since the graph only touches at x
= –1, the factor x + 1 will be squared.
b. The factors are (x + 1)2 (x – 2)(x – 3).

and 5. Since the graph only touches at x
= –1, the factor x + 1 will be squared. [–10, 10] by [–125, 125]
b. The factors are (x + 1)2 (x – 2)(x – 5). 3

x = −2, x = 0.75 or ,x =5
4
29. a. The x-intercepts appear to be at –1, 1, 32. The x-intercepts (zeros) are the solutions of
and 5. 2 x 3 − 15 x 2 − 62 x + 120 = 0.
b. The factors are (x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 5).

and 2.
b. The factors are (x + 2) (x – 1) (x – 2).
31. The x-intercepts (zeros) are the solutions of [–10, 15] by [–400, 300]
4 x 3 − 15 x 2 − 31x + 30 = 0.
[–10, 10] by [–125, 125] [–10, 15] by [–400, 300]
[–10, 10] by [–125, 125] [–10, 15] by [–400, 300]
x = −4, x = 1.5, x = 10

Section 6.3 Exercises b. Yes.
33. a. R = 400 x − x 3
400 x − x 3 = 0
x ( 400 − x 2 ) = 0
x ( 20 − x )( 20 + x ) = 0
x = 0, 20 − x = 0, 20 + x = 0
x = 0, − x = −20, x = −20
x = 0, x = 20, x = −20
35. a. R = (100,000 − 0.1x 2 ) x
In the physical context of the problem,
selling zero units or selling 20 units will (100,000 − 0.1x ) x = 0
2
yield revenue of zero dollars. −20 units x = 0, 100,000 − 0.1x 2 = 0

is not possible and so is eliminated.
−0.1x 2 = −100,000
b. Yes. x 2 = 1,000,000
x = ± 1,000,000
x = 0, x = 1000, x = −1000

selling zero units or selling 1000 units
will yield revenue of zero dollars.
−1000 units is not possible and so is
eliminated.
b. Yes.
34. a. R = 12,000 x − 0.003x 3
12,000 x − 0.003x 3 = 0
0.003 x ( 4,000,000 − x 2 ) = 0
0.003 x = 0 4,000,000 − x 2 = 0
x=0 x 2 = 4,000,000
x = ± 4,000,000
x = ±2000
x = 0, x = 2000, x = −2000 36. a. R = (100 x − x 2 ) x

(100 x − x ) x = 0
2
selling zero units or selling 2000 units x 2 (100 − x ) = 0

will yield revenue of zero dollars. x 2 = 0, 100 − x = 0
−2000 units is not possible and so is
eliminated. x = 0, x = 100

In the physical context of the problem, d. 3456 = 2000 (1 + r )

3
selling zero units or selling 100 units

will yield revenue of zero dollars. 3456
(1 + r )
3
= = 1.728
2000
b. Yes.
(1 + r )
3
3
= 3 1.728 = 1.20
1 + r = 1.20
r = 1.20 − 1
r = 0.20 = 20%
38. a.
37. a. Complete the table:
Rate Future Value

4% $2249.73
5% $2315.25
7.25% $2467.30
10,368 = 5000 (1 + r )
4
10.5% $2698.47 b.
10,368
(1 + r )
4
b. = = 2.0736
5000
(1 + r )
4
4
= ± 4 2.0736 = ±1.20
1 + r = ±1.20
r = ±1.20 − 1
r = 0.20 or − 2.2
Since the negative solution does not

make sense in the context of the
problem, r = 20%.
2662 = 2000 (1 + r )
3
c.
2662 c. (5000 + 2320.50 ) = 5000 (1 + r )
4
(1 + r )
3
= = 1.331
2000
7320.50
(1 + r )
4
= = 1.4641
(1 + r )
3
3
= 1.331 = 1.10
3
5000
1 + r = 1.10 4
(1 + r )
4
= ± 4 1.4641 = ±1.10
r = 1.10 − 1 1 + r = ±1.10
r = 0.10 = 10% r = ±1.10 − 1
r = 0.10 or − 2.1
Since the negative solution does not

make sense in the context of the
problem, r = 10%.

39. a. The height is x inches, since the distance b. For the values calculated in part a) no
cut is x units and that distance when box can be formed. The calculated
folded forms the height of the box. values of x yield no tabs that can be
folded up to form the box.
b. The length and width of box will be

what is left after the corners are cut. c. A box can be created as long as
Since each corner measures x inches 0 < x < 6.
square, the length and the width are
18 − 2 x .
d.
c. V = lwh
V = (18 − 2 x )(18 − 2 x ) x
V = (324 − 36 x − 36 x + 4 x 2 ) x
V = 324 x − 72 x 2 + 4 x3
d. V = 0
0 = 324 x − 72 x 2 + 4 x3
41. Since the profit is given in hundreds of
From part c) above: dollars, $40,000 should be represented as
0 = (18 − 2 x )(18 − 2 x ) x 400 hundreds. Thus,
18 − 2 x = 0, x = 0 400 = − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 400 x − 400
18 − 2 x = 0 ⇒ 2 x = 18 ⇒ x = 9 0 = − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 400 x − 800
x = 0, x = 9 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 400 x + 800 = 0
(x 3
− 2 x 2 ) + ( −400 x + 800 ) = 0
e. A box will not exist for either of the x 2 ( x − 2 ) + ( −400 )( x − 2 ) = 0

values calculated in part d) above. For
both values of x, no tab will exist to fold
( x − 2 ) ( x 2 − 400 ) = 0
up to form the box. ( x − 2 )( x + 20 )( x − 20 ) = 0
x = 2, x = −20, x = 20
40. a. 0 = 144 x − 48 x 2 + 4 x 3
The negative answer does not make sense
4 x (36 − 12 x + x 2 ) = 0 in the physical context of the problem.
Producing and selling 2 units or 20 units
4 x ( x 2 − 12 x + 36 ) = 0
yields a profit of $40,000.
4 x ( x − 6 )( x − 6 ) = 0
x = 0, x = 6

42. Since the cost is given in hundreds of The solution in the table is the same as
dollars, $120,000 should be represented as the solution found by the root method.
1200 hundreds. Thus,
1200 = 3x 3 − 6 x 2 − 300 x + 1800
44. Applying the intersection of graphs method
3x 3 − 6 x 2 − 300 x + 1800 − 1200 = 0
for y  2.481x 3  52.25 x 2  528.7 x  5193
3x 3 − 6 x 2 − 300 x + 600 = 0
3 ( x 3 − 2 x 2 − 100 x + 200 ) = 0
3 ⎡⎣( x 3 − 2 x 2 ) + ( −100 x + 200 )⎤⎦ = 0
3 ⎡⎣ x 2 ( x − 2 ) + ( −100 )( x − 2 )⎤⎦ = 0
3 ( x − 2 ) ( x 2 − 100 ) = 0
3 ( x − 2 )( x + 10 )( x − 10 ) = 0
x = 2, x = −10, x = 10 [0, 50] by [25000, 45000]
The negative answer does not make sense In the year 2030 (2000 + 30), the federal tax
in the physical context of the problem. per capita will be $41,016.
Producing and selling 2 units or 10 units
yields a cost of $120,000.
45. a. y = −0.0001x 3 + 0.0088 x 2 + 1.43x + 57.9
43. a. s = 30 (3 − 10t )
3
[0, 100] by [0, 220]
When x = 65, in the year 2015, the

t 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 civilian labor force is projected to be
s (cm/sec) 810 240 30 0 160.6 million people.
0 = 30 (3 − 10t )
3
b. b.
0 y = 163
(3 − 10t )
3
= =0
30
(3 − 10t )
3
3
=30
3 − 10t = 0
−3
t=
−10 [0, 100] by [0, 220]
t = 0.3

When x = 66.9, in the year 2017, the 48. Applying the intersection of graphs method
projected civilian work force will be 163 for
million. y = 0.0000384 x 3 − 0.00397 x 2 − 0.03829 x
+14.58102
46. a. Applying the intersection of graphs
method for
y = 0.0041x 4 − 0.222 x 3
+4.287 x 2 − 34.8398 x + 101.33417
y = 1.3
[0, 120] by [0, 20]
In 2015 (x = 114.9) the percentage of the

[0, 30] by [–2, 5] U.S. population that was foreign born is
estimated to be 16%.
After 6.96 years, in 1997, the percent
change is 1.3%.
b. The model will be 1.3% again. Note for
that there are three additional y  0.00188 x 3  0.0954 x 2  2.79 x  2.70
intersection points on the graph in part
a), in the years 2001 (x = 10.9), 2006 (x
= 15.4), and 2011 (x = 20.9).

for
y = −0.00007 x 3 + 0.00567 x 2 + 0.863 x
+16.009
[0, 50] by [0, 100]

y = 76
In 2042 (x = 42) the U.S. GDP is estimated
to be $85.48 trillion.
50. a. The quartic function is:

[0, 100] by [0, 150] y  0.000583x 4  0.064 x 3  2.578 x 2
45.960 x  306.776
When x = 63.8, in the year 2014, the number
of women in the work force is estimated to
be 76 million.

b.
[0, 50] by [0, 10]
According to the model, the personal

savings rate will be 6.0% in the year
2016 (1980 + 36).
c. The result above is extrapolation

because the year is outside the range of
the data.

Section 6.4 Skills Check 7. −3 −1 0 −9 3 0

3 −9 54 −171
1. 3 1 −4 0 3 10
−1 3 − 18 57 −171
3 −3 −9 −18
Since the remainder is not zero, x + 3
1 −1 −3 −6 −8
is not a factor.
8
x3 − x 2 − 3x − 6 −
x−3
8. −2 2 5 0 −6 −4
−4 −2 4 4
2. −4 1 2 −3 0 1
2 1 −2 −2 0
−4 8 −20 80
Since the remainder is zero, x + 2 is
1 −2 5 −20 81
a factor.
81
x 3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 20 +
x+4
9.
−1 −1 1 1 −1
3. 1 2 −3 0 1 −7 1 −2 1
2 −1 −1 0 −1 2 −1 0
2 −1 −1 0 −7 One solution is x = −1. The new
7 polynomial is − x 2 + 2 x − 1.
2 x3 − x 2 − x −
x −1 Solve − x 2 + 2 x − 1 = 0.
x2 − 2 x + 1 = 0
4. −1 1 0 0 0 −1 ( x − 1)( x − 1) = 0
−1 1 −1 1 x = 1, x = 1
1 −1 1 −1 0 The remaining solution is x = 1
(a double solution).
x3 − x 2 + x − 1
10.
5. 3 2 −4 0 3 18
1 1 4 −1 −4
6 6 18 63
1 5 4
2 2 6 21 81
1 5 4 0
Since the remainder is not zero, 3 is not
a solution of the equation. One solution is x = 1. The new
polynomial is x 2 + 5 x + 4.
Solve x 2 + 5 x + 4 = 0.
6. −5 1 3 −10 8 40
( x + 1)( x + 4 ) = 0
−5 10 0 −40
x = −1, x = −4
1 −2 0 8 0
The remaining solutions are
Since the remainder is zero, − 5 is
x = −1, x = −4.
a solution of the equation.

11. −5 1 2 −21 −22 40 Synthetically dividing by the 2nd

−5 15 30 −40 given solution in the new
1 −3 −6 8 0 polynomial yields:
One solution is x = −5. The new 1 2 −11 18 −9

polynomial is x 3 − 3 x 2 − 6 x + 8. 2 −9 9
2 −9 9 0
Synthetically dividing by the 2nd The 2nd solution is x = 1. The new
given solution in the new polynomial is 2x 2 − 9 x + 9.
polynomial yields: Solve 2x 2 − 9 x + 9 = 0.
1 1 −3 −6 8 ( 2 x − 3)( x − 3) = 0
1 −2 −8 3
x = ,x =3
1 −2 −8 0 2
The 2nd solution is x = 1. The new 3
The remaining solutions are x = , x = 3.
2
polynomial is x 2 − 2 x − 8. Note that x = 3 is a double solution.
Solve x 2 − 2 x − 8 = 0.
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) = 0 13. Applying the x-intercept method:
x = 4, x = −2
The remaining solutions are x = 4, x = −2.
12. 3 2 −17 51 −63 27

6 −33 54 −27
2 −11 18 −9 0
One solution is x = 3. The new
[–10, 10] by [–250, 250]
polynomial is 2x 3 − 11x 2 + 18 x − 9.
One solution appears to be x = 4.
4 1 3 −18 −40
4 28 40
1 7 10 0
The new polynomial is x 2 + 7 x + 10.
Solve x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 0.
( x + 2 )( x + 5 ) = 0
x = −2, x = −5
The remaining solutions are
x = −5, x = −2.

14. Applying the x-intercept method: −2 3 2 −7 2

−6 8 −2
3 −4 1 0
The new polynomial is 3x 2 − 4 x + 1.
Solve 3x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0.
(3x − 1)( x − 1) = 0
1
x = , x =1
3
[–10, 10] by [–100, 100] 1
The remaining solutions are x = 1, x = .
One solution appears to be x = 5. 3
5 1 −3 −9 −5 16. Applying the x-intercept method:

5 10 5
1 2 1 0
Solve x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0.
( x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = −1, x = −1
The remaining solution is x = −1,
a double solution. [–5, 5] by [–50, 70]
One solution appears to be x = –3.

