College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Module 2 : Methods of Integration

Course Title : Integral Calculus
Course Number : MATH 102
Course Description : The course introduces the concept of integration and its application to
some physical problems such as evaluation of areas, volumes of revolution, force
and work. The fundamental formulas and various techniques of integration are
taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable functions. The
course also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation
of the interpretation of the double and triple integral as volume of a three-
dimensional region bounded by two or more surfaces.

Total Learning Time : 3 hours lecture per week

Pre-requisites : Calculus 1
Overview : Integration is simply defined as the inverse of differentiation or sometimes
called antiderivative. Many of the important applications of calculus depend on this
operation.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter students should be able to:
1. Learn about other methods of integration
 Methods of Integration
Integration by Substitution
This method involves a change in variable, say from x to another value u. The purpose of
substituting a new variable is to bring the problem to a form which a standard formula can be applied.
This method of integration is justified by the so-called Chain Rule for integration which will be stated
below.
𝑑
Let F(u) be a function whose derivative is f(u), that is, 𝑑𝑢 𝐹(𝑢) = f(u). If u is a differentiable
function of x, say u = h(x) then,

∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓[ℎ(𝑥)]ℎ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Example 1: Evaluate ∫(3𝑥 2 +4)2 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let u = 3x + 4. Then du = 3dx or 1/3 du = dx. Then the given integral becomes
1
∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 . 3 𝑑𝑢

1
= 3 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑢3
= 3( 3 )+ 𝑐 since u = 3x+4

(3𝑥+4)3
= 9
+𝑐

We may write the solution of the example above without explicitly expressing it in terms of the
new variable u by assigning a neutralizing factor. The neutralizing factor may be obtained by assigning a
number or variable as u, and getting the dx/du. in the case above, the NF is 1/3.

Example 2: Evaluate ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let u = 𝑥 2 − 1. Then du = 2xdx. Hence, NF is ½.

5
1 (𝑥 2 −1)
∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥 = 2
[ 5 ]+𝑐

5
(𝑥 2 −1)
= 10
+𝑐

Example 3: Evaluate∫(4𝑥 2 + 𝑥)√4𝑥 2 + 1𝑑𝑥

1
Solution: ∫(4𝑥 2 + 𝑥)√4𝑥 2 + 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 1)(4𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥

=∫(4𝑥 2 + 𝑥)3/1 𝑥𝑑𝑥

 Let u = 4𝑥 2 + 1, thus NF = 1/8
5
1 (4𝑥 2 +1)2
= 8
[ 5 ]+ 𝑐
2

5
(4𝑥 2 +1)2
= 20
+𝑐

Integrating Rational fractions

Consider this time the problem of evaluating the integral of the rational fraction

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
Where f(x) is greater than the g(x). To evaluate this, we must first carry out the indicated division
until the remainder is of lower value than the denominator. That is,

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

Where Q(x) = quotient

R(x) = Remainder which has lower value than g(x)
Therefore, we have

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
Example: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥

Solution: Here f(x) = 2x2 – 6x + 4 and g(x) = x – 3. Carrying out the indicated division, we
get
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4 4
𝑥−3
= 2𝑥 + 𝑥−3

Where Q(x) = 2x and R(x) = 4

Therefore,

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4 4
∫ 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐
 Problem Set

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals

1. ∫ √2 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(4 + 5𝑥)1/2 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)5 (6𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)3 (3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥

6. ∫ 𝑥 2 (8𝑥 3 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥+1)𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 3
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1

(2𝑥+3)𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4
3
1 2
(𝑥 3 +1)
9. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ (𝑥 3 −1)4

3𝑥 2 +14𝑥+13
11. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4

12. ∫(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥)√3𝑥 2 + 1𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
13. ∫ 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
14. ∫ (5𝑥3 3 𝑑𝑥
−1)

15. ∫(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥)(3𝑥 2 + 1)3/2 𝑑𝑥