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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Determine whether or not the given function is an exponential function.

1) y = 3x - 5
A) exponential
B) not exponential
Answer: B
2) y = x5
A) exponential
B) not exponential
Answer: B
3) y = 4 x
A) exponential
B) not exponential
Answer: A
4) y = x7 + 9x
A) exponential
B) not exponential
Answer: B
7 + 2x
5) y = ex
A) exponential
B) not exponential
Answer: A
6) y = 6xe
A) exponential
B) not exponential
Answer: B
Determine if the function is a growth exponential or a decay exponential.

7) y = 3 0.7x
A) Growth
B) Decay
Answer: A
8) y = 2 -1.3x
A) Growth
B) Decay
Answer: B
9) y = 9e-9x
A) Growth
B) Decay
Answer: B
1
10) y = 0.27x
A) Growth
B) Decay
Answer: B
Graph the function.

11) f(x) = 2 x
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
2
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: A
1 x
12) f(x) =
4
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
3
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: D
4
13) f(x) = -4 x
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
B)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
C)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
5
D)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Answer: D
14) f(x) = 4 -x
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: B
7
15) f(x) = 3e- x
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
B)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
C)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
8
D)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Answer: A
16) f(x) = 2 (x - 3)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
9
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: A
10
17) f(x) = 4 (x - 1) - 1
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
11
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: C
18) y = 5 (x - 4) + 2
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
12
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: B
13
19) f(x) = e3x - 3
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
B)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
C)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
14
D)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Answer: A
20) f(x) = 2 ∙ 0.74x

y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
15
B)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
C)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
D)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Answer: B
Match the equation with its graph.
16
21) y = -3 x
A)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
B)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
C)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
D)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
17
Answer: A
22) y = 2 -x
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
18
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: C
23) y = 4 (x - 3)
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
19
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: D
24) y = 2 x + 2
A)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
20
B)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
C)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
D)
y
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Answer: A
21
25) y = 4 x + 5
A)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
B)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
C)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
22
D)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
Answer: B
1 x
26) y = ∙3
3
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
23
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: D
27) y = 2 ∙ 2 x
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
24
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: A
28) y = 4 (x + 4) + 1
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
25
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: D
Find the function value.

29) Let f(x) = 3x. Find f(2).
A) 8
B) 27
C) 6
D) 9
Answer: D
26
30) Let f(x) = 5x. Find f(-2).
1
A) -
10
1
B)
32
1
C)
25
D) -10
Answer: C
1 x
31) Let f(x) = . Find f(3).
6
1
A)
18
1
B)
729
C) 216
1
D)
216
Answer: D
1 x
32) Let f(x) = . Find f(-2).
6
1
A)
36
B) -12
C) 36
1
D) -
36
Answer: C
33) Let f(x) = 3(1 - x). Find f(3).

1
A)
6
B) -6
1
C)
9
D) 9
Answer: C
34) Let f(x) = e-x. Find f(3.9), rounded to four decimal places.
A) 49.4024
B) 0.0202
C) 10.6013
D) 1.4347
Answer: B
27
35) Let f(x) = e3x. Find f(-0.50), rounded to four decimal places.
A) -0.3502
B) 0.3502
C) 0.2231
D) -0.2231
Answer: C
36) Let f(x) = -1.7e-0.8x. Find f(-1.6), rounded to four decimal places.
A) 0.4727
B) -0.4727
C) -6.1143
D) 6.1143
Answer: C
Solve the problem.

37) In September 1998 the population of the country of West Goma in millions was modeled by f(x) = 17.5e0.0010x.
At the same time the population of East Goma in millions was modeled by g(x) = 13.7e0.0129x. In both formulas
x is the year, where x = 0 corresponds to September 1998. Assuming these trends continue, estimate the year
when the population of West Goma will equal the population of East Goma.
A) 2019
B) 1977
C) 21
D) 2016
Answer: A
38) In September 1998 the population of the country of West Goma in millions was modeled by f(x) = 17.8e0.0015x.
At the same time the population of East Goma in millions was modeled by g(x) = 13.2e0.0164x. In both formulas
x is the year, where x = 0 corresponds to September 1998. Assuming these trends continue, estimate what the
population will be when the populations are equal.
A) 1 million
B) 17 million
C) 18 million
D) 16 million
Answer: C
0.018t
39) The growth in the population of a certain rodent at a dump site fits the exponential function A(t)= 102e ,
where t is the number of years since 1965. Estimate the population in the year 2000.
A) 96
B) 104
C) 195
D) 192
Answer: D
28
40) The sales of a mature product (one which has passed its peak) will decline by the function S(t)= S0 e-at, where t
is time in years. Find the sales after 8 years if a = 0.18 and S0 = 48,500.
A) 58,065
B) 5746
C) 245,075
D) 11,491
Answer: D
41) The number of books in a small library increases according to the function B = 2700e0.05t, where t is measured
in years. How many books will the library have after 4 years?
A) 3298 books
B) 4279 books
C) 4345 books
D) 1887 books
Answer: A
42) The population of a small country increases according to the function B = 2,500,000e0.02t, where t is measured
in years. How many people will the country have after 3 years?
A) 2,654,591
B) 3,054,622
C) 2,870,384
D) 7,033,527
Answer: A
43) The number of acres in a landfill is given by the function B = 2900e-0.05t, where t is measured in years. How
many acres will the landfill have after 8 years? (Round to the nearest acre.)
A) 2657 acres
B) 1155 acres
C) 1154 acres
D) 1944 acres
Answer: D
1 t/3.1
44) The half-life of Titanium 45 is 3.1 hours. If the formula P(t) = gives the percent (as a decimal) remaining
2
after time t (in hours), sketch P versus t.
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
29
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: A
30
45) The amount of a certain radioactive isotope present at time t is given by A(t) = 400e-0.02664t grams, where t is
the time in years that the isotope decays. The initial amount present is 400 grams. How many grams remain
after 20 years? Round to the nearest hundredth.
A) 681.48 g
B) 234.78 g
C) 397.87 g
D) 379.25 g
Answer: B
46) A computer is purchased for $4100. Its value each year is about 75% of the value the preceding year. Its value, in
dollars, after t years is given by the exponential function V(t) = 4100(0.75)t. Find the value of the computer after
2 years.
A) $2306.25
B) $1297.27
C) $6150.00
D) $1729.69
Answer: A
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Provide an appropriate response.

47) Explain why f(x) = 2 x is an exponential function but f(x) = x2 is not.
Answer: 2 x is an exponential function because the variable is in the exponent. In f(x) = x2 , the variable is not in the
exponent; this is a polynomial function.
48) Why can't y = 2 x have an x-intercept?

Answer: Because no value of x would make y = 0.
49) What are the domain and range for the equation y = 2 x?
A) Domain: (-∞, ∞); range: (-∞ , ∞)
B) Domain: (-∞, ∞); range: (0, ∞)
C) Domain: (0, ∞ ); range: (-∞, ∞)
D) (-∞, ∞); range: [0, ∞ )
Answer: B
50) Why is an exponential function one-to-one?

Answer: Answers will vary. A horizontal line will never intersect the graph of an exponential function more than
once.
51) With the exponential function f(x) = a x, why must a ≠ 1?

Answer: Answers will vary. (If allowed, the function would then be linear and not exponential.)
52) What is one ordered pair that is always on the graph of f(x) = a x?
Answer: (0, 1)
31
53) Explain how the graph of y = 4x - 3 + 2 can be obtained from the graph of y = 4x.
Answer: The graph is shifted 3 units to the right and 2 units up.
1 x
54) Explain how the graph of y = -5 can be obtained from the graph of y = 2 x.
2
Answer: The graph is reflected over the y-axis, stretched by a factor of 5 and then reflected over the x-axis.
55) Explain how the graph of y = -4 ∙ 3 x can be obtained from the graph of y = 3 x.
Answer: The graph is stretched by a factor of 4 and then reflected over the x-axis.
56) Give a definition for the following term: Exponential function .

Answer: A function defined by y = ax, where a > 0, a ≠ 1, and x is a real number. The constant b is called the base
of the function, and the variable x is the exponent.
1 x
57) What is the domain of the function y = ?
8
A) [0, ∞)
B) (-∞, 0)
C) (-∞, ∞)
D) (0, ∞)
Answer: C
1 x
58) What is the range of the function y = ?
5
A) (-∞, 0)
B) [0, ∞)
C) (0, ∞)
D) (-∞, ∞)
Answer: C
Write the logarithmic equation in exponential form.

59) log 3 9 = 2
A) 3 2 = 9
B) 9 2 = 3
C) 3 9 = 2
D) 2 3 = 9
Answer: A
60) log14 1 = 0
A) 140 = 1
B) 0 14 = 1
C) 1 14 = 0
D) 141 = 0
Answer: A
32
61) ln x = -7
A) No solution
B) x = ln -7
C) x = e7
D) x = e-7
Answer: D
62) log2 (8) = 3
A) 2 8 = 3
B) 3 2 = 8
C) 2 3 = 8
D) 8 3 = 2
Answer: C
63) log 10 0 = -10
A) 0 -10 = 10
B) 10-10 = 0
C) -1010 = 0
D) 0 10 = -10
Answer: B
64) log w Q = 19
A) w19 = Q
B) Qw = 19
C) Q19 = w
D) 19w = Q
Answer: A
65) y = log (2x)

A) y10 = 2x
B) 2x y = 10
C) 10 y = 2x
D) 102x = y
Answer: C
66) 2y = ln (-8x)
A) e2y = -8x
B) ey = - 4x
C) e-8x = 2y
D) -8x2y = e
Answer: A
33
Write in logarithmic form.
67) 6 3 = 216
A) log 6 3 = 216
B) log 3 216 = 6
C) log 216 6 = 3
D) log 6 216 = 3
Answer: D
68) 4 2 = 16
A) log 16 4 = 2
B) log 2 16 = 4
C) log 4 16 = 2
D) log 4 2 = 16
Answer: C
69) 103 = 1000

A) log 10 3 = 1000
B) log 10 1000 = 3
C) log 3 10 = 1000
D) log 3 1000 = 10
Answer: B
70) 10-5 = 0.00001

A) log 5 .10 = -5
B) log 10 0.00001 = -5
C) log 5 -5 = .10
D) log 10 -5 = 0.00001
Answer: B
71) p = 9 t
A) log9 p = t
B) log9 t = p
C) logt 9 = p
D) logp 9 = t
Answer: A
34
72) 9 7x = y
A) logy 9 = 7x
B) log9 y = 7x
C) log9 7x = y
D) logy 7x = 9
Answer: B
Evaluate the logarithm, if possible. Round the answer to four decimal places.
73) log 169
A) 2.2304
B) 5.1299
C) 2.2253
D) 2.2279
Answer: D
74) log 2.81

A) 1.0332
B) 0.4330
C) 0.4487
D) 0.4639
Answer: C
75) log 4508

A) 3.6540
B) 3.6530
C) 3.6549
D) 8.4136
Answer: A
76) log 0.0743

A) -1.1232
B) -2.5996
C) -1.1349
D) -1.1290
Answer: D
77) log 0.00474

A) -2.3152
B) -2.3242
C) -2.3335
D) -5.3517
Answer: B
78) ln 0.994
A) -0.0026
B) 0.0060
C) -0.0060
D) 0.0026
Answer: C
35
79) ln 0.000873
A) -3.0590
B) 7.0436
C) 3.0590
D) -7.0436
Answer: D
80) ln 5,500,000
A) 4.0073
B) 15.5203
C) 6.7404
D) 0.0642
Answer: B
81) log (-17)

A) Does not exist
B) 0.9843
C) 1.2304
D) 2.8332
Answer: A
Find the value of the logarithm without using a calculator.