15. Applying the x-intercept method:
−3 4 1 −27 18
−12 33 −18
4 −11 6 0
The new polynomial is 4x 2 − 11x + 6.
Solve 4x 2 − 11x + 6 = 0.
( 4 x − 3)( x − 2 ) = 0
3
[–5, 5] by [–100, 100] x = ,x = 2
4
One solution appears to be x = –2. 3
The remaining solutions are x = 2, x = .
4
17. x 3 − 6 x 2 + 5 x + 12 = 0
p ⎛ 1, 2,3, 4,6,12 ⎞
= ±⎜ ⎟ = ± (1, 2,3, 4,6,12 )
q ⎝ 1 ⎠

18. 4 x3 + 3x 2 − 9 x + 2 = 0 22. Applying the x-intercept method:
p ⎛ 1, 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
= ±⎜ ⎟ = ± ⎜1, 2, , ⎟
q ⎝ 1, 2, 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠
19. 9 x 3 + 18 x 2 + 5 x − 4 = 0
p ⎛ 1, 2, 4 ⎞
= ±⎜ ⎟
q ⎝ 1,3,9 ⎠
⎛ 1 2 4 1 2 4⎞ [–10, 10] by [–100, 100]
= ± ⎜ 1, 2, 4, , , , , , ⎟
⎝ 3 3 3 9 9 9⎠
−2 4 3 −9 2
20. 6 x 4 − x 3 − 42 x 2 − 29 x + 6 = 0
p ⎛ 1, 2,3,6 ⎞ −8 10 −2
= ±⎜ ⎟ 4 −5 1 0
q ⎝ 1, 2,3,6 ⎠
⎛ 1 3 1 2 1⎞ The new polynomial is 4x 2 − 5 x + 1.
= ± ⎜ 1, 2,3,6, , , , , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 3 3 6⎠ Solve 4x 2 − 5 x + 1 = 0.
( 4 x − 1)( x − 1) = 0
21. Applying the x-intercept method: 1
x = , x =1
4
1
The remaining solutions are x = , x = 1.
4
[–10, 10] by [–100, 100]
−1 1 −6 5 12
−1 7 −12
[–5, 5] by [–50, 50]
1 −7 12 0
The new polynomial is x 2 − 7 x + 12. 1
One solution appears to be x = .
2
Solve x − 7 x + 12 = 0. 3
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) = 0
x = 3, x = 4
The remaining solutions are x = 3, x = 4.

1 25. Factoring the common x term:

9 18 5 −4
3 x3 = 10 x − 7 x 2
3 7 4
x3 + 7 x 2 − 10 x = 0
9 21 12 0
2
x ( x 2 + 7 x − 10 ) = 0
The new polynomial is 9x + 21x + 12.
x = 0, x 2 + 7 x − 10 = 0
Solve 9x 2 + 21x + 12 = 0.
One solution is x = 0.
3 (3x 2 + 7 x + 4 ) = 0
3 (3 x + 4 )( x + 1) = 0
4
x = − , x = −1
3
4
The remaining solutions are x = − , x = −1.
3
24. Applying the x-intercept method [–10, 10] by [–100, 120]
Applying the quadratic formula:

−7 ± 7 2 − 4 (1)( −10 )
x=
2 (1)
−7 ± 89
x= ≈ −8.217, 1.217
2
−7 ± 89
The remaining solutions are x = ,
[–10, 10] by [–50, 100] 2
both real numbers, which show on the graph.
One solution appears to be x = −4 .
−4 6 19 −19 4
−24 20 −4
6 −5 1 0
The new polynomial is 6x 2 − 5 x + 1.
Solve 6x 2 − 5 x + 1 = 0.
(3x − 1)( 2 x − 1) = 0
1 1
x = ,x =
3 2
1 1
The remaining solutions are x = , x = .
3 2
[–10, 10] by [–100, 120]

26. Factoring the common t term: 1 1 −5 6 −2

t 3 − 2t 2 + 3t = 0 1 −4 2
t (t − 2t + 3) = 0
2
1 −4 2 0
t = 0, t 2 − 2t + 3 = 0 The new polynomial is w2 − 4w + 2.
One solution is t = 0.
− ( −4 ) ± ( −4 ) − 4 (1)( 2 )
2
w=
2 (1)
4± 8
w=
2
/ ± 2)
4 ± 2 2 2(2
w= =
2 2/
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10] w = 2 ± 2 ≈ 0.586, 3.414
The remaining solutions are w = 2 ± 2
both real numbers, which show on the graph.
− ( −2 ) ± ( −2 ) − 4 (1)(3)
2
t=
2 (1)
2 ± −8
t=
2
2 ± 2i 2 2(1 ± i 2)
t= =
2 2
t =1± i 2
The remaining solutions are t = 1 ± i 2,
both imaginary, which do not show on
the graph.
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
It appears that w = 1 is a zero.

28. Applying the x-intercept method: 29. Applying the x-intercept method:
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10] [–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
It appears that w = –1 is a zero. It appears that z = 2 is a zero.
−1 2 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 −8
−2 −1 −2 2 4 8
2 1 2 0 1 2 4 0
The new polynomial is 2w2 + w + 2. The new polynomial is z 2 + 2 z + 4.
Applying the quadratic formula: Applying the quadratic formula:

(1) − 4 ( 2 )( 2 )
2
( 2 ) − 4 (1)( 4 )
2
−1 ± −2 ±
w= z=
2 (2) 2 (1)
−1 ± −15 −2 ± −12
w= z=
4 2
−1 ± i 15 / −1 ± i 3)
−2 ± 2i 3 2(
w= z= =
4 2 2/
−1 ± i 15 z = −1 ± i 3
The remaining solutions are w = ,
4 The remaining solutions are z = −1 ± i 3
the graph.
the graph..
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]

It appears that x = –1 is a zero. Section 6.4 Exercises
−1 1 0 0 1 31. a. 50 −0.2 66 − 1600 −60,000

−1 1 −1 −10 2800 60,000
1 −1 1 0 −0.2 56 1200 0
The new polynomial is x 2 − x + 1. The quadratic factor of P ( x)
is − 0.2x 2 + 56 x + 1200.
− ( −1) ± ( −1)
2
− 4 (1)(1) b. −0.2x 2 + 56 x + 1200 = 0
x= −0.2 ( x 2 − 280 x − 6000 ) = 0
2 (1)
1 ± −3 −0.2 ( x + 20 )( x − 300 ) = 0
x=
2 x = −20, x = 300
1± i 3 In the context of the problem, only the
x= positive solution is reasonable.
2
Producing and selling 300 units results
1± i 3 in break-even for the product.
The remaining solutions are x = ,
2
the graph.
[–20, 400] by [–1000, 10,000]
32. a. 10 −1 98 −700 −1800

−10 880 1800
−1 88 180 0
The quadratic factor of P( x)
is − 1x 2 + 88 x + 180.
b. − x 2 + 88 x + 180 = 0
−1( x 2 − 88 x − 180 ) = 0
−1( x − 90 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x = 90, x = −2
In the context of the problem, only the
positive solution is reasonable.
Producing and selling 90 units results in
break-even for the product.

34. a.
[–10, 100] by [–500, 2500]
b. Based on the graph in part a), one x-

33. a. intercept appears to be x = 11.
c. 11 −0.1 10.9 −97.9 −108.9

−1.1 107.8 108.9
−0.1 9.8 9.9 0
The quadratic factor of P ( x)
is − 0.1x 2 + 9.8 x + 9.9.
d. Based on parts b) and c), one zero

b. Based on the graph in part a), one x- is x  11. To find more zeros,
intercept appears to be x = 8.
solve  0.1x 2  9.8 x  9.9  0.
c. 8 −0.1 50.7 − 349.2 −400 0.1 x 2  98 x  99  0
− 0.8 399.2 400 0.1 x  99 x  1  0
−0.1 49.9 50 0 x  99, x  1
The quadratic factor of P( x) The zeros are x  99, x  1, x  11.
is − 0.1x2 + 49.9x + 50.
e. Based on the context of the problem,
d. Based on parts b) and c), one zero producing and selling 11 units or 99
is x  8. To find more zeros, units results in break-even.
solve  0.1x 2  49.9 x  50  0.
0.1 x 2  499 x  500  0
0.1 x  500 x  1  0
x  500, x  1
The zeros are x  500, x  1, x  8.
e. Based on the context of the problem,

producing and selling 8 units or 500
units results in break-even for the
product.

35. 36.
R ( x)  9000 R ( x)  1000
1810 x  81x 2  x 3  9000 250 x  5 x 2  x 3  1000
x 3  81x 2  1810 x  9000  0 x 3  5 x 2  250 x  1000  0
Since x  9 is a solution, Since x  5 is a solution,
9 1 81 1810 9000 5 1 5 250 1000
9 810 9000 5 50 1000
1 90 1000 0 1 10 200 0
The quadratic equation of R ( x) The quadratic equation of R ( x)
is x 2  90 x  1000. To determine more is x 2  10 x  200. To determine more
solutions, solve x 2  90 x  1000  0. solutions, solve x 2  10 x  200  0.
 x  100 x  10  0  x  20 x  10  0
x  100, x  10 x  20, x  10
Revenue of $9000 is also achieved by Revenue of $1000 is also achieved by
selling 10 units. selling 10 units.
37. a. y = 244
0.4566 x 3 − 14.3085 x 2 + 117.2978 x + 107.8456 = 244
0.4566 x 3 − 14.3085 x 2 + 117.2978 x − 136.1544 = 0
b.
It appears that x = 12 is a solution.
c. 12 0.4566 14.3085 117.2978 136.1544

5.4792 105.9516 136.1544
0.4566  8.8293 11.3462 0
The quadratic equation of P ( x ) is 0.4566x 2  8.8293 x  11.3462.

d. 0.4566x 2 − 8.8293x + 11.3462 = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− ( −8.8293) ± ( −8.8293) − 4 (0.4566 )(11.3462 )

2
x=
2 ( 0.4566 )
8.8293 ± 57.23383881
x=
0.9132
x = 17.953, x = 1.384
e. Based on the solutions in previous parts, the number of fatalities was 244 in 1982, 1992, and
1998.
38. a. y = 2862
0.20 x3 − 13.71x 2 + 265.06 x + 1612.56 = 2862
0.20 x3 − 13.71x 2 + 265.06 x − 1249.44 = 0
b.
It appears that x = 38 is a solution.
c. 38 0.20 13.71 265.06 1249.44

7.6 232.18 1249.44
0.20  6.11 32.88 0
The quadratic equation of P( x) is 0.2 x 2  6.11x  32.88.

d. 0.2 x 2 − 6.11x + 32.88 = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− ( −6.11) ± ( −6.11) − 4 (0.2 )(32.88)

2
x=
2 ( 0.2 )
6.11 ± 11.0281
x=
0.4
x = 23.58, x = 6.97
e. Based on the solutions in previous parts, college enrollment is 2862 thousand (2,862,000) in
1967, 1984, and 1998.
39. a. Applying the quadratic formula:

− ( −1.33) ± ( −1.33) − 4 (0.118)( 26.9 )
2
t=
2 ( 0.118 )
1.33 ± −10.9279
t=
0.236
t = a non-real solution
Thus, there are no other years when the U.S.

[0, 30] by [0, 1200]
per capita out-of-pocket cost is $946.
Ten years after 2000, in 2010, the U.S.
per capita out-of-pocket cost for
healthcare was $946. for y = −0.0014 x 3 + 0.1025 x 2 − 2.2687 x
+25.5704
b.
y = 946
0.118 x3 − 2.51x 2 + 40.2 x + 677 = 946
0.118 x3 − 2.51x 2 + 40.2 x − 269 = 0
Since x = 10 is a solution,
10 0.118 −2.51 40.2 −269
1.18 − 13.3 269
[0, 50] by [9, 13]
0.118 − 1.33 26.9 0
The new polynomial is
0.118x 2 − 1.33x + 26.9.
To determine more solutions,
solve 0.118x 2 − 1.33 x + 26.9 = 0.

[0, 50] by [9, 13] [0, 20] by [0, 250]
Based on the graphs, 155,154 births

occurred in 2009, in addition to 2000.

for y = 0.000447 x 3 − 0.0361x 2 + 0.615 x
+7.966
[0, 50] by [9, 13]
Based on the graphs, 10,808 births occurred

in 1982 and 2008, in addition to 1994.

for y = 0.0790 x 3 − 2.103x 2 + 10.695 x
+179.504 [0, 30] by [0, 15]
[0, 20] by [0, 250] [0, 30] by [0, 15]
Thus, according to the model, since 1970,

the Americans’ personal savings rate was
9.4% in 1980.

