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Chapter 7—Ecology of Teaching
MULTIPLE CHOICE
3. Marcus is studying to become an elementary teacher. His advisor suggested he take a class to
improve his communication skills. Which of the following is true?
a. He should take the class; there is a link between communicating well and being a
successful teacher.
b. He can take the class if he wants, but there is no link between successful teaching
and communication skills.
c. There is a link between teaching and communicating, however it is in the opposite
direction. Therefore, don’t take the class since being a better communicator will
actually make him a worse teacher.
d. There is a link between teaching and communicating; however, it is only found in
preschool. Therefore, do not take the class.
ANS: A REF: 218 OBJ: 7
4. Which leadership style results in a discounted, hostile but productive group in the classroom?
a. Authoritarian c. Uninvolved
b. Authoritative d. Laissez-Faire
ANS: D REF: 219 OBJ: 7
6. Davonte believes in not just accepting things just because they have been done before.
Rather, he believes there has to be a logical reason for doing something. Davonte’s position
is one of
a. Rationalism c. Valuation
b. Traditionalism d. Maturation
ANS: A REF: 225 OBJ: 7
7. Children score higher on cognitive and academic tests when their parents
a. Have finished high school only.
b. Have finished high school and have at least some college.
c. Have finished high school and have at least a bachelor’s degree.
d. No answers apply; Parents’ educational level is not related to achievement.
ANS: B REF: 228 OBJ: 7
8. Children who are socialized to be open, warm, committed to mutual dependence, cooperative,
sensitive to the feelings of others, and respectful of adults and social convention are more
likely to be
a. Logical in their approach to tasks. c. Field-dependent.
b. Field-independent. d. No answers apply.
ANS: C REF: 229 OBJ: 7
10. According to Gardner’s model, a person who is “people smart” is exhibiting what type of
intelligence?
a. Logical-Mathematical c. Interpersonal
b. Spatial d. Intrapersonal
ANS: C REF: 230 – 231 OBJ: 7
11. According to Gardner’s model, a person who is “body smart” is exhibiting what type of
intelligence?
a. Logical-Mathematical c. Musical
b. Naturalistic d. Body-kinesthetic
ANS: D REF: 230 – 231 OBJ: 7
13. With which method are you most likely to compare a child’s performance to existing norms?
a. Anecdotal record c. Time sample
b. Rating scale d. Goal structure
ANS: B REF: 232 OBJ: 7
15. According to the categories found in your book, an example of an environmental risk is
a. Poverty. c. Having a known genetic condition.
b. Prenatal exposure to drugs. d. Lack of access to health care.
ANS: A REF: 233 OBJ: 7
16. Which of the following is a factor which can put a child at risk for later negative outcome(s)?
a. Certain patterns of genetic inheritance
b. A poor prenatal environment
c. An unhealthy perinatal environment
d. All of these
ANS: D REF: 233 OBJ: 7
17. Schools using the Comer model are seen as an extension of the
a. Family. c. Title IX Amendment.
b. Neighborhood. d. Church.
ANS: A REF: 233 OBJ: 7
18. The perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no effect on outcomes
is termed
a. Perception. c. Learned Helplessness.
b. Zone of Proximal Development. d. Risk.
ANS: C REF: 234 OBJ: 7
19. Teacher B noticed a child in her class who is withdrawn and seems to have few friends. This
child also seems to be aggressive, taking his anger out on the other children. Teacher B
realizes at least one of the many reasons for such behavior is
a. Alcoholism in the family.
b. Violence in the family.
c. Both alcoholism and violence can cause these reactions.
d. No answers are correct.
ANS: C REF: 235 – 236 OBJ: 7
23. Marcus teaches fifth grade. In Marcus’s classroom, learning is individualized and students
are responsible for their own learning. We would characterize Marcus’s classroom as
a. Teacher-Directed. c. Focused.
b. Learned-Directed. d. Extrinsic.