1
82) log
7 7
A) 0
B) -1
C) 7
D) 1
Answer: B
1
83) log
9 81
A) 2
B) -2
C) -9
D) 9
Answer: B
1
84) log
9 729
A) -3
B) -81
C) 3
D) 81
Answer: A
36
85) log 8 32
5
A)
4
4
B)
3
3
C)
2
5
D)
3
Answer: D
86) log 10 100

A) 2
B) -3
C) -1
D) -2
Answer: A
87) log (0.001)

A) 0
B) -3
C) -1
D) -2
Answer: B
88) ln (l)
A) 0
B) 1
C) e
D) -1
Answer: A
89) ln e9
A) 9
B) e ln 9
1
C)
9
D) 1
Answer: A
Graph the function.
37
90) y = log2 x
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
38
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: C
91) f(x) = ln x
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
39
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: B
40
92) f(x) = log (x - 3)
5
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
41
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: C
93) f(x) = log (x + 4)

3
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
42
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: D
43
94) f(x) = log 2 x + 4
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
B)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
C)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
44
D)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
Answer: B
95) f(x) = ln(x + 5)

y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
45
B)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
C)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
D)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
Answer: D
46
96) f(x) = -2 ln x
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
B)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
C)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
47
D)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
Answer: B
97) f(x) = ln x - 4
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
48
B)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
C)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
D)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
Answer: D
Find the inverse of the function.

98) f(x) = 5 x
A) f-1(x) = logx 5
B) f-1(x) = ln(5x)
C) f-1(x) = log5 x
D) f-1(x) = x5
Answer: C
49
99) f(x) = e-x + 2
A) f-1(x) = -ex - 2
B) f-1(x) = ln 2 - ln x
C) f-1(x) = -ln(x - 2)
1
D) f-1(x) = ex -
2
Answer: C
100) f(x) = e7x

A) f-1(x) = 7 ln x
1
B) f-1(x) = ln x
7
C) f-1(x) = -7 ln x
1
D) f-1(x) = ln x
7
Answer: D
101) f(x) = 9 x + 3
A) f-1(x) = log9 (x + 9)
B) f-1(x) = log9 (x + 3)
C) f-1(x) = log9 (x - 3)
D) f-1(x) = log9 (x - 9)
Answer: C
Use the properties of logarithms to evaluate the expression.

102) loga a 9
A) a 9
B) 1
C) 9
D) 9loga a
Answer: C
103) ln e8
A) 8 ln e
B) e8
C) 8
D) 1
Answer: C
log6 (2x)
104) 6
A) 1
B) 6
C) 6 2x
D) 2x
Answer: D
50
105) 10log t
A) 10t
B) 10t
C) t
D) 1
Answer: C
41
106) eln x
A) x41
41
B) ex
C) ln x41
D) x
Answer: A
107) log 10-12

A) 12 log 10
B) -12
C) 12
D) log -12
Answer: B
Solve.
108) Given log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771, evaluate log 6.
A) 0.9542
B) 0.9030
C) 0.7781
D) 0.1436
Answer: C
109) Given log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771, evaluate log 12 .

A) 0.5677
B) 0.2872
C) 1.2552
D) 1.0791
Answer: D
11
110) Given that loga 11 = 2.398 and loga5 = 1.609, evaluate loga .
5
A) -0.788
B) 0.789
C) 1.49
D) 4.007
Answer: B
51
111) Given that loga 6 = 0.778, and loga 5 = 0.699, find loga 62 .
A) 0.605
B) 0.544
C) 1.477
D) 1.556
Answer: D
Rewrite the expression as the sum and/or difference of logarithms, without using exponents. Simplify if possible.
5 x
112) log 17
y
A) log 17 (5 x) - log 17 y
1
B) log 17 y - log 17 5 - log 17 x
2
1
C) log 17 5 ∙ log 17 m ÷ log 17 y
2
1
D) log 17 5 + log 17 x - log 17 y
2
Answer: D
6
5
113) log 19
2
y x
A) 6 log 19 5 - 2 log 19 y - log 19 6
1
B) log 19 5 - 2 log 19 y - 2 log 19 x
6
C) log 19 5 - log 19 y - log 19 x
1
D) log 19 5 - 2 log 19 y - log 19 x
6
Answer: D
mn
114) log 17
8
1 1
A) log 17 m + log 17 n - log 17 8
2 2
1 1 1
B) log 17 m + log 17 n - log 17 8
2 2 2
1 1
C) log 17 mn - log 17 8
2 2
1 1 1
D) log 17 m ∙ log 17 n ÷ log 17 8
2 2 2
Answer: B
52
5 9
m n
115) log 2
k2
1 1
A) log 2 m + log 2 n - 2 log 2 k
5 9
5 9 1
B) log 2 m + log 2 n - log 2 k
2 2 2
C) 5 log 2 m + 9 log 2 n - 2 log 2 k
1 1
D) log 2 m ∙ log 2 n ÷ 2 log 2 k
5 9
Answer: A
x8 y7
116) log 2
5
A) (8 log 2 x)(7 log 2 y) - log 2 5
B) 8 log 2 x + 7 log 2 y - log 2 5
C) 8 log 2 x - 7 log 2 y - log 2 5
D) 8 log 2 x + 7 log 2 y + log 2 5
Answer: B
7 6x5
117) log n
z9
1 5 9
A) log n 6 - log n x - log n z
7 7 7
1 5 9
B) log n 6 + log n x - log n z
7 7 7
1 5 9
C) log n 6 + log n x + log n z
7 7 7
1
D) log n 6 + 5 log n x - 9 log n z
7
Answer: B
118) log a 8x3yz 5

A) 15 log a 8xyz
B) log a 8 - 3 log a x - log a y - 5 log a z
C) 8 + log a y + log a z 5
D) log a 8 + 3 log a x + log a y + 5 log a z
Answer: D
53
13
119) log 8
7
A) log 8 7 - log 8 13
B) log 4 13 - log 4 7
1
C) log 8 13 - log 8 7
2
D) log 8 13 + log 8 7
Answer: C
Rewrite as a single logarithm.

120) logx x + logx y
A) logx xy
B) logx (x + y)
x
C) logx
y
D) logx x ∙ logx y
Answer: A
121) 6 logq q - logq r
A) logq q6 ÷ logb r
q6
B) logq
r
6q
C) logq
r
D) logq (q6 - r)
Answer: B
122) (logt t - logt s) + 5 logt u

t
A) logt
u5 s
B) logt tu5 s
tu5
C) logt
s
5tu
D) logt
s
Answer: C
54
1 1 1
123) log2 x4 + log2 x4 - log2 x
2 4 6
A) log2 x9/2
B) log2 x17/6
7
C) log2 x8
6
D) log2 x7
Answer: B
4 1
124) 2 log b m - log b n + log b j - 4 log b k
5 6
4 1
A) log b ( 2 m - n + j - 4 k)
5 6
m2 k 4
B) log b
j 1/ 6 n 4/ 5
m 2 n 4/ 5
C) log b
j 1/ 6 k 4
m 2 j 1/ 6
D) log b
n 4/ 5 k4
Answer: D
125) 2 log 2 (2x + 5) + 6 log 2 (6x + 1)
(2x + 5)2
A) log 2
(6x + 1)6
B) log 2 (2x + 5)2(6x + 1)6
C) 12 log 2 (2x + 5)(6x + 1)
D) log 2 ((2x + 5)2 + (6x + 1)6 )
Answer: B
Solve the problem.

126) The sales of a new product (in items per month) can be approximated by S(x) = 325 + 200 log(3t + 1), where t
represents the number of months after the item first becomes available. Find the number of items sold per
month 3 months after the item first becomes available.
A) 4325 items per month
B) 725 items per month
C) 525 items per month
D) 2325 items per month
Answer: C
55
127) The sales of a new product (in items per month) can be approximated by S(x) = 400 + 300 log(3t + 1), where t
represents the number of months after the item first becomes available. Find the number of items sold per
month 33 months after the item first becomes available.
A) 1000 items per month
B) 6400 items per month
C) 120,000 items per month
D) 3400 items per month
Answer: A
128) The logarithmic function f(x) = -100 + 80 ln x models the number of visitors (in millions) to a certain country's
museums, where x is the number of years since the initial recording of the number of visitors. Use this function
to estimate the number of visitors in year 45. Round to the nearest tenth of a year.
A) 102.3 million visitors
B) 204.5 million visitors
C) 306.8 million visitors
D) 153.4 million visitors
Answer: B
129) The number of visitors to a tourist attraction (for the first few years after its opening) can be approximated by
V(x) = 50 + 10 log2 x, where x represents the number of months after the opening of the attraction. Find the
number of visitors 32 months after the opening of the attraction.
A) 100 visitors
B) 370 visitors
C) 55 visitors
D) 82 visitors
Answer: A
130) An animal species is introduced into a certain area. Its population is approximated by F(t) = 400 log (2t + 3),
where t represents the number of months since its introduction. Find the population of this species 6 months
after its introduction into the area. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
A) 470 animals
B) 240 animals
C) 74 animals
D) 704 animals
Answer: A
131) Coyotes are one of the few species of North American animals with an expanding range. The future population
of coyotes in a region of Mississippi can be modeled by the equation P = 43 + 19 ln(14t + 1), where t is time in
years. Use the equation to determine when the population will reach 140. Round to the nearest tenth when
necessary.
A) 11.7 years
B) 12 years
C) 11.8 years
D) 9101.9 years
Answer: A
56
132) Wind speed varies in the first twenty meters above the ground. For a particular day, let f(x) = 1.7 ln x + 6.4
compute the wind speed x meters above the ground. What is the wind speed 9 meters above the ground?
Round your result to the nearest hundredth.
A) -2.66 meters per second
B) 8.60 meters per second
C) 9.56 meters per second
D) 10.14 meters per second
Answer: D
133) The logarithmic function f(x) = -200 + 88 ln x models the number of visitors (in millions) to U.S. museums from
1960 to 2010, where x is the number of years since 1960. Is this function increasing or decreasing?
A) decreasing
B) increasing
Answer: B
134) If $4900 is invested in an account earning 7% annual interest compounded continuously, then the number of
ln 2
years that it takes for the amount to grow to $9800 is n = . Find the number of years to the nearest tenth of a
0.07
year.
A) 7.9 yr
B) 14.9 yr
C) 11.9 yr
D) 9.9 yr
Answer: D
135) The number of quarters needed to double an investment when a lump sum is invested at 10%, compounded
ln 2
quarterly, is given by n = Find n, rounded to the nearest tenth.
ln 1.025
A) 33.1 quarters
B) 31.1 quarters
C) 28.1 quarters
D) 24.1 quarters
Answer: C
ln 2
quarterly, is given by n = . In how many years will the investment double, to the nearest tenth of a year?
ln 1.01
A) 69.7 yr
B) 17.4 yr
C) 8.7 yr
D) 34.8 yr
Answer: B
57
137) The number of periods needed to double an investment when a lump sum is invested at 11%, compounded
ln 2
semiannually, is given by n = . Find n, rounded to the nearest tenth.
ln 1.055
A) 17.9 periods
B) 15.9 periods
C) 8.9 periods
D) 12.9 periods
Answer: D
ln 2
semiannually, is given by n = . Find the number of years before the investment doubles in value, to the
ln 1.01
nearest tenth of a year.
A) 139.3 yr
B) 17.4 yr
C) 69.7 yr
D) 34.8 yr
Answer: D
139) The number of years t it takes for an investment to double if it earns r percent (as a decimal), compounded
ln 2
annually, is t = . How long will it take for prices in the economy to double at a 13% annual inflation
ln(1 + r)
rate? Round to the nearest year.
A) 23 yr
B) 5 yr
C) 9 yr
D) 6 yr
Answer: D
I
140) Use the formula R = log , where the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is based on I, the
I0
measurement of a seismic wave, and I0 , the measurement of a seismic wave of a level zero earthquake with the
same epicenter. An earthquake was recorded which was 2,511,886 times more powerful than a reference level
zero earthquake. What is the magnitude of this earthquake? (Round to the nearest tenth.)
A) 14.7
B) 0.6
C) 6.4
D) 5.4
Answer: C
58
I
141) Use the formula R = log , where the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is based on I, the
I0
measurement of a seismic wave, and I0 , the measurement of a seismic wave of a level zero earthquake with the
same epicenter. If an earthquake measured 5.3 on the Richter scale, what was the intensity of the earthquake?
(Round to whole number.)
A) 200
B) 158,489
C) 19,953
D) 199,526
Answer: D
142) An earthquake was recorded which was 2,511,886 times more powerful than a reference level zero earthquake.
I
What is the magnitude of this earthquake on the Richter scale? Intensity on the Richter scale is log .
I0
A) 14.7
B) 0.64
C) 6.4
D) 5.4
Answer: C
I
143) If an earthquake measured 6.1 on the Richter scale, what was the intensity of the earthquake? R = log .
I0
Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 125,893
B) 446
C) 1,258,925
D) 1,000,000
Answer: C
144) An earthquake was recorded as 106.5 times more powerful than a reference level zero earthquake. What was the
I
magnitude of this earthquake on the Richter scale? R = log .
I0
A) 15
B) 16.5
C) 6.5
D) 3.5
Answer: C
145) If an earthquake has an intensity of I, then its magnitude, as computed by the Richter Scale, is given by
I
R = log , where I0 is the intensity of a small, measurable earthquake. (Consider I0 = 1 for this question.) If
I0
one earthquake has a magnitude of 3.0 on the Richter scale and a second earthquake has a magnitude of 8.5 on
the Richter scale, how many times more intense (to the nearest whole number) is the second earthquake than the
first?
A) 2
B) 316,227,766,017
C) 681
D) 316,228
Answer: D
59
146) A certain noise measures 79 decibels. If the intensity is multiplied by 10, how many decibels will the new noise
I
measure? L = 10 log .
I0
A) 79 decibels
B) 89 decibels
C) 790 decibels
D) 80 decibels
Answer: B
The pH of a solution is given by the formula pH = -log H+ , where H+ is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles
per liter in the solution. Use this formula to solve the problem.
147) Find the pH value of a sample of lake for which [H+ ] = 0.00000000305. Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 6.4
B) 8.5
C) 7.3
D) 10.1
Answer: B
148) The pH value of a substance is 5.42 . Find the hydrogen-ion concentration for this substance.
A) 0.2
B) 0.0000038
C) 1.7
D) 263,026.8
Answer: B
149) Lower levels of pH indicate a more acidic solution. If the pH of solution A is 4.2 and the pH of solution B is 6.9,
how much more acidic is solution A than solution B?
A) 0.00200 times as acidic
B) -0.0000630 times as acidic
C) 0.0000630 times as acidic
D) 501.2 times as acidic
Answer: D
Solve the equation.