Section 6.5 Skills Check 5. a. To find the vertical asymptote let

x2 − 1 = 0
1. a. To find the vertical asymptote let
x−5=0 ( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0
x = 5 is the vertical asymptote. x = −1, x = 1 are the vertical asymptotes.
b. The degree of the numerator is less than b. The degree of the numerator is greater
the degree of the denominator. than the degree of the denominator.
Therefore, y = 0 is the horizontal Therefore, there is not a horizontal
asymptote.
asymptote.

x−4=0 x2 + 3 = 0
x = 4 is the vertical asymptote. x 2 = −3
x = ± −3 = ±i 3
b. The degree of the numerator is less than Since there is not a real number
the degree of the denominator.
Therefore, y = 0 is the horizontal solution to the equation, there is not
asymptote. a vertical asymptote.
b. The degree of the numerator is equal to

3. a. To find the vertical asymptote let the degree of the denominator.
5 − 2x = 0 1
Therefore, y = = 1 is the horizontal
−2 x = −5 1
−5 5 asymptote.
x= = is the vertical asymptote.
−2 2
7. The function in part c) does not have a
b. The degree of the numerator is equal to vertical asymptote. Its denominator cannot
the degree of the denominator. be zero. Parts a), b), and d) all have
1 1 denominators that can equal zero for specific
Therefore, y = = − is the
−2 2 x-values.
horizontal asymptote.
8. The function in part c) does not have a

4. a. To find the vertical asymptote let horizontal asymptote. The degree of the
3− x = 0 numerator is greater than the degree of the
− x = −3 denominator.
x = 3 is the vertical asymptote.
9. matches with graph E that has a vertical
b. The degree of the numerator is equal to asymptote at x = 1 and a horizontal
the degree of the denominator. asymptote at y = 0.
2
Therefore, y = = −2 is the horizontal
−1
asymptote. 10. matches with graph B that has a vertical
asymptote at x = 2 and a horizontal
asymptote at y = 1.

11. matches with graph F that has two vertical 16. a. The degree of the numerator is equal to
asymptotes at x = 4 and x = –2 (a result of the degree of the denominator.
factoring the function’s denominator) , and a 5
horizontal asymptote at y = 0. Therefore, y = = 5 is the horizontal
1
asymptote.
12. matches with graph A that has two vertical b. To find the vertical asymptote let
asymptotes at x = 2 and x = –2 (a result of x−3= 0
factoring the function’s denominator), and a
horizontal asymptote at y = 0.
c.
13. matches with graph C that has a vertical
asymptote at x = 3, but there is no horizontal
asymptote since the degree of the numerator
is greater than the degree of the
denominator.
14. matches with graph D that has a vertical

asymptote at x = 4, but there is no horizontal
asymptote since the degree of the numerator 17. a. The degree of the numerator is less than
is greater than the degree of the the degree of the denominator.
denominator. Therefore, y = 0 is the horizontal
asymptote.
15. a. The degree of the numerator is equal to
b. To find the vertical asymptote let
the degree of the denominator.
1 − x2 = 0
1
Therefore, y = = 1 is the horizontal x2 = 1
1
asymptote. x2 = ± 1
b. To find the vertical asymptote let x = ±1
x−2=0 x = 1, x = −1 are the vertical asymptotes.
c.
c.
18. a. The degree of the numerator is greater

than the degree of the denominator.
Therefore, there is not a horizontal
asymptote.

b. To find the vertical asymptote let x 2 − 16

2− x =0 20. y=
x+4
− x = −2
x=2
c.
x2 − 9
19. y=
x −3
There is a hole in the graph at x = –4.
21. The degree of the numerator is greater than

the degree of the denominator. Therefore,
there is not a horizontal asymptote.
To find the vertical asymptote let

x 1  0
x  1
x  1 is the vertical asymptote.
To find the slant asymptote:

1 1 0 4
1 1
1 1 3
The slant asymaptote is y  x  1.
There is a hole in the graph at x = 3.

22. The degree of the numerator is greater than To find the slant asymptote:
the degree of the denominator. Therefore, 3 1 0 0 1
3 9 27
To find the vertical asymptote let 1 3 9 26
x30
3 1 3 9 26
x  3
3 0 27
x  3 is the vertical asymptote.
1 0 9 1
To find the slant asymptote: The slant asymaptote is y  x.
3 1 1 6
3 12 x2
25. f ( x) =
1 4 6 x −1
The slant asymaptote is y  x  4.


x 1  0
x 1
x  1 is the vertical asymptote. Based on the model, the turning points
appear to be (0, 0) and (2, 4).
To find the slant asymptote:
( x − 1)
2
1 1 1 2
26. f ( x) =
1 0 x
1 0 2
The slant asymaptote is y  x.


x2  9  0
( x  3)( x  3)  0 Based on the model, the turning points
x  3 and x  3 appear to be (–1, –4) and (1, 0).
x  3 and x  3 are the vertical asymptotes.

x2 + 4 b.
27. g ( x) =
x
Based on the model and the table, when

x = 1, y = 0 and when x = 3, y = –8.
Based on the model, the turning points

appear to be (–2, –4) and (2, 4). y = −7.5
x
28. g ( x) = 2
x +1 c.
[0, 8] by [–7.7, –7.3]
y = −7.5
Based on the model, the turning points

appear to be (–1, –0.5) and (1, 0.5). [0, 8] by [–7.7, –7.3]
1 − x2 Based on the models, it appears that

29. a. y=
x−2 when y = −7.5 , then x = 3.5 or x = 4.

d. c.
2
1− x y=2
−7.5 = LCD : x − 2
x−2
⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞
−7.5 ( x − 2 ) = ⎜ ⎟ ( x − 2)
⎝ x−2 ⎠
−7.5 x + 15 = 1 − x 2
x 2 − 7.5 x + 14 = 0 [–10, 10] by [–5, 5]
10 ( x − 7.5 x + 14 ) = 10 ( 0 )
2
y=2
10 x 2 − 75 x + 140 = 0
( x − 4 )(10 x − 35) = 0
x − 4 = 0, 10 x − 35 = 0
x = 4, x = 3.5
Both solutions check.
[–10, 10] by [–5, 5]

2 + 4x
30. a. y= Based on the models, it appears that
x2 + 1
when y = 2 , then x = 0 or x = 2.
d.
2 + 4x
2= LCD : x 2 + 1
x2 + 1
⎛ 2 + 4x ⎞ 2
2 ( x 2 + 1) = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ( x + 1)
⎝ x +1 ⎠
2 x2 + 2 = 2 + 4 x
2 x2 − 4 x = 0
b. 2x ( x − 2) = 0
x = 0, x = 2
3 − 2x
31. a. y=
x
Based on the model and the table, when
x = –3, y = –1, and when x = 3, y = 1.4.

b. b.
Based on the model and the table, when Based on the model and the table, when
x = –3, y = –3 and when x = 3, y = –1. x = –2, y = 4 and when x = 0, y = 0.
c. c.
y = 0.25
y = −5
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10] [–10, 10] by [–1, 1]
Based on the graph, it appears that when

y = −5 , then x = –1. y = 0.25
3 − 2x
d. −5 = LCD : x
x
⎛ 3 − 2x ⎞
−5 x = ⎜ ⎟x
⎝ x ⎠
[–10, 10] by [–1, 1]
−5 x = 3 − 2 x
−3x = 3 Based on the models, it appears that
x = −1 1
when y = 0.25 , then x = − or x = 1.
The solution checks. 3
x2
32. a. y=
( x + 1) 2

d. 34.
x 2
x 2
0.25 = − x =1+ LCD: x − 2
( x + 1) x−2 x−2
2
x 2 ⎞
1
=
x2
LCD : 4 ( x + 1)
2 ( x − 2 ) ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎛
− x ⎟ = ( x − 2 ) ⎜1 + ⎟
4 ( x + 1)2 ⎝ x−2 ⎠ ⎝ x−2⎠
x − x ( x − 2 ) = 1( x − 2 ) + 2
1⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤
4 ( x + 1) ⎤ = ⎢ 2 ⎣ (
⎥ ⎡ 4 x + 1) ⎤
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎦ x − x2 + 2 x = x − 2 + 2
4 ⎣⎢ ( x + 1) ⎦⎥ − x 2 + 3x = x
( x + 1)
2
= 4 x2
− x2 + 2 x = 0
2 2
x + 2x + 1 = 4x − x ( x − 2) = 0
3x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0 − x = 0, x − 2 = 0
(3x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 x = 0, x = 2
3 x + 1 = 0, x − 1 = 0 x = 2 does not check since the
1 denominator x − 2 = 0.
x = − , x =1
3 The only solution is x = 0.
33. k
35. y = is the inverse
2
x +1 2 x4
+ x =2+ LCD: x − 1 function format.
x −1 x −1
⎛ x2 + 1 ⎞ 2 ⎞ k
⎛ 5=
( )⎜
x − 1 + x ⎟ = ( x − 1) ⎜ 2 + ⎟ (−1) 4
⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎝ x −1⎠
k =5
x 2 + 1 + x ( x − 1) = 2 ( x − 1) + 2
5
x2 + 1 + x2 − x = 2 x − 2 + 2 y= = 80
(0.5) 4
2 x2 − x + 1 = 2 x
2 x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0
k
( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) = 0 36. S = is the inverse
T
1
x = , x =1 function format.
2
k k
x = 1 does not check since the 4= =
4 2
denominator x − 1 = 0.
1 k =8
The only solution is x = . 8 8
2 S= = =2
16 4

Section 6.5 Exercises 1000 + 30 (300 ) + 0.1(300 )

2
b. C =
300
400 + 50 (500 ) + 0.01(500 )
2
37. a. C= 19000
500 C= = 63.3
300
27,900 The average cost is $63.33 per unit.
C= = 55.8
500
The average cost is $55.80 per unit. c. When x = 0, the function is undefined.
If no units are produced, then there can
400 + 50 ( 60 ) + 0.01( 60 )
2 be no average cost per unit.
b. C =
60
3436 400 (5 )
C= = 57.26 2000
60 39. a. y= = = 80
5 + 20 25
The average cost is $57.27 per unit. $5000 in monthly advertising
expenditures results in a monthly sales
400 + 50 (100 ) + 0.01(100 )
2
volume of $80,000.
c. C=
100
b. When x = –20, the denominator is zero
5500
C= = 55 and the function is undefined. Since
100 advertising expenditures cannot be
The average cost is $55 per unit. negative, x cannot be –20 in the context
of the problem.
d. No. Consider the graph of the function
where x = 600 units. The average cost
per unit is then $56.67. 100(t 2 + 3t )
40. a. f (t ) =
(t 2 + 3t + 12) 2
[0, 700] by [0, 80]

b.
1000 + 30 (30 ) + 0.1(30 )

2
38. a. C=
30
1990
C= = 66.3
30
The average cost is $66.33 per unit.

c. The graph in part b) is a better model of __

400 + 50 x + 0.01x 2
the physical situation. It displays the 42. a. C ( x) =
x
function over its domain of 0 ≤ t ≤ 8 .
d. Based on the graph, productivity is

higher around lunch than at quitting
time.
__
1000 + 30 x + 0.1x 2
41. a. C ( x) =
x
b.
b.
c. The graph in part b) is more appropriate,

since producing a negative number of
units does not make sense in the context
of the problem.
d.
c. The window in part b) fits the context of

the problem where both x and C ( x )
are greater than zero.
d.
[0, 600] by [0, 100]
The minimum average cost of $54

occurs when x = 200. Since x is
measured in hundreds of units produced
20,000 units are produced.
[0, 250] by [0, 300]
The minimum average cost of $50

occurs when x = 100. Since x is
measured in hundreds of units produced,
10,000 units are produced.

30 + 40t c.
43. a. f (t ) =
5 + 2t
[0, 20] by [0, 20]
The maximum drug concentration is

b. f ( 0 ) = 6. The initial number of 12.5% occurring 4 hours after the
injection.
employees for the startup company is 6.
d. After four hours, the drug concentration
c. f (12 ) ≈ 17.586. After 12 months, the begins to drop until it approaches a level
number of employees for the startup of zero as time continues to pass.
company is approximately 18.

200t 100 − p = 0.
44. a. f (t ) = 2
2t + 32 − p = −100
p = 100 is the vertical asymptote.
b. Since p =/ 100 , 100% of the impurities

can not be removed from the waste
water.
46. a. If spending is allowed to increase

without bound, the function will
b. approach its horizontal asymptote.
Since the degree of the numerator is
equal to the degree of the denominator,
the horizontal asymptote is
100
p= = 100. Therefore as spending
1
approaches infinity, the percentage of
pollution removed approaches 100%.
One hour after the injection, the drug
concentration is 5.88%. Five hours after b. No. 100% of the pollution cannot be
the injection, the drug concentration is removed. To do so would require
12.20%. spending an infinite amount of money.

640 30 + 40t
47. a. V = 48. a. N=
( p + 2) 2 5 + 2t
[–10, 10] by [–100, 100]
Based on the graph and the table, the

vertical asymptote occurs at p = −2. There is a vertical asymptote at
t = −2.5 .
b.
b. No. The only vertical asymptote is at
Price per Weekly Sales
Unit($) Volume t = −2.5 .
5 13,061
c. Yes. Since the degree of the numerator
20 1322
equals the degree of the denominator,
50 237 the horizontal asymptote is
100 62 40
200 16 N= = 20.
2
500 3
d. As the number of months grows without
c. The domain of the function in the
bound, the number of employees
context of the problem is p ≥ 0 . There
approaches 20.
is no vertical asymptote on the restricted
domain.
100,000
d. The horizontal asymptote is V = 0. As 49. a. p=
(q + 1) 2
the price grows without bound, the sales
volume approaches zero units.

b. The horizontal asymptote is p = 0. 51. a.