ANS: B REF: 238 OBJ: 7
24. If you believe that learning occurs spontaneously, and that the best learning occurs when
children interact with materials and people in their environment, you are looking at learning
as a
a. Process. c. Product.
b. Preparation for living. d. Preparation for learning.
ANS: A REF: 238 OBJ: 7
25. Traditional teaching settings are characterized by _________; whereas modern teaching
settings are characterized by _________.
a. Large class size; small class size
b. Individualized with no sharing; Cooperative with much sharing
c. Older teachers; Younger teachers
d. Physical traits; Psychological traits
ANS: B REF: 238 OBJ: 7
26. The type of learning environment in which each student expects to have an equal chance of
winning and to enjoy the activity (win or lose) is called
a. Cooperative. c. Competitive.
b. Individualized. d. Self-Paced.
ANS: C REF: 239 – 240 OBJ: 7
27. When one student’s achievement of a goal is unrelated to other students’ achievement of that
goal, this is called a(n)
a. Cooperative Goal Structure. c. Individualized Goal Structure.
b. Competitive Goal Structure. d. Team Goal Structure.
ANS: C REF: 239 OBJ: 7
28. When Aronson & Patenoe (1996) used the “jigsaw-puzzle” method, the result was
a. An increase in social insults.
b. Children who were better able to finish a large puzzle piece by themselves.
c. Lower self-esteem among the children.
d. Improved attitudes toward school.
ANS: D REF: 239 – 240 OBJ: 7
29. The assignments in a cooperative learning environment are _________ whereas the
assignments in an individualized learning environment are likely to be _________.
a. Somewhat Ambiguous; Clear c. Continuous; Discontinuous
b. Clear; Somewhat Ambiguous d. Passive; Aggressive
ANS: A REF: 240 OBJ: 7
30. In the United States, the first formal mandate for educational accountability was
a. The Elementary Education Act.
b. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
c. The Individuals With Disabilities Act.
d. The No Child Left Behind Act.
ANS: B REF: 240 OBJ: 7
31. Authentic assessment differs from other kinds of assessment in that authentic assessment
a. Relies on real performance.
b. Looks at mastery of a task.
c. Requires someone to administer (implement and interpret) the assessment.
d. Is not used in schools.
ANS: A REF: 242 OBJ: 7
32. After Martha gave her class a test, she compared their scores to a set of existing norms for
their age. Martha most likely gave her class a(n) _________ test.
a. Hard c. Group
b. Standardized d. Authentic
ANS: B REF: 242 OBJ: 7
34. Tania and Joe would like to help their four year old be ready for kindergarten next year.
Which of the following is something they should not do?
a. Discourage writing, since the teacher will want it done a different way
b. Read books to the child
c. Encourage the child to ask questions
d. Give the child approval for trying new things
ANS: A REF: 243 – 244 OBJ: 7
35. Standardized tests may not give an accurate assessment of a child’s development because
a. Each child comes from a unique set of family experiences.
b. Maturational differences measured by standardized tests do not exist among
children.
c. All children can control a pencil by a certain age.
d. None of the above; Standardized tests always provide an accurate assessment.
ANS: A REF: 242 OBJ: 7
COMPLETION
1. _________ refers to a biological construct that involves interpretation of stimuli by the brain.
ANS: Perception
REF: 217
ANS: Competent
REF: 218
ANS: Laissez-Faire
REF: 218
4. When boys were given a craft project in an after-school group, within group aggression was
linked to having a leader with what kind of leadership style?
ANS: Authoritarian
REF: 218
ANS: Direct
REF: 219
6. The space between what a learner can do independently and what he or she can do while
participating with more capable others is called the _________.
REF: 220
7. Successful classroom managers are able to _________, which means they can deal with more
than one activity at the same time.
ANS: Overlap
REF: 220
8. Studies consistently show that _______________ have more interactions with teacher than do
______________.
REF: 222
ANS: Sensitivity
REF: 224
10. John believes there has to be a logical reason to do something. John’s belief is best
characterized as _________.