150) 20 x = 54 Round to two decimal places.
A) 0.43
B) 1.99
C) 1.33
D) 0.75
Answer: C
151) 14 x = 24 Round to two decimal places.

A) 0.83
B) 1.71
C) 1.54
D) 1.20
Answer: D
60
152) 4 x = 19 Round to three decimal places.
A) 2.124
B) 4.750
C) 0.471
D) 1.558
Answer: A
153) 2 (x - 3) = 17 Round to three decimal places.

A) 5.140
B) 11.500
C) 7.087
D) 1.087
Answer: C
154) 4 (5x - 1) = 18 Round to three decimal places.

A) 0.501
B) 0.217
C) 1.100
D) 0.617
Answer: D
155) 2e(3x + 6) = 10 Round to three decimal places.

A) 2.536
B) -1.616
C) -1.464
D) 1.333
Answer: C
156) 3 7x = 3
A) 1
1
B)
7
C) 7
D) 3
Answer: B
157) 2 (12 - 3x) = 64

A) 2
B) -2
C) 32
D) 4
Answer: A
158) 4 (2x + 1) = 64
A) -1
B) 1
C) 16
D) 4
Answer: B
61
Use a change of base formula to evaluate the given logarithm. Approximate to three decimal places.
159) log 6 (16.58)
A) 0.638
B) 2.763
C) 1.220
D) 1.567
Answer: D
160) log (0.662)

8
A) -0.179
B) -5.041
C) 12.085
D) -0.198
Answer: D
Solve the equation. Give an exact solution.

161) log5 x = 3
A) 8
B) 15
C) 243
D) 125
Answer: D
162) log5 x = -3
A) -15
1
B)
125
C) 2
1
D)
243
Answer: B
163) 5 ln x = 8
A) e8/5
B) e3
e8
C)
5
D) 40e
Answer: A
164) 198 + 4 log x = 170

A) 10-7
B) no solution
C) -70
D) -107
Answer: A
62
165) log(x + 20) = 1
A) -10
B) 10
C) 20
D) 1
Answer: A
166) log (x - 9) = 1 - log x

A) -10, 1
B) 10
C) -10
D) -1, 10
Answer: B
167) ln(5x - 2) = ln 12 - ln(x - 6)

32
A)
5
32
B) 0,
5
6
C) 6,
5
D) no solution
Answer: A
168) log4 (x - 5) + log4 (x - 5) = 1

A) - 26, 26
B) 26
C) 7
D) -7, 7
Answer: C
169) ln x - ln(x - 4) = ln 4
A) no solution
16
B)
3
4 ln 4
C)
ln 4 - 1
D) 0
Answer: B
170) log(x + 10) - log(x + 4) = log x

A) 2
B) no solution
C) 6
D) 2, -5
Answer: A
63
171) log5 (x + 7) + log5 (x - 7) = 1
A) 5
246
B)
5
C) 54
D) 3 6
Answer: D
Solve the inequality.

172) 4 x > 16
A) x < 4
B) x > 3
C) x > 2
D) x < 1
Answer: C
173) 512x < 8

1
A) x < -
3
1
B) x <
3
C) x < 3
D) x < -3
Answer: B
Solve the problem.

q
174) The supply function for a certain car is given by p = 31(3 ) cars, where p dollars is the price per car and q is the
quantity of cars, in thousands, supplied at that price. What quantity will be supplied if the price is $67,797 per
car?
A) 6 thousand cars
B) 8 thousand cars
C) 7 thousand cars
D) 9 thousand cars
Answer: C
175) At the end of t years, the future value of an investment of $7000 in an account that pays 7% APR compounded
0.07 12t
monthly is S = 7000 1 + dollars. Assuming no withdrawals or additional deposits, how long will it take
12
for the investment to reach $21,000? Round to three decimal places.
A) 18.888 years
B) 12.592 years
C) 23.610 years
D) 15.740 years
Answer: D
64
176) The sales of a mature product (one which has passed its peak) will decline by the function S(t)= S0 e-at, where t
is time in years. Find the sales after 16 years if a = 0.19 and S0 = 81,600.
A) 1952 products
B) 98,675 products
C) 3903 products
D) 2,062,820 products
Answer: C
177) The sales of a new model of notebook computer are approximated by S(x) = 5000 - 12,000e-x/8 , where x
represents the number of months the computer has been on the market and S represents sales in thousands of
dollars. In how many months will the sales reach $1,500,000?
A) 17 months
B) 13 months
C) 20 months
D) 10 months
Answer: D
178) Prices in an economy with a 12% annual inflation rate can be modeled by P = pert, where r is the inflation rate, t
is the time in years, and p is the current price. How long will it take for prices in the economy to double at a
12% annual inflation rate?
A) 9.16 years
B) 5.78 years
C) 23.45 years
D) 6.78 years
Answer: B
179) Assume the cost of a car is $20,000. With continuous compounding in effect, the cost of the car will increase
according to the equation C = 20,000ert, where r is the annual inflation rate and t is the number of years. Find
the number of years it would take to double the cost of the car at an annual inflation rate of 5.9%. Round the
answer to the nearest hundredth.
A) 11.75 years
B) 179.60 years
C) 1.68 years
D) 167.86 years
Answer: A
180) The consumption of electricity can be modeled by C = Aert, where A is the current use, r is the rate at which the
use is increasing, and t is the number of years. Suppose the consumption of electricity grows at 6.8% per year.
Find the number of years before the use of electricity has tripled. Round the answer to the nearest hundredth.
A) 44.12 years
B) 0.16 year
C) 16.16 years
D) 1.62 years
Answer: C
65
181) An economist predicts that the buying power B(x) of a dollar x years from now will decrease according to the
formula B(x) = 0.61x. How much will today's dollar be worth in 7 years? Round the answer to the nearest cent.
A) $4.27
B) $0.03
C) $0.71
D) $3.28
Answer: B
182) The purchasing power of A dollars after t years of r% inflation is given by the model P = Ae-rt. Assume the
inflation rate is currently 6.6%. How long will it take for the purchasing power of $1.00 to be worth $0.67?
Round the answer to the nearest hundredth.
A) 0.06 year
B) 0.61 years
C) 6.07 years
D) 10.15 years
Answer: C
quarterly, is given by n = log1.025 2. Use the change of base formula to find n, rounded to the nearest tenth.
A) 24.1 quarters
B) 28.1 quarters
C) 31.1 quarters
D) 33.1 quarters
Answer: B
quarterly, is given by n = log1.025 2. In how many years will the investment double, to the nearest tenth of a
year?
A) 3.5 years
B) 28.1 years
C) 14.0 years
D) 7.0 years
Answer: D
semiannually, is given by n = log1.01 2. Use the change of base formula to find n, rounded to the nearest tenth.
A) 65.7 periods
B) 69.7 periods
C) 72.7 periods
D) 74.7 periods
Answer: B
semiannually, is given by n = log1.05 2. Find the number of years before the investment doubles in value, to the
A) 28.4 years
B) 3.6 years
C) 14.2 years
D) 7.1 years
Answer: D
66
187) If $1000 is invested at the end of each year in an annuity that pays 8%, compounded annually, the number of
years it takes for the future value to amount to $22,000 is given by t = log1.08 177. Use the change of base
formula to find the number of years until the future value is $22,000, to the nearest tenth of a year.
A) 72.3 years
B) 67.3 years
C) 65.0 years
D) 74.4 years
Answer: B
188) In the formula A(t) = A0 ekt, A is the amount of radioactive material remaining from an initial amount A0 at a
given time t, and k is a negative constant determined by the nature of the material. An artifact is discovered at a
certain site. If it has 59% of the carbon-14 it originally contained, what is the approximate age of the artifact?
Carbon-14 decays at the rate of 0.0125% annually. Round to the nearest year, if necessary.
A) 3280 years
B) 4720 years
C) 1833 years
D) 4221 years
Answer: D
189) In the formula A(t) = A0 ekt, A is the amount of radioactive material remaining from an initial amount A0 at a
given time t, and k is a negative constant determined by the nature of the material. A certain radioactive isotope
decays at a rate of 0.125% annually. Determine the half-life of this isotope, to the nearest year.
A) 241 years
B) 400 years
C) 6 years
D) 555 years
Answer: D
190) The decay of 514 mg of an isotope is given by A(t) = 514e-0.021t, where t is time in years. Find the amount left
after 63 years.
A) 137 mg
B) 69 mg
C) 503 mg
D) 134 mg
Answer: A
191) A certain radioactive isotope has a half-life of approximately 950 years. How many years to the nearest year
would be required for a given amount of this isotope to decay to 75% of that amount?
A) 394 years
B) 1900 years
C) 238 years
D) 319 years
Answer: A
67
192) An artifact is discovered at a certain site. If it has 78% of the carbon-14 it originally contained, what is the
approximate age of the artifact to the nearest year? Carbon-14 decays at the rate of 0.0125% annually. Round to
the nearest year, if necessary.
A) 6240 years
B) 1988 years
C) 863 years
D) 1760 years
Answer: B
193) A certain radioactive isotope decays at a rate of 0.275% annually. Determine the half-life of this isotope, to the
nearest year.
A) 109 years
B) 252 years
C) 3 years
D) 182 years
Answer: B
194) A sample of 200 grams of radioactive substance decays according to the function A(t) = 200e-0.031t, where t is
the time in years. How much of the substance will be left in the sample after 40 years? Round your answer to the
nearest whole gram.
A) 1 gram
B) 58 grams
C) 2465 grams
D) 0 grams
Answer: B
195) How long will it take a sample of radioactive substance to decay to half of its original amount, if it decays
according to the function A(t) = 650e-0.189t, where t is the time in years? Round your answer to the nearest
hundredth year.
A) 122.85 years
B) 34.27 years
C) 37.94 years
D) 3.67 years
Answer: D

196) Is the logarithm to the base 6 of 3 written as "log3 6" or"log6 3?"
Answer: log6 3
197) What is the domain of the function y = log6 x?