40 x
S= + + 10 LCD: 4 x
c. As the price falls, the quantity x 4
demanded increases. ⎛ 40 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ x ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞⎛ 4 x ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ 4 x ⎠
800 x 160 x 2 40 x
50. a. y= + +
20 + 5 x 4x 4x 4x
x 2 + 40 x + 160
4x
2
x + 40 x + 160
S=
4x
x 2 + 40 x + 160
b. 21 =
4x
⎛ x 2 + 40 x + 160 ⎞
21( 4 x ) = ⎜ ⎟ (4x )
b. Since the degree of the numerator equals ⎝ 4x ⎠
the degree of the denominator the
84 x = x 2 + 40 x + 160
800
horizontal asymptote is y = = 160. x 2 − 44 x + 160 = 0
5
( x − 40 )( x − 4 ) = 0
c.
x = 40, x = 4
Advertising Weekly
expenses sales
After 4 hours or 40 hours of training, the
0 0
monthly sales will be $21,000.
50 14,814.81
100 15,384.62
200 15,686.27 20 x
300 15,789.47 52. a. S ( x) = + 40 +
x 2
500 15,873.02
d. If an unlimited amount of money is

spent on advertising, then the maximum
weekly sales will approach $16,000,
represented by the horizontal asymptote
of the function.
b. Based on the model, 20 hours of training

corresponds to sales of $51,000.

5 + 3t 55. a.
53. a. H=
2t + 1
b. According to the model, in the year

b. Since the degree of the numerator equals 2020, the predicted ratio of women’s to
the degree of the denominator, the men’s age at first marriage will be
3 0.927.
horizontal asymptote is H = . As the
2
amount of training increases, the time it c. Let x = 500. The function value will be:
takes to assemble one unit approaches
1.5 hours. 0.00117(500) 2  0.0948(500)  22.4
y
c. 0.00132(500) 2  0.127(500)  26.3
y  0.91
Let x = 1000. The function value will

be:
0.00117(1000) 2  0.0948(1000)  22.4

y
0.00132(1000) 2  0.127(1000)  26.3
It takes 17 days of training to reduce the
time it takes to assemble one unit to 1.6 y  0.90
hours.
It does not appear to increase
indefinitely.
54.
56. a. Let A  Area.

A  x y
x  y  51, 200
b. Let L = Fence Perimeter.

L = x + 2y
Advertising expenses of $2800 produces
weekly sales of $14,000.

c. L  x  2y 78.6t + 2090
57. a. p (t ) = with t equal to
A  x  y  51, 200 1.38t + 64.1
51, 200 the number of years after 1950.
x
y
For x = 80 (2030 – 1950), p(80) =
Substituting for x in the formula for L :
48.0%. Yes, this agrees with the given
51, 200 data for the year 2030.
L  2y
y
d.
b. The maximum possible percent of
women in the workforce, according to
the model, would occur at the horizontal
asymptote. Since the degree of the
numerator is equal to the degree of the
denominator, the horizontal asymptote is
78.6
at y = = 56.957 ≈ 57%.
1.38
c. The percent will reach 47.4% when x =

Note that in this case, the x-axis
71.9, in the year 2022 (1950 + 72).
represents the variable y, and the y-axis
represents the variable L.
e.
[0, 100] by [40, 60]
[0, 400] by [0, 1000]

289.173 − 58.5731x
58. f ( x) = , with x ≥ 5.
Note that in this case, the x-axis x +1
represents the variable y, and the y-axis
represents the variable L. a. Yes, the vertical asymptote would occur
when x + 1 = 0 or at x = −1.
The minimum length of fence occurs
when y = 160. Therefore, the total b. No, since the domain is x ≥ 5, there is
length of the fence is no vertical asymptote to consider.
51, 200
L= + 2 (160 ) = 640 feet. The c. Yes, since the degree of the numerator is
160
equal to the degree of the denominator,
dimensions of the rectangular field are
the horizontal asymptote is at
51, 200
y = 160 feet and x = = 320 feet. −58.5731
160 y= = −58.5731.
1

Section 6.6 Skills Check
1. 16 x 2 − x 4 ≥ 0
Applying the x-intercept method:
[–10, 10] by [–20, 80]
The function is less than or equal to zero on

the interval [−2, 2] or when −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
3. 2 x3 − x 4 < 0
The function is greater than or equal to zero [–5, 5] by [–5, 5]

on the interval [−4, 4] or when −4 ≤ x ≤ 4 .
2. x4 − 4 x2 ≤ 0
The function is less than zero on the interval

,0  2,   or when x < 0 or x > 2 .
[–10, 10] by [–20, 20]

4. 3x3 ≥ x 4
3x3 − x 4 ≥ 0
The function is greater than or equal to zero

on the interval  1,1  3,   or when
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 3 .
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10]

6. ( x − 3) 2 ( x + 1) < 0
The function is greater than or equal to zero

on the interval [0,3] or when 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 .
[–5, 5] by [–20, 20]
5. ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 1) ≥ 0
The function is less than zero on the interval

( −∞, −1) or when x < −1 .
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]

4 − 2x x x−2
7. >2 9. + ≤1
x 2 x +1
Applying the intersection of graphs method: Applying the intersection of graphs method:
y=2
y =1
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10] [–10, 10] by [–5, 5]
Note that the graphs intersect when x = 1.

Also note that a vertical asymptote occurs at
4 − 2x y =1
x = 0. Therefore, > 2 on the interval
x
(0,1) or when 0 < x < 1 .
x−3
8. ≥3 Note that the graphs intersect
x +1
Applying the intersection of graphs method: when x = −3 and x = 2 . Also note that a
vertical asymptote occurs
at x + 1 = 0 or x = −1 . Therefore,
x x−2
y=3 + ≤ 1 on the interval
2 x +1
, 3  1, 2 or when
x ≤ −3 or − 1 < x ≤ 2 .
x 1
10. ≤ 2x +
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10] x −1 x −1
x 1
Note that the graphs intersect when x = –3. − 2x − ≤0
x −1 x −1
x −1
x−3 − 2x ≤ 0
x + 1 = 0 or x = −1 . Therefore, ≥ 3 on x −1
x +1
1 − 2 x ≤ 0, x ≠ 1
the interval [−3, −1) or when −3 ≤ x < −1 .
Applying the x-intercept method after
simplifying the original inequality:

1
Note that the graphs intersect when x = − .
2
Therefore, ( 2 x + 3) ≤ 8 on the interval
3
⎛ 1⎤ 1
⎜ −∞, − ⎥ or when x ≤ − .
⎝ 2⎦ 2
[–5, 5] by [–5, 5] 13. ( x − 1)3 < 64

Applying the intersection of graphs method:
The inequality is true for all x in the domain
of the function such that x is in the interval
⎡1 ⎞ 1
⎢⎣ 2 , ∞ ⎟⎠ or x ≥ 2 . Recall that x ≠ 1.
y = 64
1 
Therefore, the solution is  ,1  1,   .
2 
11. ( x − 1)3 > 27

Applying the intersection of graphs method: [–10, 10] by [–50, 150]
Note that the graphs intersect when x = 5 .

Therefore, ( x − 1) < 64 on the interval
3
y = 27
( −∞,5 ) or when x <5.
14. ( x + 4 ) − 125 ≥ 0
3
( x + 4)
3
[–5, 5] by [–15, 50] ≥ 125
Note that the graphs intersect when x = 4 . Applying the intersection of graphs method:
Therefore ( x − 1) > 27 on the interval
3
( 4,∞ ) or when x>4.

y = 125
12. (2 x + 3)3 ≤ 8
y =8 [–10, 10] by [–50, 200]

Therefore, ( x + 4 ) − 125 ≥ 0 on the interval
3
[1,∞ ) or when x ≥ 1 .
[–5, 5] by [–10, 15]

15. − x 3 − 10 x 2 − 25 x ≤ 0 Note that the x-intercepts are x = 0 and

Applying the x-intercept method: x = −5 . Therefore, x 3 + 10 x 2 + 25 x < 0 on
the interval  , 5   5,0 or when x < 0
and x ≠ −5 .
17. a. f ( x ) < 0 ⇒ x < −3 or 0 < x < 2
b. f ( x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ −3 ≤ x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 2
[–10, 10] by [–100, 100]

18. a. f ( x) < 0 ⇒ x < 3
b. f ( x) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 3
1
19. f ( x ) ≥ 2 ⇒ ≤ x≤3
2
Note that the x-intercepts are x = −5 and

20. a. f ( x) < 0 ⇒ 1 < x < 3
x = 0. Therefore, − x 3 − 10 x 2 − 25 x ≤ 0 on
the interval 5   0,   or when x = −5 or
b. f ( x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ x < 1 or x ≥ 3
x ≥ 0.
16. x 3 + 10 x 2 + 25 x < 0
[–10, 10] by [–100, 100]

Section 6.6 Exercises b.

To find the zeros, set the revenue
21. function equal zero and solve for x.
R = 400 x − x 3 1000 x − 0.1x 3 = 0
= x ( 400 − x 2 ) −0.1x (10,000 − x 2 ) = 0
= x ( 20 − x )( 20 + x ) −0.1x (100 − x )(100 + x ) = 0
To find the zeros, let R = 0 and solve for x. −0.1x = 0, 100 − x = 0, 100 + x = 0
R=0 x = 0, x = 100, x = −100
x ( 20 − x )( 20 + x ) = 0 Note that since x represents product
x = 0, 20 − x = 0, 20 + x = 0 sales, only positive values of x make
x = 0, x = 20, x = −20 sense in the context of the problem.
Note that since x represents product
sales, only positive values of x make
sense in the context of the problem.
[0, 125] by [–7500, 50,000]
Based on the graph and the zeros calculated

above, the revenue is positive in the interval
[0, 25] by [–500, 3500]
(0,100 ) or when 0 < x < 100 . Selling
Based on the graph and the zeros calculated between 0 and 100 units, not inclusive,
above, the revenue is positive, R > 0 , in the generates positive revenue.
interval ( 0, 20 ) or when 0 < x < 20 . Selling
between 0 and 20 units, not inclusive, 23. a. V > 0
generates positive revenue.
1296 x − 144 x 2 + 4 x 3 > 0
Find the zeros:
22. a. Revenue 1296 x − 144 x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0
= ( Price per unit )( Number of units ) 4 x 3 − 144 x 2 + 1296 x = 0
R ( x ) = (1000 − 0.1x 2
)( x) 4 x ( x 2 − 36 x + 324 ) = 0
= 1000 x − 0.1x3 4 x ( x − 18 )( x − 18 ) = 0
4 x = 0, x − 18 = 0, x − 18 = 0
x = 0, x = 18, x = 18

Based on the graph and the zeros calculated

above, the volume is positive in the interval
0,6  8,   or when 0 < x < 6 or x > 8 .
In the physical context of the problem, the
largest possible cut is 6 inches. A cut of
larger than 6 inches would not be possible
on the side of the cardboard measuring 12
inches. Therefore, to generate a positive
[0, 36] by [–500, 5000] volume, the size of the cut, x, must be in the
interval ( 0,6 ) or 0 < x < 6 .
Based on the graph and the zeros
calculated above, the volume is positive
in the interval 0,18  18,   or when 25. C ( x) ≥ 1200
0 < x < 18 or x > 18 . 3x 3 − 6 x 2 − 300 x + 1800 ≥ 1200
b. In the context of the problem, the largest 3x 3 − 6 x 2 − 300 x + 600 ≥ 0

possible cut is 18 centimeters. Find the zeros:
Therefore, to generate a positive 3x 3 − 6 x 2 − 300 x + 600 = 0
volume, the size of the cut, x, must be in
the interval ( 0,18 ) or 0 < x < 18 . 3 ( x 3 − 2 x 2 − 100 x + 200 ) = 0
3 ⎡⎣( x 3 − 2 x 2 ) + ( −100 x + 200 )⎤⎦ = 0
24. V > 0 3 ⎡⎣ x 2 ( x − 2 ) + ( −100 )( x − 2 )⎤⎦ = 0

192 x − 56 x 2 + 4 x 3 > 0 3 ( x − 2 ) ( x 2 − 100 ) = 0
Find the zeros: 3 ( x − 2 )( x + 10 )( x − 10 ) = 0
192 x − 56 x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0 x − 2 = 0, x + 10 = 0, x − 10 = 0
4 x 3 − 56 x 2 + 192 x = 0 x = 2, x = −10, x = 10
4 x ( x 2 − 14 x + 48 ) = 0
Sign chart:
4 x ( x − 6 )( x − 8 ) = 0
4 x = 0, x − 6 = 0, x − 8 = 0 Function --- +++ --- +++
x = 0, x = 6, x = 8 3 +++ +++ +++ +++
( x − 10 ) --- --- --- +++
( x + 10 ) --- +++ +++ +++
( x − 2) --- --- +++ +++
−10 2 10
Based on the sign chart, the function is

greater than zero on the intervals ( −10, 2 )
and (10,∞ ) . Considering the context of the
[0, 16] by [–100, 300] problem, the number of units cannot be
negative. The endpoints of the interval
would be part of the solution because the
question uses the phrase “at least.”
Therefore, total cost is at least $120,000 if

0 ≤ x ≤ 2 or if x ≥ 10 . In interval notation 26. P ( x) ≥ 400

the solution is  0, 2  10,   . − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 400 x − 400 ≥ 400
− x 3 + 2 x 2 + 400 x − 800 ≥ 0
Find the zeros:
− x 3 + 2 x 2 + 400 x − 800 = 0
−1( x 3 − 2 x 2 − 400 x + 800 ) = 0
−1 ⎡⎣( x 3 − 2 x 2 ) + ( −400 x + 800 )⎤⎦ = 0
−1 ⎡⎣ x 2 ( x − 2 ) + ( −400 )( x − 2 )⎤⎦ = 0
−1( x − 2 ) ( x 2 − 400 ) = 0
[–15, 15] by [–2000, 2000] −1( x − 2 )( x + 20 )( x − 20 ) = 0

x − 2 = 0, x + 20 = 0, x − 20 = 0
x = 2, x = −20, x = 20
Sign chart:
Function +++ --- +++ ---

–1 --- --- --- ---
( x − 20 ) --- --- --- +++
[–15, 15] by [–2000, 2000] ( x + 20 ) --- +++ +++ +++

( x − 2) --- --- +++ +++
−20 2 20

greater than zero on the intervals ( −∞, −20 )
and ( 2, 20 ) . Considering the context of the
problem, the number of units cannot be
negative. The endpoints of the interval
[–15, 15] by [–2000, 2000] would be part of the solution because the
question uses the phrase “at least.”
In context of the problem, the number of Therefore, total cost is at least $40,000 if
units must be greater than or equal to zero. 2 ≤ x ≤ 20 . In interval notation the solution
Therefore, based on the graphs, the total cost is [2, 20] .
is greater than or equal to $120,000 on the
intervals  0, 2  10,   or when 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
or x ≥ 10 .