ANS: Rationalism
REF: 225
11. When time is viewed as a continuum, with no beginning and no end, this is called a
_________-time orientation.
ANS: Present
REF: 226
ANS: Collectivistic
REF: 227
13. The differential treatment of groups of people because of their class background, and the
reinforcement of those differences through values and practices of societal institutions is
known as _________.
ANS: Classism
REF: 228
14. Children who live in families that are structured are found to have a(n) _________ cognitive
style.
ANS: Analytical
REF: 229
15. Field-_________ learning style refers to the kind of person who works well in groups and
perceives things in terms of the whole.
ANS: Dependent
REF: 229
16. Skills related to solving logical problems and performing mathematical calculations are
considered _________ intelligence.
ANS: Logical-mathematical
REF: 230
17. The ability to form a mental model of concrete objects and to manipulate parts in relation to
each other is considered _________ intelligence.
ANS: Spatial
REF: 231
18. _________ instruction refers to a teaching setting in which the child’s abilities rather than
prescribed academic content provide the basis for the teaching techniques that are used.
ANS: Individualized
REF: 231
19. The principle of _________ refers to the mandate that children with disabilities are to be
placed with nondisabled peers whenever appropriate.
REF: 23
20. Lin records everything a child does for a certain period of time each day. Lin is using what
assessment method?
REF: 232
21. Any program designed to meet the special needs of the children with disabilities must involve
the __________________.
ANS: Family
REF: 232
22. Risk factors affecting infants and children can be classified as genetic, prenatal, perinatal and
______________________.
ANS: Environmental
REF: 233
23. _________ refers to the ability to withstand and rebound from crisis or persistent challenges.
ANS: Resilience
REF: 233
24. A chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease characterized by excessive tolerance for
and physical dependence on alcohol is called _________.
ANS: Alcoholism
REF: 235
25. The condition associated with prenatal alcohol exposure is known as _________.
REF: 235
26. The systematic abuse by one person in an intimate relationship in order to control and
dominate the partner is termed _________.
REF: 236
27. The researcher best known for the idea that any person can be conditioned to learn provided
they are presented with appropriate reinforcers is _________.
REF: 238
ANS: Intrinsic
REF: 238
29. Students in traditional, teacher-directed classrooms tended to perform better
__________________ than students in modern, learner-directed programs.
ANS: academically
REF: 239
30. Stephanie has a classroom in which the students work together to accomplish shared goals.
Stephanie’s classroom would be characterized by a _________ goal structure.
ANS: Cooperative
REF: 239
31. In the ___________________ goal setting, each student expects to be left alone by other
students and to take a major part of the responsibility for completing the task.
ANS: Individualized
REF: 240
32. When schools and teachers are held responsible for student learning and/or achievement
outcomes, this is called _________.
ANS: Accountability
REF: 240
33. When evaluations are based on real performance showing mastery of a task rather than
performance on a specific test, the process is referred to as _________ assessment.
ANS: Authentic
REF: 242
34. When individual test scores are compared to norms on scientifically selected items, the
process is called _________ testing.
ANS: Standardized
REF: 242
SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe the various roles a teacher can play, including as they relate to modeling and
leadership.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
2. Describe differences in teacher-student interaction based on gender.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
4. Following the study by Duncan & Magnuson (2005), describe the academic achievement of
disadvantaged children by income, education, family structure, and neighborhood.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
6. Imagine you are explaining Howard’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences to a group of high
school seniors. Describe what you would say, including categories of intelligence as found in
the text.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
7. Mary Ella is a child who has been repeatedly exposed to family violence. Based on your
readings, describe the kinds of feelings one would expect Mary Ella to have.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
8. Describe how an individualistic perspective might look different in the classroom from one
that is collectivistic. Focus your answer on differences related to objects/people, possessions,
achievement goals, and social roles.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
10. Detail how students’ expectations for learning vary by goal structure of the classroom. Base
your answer on the three types of goal structures described in your textbook.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
11. Describe the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act as it relates to children’s learning in the
classroom.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
12. Compare and contrast authentic assessments and standardized tests as a means of
accountability.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
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