A) (-∞, ∞)
B) (0, ∞)
C) (6, ∞)
D) [0, ∞)
Answer: B
68
198) What is the range of the function y = log4 x?
A) (0, ∞)
B) [0, ∞)
C) (4, ∞)
D) (-∞, ∞)
Answer: D
199) Explain how this statement needs to be changed so that it is true: log3(8 + 8) = log3 8 + log3 8
Answer: Answers may vary, but the easiest alteration that would make this statement true is to change the plus
sign ("+") within the parentheses to a multiplication sign ("∙ "). The result is a true statement:
"log3 (8 ∙ 8) = log3 8 + log3 8
200) Explain why this sequence of steps is incorrect:

log3 64 = log3 (-8)(-8)
= log3 (-8) + log3 (-8)
Answer: The product rule for logarithms cannot be applied to the expression on the right side of the initial
equation. That is, logb xy = logb x + logb y applies only if x, y, and b are positive real numbers, where
b ≠ 1. Since b = 3, it is clearly a positive real number ≠ 1. However, x = y = -8, which is a negative number,
and thus the rule cannot be applied.
201) Explain the error in the following: log3 2 + log3 M = log3 (2 + M).
Answer: A sum of logarithms is not equal to a logarithm of a sum.
log3 2 + log3 M = log3 2M.
202) Explain the error in the following: log4 3y = log4 3 ∙ log4 y.

Answer: A logarithm of a product is not equal to a product of logarithms.
log4 3y = log4 3 + log4 y.
203) Explain the error in the following: log6 8 - log6 N = log6 (8 - N).
Answer: A difference of logarithms is not equal to the logarithm of the difference.
8
log6 8 - log6 N = log6
N
69
Solve the problem.

204) Find the exponential function that models the data in the table below.
x f(x)
-2 9
-1 13.5
0 20.25
1 30.375
2 45.5625
A) f(x) = 13.5 ∙ 1.5x
B) f(x) = 20.25 ∙ 1.5x
C) f(x) = 9 ∙ 0.5x
D) f(x) = 20.25 ∙ 1.33x
Answer: B
x f(x)
-2 22
-1 15.4
0 10.78
1 7.546
2 5.2822
A) f(x) = 10.78 ∙ 0.7x
B) f(x) = 15.4 ∙ 1.7x
C) f(x) = 10.78 ∙ 1.3x
D) f(x) = 22 ∙ 0.7x
Answer: A
x f(x)
-2 -45
-1 -27
0 -16.2
1 -9.72
2 -5.832
A) f(x) = -16.2 ∙ 0.6x
B) f(x) = -27 ∙ 1.6x
C) f(x) = 16.2 ∙ 1.4x
D) f(x) = - 45 ∙ 0.6x
Answer: A
70
207) Find the exponential function that models the data in the table below. Round the coefficients to the nearest
hundredth.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 4.0 4.8 6.2 7.8 9.9
3.95
A) f(x) = + 4.45
1 + 511.07e-2x
3.95
B) f(x) =
1 + 510.08e-2x
C) f(x) = 3.33(1.20) x
D) f(x) = 3.11(1.26) x
Answer: D
208) Find the exponential function f that models this data. Round the coefficients to the nearest hundredth.
x 1 3 5 7
y 1.23 2.51 4.05 6.92
A) f(x) = (1.14)(0.85) x
B) f(x) = (1.33)(0.98) x
C) f(x) = (0.85)(1.14) x
D) f(x) = (0.98)(1.33) x
Answer: D
x 3 6 9 12
y 12.2 36.2 73.5 151
A) f(x) = (5.97)(1.32) x
B) f(x) = (1.63)(1.78) x
C) f(x) = (1.78)(1.63) x
D) f(x) = (1.32)(5.97) x
Answer: A
x 2 27 58 82
y 13.2 40.5 82.7 172
A) f(x) = (0.62)(7.58) x
B) f(x) = (7.58)(0.62) x
C) f(x) = (13.21)(1.03) x
D) f(x) = (14.21)(1.03) x
Answer: D
71
x 1 2 3 4
y 580 620 670 750
A) f(x) = (567.57)(0.17) x
B) f(x) = (0.17)(567.57) x
C) f(x) = (1.09)(527.34) x
D) f(x) = (527.34)(1.09) x
Answer: D
212) Find the logarithmic function that models the data in the table below.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 1.3 4.9 6.8 8.0 9.2
A) f(x) = 1.39 + 4.86 ln x
B) f(x) = 4.86 + 1.39 ln x
C) f(x) = 1.29 + 5.19 ln x
D) f(x) = 1.39 + 4.86 log x
Answer: A
Find the exponential function that satisfies the given conditions.

213) Initial value = 36, increasing at a rate of 13% per year
A) f(t) = 36 ∙ 0.13t
B) f(t) = 13 ∙ 1.13t
C) f(t) = 36 ∙ 1.13t
D) f(t) = 36 ∙ 13t
Answer: C
214) Initial value = 55, decreasing at a rate of 0.46% per week

A) f(t) = 55 ∙ 1.46t
B) f(t) = 55 ∙ 0.9954t
C) f(t) = 0.46 ∙ 0.45t
D) f(t) = 55 ∙ 1.0046t
Answer: B
215) Initial population = 30,848, increasing at a rate of 3% per year

A) P(t) = 30,848 ∙ 0.03t
B) P(t) = 30,848 ∙ 1.03t
C) P(t) = 3 ∙ 30,848t
D) P(t) = 30,848 ∙ 3 t
Answer: B
72
216) Initial mass = 7 g, decreasing at a rate of 3.7% per day
A) m(t) = 7 ∙ 1.037t
B) m(t) = 7 ∙ 0.963t
C) m(t) = 3.7 ∙ 0.93t
D) m(t) = 7 ∙ 1.37t
Answer: B
Solve the problem.

217) Under ideal conditions, a population of rabbits has an exponential growth rate of 11.6% per day. Consider an
initial population of 400 rabbits. Find the exponential growth function.
A) P(t) = 400e0.116t
B) P(t) = 100e1.16t
C) P(t) = 40e0.116t
D) P(t) = 100e11.6t
Answer: A
218) Find an exponential function that models the data below and use it to predict about how many books will have
been read in the eighth grade.
Grade Number of Books Read

2 9
3 27
4 67
5 121
A) 500 books
B) 3000 books
C) 1883 books
D) 1000 books
Answer: C
219) Find an exponential function to model the data below and use it to predict about how many widgets will be
produced in 2019. Round to the nearest million widgets.
Number of Widgets
Years after 2010 Produced (in millions)
1 1.9
2 3.0
3 4.6
4 6.3
5 8.6
A) 60 million widgets
B) 11 million widgets
C) 41 million widgets
D) 20 million widgets
Answer: C
73
220) Find an exponential function to model the data below and use it to predict what income the company should
expect in its seventh year of operation. Round to the nearest tenth when necessary.
Annual Income
Years of Operation (in millions)
1 0.3
2 0.7
3 1.2
4 1.9
A) 12.8 million
B) 128 million
C) 1.83 million
D) 0.2 million
Answer: A
221) Estimate the y-value associated with x = 35 as predicted by the natural logarithmic regression equation for the
following data. Round to the nearest hundredth.
x y
10 1.51
20 2.88
30 3.71
40 4.36
A) 4.05
B) 3.75
C) 4.25
D) 3.55
Answer: A
222) Several years ago, a large city undertook a major effort to encourage carpooling in order to reduce traffic
congestion. The accompanying table shows the number of carpoolers, in thousands, from 2007 to 2012. Use
regression to obtain a function f(x) = a + b ln x that models the data, where x = 1 corresponds to 2007, x = 2 to
2008, and so on. Round the constants a and b to the nearest hundredth.
Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Carpoolers 3.9 8.1 10.3 11.8 12.6 13.2
A) f(x) = 4.22 + 5.25 ln x

B) f(x) = 4.33 + 5.17 ln x
C) f(x) = 4.29 + 5.14 ln x
D) f(x) = 4.40 + 5.32 ln x
Answer: A
model the wind speed x meters above the ground. What is the wind speed 8 meters above the ground? Round
results to the nearest hundredth.
A) 11.00 meters per second
B) 10.58 meters per second
C) 11.07 meters per second
D) -6.00 meters per second
Answer: A
74
model the wind speed x meters above the ground. At what height is the wind speed 9 meters per second?
Round results to the nearest hundredth.
A) 0.49 m
B) 0.58 m
C) 0.56 m
D) 1.79 m
Answer: D

225) Select an appropriate type of modeling function for the data shown in the graph. Choose from exponential,
logarithmic, and linear.
y
A) Linear
B) Logarithmic
C) Exponential
Answer: B
y
A) Linear
B) Logarithmic
C) Exponential
Answer: C
75
y
A) Logarithmic
B) Linear
C) Exponential
Answer: C
228) The following table has the inputs, x, and the outputs for three functions, f, g, and h. Test the percent change of
the outputs to determine which function is exactly exponential, which is approximately exponential, and
which is not exponential.
x f(x) g(x) h(x)

0 1 1.5 7
1 2 2.25 8
2 4 4 9
3 8 5 10
4 16 7.75 11
5 32 12 12
Answer: f(x) is exactly exponential, g(x) is approximately exponential, and h(x) is not exponential.
229) Does it appear that a linear model or an exponential model is the better fit for the data given in the table below?
Explain your choice.
x y
2 3
4 5.5
6 7.8
8 10.3
Answer: Since the first differences are close to being equal, a linear model will be a better fit than an exponential
model.
76
230) Does it appear that a linear model or an exponential model is the better fit for the data given in the table below?
Explain your choice.
x y
1 6
2 17
3 55
4 160
5 490
6 1450
Answer: Since the percent change of the outputs is fairly constant, an exponential model will be a better fit than a
linear model.
Evaluate. Round dollar amounts to the nearest cent and other answers to the nearest thousandth when necessary.
231) 130ert for t = 6 and r = 2%
A) $181.43
B) $146.57
C) $2611.12
D) $353.38
Answer: B
r kn
232) 1,000 1 + for n = 7, r = 5%, k = 2
k
A) $1407.10
B) $1412.97
C) $1378.51
D) $412.97
Answer: B
r kn
233) P 1 + for P = $1,000, n = 6, r = 7% k = 1
k
A) $1402.55
B) $1500.73
C) $500.73
D) $1605.78
Answer: B
r kn
234) P 1 + for P = $14,000, n = 12, r = 5%, k = 2
k
A) $25,141.99
B) $24,704.55
C) $25,322.16
D) $11,322.16
Answer: C
77
r kn
235) P 1 + for P = $480, n = 3, r = 5%, k = 4
k
A) $557.16
B) $550.28
C) $77.16
D) $555.66
Answer: A
r kn
236) P 1 + for P = $12,000, n = 6, r = 8%, k = 4
k
A) $18,922.79
B) $7301.25
C) $19,301.25
D) $19,042.49
Answer: C
1.06n - 1
237) 400 for n = 221
0.07
A) 223,643,904
B) 2,109,853,543
C) 210,985,354
D) 2,236,439,042
Answer: D
238) Find f(1) if

100 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f(x) = 200 if 1 < x < 2
300 if 2 ≤ x < 3
400 if 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
A) 400
B) 300
C) 100
D) 200
Answer: C
Solve the problem.