Applying the x-intercept method: 400 x

27. y =
x + 20
y = 200
[–25, 25] by [–3000, 3000]
[0, 30] by [–50, 300]

400 x
Therefore, ≥ 200 on the interval
x + 20
[20,∞ ) or when x ≥ 20 .
Therefore, since x is in thousands of dollars,
[–25, 25] by [–3000, 3000]
spending $20,000 or more on advertising
results in sales of at least $200,000.
100 + 30 x + 0.1x 2
28. C =
x
[–25, 25] by [–3000, 3000]

y = 41
In context of the problem, the number of
units must be greater than or equal to zero.
Therefore, based on the graphs, the total cost
is greater than or equal to $40,000 on the
interval [2, 20] or when 2 ≤ x ≤ 20 .
[0, 150] by [30, 50]
y = 41

Note that the graphs intersect when x = 10 30. S = 5000(1 + r ) 4

or x = 100 . Therefore, Applying the intersection of graphs method:
100 + 30 x + 0.1x 2
C= ≤ 41 on the interval
x y = 6553.98
[10,100] or when 10 ≤ x ≤ 100 .
Therefore, since x is in hundreds of units,
producing between 1000 units and 10,000
units, inclusive, generates an average cost of
at most $41 per unit.
[0, 0.10] by [–500, 8000]

3
29. S = 2000(1 + r )
Applying the intersection of graphs method Note that the graphs intersect when r = 0.07 .
Therefore, 5000 (1 + r ) ≥ 6553.98 on the
4
y = 3456 interval [0.07,∞ ) or when r ≥ 0.07 .
y = 2662 Therefore, interest rates greater than or

equal to 7% generate future values of at least
$6553.98.
31. R = 4000 x − 0.1x 3

[0, 0.25] by [–500, 4500] Applying the intersection of graphs method:
y = 3456
y = 39,990
y = 2662
Note that the graphs intersect when r = 0.10 [0, 250] by [–350,000, 350,000]
or r = 0.20 . Therefore,
2662 ≤ 2000 (1 + r ) ≤ 3456 on the interval
3
[0.10,0.20] or when 0.10 ≤ r ≤ 0.20 . y = 39,990
Therefore, interest rates between 10% and

20%, inclusive, generate future values
between $2662 and $3456, inclusive.
Note that the graphs intersect

when x ≈ 10.02 and when x ≈ 194.80 .

Therefore, R = 4000 x − 0.1x 3 ≥ 39,990 on 33.

the interval [10.02,194.80] or when Considering the supply function and
solving for q:
10.02 ≤ x ≤ 194.80 .
6 p − q = 180
Therefore, producing and selling between 10 −q = 180 − 6 p
units and 194 units, inclusive, generates a q = 6 p − 180
revenue of at least $39,990.
Considering the demand function and
solving for q:
32. a. Revenue = ( p + 20 ) q = 30,000
( Price per unit )( Number of units ) q=
30,000
R ( x) = (1000 − 0.1x 2 ) ( x ) p + 20
Supply > Demand
R ( x) = 1000 x − 0.1x 3
30,000
6 p − 180 >
b. Applying the intersection of graphs p + 20
method:
y = 37, 500 30, 000

d =
p + 20
s = 6 p − 180
[0, 100] by [30,000, 40,000]

[0, 120] by [–400, 1500]
y = 37, 500 When the price is above $80, supply exceeds

demand.
Note that the graphs intersect

when x = 50 and when x ≈ 65.139 .
Therefore,
R ( x) = 1000 x − 0.1x 3 ≤ 37,500 on the
interval [0,50] or [65.139,∞ ) or when
0 ≤ x ≤ 50 or x ≥ 65.139 .
Therefore, producing and selling

between 0 units and 50 units, inclusive,
or more than 65 units generates a
revenue of at most $37,500.

200t 30 + 40t
34. C (t ) = 35. a. f (t ) =
2t 2 + 32 5 + 2t
Applying the intersection of graphs method: Applying the intersection of graphs
method:
y = 10
y = 18
[0, 15] by [–5, 20]

[0, 30] by [15, 20]
Note that the graphs intersect when

y = 10
30 + 40t
t = 15 . Therefore, f (t ) = < 18
5 + 2t
on the interval [0,15 ) or when
0 ≤ t < 15 .
b. For the first 15 months of the operation,

Note that the graphs intersect when t = 2 the number of employees is below 18.
and when t = 8 . Therefore,
200t
C (t ) = 2 ≥ 10 on the interval [2,8] or
2t + 32
when 2 ≤ t ≤ 8 .
Therefore, the drug concentration remains at

least 10% between 2 hours and 8 hours,
inclusive. The results contradict the claim
of the drug company that the drug remains at
a 10% for at least 8 hours. The calculations
suggest that the concentration is at least 10%
for only 6 hours, 8 − 2 = 6 .

CHAPTER 6 Skills Check 447
Chapter 6 Skills Check 5. a. y = x3 − 3x 2 − 4
1. The degree of the polynomial is the highest

exponent. In this case, the degree of the
polynomial is 4.
2. A fourth degree polynomial function is

called a quartic function.
3. y = −4 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 1 b.
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
Yes. The graph is complete on the given The local maximum is ( 0, −4 ) .

viewing window.
c.
4. a. y = x 4 − 4 x 2 − 20
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
The local minimum is ( 2, −8 ) .
b.
6. a. y = x 3 + 11x 2 − 16 x + 40
Viewing windows may vary.
b. No. The graph is not complete.

c. 8. 2 x4 − 8x2 = 0
2 x2 ( x2 − 4) = 0
2 x 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
2 x 2 = 0, x + 2 = 0, x − 2 = 0
x = 0, x = −2, x = 2
9. x 4 − x 3 − 20 x 2 = 0
Viewing windows may vary. x 2 ( x 2 − x − 20 ) = 0
d. x 2 ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x 2 = 0, x − 5 = 0, x + 4 = 0
x = 0, x = 5, x = −4
10. x 3 − 15 x 2 + 56 x = 0
x ( x 2 − 15 x + 56 ) = 0
[–25, 25] by [–250, 500]
x ( x − 7 )( x − 8 ) = 0
x = 0, x − 7 = 0, x − 8 = 0
x = 0, x = 7, x = 8
11. 4 x 3 − 20 x 2 − 4 x + 20 = 0
4 ( x3 − 5 x 2 − x + 5 ) = 0
4 ⎡⎣( x 3 − 5 x 2 ) + ( − x + 5 )⎤⎦ = 0
[–25, 25] by [–250, 500]
4 ⎡⎣ x 2 ( x − 5 ) + −1( x − 5 )⎤⎦ = 0
4 ( x − 5 ) ( x 2 − 1) = 0
7. x 3 − 16 x = 0
x ( x 2 − 16 ) = 0 4 ( x − 5 )( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0
x − 5 = 0, x + 1 = 0, x − 1 = 0
x ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0
x = 5, x = −1, x = 1
x = 0, x + 4 = 0, x − 4 = 0
x = 0, x = −4, x = 4

12. 12 x 3 − 9 x 2 − 48 x + 36 = 0 Based on the graphs, the solutions are

x = −1, x = 2, x = 3.
3 ( 4 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 16 x + 12 ) = 0
3 ⎡⎣( 4 x 3 − 3 x 2 ) + ( −16 x + 12 )⎤⎦ = 0

14. y = 6 x 3 − 59 x 2 − 161x + 60
3 ⎡⎣ x 2 ( 4 x − 3) + ( −4 )( 4 x − 3)⎤⎦ = 0
3 ( 4 x − 3) ( x 2 − 4 ) = 0 Applying the x-intercept method:
3 ( 4 x − 3)( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
4 x − 3 = 0, x + 2 = 0, x − 2 = 0
3
x = , x = −2, x = 2
4
13. y = x 4 − 3 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 7 x + 6
[–10, 15] by [–2500, 1500]
[–10, 15] by [–2500, 1500]

[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
[–10, 15] by [–2500, 1500]

[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
Based on the graphs, the solutions are
1
x = −2.5, x = ,x = 12.
3
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]

( x − 4) 19. y = 3x 3 − x 2 − 12 x + 4
3
15. =8
( x − 4)
3
3
=38 Applying the x-intercept method:
x−4=2
x=6
16. 5 ( x − 3) = 80
4
( x − 3)
4
= 16
( x − 3)
4
4
= ± 4 16
x − 3 = ±2
[–5, 5] by [–20, 20]
x = 5, x = 1
It appears that x = 2 is a zero.
17. 2 4 −3 0 2 −8 2 3 −1 −12 4
8 10 20 44 6 10 −4
4 5 10 22 36 3 5 −2 0
36 The new polynomial is 3x 2 + 5 x − 2.
4 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 10 x + 22 +
x−2
− (5 ) ± (5 ) − 4 (3)( −2 )
2
18.
x=
1 2 5 −11 4 2 (3)
2 7 −4
−5 ± 49
2 7 −4 0 x=
6
The new polynomial is 2 x 2 + 7 x − 4. −5 ± 7
x=
Set the polynomial equal to zero and solve. 6
−5 + 7 2 1
2 x2 + 7 x − 4 = 0 x= = =
6 6 3
( 2 x − 1)( x + 4 ) = 0 or
2 x − 1 = 0, x + 4 = 0
−5 − 7 −12
1 x= = = −2
2x −1 = 0 ⇒ 2x = 1 ⇒ x = 6 6
2 1
x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = −4 The solutions are x = 2, x = −2, x =
3
1
The solutions are x = 1, x = −4, x = .
2

20. y = 2 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3 1 − x2
21. a. y=
x+2
To find the y - intercept, let x = 0 and
solve for y.
1 − (0) 2 1
y= =
0+2 2
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
To find x - intercepts, let the numerator
equal zero and solve for x.
[–5, 5] by [–20, 20] 1 − x2 = 0
It appears that x = –3 is a zero. x2 = 1
x2 = ± 1
−3 2 5 −4 −3
x = ±1
−6 3 3
( −1,0 ) , (1,0 )
2 −1 −1 0
The new polynomial is 2x2 − x − 1. b. To find the vertical asymptote let
x+2=0
Applying the quadratic formula: x = −2
− ( −1) ± ( −1) − 4 ( 2 )( −1) x = −2 is the vertical asymptote.
2
x=
2 (2)
The degree of the numerator is greater
1± 9 than the degree of the denominator.
x=
4 Therefore, there is not a horizontal
1± 3 asymptote.
x=
4
c. To find the slant asymptote:
1+ 3 4
x= = =1 2 1 0 1
4 4
2 4
or
1 2 3
1 − 3 −2 1
x= = =−
4 4 2 The slant asymaptote is y  2  x.
1
The solutions are x = −3, x = − , x = 1. d.
2

3x − 2 x2
22. a. y= 23. y =
x−3 x−4
To find the y - intercept, let x = 0 and

solve for y.
3 (0 ) − 2 −2 2
y= = =
0−3 −3 3
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
To find x - intercepts, let the numerator
equal zero and solve for x. The local maximum is ( 0,0 ) , while the
3x − 2 = 0 local minimum is (8,16 ) .
3x = 2
2
x=
3 x2 + 3
24. y =
⎛2 ⎞ 1− x
⎜ ,0 ⎟
⎝3 ⎠
b. To find the vertical asymptote let

x−3= 0
x=3
The degree of the numerator equals the

degree of the denominator. Therefore,
The local maximum is (3, −6 ) , while the
the ratio of the leading coefficients is the
horizontal asymptote. local minimum is ( −1, 2 ) .
3
y = =3
1
1 + 2 x2
c. 25. a. y=
x+2

b. d.
9 1 + 2 x2
= LCD: 4 ( x + 2 )
4 x+2
⎛9⎞ ⎛ 1 + 2 x2 ⎞
4 ( x + 2)⎜ ⎟ = 4 ( x + 2)⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠ ⎝ x+2 ⎠
9 ( x + 2 ) = 4 (1 + 2 x 2 )
9 x + 18 = 4 + 8 x 2
[–10, 10] by [–30, 10]
8 x 2 − 9 x − 14 = 0
(8 x + 7 )( x − 2 ) = 0
7
8 x + 7 = 0 ⇒ 8 x = −7 ⇒ x = −
8
x−2=0⇒ x =2
7
The solutions are x = 2, x = − .
8
When x = 1, y = 1. When x = 3, y = 3.8. 26. x 4 − 13x 2 + 36 = 0
c.
(x 2
− 9 )( x 2 − 4 ) = 0
( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
x + 3 = 0, x − 3 = 0, x + 2 = 0, x − 2 = 0
x = −3, x = 3, x = −2, x = 2
27. y = x 3 + x 2 + 2 x − 4
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10]
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10]

If y = 2.25, then x = –0.875 or x = 2.
It appears that x = 1 is a zero.
1 1 1 2 −4
1 2 4
1 2 4 0

Set the new polynomial equal to Set the new polynomial equal to
zero and solve. zero and solve.
x2 + 2 x + 4 = 0 4 x2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x= x=
2a 2a
− (2) ± ( 2 ) − 4 ( 4 )(1)
2
− (2) ± ( 2 ) − 4 (1)( 4 )
2
x= x=
2 (1) 2 (4)
−2 ± −12 −2 ± −12
x= x=
2 8
/ −1 ± 1i 3)
−2 ± 2i 3 2( −2 ± 2i 3
x= = x=
2 2/ 8
x = −1 ± i 3 −1 ± i 3
x=
4
The solutions are x = 1, x = −1 ± i 3.
−1 3
x= ± i
4 4
28. y = 4 x 3 + 10 x 2 + 5 x + 2 −1 3
The solutions are x = −2, x = + i,
Applying the x-intercept method: 4 4
−1 3
x= − i.
4 4
29. x 3 − 5 x 2 ≥ 0
x2 ( x − 5) ≥ 0
x2 ( x − 5) = 0
x − 5 = 0, x 2 = 0
[–5, 5] by [–10, 10]
x = 5, x = 0
It appears that x = –2 is a zero.
Sign chart:
−2 4 10 5 2
Function --- --- +++
−8 −4 −2 x2 +++ +++ +++
4 2 1 0 ( x − 5) --- --- +++
The new polynomial is 4x 2 + 2 x + 1. 0 5
greater than or equal to zero on the interval
[5,∞ ) or when x ≥ 5 . In addition, the
function is equal to zero when x = 0.

30. y = x 3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 8 Applying the intersection of graphs method:
[–10, 10] by [–10, 10]
[–5, 5] by [–15, 15] Note that the graphs intersect when x = 3 .

4x − 6
x = 0 . Therefore, > 2 on the
x
interval  ,0  3,   or when
x < 0 or x > 3 .
5 x − 10
32. ≥ 20
x +1
Based on the graphs, the function is greater

than or equal to zero on the intervals [−1, 2]
or [4,∞ ) or when x ≥ 4 or −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
[–10, 10] by [–20, 40]
Note that the graphs intersect when x = −2 .

4x − 6 Also note that a vertical asymptote occurs at
31. 2 <
x 5 x − 10
4x − 6 x = −1 . Therefore, ≥ 20 on the
>2 x +1
x interval [−2, −1) or when −2 ≤ x < −1 .

Chapter 6 Review Exercises 35. a. S = 5000(1 + r )6
33. a. R = −0.1x 3 + 15 x 2 − 25 x Using the table feature of a TI-83

graphing calculator:

0.01 5307.60
0.05 6700.48
0.10 8857.81
0.15 11,565.30
b. b.
c. c.
When 50,000 units are produced and [0, 0.2] by [–1000, 15,000]
sold, the revenue is $23,750.
34. R = −0.1x 3 + 13.5 x 2 − 150 x
[0, 0.2] by [–1000, 15,000]
The difference in the future values is

[0, 150] by [–6000, 40,000] 14,929.92 − 8857.81 = $6072.11 .
When 84,051 units are sold, the

maximum revenue of $23,385.63 is
generated.

CHAPTER 6 Review 457
36. y = 120 x 2 − 20 x 3 38. a.
[0, 8] by [0, 1000] b. y  0.0000596 x 3  0.00933x 2

0.308 x  5.63
An intensity level of 4 allows the maximum
amount of photosynthesis to take place. c.
37. a.
d. Using the unrounded model, the number

of elderly Americans in the workforce in
2060 will be 8.578 million.
b. Using this model, the yearly income
poverty threshold for a single person in 39. a.
2017 (when x = 27) will be $12,513.
c. Using the maximum value function on

the calculator:
b. y  0.00000110 x 4  0.000278 x3
0.0203x 2  0.318 x  13.4
[0, 35] by [0, 15000]
Based on the graph, in the year 2023

(when x = 33), the poverty threshold for
a single person will be a maximum.

c. 41. a. V = 0
324 x − 72 x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0
4 x 3 − 72 x 2 + 324 x = 0
4 x ( x 2 − 18 x + 81) = 0
4 x ( x − 9 )( x − 9 ) = 0
4 x = 0, x − 9 = 0, x − 9 = 0
x = 0, x = 9, x = 9
The model is a good fit for the data. b. If the values of x from part a) are used to
cut squares from corners of a piece of
d. Using the minimum value function on tin, no box can be created. Either no
the calculator: square is cut or the squares encompass
all the tin. Therefore, the volume of the
box is zero.
c. Reasonable values of x would allow for

a box to be created. An x-value larger
than zero and less than half the length of
the edge of the piece of tin would allow
for a box to be created. Therefore,
reasonable values are
[0, 125] by [0, 16] 18
0< x< or 0 < x < 9.
2
Based on the graph, in the year 1966
(when x = 66), the percent of the U.S.
population that is foreign-born will be a 42. a. P ( x) = −0.2 x 3 + 20.5 x 2 − 48.8 x − 120
minimum.
9261 = 8000 (1 + r )
3
40.
9261
(1 + r )
3
=
8000
9261
(1 + r ) = 3
3 3
8000
1 + r = 1.05
r = 1.05 − 1 The x-intercept is ( 4,0 ) .
r = 0.05
b. 4 −0.2 20.5 −48.8 −120
An interest rate of 5% creates a future value
−0.8 78.8 120
of $9261 after 3 years.
−0.2 19.7 30 0
The remaining quadratic factor
is − 0.2x 2 + 19.7 x + 30.

c. Set the remaining polynomial equal to d. Using the unrounded model, the number
zero and solve. of worldwide Starbucks stores in 2019 is
predicted to be 23,574.
−0.2x 2 + 19.7 x + 30 = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 0.3t
x= 44. C=
2a t2 +1
− (19.7 ) ± (19.7 ) − 4 ( −0.2 )(30 )

2
a. Since the degree of the numerator is less
x=
2 ( −0.2 ) than the degree of the denominator, the
horizontal asymptote is C = 0.
−19.7 ± 412.09
x=
−0.4 b. As the time increases, the concentration
−19.7 ± 20.3 of the drug approaches zero percent.
x=
−0.4
−19.7 + 20.3 −19.7 − 20.3 c.
x= , x=
−0.4 −0.4
x = −1.5, x = 100
The solutions are x = 4, x = −1.5,
and x = 100.
d. Since negative solutions do not make

sense in the context of the question, [0, 4] by [0, 0.3]
break-even occurs when 400 units are
produced or when 10,000 units are The maximum drug concentration is
produced. 15%, occurring after one hour.
43. a.
50 x + 5600
45. C ( x) =
x
a. C ( 0 ) does not exist. If no units are

produced, an average cost per unit
cannot be calculated.
b. Since the degree of the numerator equals

b. y  10.3x 3  400 x 2  5590 x  8690 the degree of the denominator, the
50
horizontal asymptote is C ( x ) = = 50.
c. 1
As the number of units produced
increases without bound, the average
cost per unit approaches $50.

c. The function decreases as x increases. 180

48. a. C ( x ) = 200 + 20 x +
x
2
200 x 20 x 180
C (x) = + +
x x x
2
20 x + 200 x + 180
C (x) =
x
b.
[0, 20] by [0, 5000]
__
30 x 2 + 12,000
46. a. C=
x
Using 5 plates creates a cost of $336.
c.
b.
[0, 8] by [–100, 600]
Using 3 plates creates a minimum cost

of $320.
[0, 50] by [0, 6000]

49. a.
The minimum average cost is $1200,
occurring when 20 units are produced.
47.

b. For 2015, x = 2015 – 2010 = 5. 51. a.
21.35(5)  69.59
f (5) 
4.590(5)  233.1
176.34
  0.6886
256.05
Therefore, in the year 2015,

approximately 69% of cell phones in the
U.S. will be smart phones.
b. y  0.00001828 x 4  0.003925 x 3
21.35(10)  69.59 +0.3031x 2  9.907 x  118.2
c. f (10) 
4.590(10)  233.1
283.09 c.
  1.015
279
This indicates that there are more smart

phone users than cell phone users, which
does not make sense because a smart
phone is a special type of cell phone.
Thus, the model is not valid after 2019.
40 x
50. S = + + 10
x 4 d. Applying the intersection of graphs
method:
y = 23.3
[15, 85] by [0, 10]
[4, 80] by [–10, 50]
Note that S ≥ 23.3 occurs on the interval

[50, ∞ ) or when x ≥ 50 . Fifty or more
hours of training results in sales greater than
$23,300.
[15, 85] by [0, 10]

y = 59, 625
[15, 85] by [0, 10] [0, 1000] by [–50,000, 300,000]
Note that R ≥ 59,625 when x ≥ 50 and

x ≤ 605.97 . Selling 50 or more units but no
more than 605 units creates a revenue
stream of at least $59,625.
__
100 + 30 x + 0.1x 2
53. C =
x
[15, 85] by [0, 10]
Applying the intersection of graphs method
Note that y  3 when 29  x  43 and
67  x  77 . Between the ages 29 to 43 and
67 to 77 the number of crashes will be less
than 3.
52. y = 1200 x − 0.003 x 3 y = 37
[0, 100] by [30, 50]
y = 59, 625
y = 37
[0, 1000] by [–50,000, 300,000]
[0, 100] by [30, 50]
C ≤ 37 when 20 ≤ x ≤ 50 . The average cost

is at most $37 when between 20 and 50
units, inclusive, are produced.

100C
54. p =
9600 + C
y = 30.1
[0, 10,000] by [0, 50]
Note that p ≥ 30.1 when x ≥ 4133.91 . To

remove at least 30.1% of the particulate
pollution will cost at least $4133.91.

Group Activity/Extended Applications 8. The cost to remove 90% is $2,178,000

which is significantly higher than paying the
1. Global Climate Change current fine. It would seem it is not worth
the cost.
1. a. p ≠ 100
b. D: [0, ) 2. Printing
R: [0, 242,000)
A. 1. Assuming the printer uses 10 plates,
then 1000  10  10,000 impressions can
2. C(60) = $3630 hundred = $363,000. be made per hour. If 10,000
C(80) = $9680 hundred = $968,000. This impressions are made per hour, it will
result means the annual cost in dollars of 100,000
take = 10 hours to complete all
removing 80% of the particulate pollution 10,000
from the smokestack of a power plant is the invitations.
$968,000.
2. Since it costs $128 per hour to run the

3. The vertical asymptote of this function is press, the cost of using 10 plates is
p = 100, and means it is impossible to
10  128  $1280.
remove 100% of the particulate pollution.
Algebraically, the horizontal asymptote is
C = 0, but in the context of the problem
3. The 10 plates cost 10  8  $80.
(within the domain), there is no horizontal
asymptote that makes any sense.
4. The total cost of finishing the job is
4. The y-intercept is (0, 0) and means that it 1280 + 80 = $1360
would cost $0 if no particulate pollution
amount is removed.
B. 1. Let x = number of plates. Then, the
cost of the plates is 8 x.
5. The CFO of this company should
recommend to pay the fine since the cost to
remove 80% of the pollution ($968,000) is 2. Using x plates implies x invitations
higher than the fine of $700,000. can be made per impression.
6. If the company has already paid $363,000 to 3. 1000 x invitations per hour
remove 60% of the pollution, the difference Creating all 100,000 invitations
to remove 20% more is only $605,000
100,000 100
which is less than the $700,000 fine. Advise would require = hours.
the company to remove the 20% difference 1000 x x
rather than pay the fine.
7. Answer may vary, but at least $1,000,000

would be higher than the cost to remove
80% of the pollution.