239) Find the amount of money in an account after 12 years if $4100 is deposited at 6% annual interest compounded
quarterly.
A) $8378.26
B) $8250.01
C) $8408.08
D) $8334.46
Answer: A
78
semiannually.
A) $5067.52
B) $5021.86
C) $5048.97
D) $4970.09
Answer: B
monthly.
A) $3949.68
B) $3927.14
C) $3969.35
D) $3961.38
Answer: C
annually.
A) $3130.75
B) $3126.61
C) $3120.49
D) $3108.51
Answer: D
243) What will be the amount in an account with initial principal $9000 if interest is compounded continuously at an
annual rate of 7.25% for 7 years?
A) $14,950.20
B) $5066.20
C) $9676.74
D) $9000.00
Answer: A
244) An initial investment of $660 is appreciated for 11 years in an account that earns 1% interest, compounded
continuously. Find the amount of money in the account at the end of the period.
A) $39,516,933.46
B) $736.74
C) $722.81
D) $1650.62
Answer: B
245) June made an initial deposit of $4700 in an account for her son. Assuming an interest rate of 8% compounded
quarterly, how much will the account be worth in 12 years?
A) $12,159.23
B) $7710.85
C) $11,920.81
D) $12,047.53
Answer: A
79
246) Barbara knows that she will need to buy a new car in 2 years. The car will cost $15,000 by then. How much
should she invest now at 8%, compounded quarterly, so that she will have enough to buy a new car?
A) $11,907.48
B) $13,888.89
C) $12,802.36
D) $13,868.34
Answer: C
247) Southwest Dry Cleaners believes that it will need new equipment in 9 years. The equipment will cost $26,000.
What lump sum should be invested today at 12% compounded semiannually, to yield $26,000?
A) $15,440.52
B) $9108.94
C) $19,593.79
D) $15,212.33
Answer: B
248) Barry Newman's savings account has a balance of $1541. After 17 years, what will the amount of interest be at
6% compounded annually?
A) $2599.56
B) $924.60
C) $2608.56
D) $2613.56
Answer: C
249) Felipe Rivera's savings account has a balance of $2238. After 3 years what will the amount of interest be at 6%
compounded quarterly?
A) $67.14
B) $442.79
C) $428.79
D) $437.79
Answer: D
250) Sumi Kato's savings account has a balance of $3950. After 13 years, what will the amount of interest be at 5.5%
compounded annually?
A) $3972.81
B) $3978.81
C) $5135.00
D) $3961.81
Answer: A
251) Anwar invested $2500 at 4% compounded semiannually. In how many years will Anwar's investment have
tripled? Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a year.
A) 27.5 years
B) 4.2 years
C) 27.7 years
D) 3.5 years
Answer: C
80
252) $2500 is invested at 6% compounded quarterly. In how many years will the account have grown to $6000?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a year.
A) 18.5 years
B) 15.0 years
C) 1.2 years
D) 14.7 years
Answer: D
253) How long would it take $5000 to grow to $25,000 at 9% compounded continuously? Round your answer to the
A) 17.9 years
B) 18.4 years
C) 18.1 years
D) 19.4 years
Answer: A
254) You have money in an account at 5% interest, compounded weekly. To the nearest year, how long will it take
for your money to triple?
A) 31 years
B) 13 years
C) 22 years
D) 18 years
Answer: C
255) You have money in an account at 6% interest, compounded weekly. To the nearest year, how long will it take
for your money to double?
A) 16 years
B) 9 years
C) 7 years
D) 12 years
Answer: D
256) Use your graphing calculator to find how long it will take for $6600 invested at 5.85% per year compounded
daily to triple in value. Find the answer to the nearest year.
A) 2,502,126 years
B) 19 years
C) 0 years
D) 25,219 years
Answer: B
257) Assume the cost of a gallon of milk is $2.60. With continuous compounding, find the time it would take the cost
to be 4 times as much (to the nearest tenth of a year), at an annual inflation rate of 6%.
A) 8.5 years
B) 35.9 years
C) 0.1 year
D) 23.1 years
Answer: D
81

258) If interest is compounded monthly at 5% per year for 14 years, explain how to find the number of compounding
periods and the interest rate per compounding period.
Answer: The number of compounding periods is 14 times 12.
The interest rate per period is 5 divided by 12.
259) Using A = P(1 + rt), the future value formula for a simple interest investment, derive the formula for r, the rate
of simple interest.
A- P
Answer: r =
Pt
260) Using A = P(1 + rt), the future value formula for a simple interest investment, derive the formula for t, the time
(in years).
A-P
Answer: t =
Pr
Solve the problem.

261) Gretta wants to retire in 13 years. At that time she wants to be able to withdraw $12,500 at the end of each 6
months for 14 years. Assume that money can be deposited at 6% per year compounded semiannually. What
exact amount will Gretta need in 13 years?
A) $598,782.00
B) $234,551.37
C) $239,855.63
D) $229,087.88
Answer: B
262) Charles wants to retire in 17 years. At that time he wants to be able to withdraw $22,000 at the end of each year
for 19 years. Assume that money can be deposited at 12% per year compounded annually. What exact amount
will Charles need in 17 years?
A) $164,327.68
B) $162,047.16
C) $159,492.74
D) $204,619.58
Answer: B
263) Find the least amount that could be deposited in a bank account today at 12% compounded quarterly to allow
$650 withdrawals at the end of each quarter for 10 years.
A) $15,218.06
B) $28,308.73
C) $14,825.34
D) $15,024.60
Answer: D
82
264) Find the least amount that could be deposited in a bank account today at 8% compounded semiannually to
allow $1,875 withdrawals at the end of each 6 months for 12 years.
A) $29,291.40
B) $28,588.05
C) $65,161.95
D) $27,856.58
Answer: B
265) Find the present value of a loan with an annual interest rate of 6.3% and periodic payments of $749.94 for a term
of 8 years, with payments made and interest charged 12 times per year.
A) $101,587.38
B) $56,437.43
C) $112,874.87
D) $45,149.95
Answer: B
266) Find the present value of a loan with an annual interest rate of 6.5% and periodic payments of $1270.74 for a
term of 27 years, with payments made and interest charged 12 times per year.
A) $387,683.73
B) $193,841.87
C) $348,915.36
D) $155,073.49
Answer: B
267) Find the present value of a loan with an annual interest rate of 8.8% and periodic payments of $309.9 for a term
of 5 years, with payments made and interest charged 12 times per year.
A) $11,999.17
B) $29,997.93
C) $26,998.14
D) $14,998.97
Answer: D
83
268) A woman can sell her computer graphics company for $900,000 cash or for $100,000 plus $65,000 at the end of
each year for 4 years. (a) Find the present value of the annuity that is offered if money is worth 7% compounded
annually. (b) If she takes the $900,000, spends $100,000 of it, and invests the rest in a 4-year annuity at 7%
compounded annually, what size annuity payment will she receive at the end of each year? (c) Which is better,
taking the $100,000 and the annuity or taking the cash settlement?
A) (a) $297,227.79;
(b) $265,705.31;
(c) $100,000 plus the annuity has a larger present value than $900,000. She should take $100,000 plus the
annuity.
B) (a) $330,253.10;
(b) $295,228.12;
(c) $100,000 plus the annuity has a larger present value than $900,000. She should take $100,000 plus the
annuity.
C) (a) $220,168.73;
(b) $236,182.49;
(c) $100,000 plus the annuity has a smaller present value than $900,000. She should take the cash
settlement.
D) (a) $217,967.04;
(b) $206,659.68;
(c) $100,000 plus the annuity has a smaller present value than $900,000. She should take the cash
settlement.
Answer: C
269) A dentist can sell his practice for $1,100,000 cash or for $250,000 plus $270,000 at the end of each year for 4
years. (a) Find the present value of the annuity that is offered if money is worth 8% compounded annually. (b) If
she takes the $1,100,000, spends $250,000 of it, and invests the rest in a 4-year annuity at 8% compounded
annually, what size annuity payment will she receive at the end of each year? (c) Which is better, taking the
$250,000 and the annuity or taking the cash settlement?
A) (a) $992,644.41;
(b) $253,613.48;
(c) $250,000 plus the annuity has a larger present value than $1,100,000. She should take $250,000 plus
the annuity.
B) (a) $697,533.91;
(b) $255,726.92;
(c) $250,000 plus the annuity has a smaller present value than $1,100,000. She should take the $250,000
plus the annuity. She should take the cash settlement.
C) (a) $894,274.25;
(b) $256,632.68;
(c) $250,000 plus the annuity has a larger present value than $1,100,000. She should take $250,000 plus
the annuity.
D) (a) $581,278.26;
(b) $241,234.72;
(c) $250,000 plus the annuity has a smaller present value than $1,100,000. She should take the cash
settlement.
Answer: C
84
270) In order to purchase a home, a family borrows $45,000 at an annual interest rate of 9%, to be paid back over a 30
year period in equal monthly payments. What is their monthly payment?
A) $362.08
B) $377.64
C) $11.25
D) $337.50
Answer: A
271) In order to purchase a home, a family borrows $60,000 at an annual interest rate of 11%, to be paid back over a
30 year period in equal monthly payments. Find the total amount paid to the finance company for the life of the
loan. Round your answer the nearest dollar.
A) $199,461
B) $201,934
C) $205,702
D) $198,000
Answer: C
272) Tasha borrowed $11,000 to purchase a new car at an annual interest rate of 11%. She is to pay it back in equal
monthly payments over a 3 year period. What is her monthly payment?
A) $33.61
B) $360.13
C) $100.83
D) $421.06
Answer: B
273) Tasha borrowed $13,000 to purchase a new car at an annual interest rate of 9%. She is to pay it back in equal
monthly payments over a 5 year period. How much total interest will be paid over the period of the loan?
Round to the nearest dollar.
A) $3192
B) $4145
C) $1457
D) $98
Answer: A
274) A couple who wants to purchase a home with a price of $325,000 has $100,000 for a down payment. If they can
get a 25-year mortgage at 8% per year, paid on the unpaid balance, what is the total amount they will pay
before they own the house outright? How much interest will they pay over the life of the loan?
A) $520,977; $195,977
B) $852,520; $527,520
C) $620,977; $295,977
D) $752,520; $427,520
Answer: C

(1 + 0.06/4)x - 1
275) The function f(x) = 200 describes the future value of a certain annuity. What is the annual
0.06/4
interest rate?
Answer: 6%
85
(1 + 0.06/4)x - 1
276) The function f(x) = 200 describes the future value of a certain annuity. How many payments
0.06/4
per year are there?
Answer: There are four payments per year.
(1 + i)n - 1
277) Solve S = R for R.
i
i
Answer: R = S
(1 + i)n - 1
Evaluate the function. Round to two decimal places.

30
278) Evaluate when x = 4.
1 + 2e-x
A) 28.94
B) 57.88
C) 34.73
D) 23.15
Answer: A
64
279) Evaluate when x = 18.
1 + 0.2e-0.06x
A) 77.91
B) 41.95
C) 59.93
D) 149.82
Answer: C
t
280) Evaluate 900(0.05)0.3 for t = 0.
A) 1
B) 900
C) 45
D) 13.5
Answer: C
t
281) Evaluate 700(0.03)0.2 for t = 10.
A) 630.00
B) 840.00
C) 560.00
D) 700.00
Answer: D
Graph the function.
86
43
282) f(x) =
1 + 5e-x
y
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
A)
y
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
B)
y
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
87
C)
y
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
D)
y
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
Answer: D
430
283) f(x) =
1 + 10e-0.2x
y
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 x
88
A)
y
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 x
B)
y
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 x
C)
y
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 x
89
D)
y
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 x
Answer: C
x
284) f(x) = 120(0.02) 0.5
y
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5 10 15 20 x
A)
y
150
100
50
5 10 15 20 x
90
B)
y
150
100
50
5 10 15 20 x
C)
y
150
100
50
5 10 15 20 x
D)
y
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 x
Answer: B
91
x
285) f(x) = 3000(0.002)0.5
y
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
A)
y
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
B)
y
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
C)
y
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
92
D)
y
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
Answer: D
Solve the problem.

286) A pharmaceutical company introduces a new headache medication on the market. They advertise the product
on television and find that the percentage P of people who buy the product after t weeks satisfies the function
100%
P(t) = . What percentage buy the product after 16 weeks? Round to the nearest tenth of a percent
1 + 37e-0.13t
when necessary.
A) 17.8%
B) 14.2%
C) 19.6%
D) 21.3%
Answer: A
287) The natural resources of an island limit the growth of the population to a limiting value of 3423. The population
3423
of the island is given by the logistic equation P(t) = , where t is the number of years after 2010.
1 + 4.25e-0.31t
What would be the predicted population of the island in 2019?
A) 2443 people
B) 2714 people
C) 831 people
D) 2579 people
Answer: B
288) The natural resources of an island limit the growth of the population. The population of the island is given by
4943
the logistic equation P(t) = , where t is the number of years after 2010. What is the limiting value
1 + 3.96e-0.31t
of the population?
A) 1266 people
B) 997 people
C) 14 people
D) 4943 people
Answer: D
93
289) The number of employees of a company, N(t), who have heard a rumor t days after the rumor is started is given
268
by the logistic equation N(t) = . How many employees have heard the rumor 12 days after it is
1 + 51.6e-0.25t
started?
A) 68 employees
B) 7 employees
C) 60 employees
D) 75 employees
Answer: D
290) The number of students infected with the flu on a college campus after t days is modeled by the function
600
P(t) = . What was the initial number of infected students?
1 + 39e-0.3t
A) 600 students
B) 15 students
C) 30 students
D) 39 students
Answer: B
360
P(t) = . What is the maximum number of infected students possible?
1 + 39e-0.3t
A) 9 students
B) 360 students
C) 180 students
D) 720 students
Answer: B
600
P(t) = . When will the number of infected students be 300?
1 + 39e-0.3t
A) About 14 days
B) About 8 days
C) About 16 days
D) About 12 days
Answer: D
293) A pair of rabbits are introduced on a small island, and the population grows until the food supply and natural
200
enemies of the rabbits on the island limit the population. If the number of rabbits is N = , where t
1 + 75(2-0.7t)
is the number of years after the rabbits are introduced, how long does it take for the rabbit population to reach
100?
A) 9 years
B) 7 years
C) 11 years
D) 10 years
Answer: A
94
294) A company predicts that sales will increase rapidly after a new product is released, with the number of units
t
sold weekly modeled by N = 3000(0.1)0.5 , where t represents the number of weeks after the product is released.
How many units per week were sold at the beginning of the campaign?
A) 300 units
B) 360 units
C) 3000 units
D) 150 units
Answer: A
t
How many units per week were sold at the end of the first week of the campaign?
A) 5367 units
B) 3578 units
C) 4293 units
D) 2862 units
Answer: B
t
What is the expected upper limit on the number of units sold per week?
A) 9100 units
B) 8400 units
C) 7000 units
D) 1400 units
Answer: C
t
Use graphical or numerical methods to find the first week in which 2250 units were sold.
A) 7th week
B) 3rd week
C) 6th week
D) 5th week
Answer: D