CHAPTER 6 Group Activities/Extended Applications 465
⎛ 100 ⎞
4. C ( x ) = 8 x + 128 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
⎛ 12,800 ⎞
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's
Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art,
fifth series, no. 118, vol. III, April 3, 1886
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Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and

Art, fifth series, no. 118, vol. III, April 3, 1886
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CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE,
AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 118, VOL. III, APRIL 3, 1886 ***
CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL
OF
POPULAR
LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND
ART.
CONTENTS
THE SCOTTISH BEADLE.
IN ALL SHADES.
POPULAR LEGAL FALLACIES.
THE SIGNALMAN’S LOVE-STORY.
MY DETECTIVE EXPERIENCES.
A BONE TO PICK WITH ARTISTS.
THE SICKROOM FIRE.
THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY’S WESTERN TERMINUS.
‘LET THERE BE LIGHT.’
No. 118.—Vol. III. SATURDAY, APRIL 3, 1886. Price 1½d.
THE SCOTTISH BEADLE.
HALF A CENTURY AGO.
Just as the old familiar landmarks of a place undergo in the course
of time that change and decay which are the common lot of all things
earthly ere they are finally removed from sight, nevermore to exist
save as a name or memory, so many of the features or
characteristics of our social life are continually being submitted to
that process of transformation, and, in many respects, of obliteration,
which prevails alike in the moral and the physical world. That
process is to be witnessed every day. It is a result of the inevitable
law to which everything human, every institution of man’s making or
developing, is finally subservient. Assuredly, there is no feature or
characteristic of life, whether viewed in a national or in an individual
sense, but has to submit sooner or later to this universal order of
things; and so, naturally, we may look, and look in vain to-day for
that which but yesterday was an interesting and distinguishing trait in
a certain aspect of the social life of those who then filled, as we do
now, the measure of the time.
This reflection is irresistible in considering such a subject as that of
‘Beadles,’ a class of individuals who once filled a unique and peculiar
place in the humbler walks of the social life of their time; for, as a
class, they certainly cannot be said to form a feature in the social life
of the present day. Of course, even yet the number of persons
fulfilling the orthodox functions appertaining to the beadle is as large
as ever—in all probability, larger. No minister surely, in Scotland at
least, but enjoys his appurtenance in the person of his ‘man’ or
officer. But the beadle of fifty years ago, the beadle with whom Dean
Ramsay delighted to ‘forgather,’ where now is he? Sadly do we fear
that he is at length sleeping his last long sleep within the quiet
precincts of his ‘ain kirkyard,’ while another performs, after a fashion,
those functions of his office which were ever his delight and pride,
and which brought him in their performance not a little of that social
renown which assuredly belonged to him, and to him alone.
The many stories told of the doings and sayings of beadles—the old
originals—would fill, we believe, a goodly-sized volume. Not a few
such stories have already been related by Dean Ramsay in his
delightful Reminiscences, while many more are collected in other
well-known books of Scottish anecdote. These stories go to prove
the beadle to have been a character which, as has been said, is all
but extinct in our times. A few remote parishes may yet retain worthy
enough representatives of the quaint and ancient ‘bedellus,’ but,
generally speaking, they are mere milk-and-water copies of the old
originals. Initially, he has lost his very name, which mincing modern
speech has corrupted from beadle to ‘church-officer.’ Then, as to his
personal identity, in place of the old-time periwig he was wont to
wear, he has now—why often, he has nothing to show! Instead of the
blue swallow-tail coat with the brightly burnished buttons, and the
quaint knee-breeches whereby there were displayed those ‘shrunk
shanks’ of his which betokened their possessor to have arrived at
that sixth age of the human cycle, he now wears ‘a customary suit of
solemn black.’ Instead of that delightful affection and familiarity
which existed between himself and his minister, there is now a due
and proper regard paid to their respective ‘places.’ Instead of the
minister and his elders being ever in awe of their ‘man,’ he has now
to bear himself with appropriate respect and deference towards the
minister and his session. All, indeed, is now changed; and his
ancient worthiness cannot surely be identified among the plain and—
in point of public character—featureless individuals who methodically
and perfunctorily follow in his footsteps. If he survive at all, it is only
here and there in a few stray stories and traditions embodying a
pathetic remembrance of him as having lived in a bygone time in that
social life of our country to which he was peculiarly indigenous, and
of which he was, in a remarkable degree, so distinctive and
interesting a feature.
Perhaps the time when the beadle flourished at his best and
attracted to himself most of that social renown which made him a
personage of no little importance—in rural districts at anyrate—was
from half a century to a century ago. Of course many persons will yet
vividly remember certain beadles of their acquaintance who were
extant even within a decade or two ago, and enjoying in the flesh all
that ‘pride of place’ to which their connection with ecclesiastical
affairs had elevated them. Indeed, not a few may yet be living in
various parts of the country who may not unworthily claim to share in
that peculiar notorious regard which so many of their predecessors
in office enjoyed; but it is to be feared that even they are every year
becoming more and more a minus quantity, and the time is all but
come, if it has not already come, when, so far as their social
popularity as a class of characteristic individuals is concerned, they
will soon, like the flowers of the forest, be ‘a’ wede away.’
Half a century ago or so, however, it was a poor country parish that
had not within its confines some entertaining worthy in the person of
the beadle; for where the parishioners lacked entertainment, whether
of a social or a graver kind, in the efforts of their clergy, which,
indeed, was rarely the case, then they were almost certain to obtain
it in some form or other in the sayings and doings of the inferior but
not less interesting functionaries, their beadles. In not a few places,
the popularity of the latter far eclipsed that of the former: a fact which
was once at least ludicrously emphasised by the story of the very
jovial beadle who excused his too frequent indulgences in strong
drink—a propensity which had merited the repeated rebukes of his
minister, who naturally enough quoted his own sobriety as an
example—on the ground of the greater popularity he enjoyed, and to
which the minister could not, he declared, make anything like the
same claim.
Nor was this general regard in which, as a class, they were held,
derived solely from their connection with the church; for, in addition
to their more serious Sabbath-day functions and opportunities, they
were by no means unwilling to become, in a secular and an unofficial
sense, the valuable receptacles of all the local news and tittle-tattle,
albeit they were not unfrequently at the same time the ready
mouthpiece for the dissemination of the same. In one or two country
districts, we have heard the phrase, ‘to blab like a beadle,’ which
gives some colouring to this latter statement; but, on the whole, it is
only fair to say in his behalf that there were others who could blab as
well as he about those parochial secrets with which it was his
business, more or less, to become acquainted. To be a model to his
class, there was, in fact, no secret but he knew all about, and at first-
hand too; no scandal whispered ominously within the precincts of the
manse or session-house but was ‘piper’s news’ to him; and whether
the fama in question related to the latest heterodoxy of the minister
himself, or to some serious moral defection on the part of the laird, or
had regard to the love ongoings of Matty the farmer’s lass, or even
had to do with such a temporal matter as the chronic rheumatism of
the Doctor’s lady, all was known to his beadleship long before the
whisper could be shapen into palpable words; and thus he was ever,
Sabbath-day and week-day alike, as wise as Sir Oracle himself.
His local influence, therefore, was by no means despicable. Many
persons finding in him a man of information, of ripe wisdom, of
undeniable honesty, of excellent counsel, in which neither the village
doctor nor the schoolmaster, nor even the minister, could excel,
however nearly they may have approached him, looked up to him
often with genuine regard and affection, and were easily inclined to
forgive whatever faults and failings occasionally exhibited
themselves whether in his ‘walk’ or his ‘conversation;’ for sometimes
even his human nature was liable to err. Thus, whatever he said,
gained the ear of the parish; whatever he did, filled the popular eye;
and while the doctor and the schoolmaster, ay, and even the
minister, are each and all now well-nigh forgotten, to this day his
name is still remembered, and his sayings repeated. In some places,
of course, he occasionally figured small and unworthily; but,
generally speaking, the beadle of the time indicated was really a very
notable and important social character, although his fame did not
extend beyond the bourn of the parish to which he belonged; but of
the result of the pathetic, although petty part he played on his narrow
human stage, all that remains to us to-day is the not uninteresting
though sorrowful reflection that he was a distinguishing feature of a
quiet, easy-going, giving-and-taking time in the past history of
Scotland. But with the advance of the times, the personality of the
beadle becomes less striking, grows less interesting. His quondam
local gossip and tattle, what are they with the multitudinous-tongued
newspaper? What are the village secrets compared with the great
doings in the mighty city, humming yonder like a vast human hive?
Soon did our worthy friend feel that the big, busy world, of which he
and his villagers had heard but little, and knew less, was now
beginning to push itself upon them, until at length one day it was
discovered that his and their identity were being merged and lost in
the ever-increasing crowds of men. But it was only the way of the
world, to which even beadles must submit themselves. That they
have done so is only too apparent to-day, when, in this little corner of
the world, of which they were once as native as the thistle or the
heather, perhaps not a score of them are to be found of the good old
style of fifty years ago.
A few stories about these worthies may not be out of place in
concluding these reflections. Perhaps the most original saying,
embodying a rare thought, quaint yet beautiful, ever expressed by a
beadle was that attributed to Jamie M——, who served in that
capacity for nearly thirty years to the church of B——. His beadleship
was, as far as wages were concerned, trifling, and therefore Jamie
had to work as a stone-breaker to keep body and soul together. At
length, after a long life of patient toil, he took to his deathbed, where
one day, in reply to the minister, who had called to see him, and, by
way of reminding him of the heavenly joys on which he was about to
enter, doubted not that he would soon be joining in the choir
celestial, Jamie said that he had ‘full assurance of faith for certain,
but that as for the choiring, he was aye bad at a tune. Howsoever,
when he got to the New Jerusalem, he was willin’ to work wi’ his
hands if the Maister wanted him!’
The office of beadle was frequently, in many country parishes,
combined with that of sexton or gravedigger—an office which
afforded considerable scope for the display of those pathetic, if
oftentimes grotesque, traits of character. We remember one worthy
who considered the latter office of much more interest and
importance than the former. ‘As beadle he only waited on the living;
but as sexton and gravedigger, he waited on the dead!’ Another
worthy used to say that for performing the duties of beadle he only
got the ‘session’s siller;’ while for assisting at those more solemn and
sad burial-rites, he got the ‘deid’s perquisites!’
Dr Begg, in his Autobiography, tells a story—not, however, for the
first time—of a grave-digging beadle who, in reply to a question put
to him by his minister, said that ‘Trade’s very dull the noo; I hae na
buried a leevin’ cratur for three weeks.’ This same beadle, who was
very much an eye-servant, was appointed to watch the gooseberries
(Scotticé grosets) during the days of the communion, when, amongst
a multitude of worthy people, some doubtful characters came about.
On one occasion, when the beadle saw some one coming out of the
manse, and therefore likely to observe and report, he exclaimed with
the greatest apparent zeal to strangers going near the garden: ‘How
daur ye touch the minister’s grosets?’ But as soon as the manse-
people had vanished out of sight, he proceeded to add, in an
undertone: ‘Tak ye a pickle [a few] for a’ that!’
Apropos of the sexton-beadle, the writer lately heard an excellent
story—which has never before been printed—regarding Thomas
Carlyle and a late beadle of Ecclefechan. In the churchyard, which
has now been made famous by the fact that it contains the mortal
remains of the great sage, there stood, and still stands, a very old
and dilapidated tombstone, on which are engraven some illegible
hieroglyphics, which the beadle pretended to decipher, translating
their purport in such a way as to reflect very flatteringly on the moral
and social qualities of the persons—his ancestors—to whom they
referred. On one occasion, when Carlyle visited this place of the
dead, the beadle showed him round, but first of all pointed to this
mysterious stone, underneath which reposed all that was mortal of
the beadle’s supposed illustrious ancestors, and dilated with his well-
known exaggeration on the very high characters which, according to
the hieroglyphics of the stone, they bore when in the flesh. Carlyle,
knowing the beadle’s soft point with regard to his ‘forebears,’ listened
for a time in silence to the glowing description of individuals who
never had had any existence save in imagination, and at length
quietly remarked as he passed on: ‘Puir cratur, ye’ll sune be
gathered to them yersel’!’
The social popularity which many beadles enjoyed not unfrequently
encouraged them to take certain liberties, which, nowadays at all
events, would not be permitted either within or without the ‘sphere’ in
which they lived and worked. What would be thought of a beadle, for
instance, who would presume to correct the precentor in announcing
from his box a proclamation of marriage between parties, as once
did a beadle of a parish near Arbroath? The precentor had somehow
been provided with a ‘proclaiming’ paper, in which the name of one
of the parties had been wrongly stated, as the beadle supposed; and
as the precentor duly proceeded to make the announcement that
‘there was a solemn purpose of marriage between Alexander Spink
of Fisher’s Loan and Elspeth Hackett of Burn Wynd,’ he was
unceremoniously interrupted by the beadle suddenly exclaiming:
‘That’s wrang, that’s wrang! It’s no Sanders Spink o’ Fisher’s Loan
that’s gaun to marry Elspeth Hackett, but Lang Sanders Spink o’
Smithy Croft!’
The story of Watty Tinlin, the half-crazy beadle of Hawick parish, is
another proof of this license, which was, on certain occasions,
supposed to be due to his office. One day Wat got so tired of
listening to the long sermon of a strange minister, that he went
outside the church, and wandering in the direction of the river Teviot,
saw the worshippers from the adjoining parish of Wilton grossing the
bridge on their way home. Returning to the church and finding the
preacher still thundering away, he shouted out, to the astonishment
and relief of the exhausted congregation: ‘Say amen, sir; say amen!
Wulton’s kirk’s comin’ ower Teyit Brig!’ Such conduct on a Sunday in
the present year of grace, if it did not relegate the offender to the
police cell, would at anyrate result in a very solemn and serious
sitting of the ‘session’ on the following Monday. But the times are
changed; and not only have beadles, but ministers and churches,
too, changed with them; and the living embodiments of the class
whose peculiar and, on the whole, not unpleasant idiosyncrasies of
character and ‘calling’ we have thus briefly indicated, are now few
and far between.
IN ALL SHADES.
BY GRANT ALLEN,
Author of ‘Babylon,’ ‘Strange Stories,’ etc.
etc.
CHAPTER XVII.
‘We’d better go, Tom,’ Mr Dupuy said, almost pitying them. ‘Upon my
word, it’s perfectly true; they neither of them knew a word about it.’
‘No, by Jove, they didn’t,’ Tom Dupuy answered with a sneer, as he
walked out into the piazza.—‘What a splendid facer, though, it was,
Uncle Theodore, for a confounded upstart nigger of a brown man.—
But, I say,’ as they passed out of the piazza and mounted their
horses once more by the steps—for they were riding—‘did you ever
see anything more disgusting in your life than that woman there—a
real white woman, and a born lady, Nora tells me—slobbering over
and hugging that great, ugly, hulking, coloured fellow!’
‘He’s white enough to look at,’ Mr Dupuy said reflectively. ‘Poor soul,
she married him without knowing anything about it. It’ll be a terrible
blow for her, I expect, finding out, now she’s tied to him irrevocably,
that he’s nothing more than a common brown man.’
‘She ought to be allowed to get a divorce,’ Tom Dupuy exclaimed
warmly. ‘It’s preposterous to think that a born lady, and the daughter
of a General Somebody over in England, should be tethered for life
to a creature of that sort, whom she’s married under what’s as good
as false pretences!’
Meanwhile, the unhappy woman who had thus secured the high
prize of Mr Tom Dupuy’s distinguished compassion was sitting on the
sofa in the big bare drawing-room, holding her husband’s hand
tenderly in hers and soothing him gently by murmuring every now
and then in a soft undertone: ‘My darling, how glad we are to know
that, after all, it’s nothing, nothing.’
Edward’s stupor lasted for many minutes; not so much because he
was deeply hurt or horrified, for there wasn’t much at bottom to
horrify him, but simply because he was stunned by the pure novelty
and strangeness of that curious situation. A brown man—a brown
man! It was too extraordinary! He could hardly awake himself from
the one pervading thought that absorbed and possessed for the
moment his whole nature. At last, however, he awoke himself slowly.
After all, how little it was, compared with their worst fears and
anticipations! ‘Thomas,’ he cried to the negro butler, ‘bring round our
horses as quick as you can saddle them.—Darling, we must ride up
to Agualta this moment, and speak about it all to my father and
mother.’
In Trinidad, everybody rides; indeed, there is no other way of getting
about from place to place among the mountains, for carriage-roads
are there unknown, and only narrow winding horse-paths climb
slowly round the interminable peaks and gullies. The Hawthorns’
own house was on the plains just at the foot of the hills; but Agualta
and most of the other surrounding houses were up high among the
cooler mountains. So the very first thing Marian and Edward had had
to do on reaching the island was to provide themselves with a couple
of saddle-horses, which they did during their first week’s stay at
Agualta. In five minutes the horses were at the door; and Marian,
having rapidly slipped on her habit, mounted her pony and
proceeded to follow her agitated husband up the slender thread of
mountain-road that led tortuously to his father’s house. They rode
along in single file, as one always must on these narrow, ledge-like,
West Indian bridle-paths, and in perfect silence. At first, indeed,
Marian tried to throw out a few casual remarks about the scenery
and the tree-ferns, to look as if the disclosure was to her less than
nothing—as, indeed, but for Edward’s sake, was actually the case—
but her husband was too much wrapped up in his own bitter thoughts
to answer her by more than single monosyllables. Not that he spoke
unkindly or angrily; on the contrary, his tenderness was profounder
than ever, for he knew now to what sort of life he had exposed
Marian; but he had no heart just then for talking of any sort; and he
felt that until he understood the whole matter more perfectly, words
were useless to explain the situation.
As for Marian, one thought mainly possessed her: had even Nora,
too, turned against them and forsaken them?
Old Mr Hawthorn met them anxiously on the terrace of Agualta. He
saw at once, by their pale and troubled faces, that they now knew at
least part of the truth. ‘Well, my boy,’ he said, taking Edward’s hand
in his with regretful gentleness, ‘so you have found out the ban that
hangs over us?’
‘In part, at least,’ Edward answered, dismounting; and he proceeded
to pour forth into his father’s pitying and sympathetic ear the whole
story of their stormy interview with the two Dupuys. ‘What can they
mean,’ he asked at last, drawing himself up proudly, ‘by calling such
people as you and me “brown men,” father?’
The question, as he asked it that moment, in the full sunshine of
Agualta Terrace, did indeed seem a very absurd one. Two more
perfect specimens of the fair-haired, blue-eyed, pinky-white-skinned
Anglo-Saxon type it would have been extremely difficult to discover
even in the very heart of England itself, than the father and son who
thus faced one another. But old Mr Hawthorn shook his handsome
gray old head solemnly and mournfully. ‘It’s quite true, my boy,’ he
answered with a painful sigh—‘quite true, every word of it. In the
eyes of all Trinidad, of all the West Indies, you and I are in fact
coloured people.’
‘But father, dear father,’ Marian said pleadingly, ‘just look at Edward!
There isn’t a sign or a mark on him anywhere of anything but the
purest English blood! Just look at him, father; how can it be
possible?’—and she took up, half unconsciously, his hand—that
usual last tell-tale of African descent, but in Edward Hawthorn’s case
stainless and white as pure wax. ‘Surely you don’t mean to tell me,’
she said, kissing it with wifely tenderness, ‘there is negro blood—the
least, the tiniest fraction, in dear Edward!’
‘Listen to me, dear one,’ the old man said, drawing Marian closer to
his side with a fatherly gesture. ‘My father was a white man. Mary’s
father was a white man. Our grandfathers on both sides were pure
white, and our grandmothers on one side were white also. All our
ancestors in the fourth degree were white, save only one—fifteen
whites to one coloured out of sixteen quarters—and that one was a
mulatto in either line—Mary’s and my great-great-grandmother. In
England or any other country of Europe, we should be white—as
white as you are. But such external and apparent whiteness isn’t
enough by any means for our West Indian prejudices. As long as you
have the remotest taint or reminiscence of black blood about you in
any way—as long as it can be shown, by tracing your pedigree
pitilessly to its fountainhead, that any one of your ancestors was of
African origin—then, by all established West Indian reckoning, you
are a coloured man, an outcast, a pariah.—You have married a
coloured man, Marian; and your children and your grandchildren to
the latest generations will all of them for ever be coloured also.’
‘How cruel—how wicked—how abominable!’ Marian cried, flushed
and red with sudden indignation. ‘How unjust so to follow the merest
shadow or suspicion of negro blood age after age to one’s children’s
children!’
‘And how far more unjust still,’ Edward exclaimed with passionate
fervour, ‘ever so to judge of any man not by what he is in himself, but
by the mere accident of the race or blood from which he is
descended!’
Marian flushed again with still deeper colour; she felt in her heart that
Edward’s indignation went further than hers, down to the very root
and ground of the whole matter.
‘But, O father,’ she began again after a slight pause, clinging
passionately both to her husband and to Mr Hawthorn, ‘are they
going to visit this crime of birth even on a man of Edward’s character
and Edward’s position?’
‘Not on him only,’ the old man whispered with infinite tenderness
—‘not on him only, my daughter, my dear daughter—not on him only,
but on you—on you, who are one of themselves, an English lady, a
true white woman of pure and spotless lineage. You have broken
their utmost and sacredest law of race; you have married a coloured
man! They will punish you for it cruelly and relentlessly. Though you
did it, as he did it, in utter ignorance, they will punish you for it
cruelly; and that’s the very bitterest drop in all our bitter cup of
ignominy and humiliation.’
There was a moment’s silence, and then Edward cried to him aloud:
‘Father, father, you ought to have told me of this earlier!’
His father drew back at the word as though one had stung him. ‘My
boy,’ he answered tremulously, ‘how can you ever reproach me with
that? You at least should be the last to reproach me. I sent you to
England, and I meant to keep you there. In England, this disgrace
would have been nothing—less than nothing. Nobody would ever
have known of it, or if they knew of it, minded it in any way. Why
should I trouble you with a mere foolish fact of family history utterly
unimportant to you over in England? I tried my hardest to prevent
you from coming here; I tried to send you back at once when you
first came. But do you wonder, now, I shrank from telling you the ban
that lies upon all of us here? And do you blame me for trying to
spare you the misery I myself and your dear mother have endured
without complaining for our whole lifetime?’
‘Father,’ Edward cried again, ‘I was wrong; I was ungrateful. You
have done it in all kindness. Forgive me—forgive me!’
‘There is nothing to forgive, my boy—nothing to forgive, Edward. And
now, of course, you will go back to England?’
Edward answered quickly: ‘Yes, yes, father; they have conquered—
they have conquered—I shall go back to England; and you, too, shall
come with me. If it were for my own sake alone, I would stop here
even so, and fight it out with them to the end till I gained the victory.
But I can’t expose Marian—dear, gently nurtured, tender Marian—to
the gibes and scorn of these ill-mannered planter people. She shall
never again submit to the insult and contumely she has had to
endure this morning.—No, no, Marian darling, we shall go back to
England—back to England—back to England!’
‘And why,’ Marian asked, looking up at her father-in-law suddenly,
‘didn’t you yourself leave the country long ago? Why didn’t you go
where you could mix on equal terms with your natural equals? Why
have you stood so long this horrible, wicked, abominable injustice?’
The old man straightened himself up, and fire flashed from his eyes
like an old lion’s as he answered proudly: ‘For Edward! First of all, I
stopped here and worked to enable me to bring up my boy where his
talents would have the fullest scope in free England. Next, when I
had grown rich and prosperous here at Agualta, I stayed on because
I wouldn’t be beaten in the battle and driven out of the country by the
party of injustice and social intolerance. I wouldn’t yield to them; I
wouldn’t give way to them; I wouldn’t turn my back upon the baffled
and defeated clique of slave-owners, because, though my father was
an English officer, my mother was a slave, Marian!’ He looked so
grand and noble an old man as he uttered simply and unaffectedly
those last few words—the pathetic epitaph of a terrible dead and
buried wrong, still surviving in its remote effects—that Marian threw
her arms around his neck passionately, and kissed him with one
fervent kiss of love and admiration, almost as tenderly as she had
kissed Edward himself in the heat of the first strange discovery.
‘Edward,’ she cried, with resolute enthusiasm, ‘we will not go home!
We will not return to England. We, too, will stay and fight out the
cruel battle against this wicked prejudice. We will do as your father
has done. I love him for it—I honour him for it! To me, it’s less than
nothing, my darling, that you should seem to have some small little
taint by birth in the eyes of these miserable, little, outlying islanders.
To me, it’s less than nothing that they should dare to look down upon
you, and to set themselves up against you—you, so great, so
learned, so good, so infinitely nobler than them, and better than them
in every way! Who are they, the wretched, ignorant, out-of-the-way
creatures, that they venture to set themselves up as our superiors? I
will not yield, either. I’m my father’s daughter, and I won’t give way to
them. Edward, Edward, darling Edward, we will stop here still, we
shall stop here and defeat them!’
‘My darling,’ Edward answered, kissing her forehead tenderly, ‘you
don’t know what you say; you don’t realise what it would be like for