a
298) Give an example of a situation in which a logistic function f(x) = would be a more appropriate model
1 + be-kx
than an exponential function f(x) = aekx. Explain why you think the logistic model would be more appropriate.
Answer: Population growth over a long period of time; The population growth may at first appear exponential
but in time may begin to slow down due to factors such as limited resources to support an exponentially
increasing population. (Answers will vary.)
95
c
299) Consider the logistic function f(x) = , where b > 0. What is the limiting value of this function?
1 + ae-bx
Answer: The limiting value of the function is c.
c
300) Consider the logistic function f(x) = , where b > 0. Is this function increasing or decreasing?
1 + ae-bx
Answer: The function is increasing.
c
301) Consider the logistic function f(x) = , where b < 0. Is this function increasing or decreasing?
1 + ae-bx
Answer: The function is decreasing.
c
302) Consider the logistic function f(x) = , where b > 0. What is the initial value of this function?
1 + ae-bx
c
Answer: The initial value of the function is , assuming a ≠ -1.
1+a
t
303) Consider the Gompertz function N = CaR , where 0 < R < 1. What is the limiting value of this function?
Answer: The limiting value of the function is C.
t
304) Consider the Gompertz function N = CaR , where 0 < R < 1. What is the initial value of this function?
Answer: The initial value of the function is Ca.
96
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"It is very evident," muttered one of the party with a scarcely stifled
groan—"it is very evident, my Diego, that you count amongst the
number of your friends none of those whose names, or position, or
country, place them in jeopardy."
"Ah! indeed," added another, without perceiving the flush that
suddenly deepened on the young noble's cheeks, "and it is easy
enough to discover, even if one had not known it, that Diego has
neither wife nor child for whose sake to feel a due value for his life
and lands."
Again that sudden flush on the handsome face, but Montoro stood in
shadow, and none marked it. The gathering of men, now turned into
a band of conspirators, was more intent on learning from Montoro de
Diego whether he meant to betray their purpose, than in taking note
of his own private emotion, and once assured of his silence they let
him depart, while they remained yet some time longer in secret
conclave, to concert their plans for destroying Arbues and the
Inquisition both together.
"There cannot be much difficulty one would imagine," muttered one
of the conspirators, "in compassing the death of a wretch held in
almost universal odium."
But others of the party shook their heads, while one, more fully
acquainted with the state of affairs than the rest, replied moodily:
"Nay then, your imagination runs wide of the mark. The difficulty in
accomplishing our undertaking will be as great as the danger we
incur. The cruel are ever cowards. Arbues wears mail beneath his
monastic robes, complete even to bearing the weight of the warrior's
helmet beneath the monk's hood. And his person is diligently
guarded by an obsequious train of satellites."
"Then we must bribe the watch-dogs over to our side," was the stern
remark of the haughty Don Alonso, who had been the first to seize
upon the suggestion thrown out by the unknown voice in the crowd.
Immediately after that declaration the noblemen dispersed, for it was
not safe just at that time for men to remain too long closeted
together.
CHAPTER III.
RIVALS AT DON PHILIP'S HOUSE.
When Montoro de Diego quitted the palace of Don Alonso his face
betokened an anxiety even greater than that warranted by the
conversation in which he had just taken part. To say truth his secret
belief was, that the deadly decision arrived at by his friends was the
frothy result of recent disappointed hopes, and that with the calming
influence of time bolder and more honourable counsels would
prevail. As he left the palace, therefore, he left also behind him all
disquietudes especially associated with the late discussion, and the
settled gravity of his face now belonged to matters of more private
interest.
Don Alonso had declared, that it was easy enough to see that Don
Diego had no friends amongst those looked upon with evil eyes by
the authorities of the Inquisition. But Don Alonso was wrong. The two
friends whom Don Diego valued more highly than any others upon
earth were reputed of the race of Israel. Christians indeed, for two
generations past, but still with a true proud gratitude clinging to the
remembrance that they had the blood in their veins of the "chosen
people of God." They were Don Philip and his daughter Rachel.
Don Miguel had remarked with something of a sneer that it was easy
enough to remember, from his present action, that Don Diego was
unencumbered with family ties. And Don Miguel was so far right that
Montoro de Diego was as yet a bachelor. But he was on the eve of
marriage with Don Philip's daughter, and the words of his fellow-
nobles had rung in his ears as words of evil omen. As he paced
along the streets he tried in vain to shake off his dark forebodings,
and it was with a very careworn countenance that he at length
presented himself at the home of his promised bride.
To his increased disturbance, upon being ushered into the presence
of Don Philip and his daughter, the young nobleman found a stranger
with them; at least, one who was a stranger to him, though
apparently not so to his friends, with whom he appeared to be on
terms of familiar intercourse.
Don Diego at once took a deep aversion to the interloper, for he had
entered with the full determination to press upon Rachel and Don
Philip the expediency of an immediate marriage, in order that both
father and daughter might have the powerful protection of his high
position, and undoubted Spanish descent and orthodoxy. But it was,
of course, impossible to speak on such topics in the presence of a
stranger. So annoyed was he that his greetings to his betrothed bride
partook of his constraint, and the girl appeared relieved when her
father called to her:
"Rachel, my child, the evening is warm; will you not order in some
fruit for the refreshment of our guests?"
As the beautiful young girl left the apartment in gentle obedience to
her father's desire the stranger followed her with his eyes, saying
with studied softness:
"Your daughter is so lovely it were a pity that she had not been
dowered with a fairer name."
The old man sighed before replying: "Perchance, Señor, you are
right. And yet, in my ears the name of Rachel has a sweetness that
can scarcely be surpassed."
"It might sound sweeter in mine," rejoined the stranger still in tones
of studied suavity, "if it were not one of the names favoured by the
accursed race of Israel."
A momentary flash shot from the eyes of Don Philip, but hastily he
dropped his lids over them as he answered with forced quietude:
"Doubtless I should have bestowed another name upon my child had
I foreseen these days, when it is counted for a crime to be
descended from those to whom the Great I Am, in His infinite
wisdom, gave the first Law and the first Covenant."
He ceased with another low, quiet sigh, and a short silence ensued,
during which Don Diego felt rather than saw the sharp, searching
glances being bestowed upon himself by the stranger, who at length
rose, and said coolly:
"Ay, truly, Don Philip, a crime it is in the eyes of Holy Mother Church
to have aught to do, even to the extent of a name, with the accursed
race, and so, to repeat my offer to you for the hand of your fair
daughter. I support my offer now with the promise—not a light one,
permit me to impress upon you—to gain the sanction of the Church
that her old name of Rachel shall be cancelled, and a new and
Christian one bestowed upon her?"
As he finished speaking he turned from Don Philip with a look of
insolent assurance to Don Diego, who in his turn had started from
his seat, and stood with nervous fingers grasping the hilt of his
rapier. As the nobleman met the sinister eyes, full of an impertinent
challenge, he made a hasty step forward with the haughty
exclamation:
"And who are you pray, sir, who dare ask for the hand of one who is
promised to Don Montoro de Diego? Know you, sir, that the daughter
of Don Philip is my affianced bride?"
"I have heard something of the sort," was the reply, in a tone of
indescribable cool insolence. "Yes; I have already learnt that you
have had eyesight good enough to discover the fairest beauty in
Saragossa. But you had better leave her to me, noble Señor. She
will be—" and the speaker paused a moment to give greater
emphasis to his next slowly-uttered words—"she will be safer with
me than with you—and her father also." And with a parting look and
nod, so full of latent knowledge and cruel determination that Don
Diego's blood seemed to freeze in his veins as he encountered
them, the new aspirant for the beautiful young heiress took his leave.
As the great iron-bound outer door clanged to, behind him, the head
of the old man sank forward on his breast with a groan. His daughter
re-entered the apartment at the moment, and the smile which had
begun to dawn on her countenance at the departure of the
unwelcome guest gave way to a cry of dismay. Flying across the
floor she threw herself on the ground beside her father with a pitiful
little cry.
"Oh! my father, are you ill?—What ails you, my father?"
For some seconds the old man's trembling hand tenderly caressing
the soft hair was the only answer. At last he asked with a choked
voice:
"My daughter—couldst thou be content to wed yon Italian?"
The words had scarcely passed his lips when the girl sprang to her
feet, gazing with wild eyes at her questioner.
"Kill me, my father, but give me not to yon awful, hateful man.
Besides—" and with a look of agonized entreaty she turned towards
Don Diego—"besides, am I not already given by you to another?"
"And to another who has both the will and the power to claim the
fulfilment of the promise," exclaimed Montoro de Diego, coming
forward, and clasping the girl's hand in his with an air of iron
resolution.
Once again there was a heavy silence in the darkening chamber,
and when it was broken the hearers felt scarcely less oppressed by
the sound, although the words themselves seemed to speak of
happiness.
"My son," said the old man in low and urgent tones, "it is true, I have
given you my child—my only one. Fetch the good old priest Bartolo
now, at once, and secretly, and let him within this hour make my gift
to you secure."
A faint protest against this sudden, unexpected haste was made by
the young bride, but Don Diego needed no second bidding to the
adoption of a course he considered to be dictated as much by
prudence as affection. Two hours later Montoro de Diego wended his
way to his own palace with his young wife, Rachel Diego, by his
side.
"Do not weep so, my Rachel," entreated the young nobleman as he
led his bride into her new home.
But the tears of the agitated girl flowed as bitterly as ever as she
moaned, "My father—oh! my father! If but my father had come with
us!"
"He has promised to take up his abode with us, if possible, within the
next few weeks, my Rachel," returned Montoro de Diego, in the vain
endeavour to give her comfort. But she dwelt upon the words, "if
possible," rather than upon the promise. She guessed but too well
the fears which had dismissed her thus summarily from her father's
home. She had heard but too much of the hideous tragedies of the
past two months, and her husband himself was too oppressed with
forebodings to give her consolation in such a tone of confidence as
should secure her belief.
Don Philip had offered his life for his daughter's happiness, and his
daughter well-nigh divined the fact.
Had the Christianized Jew consented to give his daughter, and his
daughters princely fortune, to the vile informer of the Inquisition, he
would have escaped harm or persecution, at any rate for that
season. But he counted the cost, and taking his life into his hand, for
the sake of his child's happiness, he committed her henceforth to the
loving charge of the noble-hearted Don Diego. The fulfilment of the
sacrifice was not long delayed.
The days went by, and the weeks—one—two—three. The second
day of the fourth week was drawing to its close, since the group of
Spanish noblemen had muttered their passionate resolves to rid their
Aragon of Arbues de Epila. They had not been idle since then. Time
had not quenched their burning indignation, but rather fanned it
fiercer as they gathered fresh adherents, and gold, that ever needful
aid in all enterprises. But the one adherent Don Alonso and Don
Miguel most longed for still held aloof.
The lengthening shadows of that day belonged also, as the reader
knows, to the second day of the fourth week since Don Diego's
marriage, and his new ties made him but increasingly anxious to
keep in the most careful path of rectitude, for the sake of expediency
now as much as honour.
The name of Montoro de Diego was hitherto so unblemished, his
rank was so important, that he might well believe himself a safe
protector for his young bride, and for his new father-in-law, even
though it was not wholly unmixed, pure Spanish blood that flowed in
their veins. And he was firm in his refusal to have any part in
schemes of danger. His wife was safe, hidden up in the recesses of
his palace; and his father-in-law, he trusted, had secured safety in
flight.
On the day succeeding that on which Don Philip had refused to
purchase peace at the price of his daughter's welfare, Rachel Diego
had received a few hurried lines of farewell from him, saying that he
was going into exile until safer times for Saragossa, and bidding her
be of good cheer, as all immediately concerning themselves now
promised to go well.
Under these circumstances Don Diego might be pardoned, perhaps,
if for a time he forgot the miseries surrounding him—forgot his hopes
to infuse a bolder, nobler spirit of upright resistance to evil, into his
comrades, and rested content with his own happiness.
But there came a dark awakening.
The day had been one of dazzling heat; and as the sun's rays grew
more and more slanting, and the shadows longer, Don Diego bid his
gentle young wife a short adieu, and sauntered forth to draw, if
possible, a freer breath out-of-doors than was possible within.
He had been more impatient in seeking the evening breeze than
most of his fellow-citizens, for the streets were still almost deserted.
There was but one pedestrian besides himself in sight, and Montoro
de Diego was well content to note that that one was a stranger, for
he was in no mood just then for parrying fresh solicitations from his
friends by signs, and half-uttered words, to join their secret counsels.
He was sufficiently annoyed when he perceived at the lapse of a few
seconds that even the stranger was evidently bent on accosting him.
Determined not to have his meditations interrupted he turned short
round, and began to retrace his way towards his own abode.
But not so was he to secure isolation. The rapid pitpat of steps
behind him quickly proved that the stranger was as desirous of a
meeting as he was wishful to avoid it; and scarcely had the Spanish
nobleman had time to entertain thoughts of mingled wonder and
annoyance, when he shrank angrily from a tap on his arm, and faced
round to see what manner of individual it might be who had dared
such a familiarity with one of the grandees of Aragon. The
explanation was sudden and complete.
A low, mocking laugh greeted the involuntary widening of his eyes.
Don Diego stood face to face with the man he had seen but once
before; but that was on an occasion never to be forgotten, for it was
the evening of his marriage, and the man before him was the one
who had dared try to deprive him of his bride. For that he bore him
no love, nor for the hinted threats then uttered; but now his blood
curdled with instinctive horror as he gazed at the sinister, cruel face
mocking his with an expression on it of such cool insolence.
Don Diego's most eager impulse was to dash his companion to the
ground and leave him; but for the first time in his life fear had gained
possession of him. Fear, not for himself, but for those whom he held
more precious.
"Why do you stay me? What would you with me?" he questioned at
last, in tones that vainly strove for their customary accent of
haughtiness. The cynical triumph of the Italian grew more visible.
"Meseems, my Señor," he replied with a sneer; "meseems from your
countenance, and your new-found humility of voice, that your heart
must have prophesied to you that matter anent which I have stayed
you, that counsel that I would, for our mutual advantage, hold with
you. It is of Don Philip and his daughter Rachel that I wish to speak
with you."
Montoro de Diego inclined his head in silent token of attention, and
the foreigner continued in slow, smooth speech:
"Doubtless, my Señor, you remember that in your presence, some
few weeks ago, I made proposals of marriage for the fair, rich
daughter of Don Philip. The night of the day on which I made these
proposals the birds flew from me, and from my little hints in case of
contumacy, out of Saragossa. That was a foolish step to take, my
Señor, was it not?"
He paused for an answer, and the dry lips of Don Diego replied
stiffly: "Don Philip asked me not for counsel in his actions, neither did
I give it."
"Ah!" resumed the Italian with a second sneer, "that may perchance
be a true statement, Don Diego; but I shall be better inclined to
accept it worthily, when you shall now reverse your professed
behaviour, and accept the post of adviser to the obstinate heretic."
"I cannot," was the hasty exclamation. "Don Philip is no heretic, but a
faithful son of the Church, and I have no clue to his retreat."
"Then I can give you one," was the low-spoken answer. "Don Philip
has been tracked, and brought back. But his daughter is not with
him. He refuses to confess her hiding-place, although he is now in
the dungeons of the Holy Inquisition, and can purchase freedom by
the information."
"Cruel, black-hearted villain!" exclaimed Don Diego, shocked and
infuriated at length beyond all prudence; "know this, that Rachel,
daughter of Don Philip, is now my bride. And know this yet further,
that the nobles of Aragon are not yet so ground beneath the feet of a
new dominion that they cannot protect their wives, and those
belonging to them, from the perjured baseness of dastards who
would destroy them."
Once more the young nobleman turned to quit his abhorred
companion, but once more that hated touch fell upon his arm, and
the Italian again confronted him with a face literally livid with malice
as he hissed out:
"The nobles of Aragon are doubtless all-powerful, my Señor, and yet
for your news of your bride I will give you news of her father. Ere this
hour to-morrow the burnt ashes of his body will have been scattered
to the four winds of heaven. Take that news back to your bride to win
her welcome with."
Don Diego was alone. Whether he had been leaning against the
walls of that heavy portico five seconds, five minutes, or five hours,
he could scarcely tell when he became conscious of his own painful
reiteration of the words, "Ere this hour to-morrow—ere this hour to-
morrow."
"What is the matter, Montoro? rouse yourself. What about this hour
to-morrow?" asked the voice of Don Alonso at his elbow. And
Montoro shudderingly raised himself from the wall, looked with
dazed eyes at his friend, and repeated:
"Ere this hour to-morrow. Will she know?"
"Will who know?" again questioned Don Alonso, as he passed his
arm through his friend's and drew him on, for the street was no
longer empty. Doors were opening on all sides, and the people
pouring forth to the various entertainments of the evening. Some
curious glances had already been cast at Don Diego, as he leant
there stupefied with horror and anguish for his wife's threatened
misery.
In the early part of the evening the Italian tool of the Inquisition had
sought Don Diego. When evening had given way to night, Don Diego
sought the Italian, and as a suppliant.
"It ill suits an Aragonese to sue to the villain of a foreigner," said the
wretch, with malicious sarcasm. "It makes me marvel, my Señor, that
you should deign thus to condescend."
"I marvel also," murmured the Spaniard, rather to himself than to his
unworthy companion. "When the sword of the Moor was at my throat
I disdained to sue for mercy; when I lay spurned by the pirate's foot I
felt no fear; but now—ay now, if you will—I will give you the power to
boast that one of the greatest of the nobles of Aragon has knelt at
your feet to sue for a favour at your hands."
"And you will not deny the humiliating fact if I should publish it?"
demanded the Italian, with a half air of yielding, and Montoro Diego,
with a light of hope springing into his face, exclaimed:
"No, no. I will myself declare the deed, if for its performance you will
obtain me the life and freedom of Don Philip."
Like a drowning man stretching forth to a straw, Montoro had
snatched at a false hope. With that low, mocking laugh that issued
freely enough from his thin, cruel lips, the Italian said slowly:
"Ah! your wish is very great, my Señor, I see that—truly very great to
save a heart-ache to your bride. But—see you—you have hindered
Jerome Tivoli of his desire, and now it is his turn, the turn of the
'base, black-hearted villain,' Jerome. And he takes your desire into
his ears, he tastes it on his palate, it is sweet to him, sweetened with
the thought of revenge, and then—he spurns it—spits it forth from
him—thus!"
The Aragonese tore his rapier from its sheath, and darted forward,
his fierce southern blood aflame with fury at the insult. But his
companion stood there coolly with folded arms, content to hiss
between his teeth:
"We are not unwatched, my Señor. I have plenty to avenge me if you
think Doña Rachel will be gratified to lose husband now as well as
father."
The mention of his wife was opportune. It restored Don Diego to his
self-control. With a mighty effort mastering his pride, he collected his
thoughts for one final attempt on behalf of the good old man doomed
so tyrannically to an awful death.
Before seeking this second interview with the foreigner Montoro de
Diego had schooled himself to bear everything for the sake of his
one great object, and although for a moment he had allowed self to
rise uppermost, he now once more crushed it down, and returned to
the attitude of the humble suppliant.
He did not indeed repeat the offer, so insultingly rejected, to kneel to
the informer, but he appealed earnestly to more sordid instincts. The
man had alluded to Don Philip's daughter as rich as well as beautiful,
and he now offered him the heiress's wealth as compensation for the
loss of the heiress herself.
As he spoke a sudden gleam of satisfaction shot into the Italian's
eyes, and a second time a hope, far greater than the first, rose in the
petitioner's heart; but yet again it was dashed to the ground. Just as
he was prepared to hear that his terms were agreed upon, his
companion's countenance underwent a sudden change. A shadow
had just fallen across the floor, and with a heavy scowl replacing the
expression of greed he bent forward with the hasty mutter:
"Fool of a Spaniard, has that idiot tongue of thine but one tone, that
thou must needs screech thy offers, like a parrot from the Indies, into
all ears that choose to listen?" Then aloud, as though in continuation
of a widely-different theme: "And so, as I tell thee, thy offers go for
nought, for the wealth will of right flow into the coffers of the Sacred
Office when the accursed Jew shall have suffered in the flesh to
save his soul. And now," insolently, "I have no more time to listen to
thy prating, and so go."
Whether he went of his free will, or was turned out, Montoro de
Diego never clearly remembered, but on finding himself beneath the
starry sky, he dashed off to the palace of the dread Arbues himself.
Well-nigh frantic with despair, as he thought of the torments that the
aged prisoner was even then all too probably undergoing, he forced
admittance, late though the hour was, to the presence of the stern
ecclesiastic, who was prudently surrounded by guards even in the
privacy of his own supper-room. Nothing short of the great influence
of Don Diego's high rank would have enabled him to penetrate so
far, but even that did not protect him from the Inquisitor's rebuke, nor
gain him a favourable hearing for his cause.
"It is our blessed office," said the bigoted supporter of Rome's worst
errors, "to purge the Church, to—"
"If Don Philip die, others will die with him," sharply interrupted the
young Spaniard, with fierce significance, and he left the Inquisitor's
palace as abruptly as he had entered it, half determined, in that bitter
hour, to throw in his lot with the conspirators. If there were none to
listen to reason, none to obey the dictates of justice or mercy, why
should he maintain alone his integrity?
So passion and despair tried to argue against his conscience, as he
retraced his steps to his own home and the waiting Rachel. But the
events of that night were not yet over.
CHAPTER IV.
THINKING OF EXILE.
As Montoro de Diego entered the deep portico of his palace
entrance, he stumbled against some obstruction in the way. He
stooped, and found there was a man dead, or in a deep swoon, lying
at his feet.
Before he could ascertain more, or summon his servants, a third
person stepped out of the obscurity and muttered rapidly:
"Remember, the gold is to be mine. It is not my fault that he has thus
suffered before release."
Then the whisperer of those significant words was gone, and the
young man was alone with the prostrate form of his father-in-law.
Relinquishing his intention to call for aid, he lifted the inanimate body
in his own strong arms, and bore his burden into a small inner
apartment, reserved for his own devotion to such learned studies as
were then flourishing in Aragon under the fostering care of royal
encouragement. Something of medicine and surgery he had also
acquired, but he soon discovered with bitter sorrow that in the
present case his skill was useless. The old man was dying. Every
limb had been dislocated on the rack.
"They tortured me to try to extort the secret of my child's hiding-
place," murmured the old man quietly. "But thanks be to the Lord, He
gave me strength. This day I shall be with Him. They have but
hastened my coming home, my children."
And so, with forgiveness and love in his heart, and the light of
coming glory on his face, this rescued victim of the Inquisition died in
his daughter's arms, just as the sun's first golden rays were
brightening the streets of Saragossa. Those rays that were glowing
on the walls of the dungeons, within which slept, for the last time on
earth, those innocent ones who were that day to be burnt in one of
the awful Autos da Fé; those rays that were glowing on the walls and
windows of the palace where Arbues the Inquisitor still slumbered.
"For so He maketh His sun to shine on the evil and the good."
The morning was still young when Don Diego received two visitors.
The first, Jerome Tivoli, was quickly dismissed with the curt but
satisfying speech:
"A noble of Aragon ever keeps his word. The miserable treasure you
crave is yours."
His interview with Don Alonso was far longer.
"Surely now you must join us," urged that fiery spirit with impatient
indignation. "You cannot refuse to aid in avenging the wrongs of your
father-in-law."
"His mode," murmured the other, "of avenging his own wrongs, was
to pray for light for his murderers."
But Don Alonso was marching with hasty strides up and down the
apartment, and did not hear the words. His own conscience was ill at
ease, as the head of conspirators having assassination for their
object, and he had an unacknowledged feeling that he would be
more comfortable in his mind if the upright Montoro would throw in
his lot with them. But Don Diego was firm in his refusal. That recent
death-bed scene had given him back his faith in the wisdom and love
of God, in spite of the darkness now around him, and he ended the
discussion at last, by saying:
"No, Alonso, I will keep my honour whatever else I may be forced to
lose. But, although I will not join you, I will tell you whom I would join,
were my Rachel a man, or, being a woman, had she but been inured
to hardships as a mountain peasant. I would suffer exile thankfully,
so embittered to me has my native land become."
"Embittered indeed to us all," almost groaned the other, adding, "But
whom then is it you would join in your exile? Any of our friends, or
one I know not?"
"One you know not, nor I either, personally," was the reply; "but one
whom we both know well by reputation. That Christopher Colon, the
Genoese, who, for the past six months almost, has been wearying
our Queen Isabella of Castile to provide him means to find some
strange new world; some vision of wonder that has risen in his
imagination, brilliant with lands of gold and pearl, and perfumed with
sweeter spices than the Indies."
Don Alonso uttered a short laugh of contempt.
"Ah, ha! And you mean to tell me that you would be willing to throw
in your lot with that beggarly, visionary adventurer! Our King
Ferdinand knows better than to waste his maravedis on such moon-
struck projects, or to let his consort do so either."
"And yet," said Montoro, somewhat doubtfully, "and yet, although of
course new worlds are foolishness to dream of, some islands might
perchance fall to our share, if we adventured somewhat to find them,
as such good and profitable prizes have been falling, during the past
fifty years, pretty plentifully, to our clever neighbours, the
Portuguese."
"Ay, and even they won't listen to this Genoese, you may recollect.
Besides, the Pope has given everything in the seas and on it, I have
heard, to those lucky neighbours of ours, so of what use for
Spaniards to jeopardize lives and treasure to benefit the
Portuguese?"
"Nay," answered Don Diego, "the Pope's grant to them is only for the
countries from Cape Horn to India. Why should not we obtain a grant
for lands in the other hemisphere?"
And so the poor young nobleman tried to stifle grief and
apprehension in dreams of other lands, of whose discovery he would
not live to hear, although his son would one day help others to found
new homes on their far-off soil.
CHAPTER V.
DEATH FOR ARBUES DE EPILA.
The days went by; the days of that year, 1485: and still the hideous
spectacles of the Auto da Fé continued to be witnessed with shame
and anguish by the inhabitants of Saragossa. Still the cry of the
tortured victims ascended up to heaven, and still Arbues de Epila
lived in his case of mail.
Those were busy, agitating days for Spain. The war with Granada
was still in progress. King Ferdinand was much exercised in mind
with various jealousies connected with French affairs, and, more
than all important for future ages, the Queen's confessor, Ferdinand
di Talavera, together with a council of self-sufficient pedants and
philosophers, was taking into consideration that request of the
Genoese, Christopher Colon, or, as we call him, Columbus, to be
provided with such an equipment of ships, men, and necessary
stores, as should enable him to find and found countries hitherto
unheard of, and only thought of, most people declared, by crack-
brained dreamers.
"Besides," finally decided Talavera and his sage council, with
pompous absurdity; "besides, if there were nothing else against this
scheme, such as the convex figure of the globe, for instance, which,
of course, would prevent vessels ever getting back again, up the
side of the world, once they got down, there was the impudence of
the suggestion. It was presumptuous in any person to pretend that
he alone possessed knowledge superior to all the rest of the world
united."
And such impertinent presumption was certainly not to be
encouraged in an "obscure Genoese pilot." And so, for that while,
after weary waiting, and the weary hope deferred that maketh the
heart sick, Columbus and his splendid plans were dismissed. But
this result was not arrived at until four years after the months with
which we are, for the minute, more immediately concerned; and so
to return to the thread of our narrative, and to add yet further—and
still the men of Saragossa gathered into secret bands, discussing
rather by tokens, than by words, the unspeakable cruelties that were
being committed in their midst, and the proposed destruction of their
arch-instigator, Arbues de Epila.
All was ripe at length for the fulfilment of the fatal plot; fatal, alas, not
only to the Inquisitor, but to his murderers also, and to many and
many another wholly innocent of the crime.
All day long Don Alonso, Don Miguel, Don James of Navarre, with
the rest of the conspirators, many of them with the noblest blood of
Aragon flowing in their veins, watched with a fierce, hungry
eagerness for the moment in which to strike the blow. The hours
wore on, the evening came. In low-breathed murmurs one and
another rekindled their own fury, or revived the flagging courage of a
companion, by recalling the generosity of character, the blameless
life, of some friend or relative snatched out of life by this barbarous
persecution.
Night fell over the city of Saragossa, and gradually the conspirators
stealthily, silently drew round about the walls of the cathedral. It was
approaching midnight. The fierce persecutor of his fellow-men was
on his knees before the great altar of the cathedral, on his knees
before Him who has said, "I will have mercy, and not sacrifice."
Arbues knelt there in the flood of brightness from the lighted altar,
and his enemies gathered up around him in the gloomy shadows of
the surrounding darkness. Suddenly there was a muffled shout—a
cry. He raised his head;—too late,—escape was impossible. Already
the arm and hand were streaming with blood that had signed so
many warrants for the torture and death of others. Then came the
fatal blow.
Arbues knelt there in a flood of brightness from the lighted altar.
Suddenly there was a muffled shout—a cry. He raised his head;—too
late,—escape was impossible.
A dagger shone, gleaming red with life-blood, in the light, from the
back of the victim's neck, in the flesh of which its point was firmly
embedded.
Who gave that final thrust none knew but the giver. Only Don Miguel,
who stood by in the fierce crush and melée, heard the words hissed
out as the deadly weapon was darted forth:
"So dies the fiend, Arbues de Epila!"