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Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer Solutions Manual

1. a. The polynomial is 4th degree.

b. The leading coefficient is 5.

b. The leading coefficient is –8.

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Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1 Skills Check 3. a. g ( x) = 3 x 4 − 12 x 2

Window b) gives a complete graph.

Window b) gives a complete graph.

Window b) gives a complete graph.

Window b) gives a complete graph.

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5. a. The x-intercepts appear to be −2 , 1, and 10. a. The x-intercepts appear to be −2 , and 3.

c. The function is quartic since the end

c. The function is cubic since the end

8. a. The x-intercepts appear to be −1 , 2, and

c. The function is quartic since the end

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20. a. The polynomial is 4th degree, and the

b. The graph falls right and falls left

18. a. The polynomial is 4th degree, and the

b. The graph rises right and rises left

b. No. One turning point does not show.

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c. The window in part b) yields the best

b. Yes. The graph is complete.

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b. The graph has three turning points. 31.

c. No, since the polynomial is degree 4, it

Answers will vary. One such graph is

Answers will vary. One such graph is

Answers will vary. One such graph is

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[–10, 10] by [–10, 30] [–10, 10] by [–20, 20]

The local maximum is approximately

[–10, 10] by [–20, 20]

The local minima are ( −2, −16 ) and

34. a. y = x4 − 8x2 35. y = x 4 − 4 x 3 + 4 x 2

b. The local maximum is (1,1) . The local

[–10, 10] by [–20, 20]

The local maximum is ( 0,0 ) .

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b. d. Fifty units yield revenue of $10,000.

38. a. R ( x) = 2000 x + 30 x 2 − 0.3 x 3

c. The graph in part b) resembles a 2nd

b. Based on the physical context of the

There are two turning points.

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b. Selling 60 units yield a maximum daily b. Selling 28 units yield a maximum

c. R = 600 x − 0.1x 3 + 4 x 2 c. R ( x) = 2800 x − 8 x 2 − x 3