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Determine whether or not the given function is an exponential function.

Determine if the function is a growth exponential or a decay exponential.

Graph the function.

20) f(x) = 2 ∙ 0.74x

Match the equation with its graph.

Find the function value.

33) Let f(x) = 3(1 - x). Find f(3).

Solve the problem.

Provide an appropriate response.

48) Why can't y = 2 x have an x-intercept?

50) Why is an exponential function one-to-one?

51) With the exponential function f(x) = a x, why must a ≠ 1?

56) Give a definition for the following term: Exponential function .

Write the logarithmic equation in exponential form.

62) log2 (8) = 3

63) log 10 0 = -10

65) y = log (2x)

69) 103 = 1000

70) 10-5 = 0.00001

74) log 2.81

75) log 4508

76) log 0.0743

77) log 0.00474

81) log (-17)

Find the value of the logarithm without using a calculator.

86) log 10 100

87) log (0.001)

Graph the function.

93) f(x) = log (x + 4)

95) f(x) = ln(x + 5)

Find the inverse of the function.

100) f(x) = e7x

Use the properties of logarithms to evaluate the expression.

107) log 10-12

109) Given log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771, evaluate log 12 .

118) log a 8x3yz 5

Rewrite as a single logarithm.

121) 6 logq q - logq r

122) (logt t - logt s) + 5 logt u

125) 2 log 2 (2x + 5) + 6 log 2 (6x + 1)

D) log 2 ((2x + 5)2 + (6x + 1)6 )

Solve the problem.

Solve the equation.

151) 14 x = 24 Round to two decimal places.

153) 2 (x - 3) = 17 Round to three decimal places.

154) 4 (5x - 1) = 18 Round to three decimal places.

155) 2e(3x + 6) = 10 Round to three decimal places.

157) 2 (12 - 3x) = 64

160) log (0.662)

Solve the equation. Give an exact solution.

164) 198 + 4 log x = 170

166) log (x - 9) = 1 - log x

167) ln(5x - 2) = ln 12 - ln(x - 6)

168) log4 (x - 5) + log4 (x - 5) = 1